Article(id=1207343634534470288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405567, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753796, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753796, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7053, endPage=7060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343636862309097, articleId=1207343634534470288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Geometric Correction of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hyperspectral Images Based on High-precision LiDAR Point Cloud, columnId=1207343632013693563, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperspectral remote sensing widely uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as flight platforms for data collection, which has the advantages of flexibility and efficiency. However, due to UAV performance and environmental conditions, it is difficult for sensors to maintain a fixed shooting posture during the collection process, resulting in data misalignment, distortion, and deformation. While UAV positioning systems and inertial measurement devices provide real-time position and posture for hyperspectral cameras, achieving high accuracy often necessitates numerous ground control points for auxiliary geometric correction, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, it is necessary to study an efficient and time-saving data processing method to correct distortions in hyperspectral data acquisition. In order to efficiently and time-saving eliminate distortions in hyperspectral data during the acquisition process, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) push scan hyperspectral camera data acquisition system was designed based on the principle of collinearity equations. The system integrates a high-precision inertial measurement system and synchronously collects LiDAR point cloud data in the measurement area. The high-precision terrain information contained in the LiDAR point cloud was used for geometric correction of hyperspectral data, and the influence of different density point cloud data on the geometric correction results was studied. Experiments have shown that using LiDAR point clouds improves accuracy by 67% compared to using average elevation geometric correction results. The use of LiDAR and hyperspectral cameras for synchronous acquisition has a significant effect on improving the accuracy of hyperspectral data.

, correspAuthors=Qi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-zhuang QI, Jie PAN, Qi LI, Yi-zhuo ZHANG, Jun-mei CHEN, Xiao-han DONG, Cheng-hao LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641358603183, articleId=1207343634534470288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于高精度激光雷达点云的无人机高光谱影像几何校正, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高光谱遥感广泛采用无人机作为飞行平台进行数据采集,具有灵活高效的优点。受无人机性能以及环境天气的影响,采集过程中传感器难以保持固定的拍摄姿态,导致数据产生一定的错位扭曲和变形,虽然无人机载定位系统和惯性测量装置为高光谱相机提供了实时位置和姿态,但受定位测姿精度的限制往往需要采集大量地面控制点进行辅助几何校正,耗费大量时间和人力。为了高效省时消除高光谱数据在采集过程中产生的畸变,基于共线方程原理,设计了一种无人机载推扫式高光谱相机数据采集系统,集成高精度惯性测量系统,并同步采集测区激光雷达(light detection and ranging, LiDAR)点云数据,利用激光点云中蕴含的高精度地形信息进行高光谱数据几何校正,并研究不同密度点云数据对于几何校正结果的影响。实验表明,使用LiDAR点云相对于使用平均高程几何校正结果精度提升了67%,利用激光雷达和高光谱相机同步采集对于提高高光谱数据精度有着显著效果。

, correspAuthors=李奇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李奇(1983—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:航空遥感。E-mail:
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亓立壮(1995—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无人机遥感、无人机遥感装备集成。E-mail:

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亓立壮(1995—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无人机遥感、无人机遥感装备集成。E-mail:

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亓立壮(1995—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无人机遥感、无人机遥感装备集成。E-mail:

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Science of Surveying and Mapping, 2015, 40(11): 79-84., articleTitle=An outlier eliminating method for airborne LiDAR point cloud data using KD-tree, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207400176315109994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634534470288, awardId=2021YFB1407004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1407004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207400176394801775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634534470288, awardId=2021SFGC0401, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省重点研发计划(2021SFGC0401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207400163438596311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634534470288, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400163522482395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634534470288, companyId=1207400163438596311, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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Equipment performance parameter table

