Article(id=1207343634819687165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406106, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753840, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753840, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753840, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753840, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7430, endPage=7438, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343635725656871, articleId=1207343634819687165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multiple Isotopes (Fe, S and C) to Reveal the Co-oxidation Mechanism of Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ) in High Antimony Groundwater, columnId=1207343635553690395, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The oxidation of Sb(III) occurred rapidly in aerobic and dark groundwater environments, with previous studies suggesting that co-oxidation of Fe(II) and Sb(III) may be the predominant driving mechanism. However, there is a lack of field evidence confirming environmental isotope fractionation. Therefore, 20 groups of Magunao aquifer (${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water) samples were collected from the North mine of Xikuangshan antimony mining area in Hunan Province to compare the differences in environmental isotopes (δ56Fe, δ13C, and δ34S) between high- and low-Sb groundwater and investigate the fractionation process of these isotopes. The results reveal that total Sb(TSb) concentrations ranged from 5.30 μg/L to 20 700 μg/L, with a mean concentration of 3 660.61 μg/L. Additionally, Sb(V) is found to be the most dominant valence state for Sb in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water. The neutral-alkaline and oxygen-enriched conditions in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water facilitate the co-oxidation of FeS2 and Sb2S3, as well as induce fractionation of δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$, δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$and δ56Fe between sediments and groundwater, resulting in the increase of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$,total Fe (TFe) and Sb(Ⅴ) contents in high Sb groundwater. Furthermore, microbial activities promote the oxidative decomposition of organic carbon, thereby enhancing the co-oxidation rate of Fe(Ⅱ) and Sb(Ⅲ). This conclusion unveils a novel mechanism for aerobic oxidation of Sb(III) in dark groundwater environments while providing a scientific foundation for advancing our understanding of the Sb geochemical cycle and preventing environmental pollution from high Sb groundwater.

, correspAuthors=Hui-jun DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-mei ZHAO, Ya-ping LIU, Wei-jiao LI, Zi-yao LI, Tao-li MU, Chun-ming HAO, Hui-jun DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641866117133, articleId=1207343634819687165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=多同位素(Fe、S和C)协同揭示高锑地下水Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化机制, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(III)也能实现快速氧化,前人推断Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化可能是最重要的驱动机制,然而该机制缺乏环境同位素分馏的野外验证。为此,野外采集湖南锡矿山锑矿区北矿$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水高低Sb地下水样品20组,通过对比高低Sb地下水环境同位素(δ56Fe、δ13C和δ34S)的差异,探究高Sb地下水形成过程中环境同位素的分馏过程,揭示好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(Ⅲ)快速氧化的新机制。结果表明:湖南锡矿山锑矿区北矿$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水中总锑(TSb)浓度范围为5.30~20 700 μg/L,平均值为3 660.61 μg/L,Sb(Ⅴ)是最主要的Sb价态。偏中性-弱碱性和富含氧气的$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水环境为FeS2和Sb2S3共氧化提供了便利,也引发了沉积物和地下水间δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$、δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ56Fe的分馏,导致高Sb地下水$\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$、总铁(TFe)和Sb(Ⅴ)含量的升高。与此同时,微生物活动导致的有机碳氧化分解进一步促进了Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化速率的提升。该结论揭示了好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(III)氧化新机制,并为进一步提升Sb地球化学循环过程的认知和防止高Sb地下水污染提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=董会军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*董会军(1988—),女,汉族,河北衡水人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水环境监测。E-mail:
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赵俊梅(1979—),女,汉族,河北沧州人,正高级工程师。研究方向:地下水环境监测。E-mail:

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Separation and Purification Technology, 2010, 76(2): 184-190., articleTitle=Removal of antimony(III) and antimony(V) from drinking water by ferric chloride coagulation: Competing ion effect and the mechanism analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207768409861890143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, awardId=D2024508003, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金(D2024508003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207768409928999009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, awardId=D2021508004, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省自然科学基金(D2021508004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207768410025468004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, awardId=LCG2020009, language=CN, fundingSource=冷水江锡矿山生态环境承载力项目(LCG2020009), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207768403851453347, 