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The offshore environment is complex and volatile, and the combined wind and wave loads can generate large vibrations on the floating wind turbine platform and tower top, posing a serious threat to the structural safety of the wind turbine system. To cope with this challenge, a tuned mass damper (TMD) was installed in the nacelle of the barge floating wind turbine to form a hybrid mass damper (HMD) using active driving force. The H∞ algorithm was used for the drive force control. The effects of no control, passive control, and H∞ control were compared through simulation. The results show that the H∞ control can effectively reduce the longitudinal angle of the platform and the longitudinal displacement of the top of the tower, with obvious vibration suppression effects.

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近海环境复杂多变,风和波浪的综合载荷会对浮式风力涡轮机平台和塔顶产生较大振动,严重威胁风力涡轮机系统的结构安全。为了应对这一挑战,在驳船浮式风力涡轮机的机舱内安装了一个调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD),并通过采用H∞控制算法利用主动驱动力形成混合质量阻尼器(hybrid mass damper,HMD)。通过仿真比较了无控制、被动控制和H∞控制的效果,结果表明H∞控制能有效减小平台纵向角度和塔顶纵向位移,抑振效果明显。

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王万成(1976—),男,汉族,山东青州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:漂浮式海上风电系统一体化建模及协同优化稳定控制。E-mail:

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王万成(1976—),男,汉族,山东青州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:漂浮式海上风电系统一体化建模及协同优化稳定控制。E-mail:

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王万成(1976—),男,汉族,山东青州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:漂浮式海上风电系统一体化建模及协同优化稳定控制。E-mail:

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Fa为主动控制力;kT为调谐质量阻尼器的刚度系数;dT为调谐质量阻尼器的阻尼系数;mT为调谐质量阻尼器的质量

, figureFileSmall=u/q3xYefXyIXVufxKZ8XTw==, figureFileBig=fyWy+RwWQgy0OtWm78MN3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175174263755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Power spectral density of displacement before and after the tower top, figureFileSmall=yTgHSkD2Ds3zTcLcXQLW7Q==, figureFileBig=U27/ucSFR6f0FC/bu6cFng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175279121358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图3, caption=塔顶前后位移功率谱密度, figureFileSmall=yTgHSkD2Ds3zTcLcXQLW7Q==, figureFileBig=U27/ucSFR6f0FC/bu6cFng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175400756178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=H∞ control block diagram, figureFileSmall=1AQScdFoHGaqXfXV1Ckt9A==, figureFileBig=7bfOu3RUZfkr0zONh4jB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175568528346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图4, caption=H∞ 控制框图