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设备名称 指标 参数
Riegl VUX 240
机载激光雷达
测距精度 15 mm
扫描开角 75°
角度分辨率 0.001°
ITRES micro
CASl-1920
推扫式高光谱相机
光谱范围 400~1 000 nm
光谱分辨率 <5 nm
扫描像素宽度 1 920 pixel
视场角 36.6°
NovAtel CPT7
惯性测量系统
定位精度 水平:0.01 m
垂直:0.02 m
测姿精度 航向角:0.01°
横滚角、俯仰角:0.003°
), ArticleFig(id=1207400176017314404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634534470288, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

设备性能参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 指标 参数
Riegl VUX 240
机载激光雷达
测距精度 15 mm
扫描开角 75°
角度分辨率 0.001°
ITRES micro
CASl-1920
推扫式高光谱相机
光谱范围 400~1 000 nm
光谱分辨率 <5 nm
扫描像素宽度 1 920 pixel
视场角 36.6°
NovAtel CPT7
惯性测量系统
定位精度 水平:0.01 m
垂直:0.02 m
测姿精度 航向角:0.01°
横滚角、俯仰角:0.003°
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基于高精度激光雷达点云的无人机高光谱影像几何校正
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亓立壮 1 , 潘洁 2 , 李奇 1, * , 张亦卓 2 , 陈俊美 1 , 董晓晗 1 , 刘承浩 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(17): 7053-7060
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(17): 7053-7060
基于高精度激光雷达点云的无人机高光谱影像几何校正
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亓立壮1 , 潘洁2, 李奇1, * , 张亦卓2, 陈俊美1, 董晓晗1, 刘承浩1
作者信息
  • 1 齐鲁空天信息研究院, 济南 250100
  • 2 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院, 北京 100094
  • 亓立壮(1995—),男,汉族,山东济南人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无人机遥感、无人机遥感装备集成。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李奇(1983—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:航空遥感。E-mail:
Geometric Correction of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hyperspectral Images Based on High-precision LiDAR Point Cloud
Li-zhuang QI1 , Jie PAN2, Qi LI1, * , Yi-zhuo ZHANG2, Jun-mei CHEN1, Xiao-han DONG1, Cheng-hao LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Qilu Aerospace Information Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China
  • 2 Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405567
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高光谱遥感广泛采用无人机作为飞行平台进行数据采集,具有灵活高效的优点。受无人机性能以及环境天气的影响,采集过程中传感器难以保持固定的拍摄姿态,导致数据产生一定的错位扭曲和变形,虽然无人机载定位系统和惯性测量装置为高光谱相机提供了实时位置和姿态,但受定位测姿精度的限制往往需要采集大量地面控制点进行辅助几何校正,耗费大量时间和人力。为了高效省时消除高光谱数据在采集过程中产生的畸变,基于共线方程原理,设计了一种无人机载推扫式高光谱相机数据采集系统,集成高精度惯性测量系统,并同步采集测区激光雷达(light detection and ranging, LiDAR)点云数据,利用激光点云中蕴含的高精度地形信息进行高光谱数据几何校正,并研究不同密度点云数据对于几何校正结果的影响。实验表明,使用LiDAR点云相对于使用平均高程几何校正结果精度提升了67%,利用激光雷达和高光谱相机同步采集对于提高高光谱数据精度有着显著效果。

高光谱  /  激光雷达  /  共线方程  /  几何校正

Hyperspectral remote sensing widely uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) as flight platforms for data collection, which has the advantages of flexibility and efficiency. However, due to UAV performance and environmental conditions, it is difficult for sensors to maintain a fixed shooting posture during the collection process, resulting in data misalignment, distortion, and deformation. While UAV positioning systems and inertial measurement devices provide real-time position and posture for hyperspectral cameras, achieving high accuracy often necessitates numerous ground control points for auxiliary geometric correction, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, it is necessary to study an efficient and time-saving data processing method to correct distortions in hyperspectral data acquisition. In order to efficiently and time-saving eliminate distortions in hyperspectral data during the acquisition process, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) push scan hyperspectral camera data acquisition system was designed based on the principle of collinearity equations. The system integrates a high-precision inertial measurement system and synchronously collects LiDAR point cloud data in the measurement area. The high-precision terrain information contained in the LiDAR point cloud was used for geometric correction of hyperspectral data, and the influence of different density point cloud data on the geometric correction results was studied. Experiments have shown that using LiDAR point clouds improves accuracy by 67% compared to using average elevation geometric correction results. The use of LiDAR and hyperspectral cameras for synchronous acquisition has a significant effect on improving the accuracy of hyperspectral data.