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language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Relationship between TSb content and Eh and NO- 3content, Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb and Fe(Ⅱ)/TFe and ${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ content in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water, figureFileSmall=uTVPqrluQLJfHmjwXn5wcQ==, figureFileBig=985p7yUHH0y7+cY7I+F1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409085943882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=CN, label=图3, caption=${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中TSb含量与Eh和${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$含量、Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb与Fe(Ⅱ)/TFe和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量关系图, figureFileSmall=uTVPqrluQLJfHmjwXn5wcQ==, figureFileBig=985p7yUHH0y7+cY7I+F1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409165635660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between Eh and δ56Fe, δ56Fe and Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb,SO2- 4and TFe content in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water, figureFileSmall=TbqxEfq4jU6bjBLpb4QmaQ==, figureFileBig=ZT67YltFExXZXTZ/G7KUtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409228550223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=CN, label=图4, caption=${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中Eh与δ56Fe、δ56Fe与Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb、${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量和TFe含量关系图

A为Fe(Ⅱ)微生物氧化过程;B为Fe(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化过程

, figureFileSmall=TbqxEfq4jU6bjBLpb4QmaQ==, figureFileBig=ZT67YltFExXZXTZ/G7KUtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409299853393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$与δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$、δ56Fe与δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$关系图 Relationship between δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$ and δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$, δ56Fe and δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$ in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water, figureFileSmall=B9FZ0kHFKqlCm7Esg3k4YA==, figureFileBig=EqZ9BdtdZmGrilI1iRPIOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409383739474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=CN, label=图5, caption=null, figureFileSmall=B9FZ0kHFKqlCm7Esg3k4YA==, figureFileBig=EqZ9BdtdZmGrilI1iRPIOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409442459731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中δ13CDIC13${{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{D}}}_{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{C}}$与TSb、TFe、δ56Fe含量、Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb关系图 Relationship between δ13CDIC13${{{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{D}}}_{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ and TSb, TFe, δ56Fe content and Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water, figureFileSmall=x25fDLltilhrUXnf+krXcw==, figureFileBig=8NxyB5Cy4/CJvVxTxezcKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409530540117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=CN, label=图6, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x25fDLltilhrUXnf+krXcw==, figureFileBig=8NxyB5Cy4/CJvVxTxezcKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409614426199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition and isotopic data of water samples from the ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ area, Xikuangshan Antimony Mining district, Hunan Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Eh/mV pH* TSb/
(μg·
L-1)
Sb(Ⅲ)/
(μg·
L-1)
Sb(Ⅴ)/
(μg·L-1)
TFe/
(μg·
L-1)
Fe(Ⅱ)/
(μg·
L-1)
${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$/
(mg·
L-1)
${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$/
(mg·
L-1)
DOC/
(mg·
L-1)/%
δ56Fe
/%
δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$
/%
δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$
/%
δ13CDOC
/%
δ13CDIC
/%
高Sb
地下水
最小值 84.52 7.93 5.30 0.42 4.39 3.53 0.73 69.50 1.73 0.70 0.894 1.40 3.80 -22.08 -11.56
最大值 109.22 8.30 117.00 1.37 116.00 6.74 2.89 189.00 12.50 1.23 0.916 4.50 5.70 -18.28 -4.88
平均值 100.67 8.14 48.44 0.79 48.72 5.25 1.78 99.20 6.97 1.01 0.906 2.84 4.98 -20.89 -7.80
方差 10.23 0.16 45.54 0.37 44.73 0.99 0.74 50.68 4.72 0.42 0.009 1.38 0.85 1.67 2.51
低Sb
地下水
最小值 77.64 7.14 240.00 1.89 242.00 4.49 0.91 87.60 2.70 0.96 0.889 -4.20 2.10 -26.97 -17.84
最大值 126.21 8.74 20 700.00 4 100.00 16 600.00 9.31 4.07 1 100.00 20.70 3.31 0.914 6.10 6.30 -16.70 -2.30
平均值 106.35 8.00 4 864.67 571.31 4 292.07 6.34 2.07 362.67 10.88 1.79 0.903 3.01 3.98 -24.10 -9.67
方差 14.32 0.38 5 585.46 1 086.54 4 589.20 2.43 1.36 309.68 5.86 0.74 0.007 2.94 1.33 2.69 4.65
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409689923674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634819687165, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

湖南锡矿山${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水各水化学成分和同位素数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Eh/mV pH* TSb/
(μg·
L-1)
Sb(Ⅲ)/
(μg·
L-1)
Sb(Ⅴ)/
(μg·L-1)
TFe/
(μg·
L-1)
Fe(Ⅱ)/
(μg·
L-1)
${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$/