w为外部扰动信号;z为评估输出信号;u为控制输入信号;y为测量输出信号;G为被控对象的传递函数;K为控制器的传递函数

, figureFileSmall=1AQScdFoHGaqXfXV1Ckt9A==, figureFileBig=7bfOu3RUZfkr0zONh4jB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175702746079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=System controller building diagram, figureFileSmall=HJ30awDWpEQGTrhAqrioUQ==, figureFileBig=u7OymazYSMhudhZiZ0iO9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175904072678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图5, caption=系统控制器结构图, figureFileSmall=HJ30awDWpEQGTrhAqrioUQ==, figureFileBig=u7OymazYSMhudhZiZ0iO9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176013124589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Control block diagram of the H∞ controller co-simulation of the system, figureFileSmall=RSuzrJ1nUSXD6uCSxDyW+Q==, figureFileBig=2Sj4EdOGMA6WXP6SwWjIzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176147342325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图6, caption=H∞控制器联合模拟的控制框图, figureFileSmall=RSuzrJ1nUSXD6uCSxDyW+Q==, figureFileBig=2Sj4EdOGMA6WXP6SwWjIzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176260588539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Results of platform pitch with time response for Case 1, figureFileSmall=LKHgjepbp7WwjFOdgY631A==, figureFileBig=m2sVzmzU9zzGRefkJsnNdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176407388161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图7, caption=工况1下的平台纵摇随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=LKHgjepbp7WwjFOdgY631A==, figureFileBig=m2sVzmzU9zzGRefkJsnNdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176533217288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Results of the displacement of the tower top front and back as a function of time for Case 1, figureFileSmall=ciuxHmU+gGhikGLetqwqEg==, figureFileBig=D0RrqlASbvbjre24k+Jxiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176675823631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图8, caption=工况1下的塔顶前后位移随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=ciuxHmU+gGhikGLetqwqEg==, figureFileBig=D0RrqlASbvbjre24k+Jxiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176793264149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Results of tower front and rear bending moments as a function of time for Case 1, figureFileSmall=LPPvQVWi2s2yHXJowbybFw==, figureFileBig=R10Y2b//n0PSK9ynfzWCFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176910704669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图9, caption=工况1下的塔架前后弯矩随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=LPPvQVWi2s2yHXJowbybFw==, figureFileBig=R10Y2b//n0PSK9ynfzWCFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177057505316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Results of platform pitch with time response for Case 2, figureFileSmall=n/4yiwY/+M6rFC/ujEQLEw==, figureFileBig=FX3Zf/NUH3YFPGs6kOFO4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177191723052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图10, caption=工况2下的平台纵摇随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=n/4yiwY/+M6rFC/ujEQLEw==, figureFileBig=FX3Zf/NUH3YFPGs6kOFO4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177292386354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Results of the displacement of the tower top front and back as a function of time for Case 2, figureFileSmall=OhSPVdnR1Y2okZu7xAxyfQ==, figureFileBig=hEwCRKItcCcjV3IcvNmOuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177414021179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图11, caption=工况2下的塔顶前后位移随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=OhSPVdnR1Y2okZu7xAxyfQ==, figureFileBig=hEwCRKItcCcjV3IcvNmOuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177552433220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Results of tower front and rear bending moments as a function of time for Case 2, figureFileSmall=dlsbiSBRsaDHLqPlYR7O1Q==, figureFileBig=pV4lgS9JyJJX+dvqkv/YfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177699233865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=图12, caption=工况2下的塔架前后弯矩随时间响应结果, figureFileSmall=dlsbiSBRsaDHLqPlYR7O1Q==, figureFileBig=pV4lgS9JyJJX+dvqkv/YfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400178940747859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Barge floating wind turbine parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率/MW 5
叶片数目 3
叶片半径/m 63
轮毂半径/m 1.5
轮毂高度/m 90
风轮与机舱总质量/kg 350 000
塔架质量/kg 347 460
平台质量/kg 5 452 000
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179079159896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

驳船式漂浮风力涡轮机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定功率/MW 5
叶片数目 3
叶片半径/m 63
轮毂半径/m 1.5
轮毂高度/m 90
风轮与机舱总质量/kg 350 000
塔架质量/kg 347 460
平台质量/kg 5 452 000
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179175628893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimal TMD parameters

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配置 质量/kg 刚度/(N·m-1) 阻尼/(Ns·m-1)
最佳值 20 000 5 800 9 000
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179259514978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

