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In order to further explore the pipe-soil interaction and the failure mechanism of buried pipelines during the collapse process, the element birth and death technology and the displacement load technology were used to simulate the soil collapse process. The coupling models considering the pipe-soil nonlinear effect were constructed respectively to analyze the failure law of buried pipelines under collapse. The results show that the bottom of the pipe jacking is the control point, the axial stress is the control stress, and the junction of the non-subsidence area and the subsidence area and the center of the subsidence area are dangerous sections. Applying displacement load technology to element birth and death technology, the location of the most dangerous section transitions from the junction of non-subsidence area and subsidence area to the center of subsidence area, and the peak value of Von-Mises stress increases from 4.3 MPa to 6.09 MPa. The application of displacement load technology makes the lower part of the pipeline always in contact with the soil, and the pipeline is subjected to strong shear near the junction of the non-subsidence area and the subsidence area. The element birth and death technology is lost with the soil, and the pipe-soil state gradually changes from contact to separation, which is a weak shear effect. The Von-Mises stress peak is larger and the radial stress is smaller, which can better reflect the actual situation. According to the stress and settlement values, the maximum Von-Mises stress prediction formula is fitted, and the error is within 7%. The research results can provide reference for the safe operation of pipelines and the selection of collapse simulation methods.

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为深入探究塌陷过程中管土相互作用及埋地管道破坏机理,采用单元生死技术和施加位移荷载技术模拟土体塌陷过程,分别构建考虑管-土非线性效应的耦合模型,分析塌陷下埋地管道的破坏规律。结果表明:管顶管底为控制点,轴向应力为控制应力,非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处与塌陷区中央是危险截面。施加位移荷载技术到单元生死技术,最危险截面出现位置从非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处过渡到塌陷区中央,Von-Mises应力峰值从4.3 MPa增加到6.09 MPa。施加位移荷载技术使得管道下部和土体始终接触,管道在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处附近受到强剪切作用,而单元生死技术随土体流失,管土状态逐渐由接触到分离是弱剪切作用,Von-Mises应力峰值更大而径向应力更小,更能反映实际情况。根据应力和沉降量值拟合出最大Von-Mises 应力预测公式,误差在7%以内。研究结果可为管道安全运行和选择塌陷模拟方式提供参考。

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滕振超(1976—),男,汉族,河北故城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等。E-mail:。

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滕振超(1976—),男,汉族,河北故城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等。E-mail:。

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滕振超(1976—),男,汉族,河北故城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等。E-mail:。

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Pipeline material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道
材质		 弹性
模量/MPa		 密度/
(kg·m-3)		 泊松比 屈服
力/MPa		 极限
应力/MPa
PE100 800 950 0.45 40 45
), ArticleFig(id=1207768415670997723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634500915855, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管道材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管道
材质		 弹性
模量/MPa		 密度/
(kg·m-3)		 泊松比 屈服
力/MPa		 极限
应力/MPa
PE100 800 950 0.45 40 45
), ArticleFig(id=1207768415738106591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634500915855, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil material parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤
类别		 弹性模
量/MPa		 密度/
(kg·m-3)		 泊松比 黏聚
力/kPa		 内摩
擦角/(°)
砂土 10 2 000 0.3 20 20
), ArticleFig(id=1207768415817798371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343634500915855, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

土体材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土壤
类别		 弹性模
量/MPa		 密度/
(kg·m-3)		 泊松比 黏聚
力/kPa		 内摩
擦角/(°)
砂土 10 2 000 0.3 20 20
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Mesh partition parameters

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网格数量 Von-Mises应力/MPa
154 500 1.5
182 500 2.2
206 600 4.3
219 600 5.6
223 000 5.6
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网格划分参数

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网格数量 Von-Mises应力/MPa
154 500 1.5
182 500 2.2
206 600 4.3
219 600 5.6
223 000 5.6
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Table of relative test error of simulation results

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塌陷
宽度/m		 沉降位移/mm 误差/% 平均
误差/%
试验 有限元
0.03 16 15.7 -1.875 -2.815
0.09 45.71 44 -3.741
0.15 72 71.5 -0.694
0.21 85.14 83 -2.514
0.27 89.71 85 -5.250
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模拟结果相对试验误差表