(mg·
L-1)
${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$/
(mg·
L-1)
DOC/
(mg·
L-1)/%
δ56Fe
/%
δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$
/%
δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$
/%
δ13CDOC
/%
δ13CDIC
/%
高Sb
地下水
最小值 84.52 7.93 5.30 0.42 4.39 3.53 0.73 69.50 1.73 0.70 0.894 1.40 3.80 -22.08 -11.56
最大值 109.22 8.30 117.00 1.37 116.00 6.74 2.89 189.00 12.50 1.23 0.916 4.50 5.70 -18.28 -4.88
平均值 100.67 8.14 48.44 0.79 48.72 5.25 1.78 99.20 6.97 1.01 0.906 2.84 4.98 -20.89 -7.80
方差 10.23 0.16 45.54 0.37 44.73 0.99 0.74 50.68 4.72 0.42 0.009 1.38 0.85 1.67 2.51
低Sb
地下水
最小值 77.64 7.14 240.00 1.89 242.00 4.49 0.91 87.60 2.70 0.96 0.889 -4.20 2.10 -26.97 -17.84
最大值 126.21 8.74 20 700.00 4 100.00 16 600.00 9.31 4.07 1 100.00 20.70 3.31 0.914 6.10 6.30 -16.70 -2.30
平均值 106.35 8.00 4 864.67 571.31 4 292.07 6.34 2.07 362.67 10.88 1.79 0.903 3.01 3.98 -24.10 -9.67
方差 14.32 0.38 5 585.46 1 086.54 4 589.20 2.43 1.36 309.68 5.86 0.74 0.007 2.94 1.33 2.69 4.65
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多同位素(Fe、S和C)协同揭示高锑地下水Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化机制
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赵俊梅 1 , 刘亚平 1 , 李伟娇 1 , 李梓瑶 1 , 穆桃李 1 , 郝春明 2 , 董会军 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(17): 7430-7438
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(17): 7430-7438
多同位素(Fe、S和C)协同揭示高锑地下水Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化机制
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赵俊梅1 , 刘亚平1, 李伟娇1, 李梓瑶1, 穆桃李1, 郝春明2, 董会军1, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北省地质环境监测院河北省地质资源环境监测与保护重点实验室, 石家庄 050021
  • 2 华北科技学院化工安全学院, 三河 065201
  • 赵俊梅(1979—),女,汉族,河北沧州人,正高级工程师。研究方向:地下水环境监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*董会军(1988—),女,汉族,河北衡水人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水环境监测。E-mail:
Multiple Isotopes (Fe, S and C) to Reveal the Co-oxidation Mechanism of Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ) in High Antimony Groundwater
Jun-mei ZHAO1 , Ya-ping LIU1, Wei-jiao LI1, Zi-yao LI1, Tao-li MU1, Chun-ming HAO2, Hui-jun DONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection, Hebei Geological Environment Monitoring, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
  • 2 School of Mines Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406106
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好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(III)也能实现快速氧化,前人推断Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化可能是最重要的驱动机制,然而该机制缺乏环境同位素分馏的野外验证。为此,野外采集湖南锡矿山锑矿区北矿$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水高低Sb地下水样品20组,通过对比高低Sb地下水环境同位素(δ56Fe、δ13C和δ34S)的差异,探究高Sb地下水形成过程中环境同位素的分馏过程,揭示好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(Ⅲ)快速氧化的新机制。结果表明:湖南锡矿山锑矿区北矿$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水中总锑(TSb)浓度范围为5.30~20 700 μg/L,平均值为3 660.61 μg/L,Sb(Ⅴ)是最主要的Sb价态。偏中性-弱碱性和富含氧气的$\mathbf{D}{\mathrm{x}}_{3}^{4}$水环境为FeS2和Sb2S3共氧化提供了便利,也引发了沉积物和地下水间δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$、δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ56Fe的分馏,导致高Sb地下水$\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$、总铁(TFe)和Sb(Ⅴ)含量的升高。与此同时,微生物活动导致的有机碳氧化分解进一步促进了Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化速率的提升。该结论揭示了好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(III)氧化新机制,并为进一步提升Sb地球化学循环过程的认知和防止高Sb地下水污染提供科学依据。

多同位素  /  Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化  /  有机碳氧化分解  /  Sb(Ⅴ)  /  高锑地下水

The oxidation of Sb(III) occurred rapidly in aerobic and dark groundwater environments, with previous studies suggesting that co-oxidation of Fe(II) and Sb(III) may be the predominant driving mechanism. However, there is a lack of field evidence confirming environmental isotope fractionation. Therefore, 20 groups of Magunao aquifer (${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water) samples were collected from the North mine of Xikuangshan antimony mining area in Hunan Province to compare the differences in environmental isotopes (δ56Fe, δ13C, and δ34S) between high- and low-Sb groundwater and investigate the fractionation process of these isotopes. The results reveal that total Sb(TSb) concentrations ranged from 5.30 μg/L to 20 700 μg/L, with a mean concentration of 3 660.61 μg/L. Additionally, Sb(V) is found to be the most dominant valence state for Sb in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water. The neutral-alkaline and oxygen-enriched conditions in ${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$ water facilitate the co-oxidation of FeS2 and Sb2S3, as well as induce fractionation of δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$, δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$and δ56Fe between sediments and groundwater, resulting in the increase of $\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}^{2-}$,total Fe (TFe) and Sb(Ⅴ) contents in high Sb groundwater. Furthermore, microbial activities promote the oxidative decomposition of organic carbon, thereby enhancing the co-oxidation rate of Fe(Ⅱ) and Sb(Ⅲ). This conclusion unveils a novel mechanism for aerobic oxidation of Sb(III) in dark groundwater environments while providing a scientific foundation for advancing our understanding of the Sb geochemical cycle and preventing environmental pollution from high Sb groundwater.