hyperspectra  /  LiDAR  /  collinear equation  /  geometric correction
亓立壮, 潘洁, 李奇, 张亦卓, 陈俊美, 董晓晗, 刘承浩. 基于高精度激光雷达点云的无人机高光谱影像几何校正. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7053 -7060 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405567
Li-zhuang QI, Jie PAN, Qi LI, Yi-zhuo ZHANG, Jun-mei CHEN, Xiao-han DONG, Cheng-hao LIU. Geometric Correction of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hyperspectral Images Based on High-precision LiDAR Point Cloud[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7053 -7060 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405567
高光谱数据包含丰富的光谱波段信息,具有很强的特征要素识别能力,被广泛用于地物要素分类、矿产探测、土壤调查以及生态环境监测等领域[1-4],目前主要有卫星遥感和航空遥感两种方式[5-7]。随着无人机技术的不断更新迭代,以无人机作为平台搭载高光谱传感器进行数据采集的方法被广泛使用[8],具有成本较低、操作灵活、飞行高度低、数据分辨率高的优势。受设备性能的限制,无人机飞行过程中受气流影响会产生震动、摇晃,使得采集的高光谱数据随平台的姿态变化而产生一定程度的错位、扭曲和变形,数据几何精度大大降低。随着全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)和惯性测量设备(inertial measurement unit, IMU)的小型化,无人机搭载两者组成的位置姿态测量系统(position and orientation system, POS)已经逐步成熟,通过与遥感设备的硬连接,实现数据同步采集以提供拍照瞬间实时的位置角度信息[9],记录每一帧数据摄影中心的三维坐标和姿态。基于此,将POS系统和高光谱传感器进行集成,通过后期处理就能对高光谱影像的错位、扭曲和变形进行纠正。无人机载测姿定位系统是推扫式高光谱影像外方位元素的来源,POS系统精度直接影响几何校正精度[10]。但在实际应用中受载重、续航、体积等因素的影响,无人机平台往往不具备搭载大型高精惯性导航系统的硬件条件。受POS系统精度以及集成安装精度的限制,以及高光谱影像自身成像畸变的影响,还需要采集足量的地面控制点辅助进行几何校正计算,此方法耗费大量时间和人力成本,在地形崎岖的山地林地更是难以开展。
无人机激光雷达是一种采用激光作为辐射源的雷达系统,集无人机、激光和惯导系统于一体,采集高精度地表密集点云数据,能够真实准确地反映地形地貌[11]。利用三维点云数据建立测区数字高程模型,即可获取测区任意一点的三维坐标,用来进行高光谱采集系统的安装参数检校以及数据几何纠正。
针对上述问题和现状,现设计一套无人机载推扫式高光谱相机数据采集系统,集成高精度POS系统以及激光雷达传感器,一方面获取逐帧数据摄影中心的位置和姿态信息,求取外方位元素;另一方面,根据共线方程原理,利用激光雷达提供的测区地形高程信息进行高光谱数据几何校正,并研究不同激光点云密度对高光谱数据几何校正精度的影响。
高光谱数据的几何校正是指利用数学模型,建立像点与其应地面点之间的几何关系,进行像元坐标转换与重采样,实现影像重建[12-17]。通常借助机载惯性导航设备获取外方位元素,利用高精度激光点云获取准确的地面高程信息,运用摄影测量学中的共线方程法,求取影像像元对应的地面点真实坐标。