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塌陷
宽度/m		 沉降位移/mm 误差/% 平均
误差/%
试验 有限元
0.03 16 15.7 -1.875 -2.815
0.09 45.71 44 -3.741
0.15 72 71.5 -0.694
0.21 85.14 83 -2.514
0.27 89.71 85 -5.250
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塌陷过程土体动态流失管-土耦合模型数值模拟
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滕振超 1, 2 , 池林林 1 , 周亚东 1 , 霍静轶 1 , 黄漪澜 1 , 刘晓燕 1 , 计静 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(17): 7439-7446
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(17): 7439-7446
塌陷过程土体动态流失管-土耦合模型数值模拟
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滕振超1, 2 , 池林林1, 周亚东1, 霍静轶1, 黄漪澜1, 刘晓燕1, 计静1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 东北石油大学土木建筑工程学院, 大庆 163318
  • 2 东北石油大学黑龙江省寒区新能源热利用及防灾减灾重点实验室, 大庆 163318

    • 滕振超(1976—),男,汉族,河北故城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:结构工程、防灾减灾及防护工程等。E-mail:。

Numerical Simulation of Pipe-Soil Coupling Model for Dynamic Soil Loss in Collapse Process
Zhen-chao TENG1, 2 , Lin-lin CHI1, Ya-dong ZHOU1, Jing-yi HUO1, Yi-lan HUANG1, Xiao-yan LIU1, Jing JI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
  • 2 Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Thermal Utilization and Disaster Reduction of New Energy in Cold Regions, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405011
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摘要
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为深入探究塌陷过程中管土相互作用及埋地管道破坏机理,采用单元生死技术和施加位移荷载技术模拟土体塌陷过程,分别构建考虑管-土非线性效应的耦合模型,分析塌陷下埋地管道的破坏规律。结果表明:管顶管底为控制点,轴向应力为控制应力,非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处与塌陷区中央是危险截面。施加位移荷载技术到单元生死技术,最危险截面出现位置从非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处过渡到塌陷区中央,Von-Mises应力峰值从4.3 MPa增加到6.09 MPa。施加位移荷载技术使得管道下部和土体始终接触,管道在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处附近受到强剪切作用,而单元生死技术随土体流失,管土状态逐渐由接触到分离是弱剪切作用,Von-Mises应力峰值更大而径向应力更小,更能反映实际情况。根据应力和沉降量值拟合出最大Von-Mises 应力预测公式,误差在7%以内。研究结果可为管道安全运行和选择塌陷模拟方式提供参考。

土体塌陷  /  埋地管道  /  单元生死  /  位移荷载  /  应力预测

In order to further explore the pipe-soil interaction and the failure mechanism of buried pipelines during the collapse process, the element birth and death technology and the displacement load technology were used to simulate the soil collapse process. The coupling models considering the pipe-soil nonlinear effect were constructed respectively to analyze the failure law of buried pipelines under collapse. The results show that the bottom of the pipe jacking is the control point, the axial stress is the control stress, and the junction of the non-subsidence area and the subsidence area and the center of the subsidence area are dangerous sections. Applying displacement load technology to element birth and death technology, the location of the most dangerous section transitions from the junction of non-subsidence area and subsidence area to the center of subsidence area, and the peak value of Von-Mises stress increases from 4.3 MPa to 6.09 MPa. The application of displacement load technology makes the lower part of the pipeline always in contact with the soil, and the pipeline is subjected to strong shear near the junction of the non-subsidence area and the subsidence area. The element birth and death technology is lost with the soil, and the pipe-soil state gradually changes from contact to separation, which is a weak shear effect. The Von-Mises stress peak is larger and the radial stress is smaller, which can better reflect the actual situation. According to the stress and settlement values, the maximum Von-Mises stress prediction formula is fitted, and the error is within 7%. The research results can provide reference for the safe operation of pipelines and the selection of collapse simulation methods.