multiple isotopes  /  co-oxidation of Fe(II) and Sb(III)  /  oxidative decomposition of organic carbon  /  Sb(Ⅴ)  /  high-Sb groundwater
赵俊梅, 刘亚平, 李伟娇, 李梓瑶, 穆桃李, 郝春明, 董会军. 多同位素(Fe、S和C)协同揭示高锑地下水Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化机制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7430 -7438 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406106
Jun-mei ZHAO, Ya-ping LIU, Wei-jiao LI, Zi-yao LI, Tao-li MU, Chun-ming HAO, Hui-jun DONG. Multiple Isotopes (Fe, S and C) to Reveal the Co-oxidation Mechanism of Fe(Ⅱ)-Sb(Ⅲ) in High Antimony Groundwater[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7430 -7438 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406106
锑(Sb)是一种被欧盟和联合国均列为优先污染物的类金属元素,原子序数为51,外轨道电子构型为5s25p3。Sb化合物广泛应用于各种工业产品,如阻燃剂、电池、合金和催化剂等。Sb在自然界中主要以Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)价态存在,其中Sb(Ⅲ)的毒性较强,而移动速度较慢[1-2]。水环境中Sb主要来自辉锑矿(Sb2S3)的自然氧化(其含量通常低于0.001 mg/L)[3],而采矿、燃烧化石燃料和生活垃圾堆放等人类活动能显著提升Sb的含量[4]。通常,Sb(III)的氧化速率很低,在pH为3.6~9.8的水环境中,其氧化速率常数通常为3.5×10-8~2.5×10-6 s-1[5-6]。然而,当水体中存在活性物质,如铁锰氧化物和溶解有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM),Sb(III)的氧化速率明显增强[5-6],大分子芳香族DOM可与Fe和Sb(V)形成DOM-Fe-(V)络合物,增强Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化速率来促进高Sb地下水的形成[7]
稳定同位素(铁、碳和硫)技术常用于精确刻画地下水水化学的演变和元素砷(As)的迁移转化过程。高Sb地下水中Sb与DOC、HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$均呈正相关关系,低Sb地下水中Sb与DOC、HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$相关性很弱[8]。Guo等[9]利用铁同位素(δ56Fe)揭示了浅层地下水厌氧环境中Fe(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ)转化过程中As的地球化学行为。碳同位素(δ13CDOC和δ13CDIC)[10-11]可用来分析地下水中DOM的来源,并反映微生物的代谢活动,而被广泛应用于As(Ⅲ)/As(Ⅴ)转化过程中有机碳的微生物降解机制。同样,硫同位素(δ34S)对研究硫酸盐的来源、运移和转化具有重要的意义,常用于揭示地下水中As还原溶解过程中硫酸盐还原菌的作用机制[12]。学术界通常认为Sb与As的化学性质相似,由此可臆断δ56Fe、δ13C和δ34S也可用来揭示地下水中Sb(Ⅲ)/Sb(Ⅴ)的转化机制。然而,由于As和Sb的原子量不同,导致存有不同的生物地球化学行为[13-14]。比如,地下水中易迁移的As(Ⅲ)主要来源于DOM被微生物厌氧降解后引发的含砷铁氧化物还原。而Sb(V)则主要与Sb(Ⅲ)光催化氧化过程密切相关[15]。为此,地下水中As和Sb迁移转化过程中稳定同位素的分馏过程和机制也应该是存有差异的,而这种差异的认知则有利于进一步识别As和Sb元素间环境行为的差异。
不幸的是,通常地下水环境都是黑暗的,但实际上好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(Ⅲ)也能实现快速氧化。当Fe(Ⅱ)从无氧环境进入有氧环境时,在近中性或者碱性条件下会被氧气催化氧化,进而产生·OH 和 Fe(Ⅳ)中间体[16],影响着有机污染物或者重金属的归趋及形态分布。因此,掌握其氧化过程和驱动机制已成为预防地下水Sb(Ⅴ)污染的首要任务。Wang等[17]通过实验研究发现Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)的共氧化可能是黑暗环境中Sb(Ⅲ)氧化的最重要机制。但由于缺乏地下水Fe(Ⅱ)和Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化的野外实证,该理论的发展受到了严重制约。
为此,现通过野外现场采集高低Sb地下水,对比高低Sb地下水环境同位素(δ56Fe、δ13C和δ34S)的差异,探究高Sb地下水形成过程中环境同位素的分馏过程,揭示好氧黑暗地下水环境中Sb(Ⅲ)快速氧化的新机制,为进一步提升Sb地球化学循环过程的认知和防止高Sb地下水污染提供科学依据。
锡矿山位于湖南省冷水江市,其矿区地理坐标为北纬111°25'47″~111°31'22″,东经27°49'28″~27°43'05″,占地面积约为26 km2。按矿床赋存条件,锡矿山被分为南矿和北矿,其中北矿0.53 km2。锡矿山Sb储量约为250万t,约占世界总产量的63%,素有“世界锑都”之称。锡矿山地势南北高、中部低,年平均气温为16.7 ℃,四季分明,气候湿润,属于典型的亚热带季风气候,年平均降雨量1 381 mm,年平均蒸发量为903 mm。
锡矿山锑矿区位于分布于扬子地块向华南加里东褶皱带的过渡区域,其出露的地层为上泥盆统锡矿山组(D3x)和佘田桥组(D3s)。受F75断层和煌斑岩脉的影响,锡矿山锑矿区北矿为主轴走向NE30°的单斜地层,锑矿矿体(Sb2S3)埋藏于D3s层状硅化灰岩组中。锡矿山锑矿区北矿区主要有佘田桥组(D3s2)和马牯脑段(${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$)两个含水层(图2),通常状况下两个含水层间并无水力联系。