进行高光谱影像的几何校正,首先是要建立影像像元点和实际地面点之间的空间对应关系。根据推扫式高光谱相机的成像原理,像点、像点对应的地面点与成像系统的透视中心呈共线关系,遥感影像处理中通常采用共线方程表达了表达物点、像点和投影中心(对像片而言通常是镜头中心)三点位于一条直线的数学关系。共线方程的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}x-{x}_{o}=-f\frac{{a}_{1}(X-{X}_{S})+{b}_{1}(Y-{Y}_{S})+{c}_{1}(Z-{Z}_{S})}{{a}_{3}(X-{X}_{S})+{b}_{3}(Y-{Y}_{S})+{c}_{3}(Z-{Z}_{S})}\\ y-{y}_{o}=-f\frac{{a}_{2}(X-{X}_{S})+{b}_{2}(Y-{Y}_{S})+{c}_{2}(Z-{Z}_{S})}{{a}_{3}(X-{X}_{S})+{b}_{3}(Y-{Y}_{S})+{c}_{3}(Z-{Z}_{S})}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:xy为像点的像平面坐标;xoyof为影像的内方位元素,即像主点o在框标坐标系中的坐标及摄站点S到像片的垂距(主距); XS、YS、ZS为透视中心S在物方坐标系下的三维坐标;XYZ为像点对应地面点在物方坐标系下的坐标;aibici(i=1,2,3)为影像3个外方位角元素对应的9个方向余弦。
由式(1)可知,进行高光谱数据几何纠正需要事先获得内方位元素、外方位元素、以及物方点的物方空间坐标。内方位元素3个参数通过高光谱相机的检校得出,一般情况下由厂家给出,视为已知参数;透视中心S在物方坐标系下的三维坐标,需要数据采集系统中的定位设备经坐标转换后提供,也视为已知量;外方位元素包含3个线元素和3个角元素,用于描述透视中心的空间坐标值和描述影像的空间姿态,通过集成高精度组合导航系统经过坐标转换获得。物方点的物方空间坐标中XY为像点对应的地面点坐标,是几何校正中的未知量,因此只要获得地面高程Z,即可推导出XY
将图像空间坐标系转换为物方坐标系是一个复杂的过程[13],其转换过程可描述为:由像空间坐标系(o)通过旋转矩阵依次转换到传感器坐标系(c)、IMU坐标系(i)、导航坐标系(n)、地心坐标系(e),最后转到物方坐标系(m)。其转换矩阵表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{m}}(\varphi,\omega,\kappa )={\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{m}}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{n}}(\psi,\theta,\varphi ){\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{i}}\\ {\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{m}}={\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{m}}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{e}}\\ {\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{i}}={\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{i}}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{c}}\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:ϕωκ分别为从像空间坐标系转换至物方坐标系过程中依次绕XYZ轴旋转的角度,即外方位元素中的角元素;$\psi $$\theta $$\varphi $分别为惯性测量单元记录的高光谱相机拍摄瞬间的姿态信息,即在导航坐标系下的横滚角、俯仰角和偏航角。