最佳TMD参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配置 质量/kg 刚度/(N·m-1) 阻尼/(Ns·m-1)
最佳值 20 000 5 800 9 000
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179381149797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Five wind and wave combined load cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 平均风速/(m·s-1) 最大波高/m
1 4 1.7
2 8 2.0
3 12 2.6
4 18 4.0
5 24 5.6
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179481813098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5种风浪组合载荷情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 平均风速/(m·s-1) 最大波高/m
1 4 1.7
2 8 2.0
3 12 2.6
4 18 4.0
5 24 5.6
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179578282095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Standard deviation of vibration suppression index under different control methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 指标 标准差
无TMD 含TMD H∞控制 HMD
工况1 PtfmPitch/(°) 1.610 4 1.231 5 1.049 0
TTDspFA/m 0.271 6 0.215 1 0.186 3
TwrBsMyt/(kN·m) 45 132.6 35 663.3 30 967.9
工况2 PtfmPitch/(°) 1.318 7 1.119 6 1.061 0
TTDspFA/m 0.226 1 0.197 6 0.191 6
TwrBsMyt/(kN·m) 37 845.7 32 988.2 31 907.6
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179678945394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635029402368, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同控制方法下振动抑制指数的标准偏差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 指标 标准差
无TMD 含TMD H∞控制 HMD
工况1 PtfmPitch/(°) 1.610 4 1.231 5 1.049 0
TTDspFA/m 0.271 6 0.215 1 0.186 3
TwrBsMyt/(kN·m) 45 132.6 35 663.3 30 967.9
工况2 PtfmPitch/(°) 1.318 7 1.119 6 1.061 0
TTDspFA/m 0.226 1 0.197 6 0.191 6
TwrBsMyt/(kN·m) 37 845.7 32 988.2 31 907.6
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基于H∞控制的海上浮式风力涡轮机主动结构控制
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王万成 , 李浩 , 占志飞 , 盛凯 , 程诗源 , 陈丽菁
科学技术与工程 | 能源与动力工程 2025,25(17): 7180-7186
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科学技术与工程 | 能源与动力工程 2025, 25(17): 7180-7186
基于H∞控制的海上浮式风力涡轮机主动结构控制
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王万成 , 李浩, 占志飞, 盛凯, 程诗源, 陈丽菁
作者信息
  • 河海大学人工智能与自动化学院, 南京 211100
  • 王万成(1976—),男,汉族,山东青州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:漂浮式海上风电系统一体化建模及协同优化稳定控制。E-mail:

Active Structure Control of Floating Wind Turbines Based on H∞ Controller
Wan-cheng WANG , Hao LI, Zhi-fei ZHAN, Kai SHENG, Shi-yuan CHENG, Li-jing CHEN
Affiliations
  • College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404816
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近海环境复杂多变,风和波浪的综合载荷会对浮式风力涡轮机平台和塔顶产生较大振动,严重威胁风力涡轮机系统的结构安全。为了应对这一挑战,在驳船浮式风力涡轮机的机舱内安装了一个调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD),并通过采用H∞控制算法利用主动驱动力形成混合质量阻尼器(hybrid mass damper,HMD)。通过仿真比较了无控制、被动控制和H∞控制的效果,结果表明H∞控制能有效减小平台纵向角度和塔顶纵向位移,抑振效果明显。

海上浮式风力涡轮机  /  结构控制系统  /  H∞  /  主动控制  /  调谐质量阻尼器

The offshore environment is complex and volatile, and the combined wind and wave loads can generate large vibrations on the floating wind turbine platform and tower top, posing a serious threat to the structural safety of the wind turbine system. To cope with this challenge, a tuned mass damper (TMD) was installed in the nacelle of the barge floating wind turbine to form a hybrid mass damper (HMD) using active driving force. The H∞ algorithm was used for the drive force control. The effects of no control, passive control, and H∞ control were compared through simulation. The results show that the H∞ control can effectively reduce the longitudinal angle of the platform and the longitudinal displacement of the top of the tower, with obvious vibration suppression effects.