${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$含水层由主要由泥晶、夹砂灰岩、砂质页岩等中厚层碳酸盐矿物组成,溶洞地下河中等发育,岩溶率为2.4%,由于其厚度(258 m)和含水量丰富,是当地居民最主要的饮用水含水层。${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水主要通过垂直入渗降水补给,通过层间破碎带、灰岩裂隙及溶洞等进行层间径流,并通过蒸发、侵蚀泉和矿井排水进行排泄。一般情况下,锡矿山北矿${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$含水层地下水流动方向为由东南向西北流动。经过数百年的开采,上百家冶炼厂、密集的居民区以及大量的冶炼渣、砷碱渣等矿山固体废弃物堆积在${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$含水层上方。
2023年2月共采集20组地下水(${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$) 枯水期样品(图1)。采样前用蒸馏水冲洗HDPE棕色塑料取样瓶2或3次,再用待测样品冲洗2或3次。所有水样采集后均使用0.45 μm MilliPore过滤膜(HDPE)过滤后保存于样品瓶,4 ℃冷藏保存。其中用于主要阳离子(K+、Na+、Mg+、K+)、Sb、总铁(TFe)等微量元素分析样品需用1∶1(体积比)稀硝酸保护剂酸化至pH < 2.0保存。HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$、${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$、Cl-、${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$等阴离子分析水样收集在100 mL透明瓶聚醚砜(polyethersulfone,PES)中。用于Sb价态分析的样品用铝箔覆盖并加入5%(体积比)0.25 mol/L乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)。用于Fe2+、Fe3+和铁同位素分析的样品需加入1∶1(体积比)稀硝酸保护剂酸化至pH < 2.0保存,并用Parafilm 996封口膜将样品瓶瓶口密封后盖紧,样品收集在500 mL HDPE瓶中。用于稳定碳同位素测试的样品现场使用0.22 μm水系PES针孔滤膜式过滤膜对水样进行过滤,并装入100 mL棕色高密度聚乙烯(high-density polyethylene,HDPE)瓶中,同时保证样品瓶内不存在气泡,并用Parafilm 996封口膜将样品瓶瓶口密封后盖紧。硫同位素分析中,用5 L聚氯乙烯桶取样,先采用化学沉淀法将${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$通过加入饱和的BaCl2溶液沉淀为BaSO4,沉淀的BaSO4通过二乙烯三胺五乙酸溶解和再沉淀法进一步纯化,最后烘干保存备用。
现场采用便携式酸度计(HANNA H18424)测量pH和氧化还原电位(oxidation-reduction potential,ORP)Eh值,并使用电导率计(HANNA H1833)测量总溶解固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)值,pH的检出限为0.01 mg/L,ORP、TDS的检出限为1 mg/L。主要阳离子(K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+TFe)的含量采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定,检出限为0.01 mg/L;主要阴离子(Cl-、${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$)的含量采用离子色谱仪(Dionex integron ICS-1100, Thermo Fisher, USA)进行测定,检出限为0.01 mg/L。HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$采用滴定法进行分析,分析精度为0.1 mg/L。采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱仪(HG-AFS)测定Sb和Sb(Ⅲ)含量,准确度为0.001 mg/L。Sb(Ⅴ)的含量等于Sb的含量减去Sb(Ⅲ)的含量。δ56Fe含量在中国计量科学研究院化学所采用多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪联用(MCICP-MS,Neptune plus,ThermoFisher)测定,其分析不确定度为±0.05‰,56Fe的信号峰通常保证在(15±5) V 范围内。Fe2+含量采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS,7500C,Agilent)测定,其分析精度为0.001 μg/L。在天津大学表层地球系统科学研究院使用元素分析仪-连续流动质谱(Finnegan MAT253, Thermo Scientific, USA)测量稳定的δ13CDOC和δ13CDIC特征,其分析不确定度为±0.50‰。在中国地质大学(武汉)对S同位素含量测定,在高温燃烧将BaSO4完全转化为SO2后,使用同位素比质谱仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Delta PlusXL)和元素分析仪(Costech)对S进行δ34S分析,其分析精度为0.2‰。
锡矿山锑矿区北矿${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水各采样点水化学结果如表1所示。可知,湖南锡矿山${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水pH和Eh范围分别为7.14~8.74和77.64~126.21 mV,分别呈现氧化和弱碱性的地下水环境。总锑(·TSb)浓度范围为5.30~20 700 μg/L,平均值为3 660.61 μg/L,所有样品的TSb浓度均超过《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14 848—2017)(Sb≤5 μg/L)。Sb(Ⅴ)浓度范围为4.39~16 600 μg/L,平均值为3 132.23 μg/L,约占TSb浓度的82%以上,表明Sb(Ⅴ)是${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中最主要的Sb价态。为了统计方便[2],将${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水按照Sb含量高低分为三组,分别为<150.00 μg/L(称为低Sb地下水)、150.00~1 500.00 μg/L和>1 500.00 μg/L。其中Sb含量高于150.00 μg/L的${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水样品统称为高Sb地下水。