数据采集过程中直接获取到的是采集系统中IMU几何中心在地心坐标系下的坐标,因此需要进行平移旋转才能求得透视中心S在物方坐标系下的坐标[XS,YS,ZS]m,即外方位线元素。首先需要确定摄影中心和IMU中心的几何关系,即摄影中心s在IMU坐标系下的坐标[xs,ys,zs]i,再转换到地心坐标系与IMU几何中心坐标在同一坐标框架下,与IMU中心在地心坐标系的坐标[Xi,Yi,Zi]e相加,再减去物方坐标系原点的地心空间直角坐标[Xo,Yo,Zo]e,最后旋转换至物方坐标系。其平移旋转过程表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\left[\begin{array}{l}{X}_{\mathrm{S}}\\ {Y}_{\mathrm{S}}\\ {Z}_{\mathrm{S}}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{m}}={\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{m}}\left\{{\left[\begin{array}{l}{X}_{\mathrm{i}}\\ {Y}_{\mathrm{i}}\\ {Z}_{\mathrm{i}}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{e}}+{R}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{e}}{\left[\begin{array}{l}{x}_{\mathrm{s}}\\ {y}_{\mathrm{s}}\\ {z}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{i}}-{\left[\begin{array}{l}{X}_{\mathrm{o}}\\ {Y}_{\mathrm{o}}\\ {Z}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{e}}\right\}\\ {\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{e}}={\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{e}}{\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{n}}\end{array}\right.$
从上述外方位元素求取方法中可知,获取高精度的高光谱摄影系统的外方位角元素,需要得到拍照瞬间的位置姿态信息,因此集成高精度定位测姿系统,对于高光谱数据的精度尤为重要。
在求取外方位元素之后,根据共线方程建立像点与其对应地面点之间的空间几何关系,进行高光谱数据的几何校正。即根据已知的高光谱相机内方位元素和外方位元素,带入共线方程,根据像点坐标(x,y)推算出对应的地面点空间坐标,实现对像元位置的重采样,按照一定的地面分辨率将原始影像的灰度值赋给重采样后的影像点,建立几何校正后新图像。原理图如图1所示。具体步骤如下。
步骤1 根据相机检校结果获取内方位元素,根据1.1节中所述方法求取外方位角元素和线元素。
步骤2 由于推扫式高光谱影像为线性规则排列,因此可直接将影像像素点坐标以及平均高程代入式(1),得到其在物方坐标系下的坐标,再代入对应点的真实高程,继续迭代直至高光谱影像与地形数据匹配。
步骤3 对杂乱的像素点进行灰度值重采样,最终得到规则的几何校正高光谱影像。
从上述原理可知,若想求得像点对应地面点坐标需要获取地面点的高程Z,代入式中进行迭代计算直到精度达到要求。传统的几何校正方法往往使用测区平均高程代入进行计算,以此获得一个近似校正的影像,这种方法在地势平坦的测区适用性较好,但在地势起伏大的区域会因为高程的不准确造成极大几何校正误差,故现研究利用高精度机载LiDAR数据建立测区数字高程模型,参与高光谱数据像元位置重采样计算,提高高光谱影像几何校正精度。
根据推扫式高光谱影像的几何校正原理,利用LiDAR点云提取高精度地面高程信息,参与共线方程迭代计算,研究点云数据对高光谱数据几何纠正精度的影像。为避免地貌发生较大变化,LiDAR点云需要和高光谱数据的采集时间不能相差过大,为得到较好的几何校正效果,LiDAR点云的分辨率应与高光谱数据一致,采集范围应包含高光谱数据采集范围。使用点云插值生成测区数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),代入1.2节所述共线方程不断进行迭代运算,直到前后两次迭代结果小于一个像素,总体技术路线如图2所示。
设计了一套无人机载推扫式高光谱相机数据采集系统,集成了推扫式高光谱相机、高精度POS系统以及激光雷达传感器,设备之间通过数据接口使用POS系统进行统一授时与时间同步。主要用到了ITRES microCASl-1920推扫式高光谱相机、NovAtel CPT7惯性测量系统以及Riegl VUX 240机载激光雷达扫描仪,分别被用来采集测区激光点云、高光谱影像以及数据采集系统的位置姿态数据,集成效果如图3所示,设备参数如表1所示。