offshore floating wind turbine  /  structure control system  /  H∞  /  active control  /  tuned mass damper
王万成, 李浩, 占志飞, 盛凯, 程诗源, 陈丽菁. 基于H∞控制的海上浮式风力涡轮机主动结构控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7180 -7186 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404816
Wan-cheng WANG, Hao LI, Zhi-fei ZHAN, Kai SHENG, Shi-yuan CHENG, Li-jing CHEN. Active Structure Control of Floating Wind Turbines Based on H∞ Controller[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7180 -7186 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404816
随着气候变化和环境污染等问题的不断加剧,全球对可再生能源的需求日益增长。为应对能源危机和环境问题,当前主要提出推进传统能源高效利用和开发清洁可再生新能源两种方法[1]。作为一种可再生能源技术,漂浮式海上风电机作为一种可再生能源技术,具有巨大的潜力,可以为清洁能源供应做出重要贡献。
由于极端恶劣的海洋环境,漂浮式海上风电机组在海平面上进行工作时会不停地摇摆与振荡,这种摇摆与振荡问题会导致风电机组和结构的损坏,降低系统的性能和可靠性,甚至危及海上风电项目的安全性,因此关于如何减少漂浮式海上风电系统的摇摆与振荡成为研究热门,也是当今海上发电领域中一个亟须解决的问题。一种方法是利用结构控制系统设计更稳定和抗风浪的风电机组和平台结构,以减少振荡的发生。该方法已普遍应用于土木结构中,主要是通过降低结构的加速度来减弱结构的振动,从而减少结构的疲劳载荷,提高其可靠性,并提高建筑内工作生活的舒适度。
在漂浮式风电系统主被动稳定性控制方面,近年来已有部分结构控制方法得到了成功的应用。2011年,Lackner等[2] 首次提出将结构控制装置应用于漂浮式风电系统,初步验证了调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)提高浮动风电系统结构稳定性的可行性,同时证明了主动控制方法的潜力。2017 年,Brodersen等[3]提出了利用主动调谐质量阻尼器(active tuned mass damper,ATMD)对固定式海上风力发电机进行结构振动控制,其中附加的主动控制力是由风机塔架本身运动和阻尼器的运动来提供,研究证明ATMD可以进一步降低风力发电机的结构振动响应。2018年,Sun[4]则研究了一种具有可调固有频率和阻尼比的半主动调谐质量阻尼器(semi-active tuned mass damper,STMD)来控制系统的动态响应,研究表明STMD能更好地缓解作用在基础上的循环疲劳载荷,有效抑制漂浮式风电系统结构振动,从而延长其寿命。2019年,Park等[5]评估了被动和半主动调谐质量阻尼器(smart active tuned mass damper,S-ATMD)对海上漂浮式风力发电机振动控制效果的性能,研究表明S-ATMD能够将单桩的纵向和侧向损伤等效荷载分别降低约12%和64%。2021年,河海大学胡银龙等[6]基于Kane方法建立了10自由度驳船式风力机模型,研究了基于惯性器的被动结构控制方法。在主动控制方面,胡银龙等[7]提出了一种自适应滑模控制器应用于机舱TMD的主动控制,提高了驳船式风机在多种风浪载荷下的稳定性控制能力;2021年,重庆大学金鑫等[8]基于简化的Spar式平台分别使用公式法和遗传算法对TMD参数进行了优化,并在3种典型工况下进行仿真分析,有效降低了漂浮式风机的载荷与位移,同时可有效降低输出功率偏差。此外,在新型调谐质量阻尼器的研究方面,Xiao等[9]通过数值仿真探究了黏滞阻尼器(viscous damper,VD)和双调谐质量阻尼器(double tuned mass damper, DTMD)在高墩桥减震中的应用效果,结果表明合理设计的DTMD可以有效减震;Chakraborty等[10]提出了一种基于锥形弹簧的TMD系统,用于变质量结构的振动控制,为漂浮式风电系统的多频调谐提供了新思路; Li等[11]基于固定点理论提出了一种新型调谐质量阻尼器惯性系统(novel tuned mass damper inerter, NTMDI),该系统通过在TMD上增加惯性元件,在结构振动控制中展示了显著效果。
尽管已有大量研究探索了风电系统中的振动控制,尤其是在各种TMD和半主动控制策略上的应用,但目前针对海上漂浮式风电系统中多模式载荷条件下的高效控制方案依然不足,尤其是针对驳船式浮动风机的稳定性优化。现基于凯恩动力学理论,构建海上漂浮风力涡轮机的动力学模型,并对比分析无TMD控制、被动TMD控制和H∞控制在不同工况下的减振效果,旨在为提升漂浮风电系统的稳定性提供创新性的控制策略和理论支持。