图3(a)图3(b)中${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中TSb含量与Eh值和${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$含量呈正相关关系,尤其是高Sb地下水,表明氧化条件和高${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$环境有助于高Sb地下水的形成。于此同时,图3(c)图3(d)中Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb与Fe(Ⅱ)/TFe比值呈负相关关系,而与${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量呈正相关关系,表明${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中Fe(Ⅱ)含量越低和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量越高越有利于Sb(Ⅴ)价态的形成。通常Fe(Ⅱ)广泛存在于黑暗厌氧的地下水和沉积物环境中,主要来源于Fe(Ⅲ)(氢)氧化物和 Fe(Ⅲ)-配体配合物的非生物和生物的还原溶解${{{}^{[1}}^{8}}^{]}$。${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$则来源于含硫矿物(辉锑矿和硫铁矿)的氧化溶解[19]。Fe(Ⅱ)/TFe比值的降低和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量的升高,暗示${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中Fe(Ⅱ)和S2-发生了强烈的氧化作用,这与Eh值均大于0相呼应。图3(c)图3(d)中所有的样品Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb均高于0.80,表明氧化条件下,${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中Fe(Ⅱ)和S2-的氧化均提升了Sb(Ⅲ)的氧化速率,促进了Sb(Ⅴ)价态的形成。与此同时,也有研究发现地下水中${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的大量存在可以通过离子交换的方式抑制铁锰沉积物界面Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附,从而导致水体中Sb(Ⅴ)含量的提升[20-21]
锡矿山锑矿区北矿高低Sb地下水中δ13CDIC值范围分别为-17.84‰~-4.88‰(均值-9.66‰)和-15.09‰~-2.30‰(均值-8.90‰)。高低Sb地下水中δ13CDOC值范围分别为-26.97‰~-18.28‰(均值-22.67‰)和-26.03‰~-16.70‰(均值-23.72‰)。高低Sb地下水中δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$值范围分别为-4.2‰~6.10‰(均值3.01‰) 和1.4‰~4.50‰(均值2.84‰)。高低Sb地下水中δ56Fe值范围分别为0.984‰~0.916‰(均值0.906‰)和0.889‰~0.914‰(均值0.905‰)。所有样品的溶解态δ56Fe值均大于0,表明${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水均处于56Fe富集状态。高Sb地下水δ13CDIC偏高于低Sb地下水,而δ13CDOC和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$均值偏低于Sb地下水。
图4(a)中,高低Sb地下水中δ56Fe均大于0,但变化不大,未随Eh增大而变化,表明${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水的56Fe来源单一,可能与富含56Fe的沉积物溶解有关。高Sb地下水通常具有高δ56Fe和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$值[图4(c)],而低Sb地下水通常具有高的δ56Fe和较低的${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$值,表明高Sb地下水中含硫矿物的氧化带来${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量升高的同时,也引起了56Fe的富集。高Sb地下水(尤其是Sb含量>1 500 μg/L)中δ56Fe、Fe和Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb在图4(b)图4(d)中被分成了两大类:一类是拥有较低的Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb和TFe含量(如样品点8、12、15、16和17),统称为A区;另一类是拥有较高的Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb和TFe含量(如其他样品点),统称为B区。通常,Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的还原溶解和Fe(Ⅱ)吸附/脱附会导致地下水Fe(Ⅱ)中56Fe减少,而Fe(Ⅱ)沉积物更偏爱累积56Fe。于是,当硫铁矿氧化过程中,原Fe(Ⅱ)沉积物中富集的56Fe进入地下水中,导致了地下水中56Fe的升高;硫铁矿氧化过程越激烈,地下水中56Fe和TFe值越高。图4(d)中B区,随着地下水中TFe含量的升高,56Fe随之升高,正吻合了该现象,被称为Fe(Ⅱ)氧化过程[9,22]。于此同时,微生物参与的Fe(Ⅱ)氧化也会导致Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的沉淀和水中Fe(Ⅱ)富集56Fe,该过程通常会导致地下水中56Fe的升高,该现象正如图4(d)中的A区,被称为Fe(Ⅱ)微生物氧化过程[9]
相比低Sb地下水,高Sb地下水样品均落在A区和B区范围,表明Fe(Ⅱ)氧化和Fe(Ⅱ)微生物氧化过程均能够提升地下水中Sb(Ⅴ)含量的升高,同时也暗示了Fe同位素的分馏可以用来揭示高Sb地下水的形成。
已有研究发现[23-24],在天然环境中,Sb(Ⅲ)不仅会被黄铁矿等铁矿物吸附,还可以在其表面被氧气氧化。Leuz等[25]和Kong等[5]也研究发现Fe(Ⅱ)与O2共存环境中,Fe(Ⅱ)会被氧气快速氧化为 Fe(Ⅲ),从而引起Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)循环,并诱导芬顿反应产生活性氧(如羟基自由基·OH),实现对Sb(Ⅲ)的氧化,即发生Fe(Ⅱ)和 Sb(Ⅲ)的共氧化过程[17]。由此可知,该过程会伴随有Fe、S和O同位素的分馏过程。研究已发现[20]该矿区黄铁矿和辉锑矿氧化后地下水中δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$特征约为-4.2‰~+6.1‰和+1.4‰~+6.3‰,而石膏溶解后地下水中δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$的特征为+25‰~+34.6‰。