图4所示,测区面积约4.3万m2,内包含道路、建筑、河沟,地势落差大于15 m。如图5所示以四旋翼无人机作为飞行平台分别搭载激光雷达扫描仪和高光谱相机在同一测区的相邻时间段进行了数据采集,采用惯性测量系统TIMEB报文和PPS进行授时和时间同步,授时精度可达5 ns,保证位姿数据与影像数据的时间匹配。高光谱数据采集飞行高度150 m,飞行速度6 m/s,根据设备参数计算可知地面分辨率约为5 cm。激光雷达数据采集飞行高度200 m,飞行速度7 m/s,点密度约为515 pts/m2,其中,pts/m2表示单位面积(m2)内的点云数据点的数量,点云数据生成的DEM模型可达厘米级地面分辨率。数据采集前分别对激光雷达和高光谱相机进行了检校测量,以尽量消除安装误差对数据质量的影响。
数据处理主要分为4个部分,分别为POS数据解算、LiDAR数据预处理、高光谱数据预处理、数据融合。其中POS数据解算是指利用紧耦合算法进行卫星定位数据以及IMU数据组合解算,获取平滑后的数据采集系统实时高精度位置姿态信息[18-19];LiDAR数据预处理主要是指对机载激光点云数据进行滤波、配准及地理定位等操作,使之成为具有较高精度的高光谱几何校正地形参考;高光谱数据预处理是指对原始数据依次进行去噪、暗校正、辐射校正及光谱校正[20];数据融合指融合POS数据、LiDAR地形数据对预处理后的高光谱数据进行几何校正,最终生成具有高精度位置信息的高光谱影像。
位姿数据包括GNSS流动站数据、姿态数据以及里程计数据,POS组合结算是指将上述三者与地面GNSS基站收集的同时段静态差分数据进行联合结算,获得具有较高精度的定位定姿数据[18-19]。采用了紧组合方式进行组合解算,该方法运用卡尔曼滤波原理解算信号残差,对GNSS与IMU坐标速度之差进行校正,因其耦合程度较高目前得到了最广泛的应用。最终得到最优平滑轨迹文件,即数据采集系统位置姿态数据文件,包含GPS时间、经纬度、高度、三轴速度及加速度、偏航角、横滚角、俯仰角等信息,其主要参数精度如图6所示。激光点云数据和高光谱数据为同步采集,与POS系统在硬件集成层面进行了严格的时间同步,因此两者受POS系统的影响一致,可视为控制变量。
主要分为地理配准和滤波去噪两部分。数据采集过程中,惯性测量系统不断向激光扫描仪发出授时报文和PPS信号进行时间同步,实现LiDAR点云与最优平滑轨迹数据严格时间匹配,从而利用轨迹数据里的位置和姿态信息对每一帧点云数据进行平移旋转,即可得到具有绝对定位的激光雷达点云数据。由于地物表面反射特性及数据采集环境的影响,获取的点云数据存在一定的离群异常值,称之为噪点,降低后续点云处理精度,因此还需要利用算法对源数据中包含的噪点进行滤波处理,通过距离统计滤波方法,统计点到相邻点的欧氏距离,超过阈值的视为噪点并进行剔除,文献[21]研究了距离统计滤波的具体方法,滤波效果较好。最终点云效果如图7所示,通过与检查点对比,统计点云精度如图8所示,平均水平误差可达29 mm,平均高程误差可达37 mm。
利用设备厂家提供的校正参数文件依次对高光谱原始数据进行去噪、暗校正、辐射定标及光谱校正。高光谱数据采集过程中,受飞行振动和环境温度变化等因素影响,会产生异常像素、伪影、条纹等噪声,为保证数据真实性需要进行去噪处理;暗校正是为了消除原始数据中的非目标相关信号,通常在传感器快门关闭时收集暗信号作为比对值;辐射定标是指利用辐射校正文件中的辐射校正系数,将暗校正之后的数据值由DN值转换为辐射亮度值(radiant intensity,单位为W/m2·μm·Sr);光谱校正是运用光谱重采样算法消除光谱色散差异以及光谱位移、畸变。
根据所述基于共线方程的高光谱数据几何校正方法,进行最优平滑轨迹数据、高光谱数据、LiDAR点云数据融合。其实现原理为将最优平滑轨迹文件中提供的偏航角、横滚角、俯仰角、经纬坐标及高程代入1.1节所述公式中进行坐标转换,求得外方位角元素和线元素,再以LiDAR点云高精度地形信息为地面高程参考,参与共线方程迭代运算,进行高光谱影像像元位置和灰度值重采样,建立校正后的新影像。
高光谱相机、激光雷达与惯导采取硬连接的方式进行安装,使用惯导进行授时和严格时间同步,并分别进行了安置校正,通过坐标转换使高光谱数据和激光点云数据处于统一时空和坐标系统,因此数据配准是利用两者绝对坐标进行直接配准。