在漂浮式风力涡轮机的建模中,整个风力涡轮机被视为一个全刚体。考虑了平台的6个自由度:惯性参考系中XYZ方向的纵荡、横荡和垂荡,以及绕轴线的横摇、纵摇和艏摇。简化模型如图1所示,驳船式漂浮风力涡轮机的参数如表1所示。
根据Kane动力学[12],推导出了包含P个广义坐标的风机系统的运动方程。这些方程是应用牛顿运动定律直接推导出来的,并用凯恩运动方程表示,简单完整系统如式 (1) 所示。
$ F_{i}+F_{i}^{*}=0, \quad i=1,2, \cdots, P$
式(1)中:Fi为第i个结构的广义主动力;${F}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}$为第i个结构的广义惯性力。
对于一系列刚体,其参考系、质量和质心位置与相应的广义主动力和广义惯性力之间的关系由式(2) 给出。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{i}={\stackrel{W}{\sum _{r=1}}}^{\mathrm{E}}{{v}_{i}}^{{X}_{r}}{F}^{{X}_{r}}{+}^{\mathrm{E}}{\omega }_{i}^{{N}_{r}}{M}^{{N}_{r}},\\    i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,P\\ {F}_{i}^{\mathrm{*}}={\stackrel{W}{\sum _{r=l}}}^{\mathrm{E}}{v}_{i}^{{X}_{r}}(-{{m}^{\mathrm{E}}}_{r}{a}_{i}^{{X}_{r}}){+}^{\mathrm{E}}{\omega }_{i}^{{N}_{r}}\left({-}^{\mathrm{E}}{\stackrel{·}{H}}^{{N}_{r}}\right),\\    i=\mathrm{1,2},\dots,P\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:${F}^{{X}_{r}}$为主动力;${M}^{{N}_{r}}$Xr处的主动力矩;$ { }^{\mathrm{E}} H^{N_{r}}$为质心处刚体角动量的一阶导数;$ ^{E} \omega_\text{i}^{N_{r}}$$ ^{E} a_\text{i}^{N_{r}}$$ ^{E} V_\text{i}^{N_{r}}$分别为角速度、加速度和线速度。
根据已建立的运动方程,风力发电机整机耦合系统的完整非线性运动方程可由式(2)引入,如式(3)所示。
$\boldsymbol{M}_{i j}(q, u, t) \ddot{q}_{j}=\boldsymbol{f}_{i}(q, \dot{q}, u, t)$
式(3)中:Mij为质量矩阵,取决于系统的自由度q、控制输入u以及时间t;${\stackrel{··}{q}}_{j}$为对应自由度的二阶导数;fi为对应力的函数。
风浪载荷是影响风机稳定性的关键问题。由于X方向的风荷载最大,风机在该方向的振动最为剧烈,几乎比其他方向高出一个数量级[13]。因此,在机舱内安装了一个混合质量阻尼器(hybrid mass damper,HMD)来抑制振动。该系统在传统TMD的基础上引入了一个主动制动器,由一个调谐质量、一个弹簧、一个阻尼系统和一个制动器组成。由于机舱空间有限,质量块的行程被控制在±10 m以内,HMD 的结构示意图如图2所示。
HMD的加入使得系统增加了1个自由度。HMD结构的动态方程可由式(4)给出。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\stackrel{··}{mx}+\stackrel{·}{cx}+kx={u}_{\mathrm{H}}\left(t\right)\\ {m}_{\mathrm{H}}{\stackrel{··}{x}}_{\mathrm{H}}+{c}_{\mathrm{H}}({\stackrel{·}{x}}_{\mathrm{H}}-\stackrel{·}{x})+{k}_{\mathrm{H}}({x}_{\mathrm{H}}-x)={F}_{\mathrm{a}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:mckmHcHkH分别为风机和HMD的质量、阻尼和刚度系数;x$\stackrel{·}{x}$$\stackrel{··}{x}$ 分别为系统相对于地平面的位移、速度和加速度;Fa(t)为致动器的驱动力;uH(t)为HMD对系统的作用力总和,表达式为
$\begin{aligned} u_{\mathrm{H}}(t) & =c_{\mathrm{H}}\left(\dot{x}_{\mathrm{H}}-\dot{x}\right)+k_{\mathrm{H}}\left(x_{\mathrm{H}}-x\right)-F_{\mathrm{a}}(t) \\ & =-m_{\mathrm{H}} \ddot{x}_{\mathrm{H}} \end{aligned}$