图5(a)中,所有的样品δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$均远离细菌硫酸盐还原过程区,而位于FeS2和Sb2S3氧化区,且随着地下水中Sb含量的升高,δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$逐渐向负值区移动,并与细菌硫酸盐还原规律相违背,表明高低Sb地下水发生了FeS2和Sb2S3的氧化,这与图3(a)中Eh偏高有关。与此同时,相比低Sb地下水,高Sb地下水中δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$值趋向于负值,表明FeS2和Sb2S3的氧化均有利于高Sb地下水的形成。图5(b)中,相比石膏溶解区,高低Sb地下水δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ56Fe均位于FeS2和Sb2S3氧化区,表明高Sb地下水形成过程中引发了δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$的分馏,并造成了${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量的升高[图3(d)],δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$值的降低[图5(a)]。富含56Fe的FeS2沉积物在氧化过程后,δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$的分馏的同时也引发了δ56Fe的分馏,造成地下水中TFe含量和δ56Fe的值的升高[图4(d)]。
该过程可被描述为[19,22]如下方形式。
FeS2+3.5O2+H2O→Fe2++2SO42-+2H+
Fe2++H++0.25O2Fe3++0.5H2O
FeS2+14Fe3++8H2O→15Fe2++2SO42-+16H+
Sb2S3+O2+3H2O→Sb2O3+3SO42-+6H+
Sb2S3+H2O→Sb(OH)3
2Sb(OH)3+O2+4H2O→2Sb(OH)6-+8H+
通常,式(1)~式(3)中Fe2S3氧化过程中Fe3+氧化黄铁矿的速度要比O2快18到170倍,主要是由于产生了更多的·OH和H2O2等活性氧[9],这些活性氧数量和种类的增强,加剧了式(4)~式(6)中Sb2S3的氧化,出现Fe2S3和Sb2S3共氧化的现象[图4(d)中的B区],造成地下水中TFe、Sb(Ⅴ)和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量的升高,同时也引发了沉积物和地下水间δ18OSO4、δ34SSO4和δ56Fe的分馏。虽然FeS2和Sb2S3的氧化过程中产生了大量的H+,然而${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水环境呈中性-弱碱性(表1),主要是与产生H+被大量的碳酸盐矿物(如方解石和白云岩等)中和有关,而该过程已被广泛的证实[19-20]
通常,Fe矿化物对TSb 有极强的吸附作用,能够决定TSb 的环境行为和归宿[24-26]。据报道,自然环境中40%~75%的Sb能够优先被Fe矿化物吸附[26]。Wu等[35]研究发现铁矿化物可以利用单配位、双配位和三配位的模式实现对Sb的强烈吸附。Sb(Ⅲ)与铁矿化物间也可能发生内源络合作用,通过铁与锑之间的电子转移,实现Sb(Ⅲ)的快速氧化[28]。Kong等[5-6]也发现Fe(Ⅱ)从无氧环境变成有氧环境后,近中性或者碱性水环境条件下会被氧气催化氧化,进而产生·OH和Fe(Ⅳ)等活性氧。Leuz等[25]也发现在中性环境的 Fe(Ⅱ)溶液中,Sb(Ⅲ)能够被迅速氧化,Fe(Ⅱ)与O2共存体系中Sb(Ⅲ)的氧化过程,·OH和Fe(Ⅳ)是制约Sb(Ⅲ)能否发生氧化的关键活性氧物种。Wang等[17]研究发现Fe(Ⅱ)、Sb(Ⅲ)与O2共存体系中pH对Sb(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ)的共氧化速率有显著影响,其中Sb (Ⅲ)在酸性水环境中(pH为4和5)几乎没有被氧化,而在接近水中性环境中(pH为6和7)约144 h后被明显氧化(氧化速率提升了7 000倍)。${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水环境Eh均大于0,为FeS2氧化提供了便利,并引发了沉积物和地下水间δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$、δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ56Fe的分馏,高56Fe和低34S从沉积物进入地下水中,造成地下水中δ34${{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}}}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$值的降低[图5(a)]和δ56Fe值[图5(b)]的升高。以此同时中性-弱碱性的${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水环境(表1)促进FeS2的氧化过程中产生了更多的·OH和H2O2等活性氧[9],这些活性氧数量和种类的增强,加剧了Sb2S3的氧化,从而造成地下水中TFe、Sb(Ⅴ)和${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$含量的升高。
高Sb地下水中,随着δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值的减小,TSb浓度则逐渐升高;而低Sb地下水随着δ13CDIC13CDOC值的减少,TSb浓度却变化很小[图6(a)],表明高Sb地下水形成过程中,微生物活动导致有机碳的氧化分解在无机碳稳定同位素的分馏过程中起了主要作用[29-30],DOM被氧化分解的无机碳越多,δ13CDIC越贫化,TSb的浓度越高。与低Sb地下水相比,高Sb地下水中δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC值更贫化,溶解性有机碳相对于溶解性无机碳具有更负的δ13C,表明高Sb地下水中溶解性有机碳主要受微生物驱动下内源有机质循环的影响[31]