为研究LiDAR点云密度对于高光谱影像几何校正精度的影响,首先使用平均高程(40.23 m)参与几何校正计算,再将原始点云分别抽稀重采样为10、5、2、1 m间距数字高程模型,分别参与几何校正计算,利用检校点对比校正结果精度变化。数字高程模型如图9所示,几何校正结果如图10所示。由于图幅较大,应用不同地形参考几何校正的高光谱影像肉眼可见差别较小,故利用地面检校点详细分析精度差异。
在高光谱数据和LiDAR数据采集的同时,使用Trimble R12i接收机在测区内挑选标识物进行了检查点RTK测量,该设备标称点位测量精度可达厘米级,大于高光谱影像分辨率,作为数据精度参考。在图像中目视识别出这些检查点,分别进行图上坐标统计。以检查点RTK测量结果作为参考,统计不同地形参考几何校正高光谱影像在XY方向上的误差,统计结果如图11所示。
结合图4所示检查点位分布,分析误差统计结果可知,使用平均高程进行几何校正结果X方向(即东西方向,为沿航线方向)平均误差为494 mm,Y方向(即南北方向,为垂直航线方向)平均误差为994 mm;使用10、5、2、1 m分辨率DEM几何校正结果X方向平均误差分别为309、241、182、109 mm,其中使用1 m分辨率DEM几何校正结果在X方向上精度提高78%;Y方向平均误差分别为769、652、528、443 mm,其中使用1 m分辨率DEM几何校正结果在Y方向上精度最大提高了56%;使用1 m分辨率DEM几何校正结果在XY两个方向精度平均提高了67%。使用DEM融合几何校正结果精度整体比使用平均高程几何校正结果有较大提高,且随着参与几何校正计算的DEM分辨率的提升,几何校正精度进一步提升;当DEM分辨率达到1 m时,精度已无明显提升;对于处在相片中心位置的点,如6、8、9号点,由于本身畸变较小,DEM分辨率对于其几何校正影响较小,1、4号点同样位于相片中心位置,但由于1号点处于河沟处,4号点处于房顶处,高程均与平均高程差距较大,采用平均高程进行几何校正误差较大;对于处于扫描边缘位置的检查点,如2、7、13号点,受畸变影响大,随着DEM分辨率提高,几何校正精度有了较大提高。综上所述,得出以下观点:使用LiDAR点云参与推扫式高光谱影像几何校正,相对于使用平均高程几何校正结果,精度有明显提升,尤其是与平均高程差别较大的陡峭区域,精度提升更为显著。
介绍了利用高精度POS和LiDAR点云数据,参与推扫式高光谱相机获取的影像进行几何校正的方法和原理。首先阐述了几何校正过程中坐标转换的基本原理,介绍了利用POS数据计算外方位元素和线元素的方法,以及通过共线方程进行高光谱影像像元重采样的方法。从中可以看出,高光谱数据的几何校正精度与参与共线方程迭代计算的高程数据密切相关。
基于上述几何校正原理,分别使用不同分辨率的LiDAR点云地形数据参与共线方程迭代运算进行数据融合,并参照检查点对校正结果进行精度评估。统计结果表明,使用LiDAR点云数据进行几何校正的精度远高于使用平均高程数据的结果;此外,高光谱数据的几何校正精度随着参与计算的LiDAR地形数据分辨率提升而显著提高。因此,采用高点密度的激光雷达点云数据作为地形参考对高光谱数据的几何校正具有重要意义,对高光谱数据采集工程也有实际参考价值。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1407004)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2021SFGC0401)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405567
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1407004)
山东省重点研发计划(2021SFGC0401)
作者信息
    1 齐鲁空天信息研究院, 济南 250100
    2 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院, 北京 100094

通讯作者:

*李奇(1983—),男,汉族,湖北荆州人,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:航空遥感。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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