最后,将TMD运动学方程与风机运动学方程耦合,可以得到TMD与风机之间相互作用的动力学方程,并根据式(4)、式(5)推导出完整非线性时域运动方程。
在HMD中,主动力的控制和TMD参数的设计是实现最佳减振效果的关键。
FAST仿真结果表明,风机顶部的振动位移主要由两个振动频率组成,即高频0.54 Hz代表顶部的自振频率,低频0.08 Hz主要来自平台对塔顶的冲击,如图3所示。
质量、阻尼和刚度是TMD的3个重要参数。将TMD的质量设定为最大20 000 kg,并确保TMD的刚度为5 800 N/m,使其固有频率接近主结构的固有频率,然后根据选定的参数值确定TMD的阻尼值。最佳TMD参数如表2所示。
表3显示了5种工况条件[14-15],工况5这种极端条件可能超出了风机的正常运行范围,此时风机会采取保护措施停机,对风机的振动抑制研究意义不大,所以研究了第1~4种情况下的振动抑制。
H∞控制的主要目标是设计具有最佳稳定性和鲁棒性的控制器。H∞控制理论充分考虑了系统中可能存在的不确定性和干扰,通过最小化控制系统的鲁棒性稳定裕度来寻找控制器的最优解。H∞控制还能在设计过程中定量优化系统的稳定性、鲁棒性和其他性能,在理论设计和实际执行中都具有很强的可行性和实用性。在理论设计和实际实现中都具有很强的可行性和实用性[16]
H∞控制框图如图4所示。
那么,wz的传递函数可以表示如下。
U(s)=K(s)Y(s)
$\begin{array}{l}Y\left(s\right)={G}_{21}\left(s\right)W\left(s\right)+{G}_{22}\left(s\right)U\left(s\right)\\   ={G}_{21}\left(s\right)W\left(s\right)+{G}_{22}\left(s\right)K\left(s\right)Y\left(s\right)\end{array}$
$Y\left(s\right)=\mathrm{ }[I-{G}_{22}(s\left)K{\left(s\right)]}^{-1}{\mathit{G}}_{21}\right(s\left)W\right(s)$
$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{T}_{\mathrm{zw}}(s)= & \frac{Z(s)}{W(s)}=\frac{\boldsymbol{G}_{11}(\boldsymbol{s}) W(s)+\boldsymbol{G}_{12}(\boldsymbol{s}) U(s)}{W(s)} \\ = & \boldsymbol{G}_{11}(\boldsymbol{s})+\boldsymbol{G}_{12}(\boldsymbol{s}) \boldsymbol{K}(\boldsymbol{s}) \times \\ & {\left[\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{G}_{22}(\boldsymbol{s}) \boldsymbol{K}(\boldsymbol{s})\right]^{-1} \boldsymbol{G}_{21} } \\ = & F_{1}[\boldsymbol{G}(\boldsymbol{s}), \boldsymbol{K}(\boldsymbol{s})] \end{aligned}$
式中:U(s)为控制输入信号的传递函数;K(s)为控制器传递函数;Y(s)为测量输出信号的传递函数;G21(s)为从外部扰动信号到测量输出的传递函数;G22(s)为从控制输入到测量输出的传递函数;W(s)为外部扰动信号的传递函数;I为单位矩阵;Tzw(s)为从扰动信号到评估输出的闭环传递函数;Z(s)为评估输出信号的传递函数;G11(s)为从外部扰动到评估输出的传递函数;G12(s)为从控制输入到评估输出的传递函数;Fl[G(s), K(s)]为关于G(s)、K(s)的线性分数变换方程,表示为LFT变换。
结合上述分析,H∞控制设计问题定义如下。
找到反馈控制器K(s),使系统的内部稳定伴随着扰动信号ω到评估输出信号z的传递函数H∞ 矩阵的规范最小化(或小于给定的正数γ)。
假设:H∞ 控制器为
$\mathit{K}\left(s\right)=\left[\begin{array}{ll}{\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{K}}& {\mathit{B}}_{\mathit{K}}\\ {\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{K}}& {\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{K}}\end{array}\right]$
式(10)中:AK为控制器的状态矩阵;BK为控制器的输入矩阵;CK为控制器的输出矩阵;DK为控制器的直接传递矩阵。
然后,根据G(s)的空间状态实现,不难看出从ωz的闭环传递函数。