图6(b)中,高Sb地下水样品出现两个端元,其中8、12、15、16和17样品点的TFe浓度并未随着δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值的变化而变化,呈现出TFe并未参与微生物驱动下的碳循环,暗示该过程并未发生δ56Fe的分馏[图6(c)],这与图4(d)相对应。而其余样品点TFe含量随着δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值的增大而升高,表明高Sb地下水中无机碳含量的升高导致了更多TFe的溶解,可能受高HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$含量影响。${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中高HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$含量可与Sb在沉积物表面吸附电位竞争,导致更多的溶解性TSb形成,而更多溶解态的TSb易与Fe和DOM形成TSb-Fe-DOM络合物[6,15]
图6(c)中,随着δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值的降低,高Sb地下水中Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb值也相应升高(R2=0.76),表明微生物驱动下内源有机质循环有助于Sb(Ⅴ)含量的提升。天然地下水DOM通常由大分子的腐殖质和小分子的有机酸、蛋白质等组成,可作为微生物的碳源促进微生物驱动下的碳循环[28]。通常,微生物参与下的有机质氧化降解作用较强,微生物优先利用更多的12C转化到降解产物无机碳中,使得剩余有机碳中更富集13C。δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值越低,有机碳13C富集程度的加强和无机碳13C富集程度的减弱,表明微生物驱动下的碳循环作用越强。已证实变形细菌能够通过细胞内酶促催化或细胞内H2O2氧化的方式以0.1~333 μmol/(L·d)的速率氧化Sb(Ⅲ)[32-33]
与此同时,Fe(Ⅱ)可与小分子DOM(如草酸,EDTA和富里酸等)形成 Fe(Ⅱ)有机络合物,生成的Fe(Ⅱ)有机络合物更容易被氧气氧化,增强了Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化速率,并产生了更多的活性氧,进而增强了Sb(Ⅲ)的氧化速率,提升了地下水中Sb(Ⅴ)/TSb值[6,9]。Wang等[17]通过实验证实了当水体中存在DOM时,Fe(Ⅱ)与有机物的络合可将Fe(Ⅱ)与Sb(Ⅲ)共氧化速率提升1 ~ 4个数量级,这主要归结于Fe(Ⅱ)与有机物的络合能够在氧化过程中产生更多的活性氧。随着地下水中无机碳 (HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$)含量的升高,能够增强与Sb(Ⅴ)在沉积物表面吸附电位上竞争吸附效应,导致Sb(Ⅴ)的迁移能力增强[20,34]。氯化铁混凝法去除水体中 Sb(Ⅴ)研究时发现,当水化学离子 HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$含量升高后,Sb(Ⅴ)的去除效率会显著降低,而Sb(Ⅲ) 的去除效率则变化不大[35]
(1)湖南锡矿山锑矿区北矿${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中TSb浓度范围为5.30~20 700 μg/L,平均值为3 660.61 μg/L,Sb(Ⅴ)是最主要的Sb价态。相比低Sb地下水,高Sb地下水δ13CDIC均值偏高,δ13CDOC和δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$均值偏低,而δ56Fe值则差异性不大。
(2)偏中性-弱碱性和富含氧气的${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水环境为FeS2和Sb2S3共氧化提供了便利,也引发了沉积物和地下水间δ18${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$、δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$和δ56Fe的分馏,高56Fe和低34S从沉积物进入地下水中,造成地下水中δ34${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}}$值的降低和δ56Fe的升高,并引发了${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$、TFe和Sb(Ⅴ)含量的升高。
(3)${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水δ13CDIC与δ13CDOC差值越大,TSb的浓度越高,表明高Sb地下水形成过程中,微生物活动导致有机碳的氧化分解在无机碳稳定同位素的分馏过程中起了主要作用。Fe(Ⅱ)可与DOM形成的Fe(Ⅱ)有机络合物更容易被氧气氧化,增强了Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化速率,并产生了更多的活性氧,进而增强了Sb(Ⅲ)的氧化速率。与此同时, HC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$含量的升高,能够提升与Sb(Ⅴ)在沉积物表面吸附电位上竞争吸附,导致${\mathrm{Dx}}_{3}^{4}$水中Sb(Ⅴ)的含量升高。
  • 河北省自然科学基金(D2024508003)
  • 河北省自然科学基金(D2021508004)
  • 冷水江锡矿山生态环境承载力项目(LCG2020009)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406106
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
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河北省自然科学基金(D2024508003)
河北省自然科学基金(D2021508004)
冷水江锡矿山生态环境承载力项目(LCG2020009)
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    1 河北省地质环境监测院河北省地质资源环境监测与保护重点实验室, 石家庄 050021
    2 华北科技学院化工安全学院, 三河 065201

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*董会军(1988—),女,汉族,河北衡水人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地下水环境监测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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