${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{z}w}\left(s\right)=\left[\begin{array}{ll}{\mathit{A}}_{\mathbf{C}}& {\mathbf{B}}_{\mathbf{C}}\\ {\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{C}}& {\mathbf{D}}_{\mathbf{C}}\end{array}\right]$
式(11)中:AC 为闭环系统的状态矩阵;BC为闭环系统的输入矩阵;CC为闭环系统的输出矩阵;DC为闭环系统的直接传递矩阵。
通过推导可以得出,对于系统I,反馈控制器K(s)使系统(I)内部稳定,同时干扰信号ω到评估输出信号z的传递函数H∞矩阵的范数小于给定的正数γ。LMI解存在的充分必要条件可描述如下。
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{N}_{\mathrm{X}}^{T}& \\ & {I}_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{q}}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll}XA+{\mathrm{A}}^{T}X& X{\mathrm{C}}_{1}^{T}& {B}_{1}\\ {C}_{1}X& -\gamma I& {D}_{11}\\ {B}_{1}^{T}& {D}_{11}^{T}& -\gamma I\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll}{N}_{\mathrm{X}}& \\ & {I}_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{v}}}\end{array}\right]<0\mathrm{ }$
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{N}_{\mathrm{X}}^{T}& \\ & {I}_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{z}}}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lll}YA+{\mathrm{A}}^{T}Y& Y{\mathrm{B}}_{1}& {C}_{1}^{T}\\ {B}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}Y& -\gamma I& {D}_{11}^{T}\\ {C}_{1}& {D}_{11}& -\gamma I\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll}{N}_{\mathrm{Y}}^{T}& \\ & {I}_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{s}}}\end{array}\right]<0$
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}X& I\\ I& Y\end{array}\right]\ge 0,\mathrm{ }\mathrm{R}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{ }\left[\begin{array}{ll}X& I\\ I& Y\end{array}\right]\le n+{n}_{k}\mathrm{ }$
式中:${N}_{\mathrm{X}}^{T}$X的零空间矩阵的转置;X为李亚普诺夫矩阵变量;A为系统矩阵;C1为评估输出矩阵;B1为扰动输入矩阵;D11为从扰动到评估输出的直接传递矩阵;γ为H∞范数的上界;NXX的零空间矩阵;${I}_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{v}}}$为维数为nv的单位矩阵;Y为第二个李亚普诺夫矩阵变量;${N}_{\mathrm{Y}}^{T}$Y的零空间矩阵;n为系统状态变量的维数;nk为额外约束的维数。
根据式(12)~式(14),可以求出XY,然后根据矩阵方程[式(15)]求出F
FFT=Y-X-1
式(15)中:F为控制器参数求解中的辅助矩阵。
最后,将P=$\left[\begin{array}{ll}Y& F\\ {F}^{T}& I\end{array}\right]$代入式(16),即可求出控制器的参数矩阵Θ
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}Q& {E}^{T}\\ F& \mathrm{*}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{llll}\overline{{A}^{T}}P+\stackrel{-}{PA}& P\overline{{B}_{1}}& \overline{{C}_{1}^{T}}& P\overline{{B}_{2}}\\ \overline{{B}_{1}^{T}}P& -\gamma I& \overline{{D}_{11}^{T}}& 0\\ \overline{{C}_{1}}& \overline{{D}_{11}}& -\gamma I& \overline{{D}_{12}}\\ \overline{{C}_{2}}& {D}_{21}& 0& \mathrm{*}\end{array}\right]$
式(16)中:P为参数矩阵;$\stackrel{-}{A}$为修正系统矩阵;$\overline{{B}_{1}}$为修正扰动输入矩阵;$\overline{{C}_{1}}$为修正评估输出矩阵;$\overline{{B}_{2}}$为修正控制输入矩阵;$\overline{{D}_{11}}$为修正直接传递矩阵;$\overline{{D}_{21}}$为修正直接传递矩阵;$\overline{{C}_{2}}$为修正测量输出矩阵;D21为从扰动到测量输出的直接传递矩阵;Q为LMI求解中的辅助矩阵;ET为辅助矩阵的转置;* 为矩阵对称项。
选择平台纵摇角和塔顶前后位移作为控制对象。平台纵摇角表示系统的倾斜程度,塔顶前后位移反映塔的弯曲程度[17-18]
经过 MATLAB 计算,得到H∞控制器的状态反馈增益矩阵为K。在此计算基础上,基于Simulink建立了如下系统控制图(图5),用于线性系统的验证。
从上述分析来看,控制器能够使线性系统稳定下来,并且能够稳定到原点。经过上述测试,可以判断控制器是有效的。
在此前提下,构建了如下FAST和 MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真控制框图,如图6 所示。
结合FAST和MATLAB设计了H∞控制器。在FAST中启用所有自由度后,使用TurbSim随机湍流风模拟器生成风场,其中TurbSim采用Kaimal频谱、幂律指数为0.14的幂律风廓线以及符合IEC 61400-3海上风力机设计标准的B级湍流强度的常规湍流模型。在波浪输入方面,使用了JONSWAP频谱,并根据风速设计了波高。
图7~图12分别显示了当TMD质量块的行程限制在±10 m时,工况1和工况2两种工况下3种控制方式下驳船风电机组平台纵摇角(PtfmPitch)、塔顶前后位移(TTDspFA)和塔架前后弯矩(TwrBsMyt)3组数据的仿真对比。表4中的数据清楚地显示了不同控制方式下各项指标的具体效果,说明主动控制可以有效降低这些指标。
仿真结果表明,与无TMD控制和TMD被动控制相比,H∞控制的振动抑制效果非常好。在工况1下,TMD被动控制对平台纵摇角(PtfmPitch)、塔顶前后位移(TTDspFA)和塔架前后弯矩(TwrBsMyt)的标准偏差抑制率分别比无TMD控制情况下提高了14.82%、13.39%和13.17%。而H∞控制对平台纵摇角(PtfmPitch)、塔顶前后位移(TTDspFA)和塔架前后弯矩(TwrBsMyt)的标准偏差抑制率相对于无TMD控制的情况分别提高了34.86%、31.41%和31.39%。同时,根据工况2和工况3的模拟数据,即使在不同的运行条件下,H∞ 控制仍能保持良好的控制效果。
以5 MW驳船式漂浮风力发电机为研究对象,分别研究了TMD被动控制和HMD主被动一体化控制对其振动的抑制效果。根据研究结果,可以得出以下结论。
(1)对于包含P个广义坐标的风力发电机系统,利用凯恩动力学推导出系统的运动方程。首先,通过广义坐标描述系统的自由度,并考虑约束、惯性力和外力,得到系统的运动方程。然后,根据单自由度HMD系统的弹性动力学运动方程,将HMD系统的附加动力学方程与风力涡轮机的原始运动方程耦合。最后,得出HMD与风力机结构之间相互作用的整机耦合动力学方程。
(2)在行程受限的情况下,主动控制显著改善了漂浮式风力涡轮机的振动抑制效果。这表明,主动控制系统可以更有效地调节结构的响应,从而在有限的冲程内实现更好的振动控制。这种方法不仅能降低系统的振动幅度,还能减轻结构的疲劳损伤,延长设备的使用寿命。
(3) 采用H∞控制后,平台纵摇角的标准偏差、塔顶前后位移的标准偏差和塔架弯矩的标准偏差均显著降低。与无TMD控制和被动TMD控制相比,H∞控制效果更好,实现了控制器参数的实时调整,鲁棒性强,对漂浮式风电机组系统的振动抑制效果更好,具有较高的工业实用价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4201303)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404816
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4201303)
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    河海大学人工智能与自动化学院, 南京 211100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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