soil collapse  /  buried pipeline  /  unit life and death  /  displacement load  /  stress prediction
滕振超, 池林林, 周亚东, 霍静轶, 黄漪澜, 刘晓燕, 计静. 塌陷过程土体动态流失管-土耦合模型数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7439 -7446 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405011
Zhen-chao TENG, Lin-lin CHI, Ya-dong ZHOU, Jing-yi HUO, Yi-lan HUANG, Xiao-yan LIU, Jing JI. Numerical Simulation of Pipe-Soil Coupling Model for Dynamic Soil Loss in Collapse Process[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7439 -7446 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405011
正文
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近年来土体塌陷事故频发,由于塌陷的发生具有突发性和隐蔽性,一旦发生将导致管道出现变形,严重时管道断裂[1],进而诱发火灾、爆炸等事故,危及人民生命财产安全。
诸多学者开展了土体塌陷对埋地管道破坏机理、危险截面及变形规律的研究。现有的研究方法主要包括理论解析法、小比尺试验法和数值模拟法[2]。理论解析法[3-5]基于一定的假设建立管土相互作用模型,得到管道挠度变形和内力计算公式。试验法大多基于小比尺试验[6-9],由于试验环境苛刻、边界条件简化、尺度效应等造成试验条件和真实塌陷工况有一定差异性。而数值模拟方法因其可以避免苛刻的试验条件,通过各种数学控制方程近似求解结果,能够很好地解决各种非线性问题,直观观察到管道的变形位置和破坏情况,得到诸多学者的广泛应用。
目前,模拟土体塌陷方法主要有施加位移荷载和单元生死技术。Luo等[10]采用施加位移荷载技术对地基沉降作用下埋地管道的强度失效和力学性能进行了数值模拟。Zhang等[11]考虑管土相互作用,采用施加位移荷载技术建立了埋地管道穿越地面沉降区的数值模型。罗利等[12]运用施加位移荷载技术模拟了埋地聚乙烯管在地基沉降作用下应力随沉降位移的变化规律。张海伦等[13]以实际地质参数为基础,基于施加位移荷载技术建立了占压工况下埋地管道三维模型。张鑫等[14]使用施加位移荷载技术建立模型分析了开采影响下管道的受力变形及区域性特征。杨朝娜等[15]基于单元生死技术通过杀死一定宽度的土单元模拟砂土流失,得到埋地管线内应力及沉降的变化过程曲线。巨玉文等[16]利用单元生死技术建立了考虑扩洞时逐渐杀死相应土体单元过程的三维有限元模型。李乔楚等[17]为了准确地模拟岩溶塌陷的发育特征,基于单元生死技术构建了穿越岩溶区域的埋地聚乙烯管道管-土非线性耦合模型。Zhou等[18]基于单元生死技术,构建了考虑土体流失动态演化过程的管土非线性耦合模型。
综上所述,理论解析法假设了很多适用前提及简化边界参数,无法准确给出埋地管道各位置的计算公式,导致试验值和理论解析解存在误差。试验法由于试验环境苛刻、边界条件简化、尺度效应等造成试验条件和真实塌陷工况有一定差异性。数值模拟尚未对比分析不同模拟方式对管道破坏过程的差异性。为此,现采用不同方式模拟土体塌陷过程,构建考虑管土非线性效应的耦合三维有限元模型,探讨不同模拟方式对埋地管道不同截面的应力状态、控制点、控制应力、危险截面的影响,以期为塌陷作用模拟方式的选择上提供参考。
1 管土三维有限元模型
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1.1 管土模型参数
建立的管土三维有限元模型参照张旭[19]试验。管道长2.8 m,钢化玻璃试验箱尺寸为2.4 m×0.4 m×0.5 m,使用卡槽约束管道两端。管道上方铺设2层染色砂4.5 cm,下方放置25 cm砂土。试验箱上方放置90 cm的砂土,在管道顶部安装沉降标记录沉降位移。试验箱底部放置30 mm宽的抽条,通过抽取一定数量的抽条来模拟塌陷。试验模型如图1所示。
管材选用聚乙烯管,为简化模型计算, 忽略材料的颈缩效应, 管材本构关系选用三折线弹塑性模型, 应力应变曲线如图2所示。根据聚乙烯管国家标准,管屈服应力为40 MPa,极限应力为45 MPa,管道材料参数具体如表1所示。
土壤砂石等材料受压强度远大于受拉强度, Drucker-Prager屈服准则更能描述其特征,因此土体本构采用该模型。基于土体材料受力复杂,假定管道上、下土体单一、均质且各向同性,也不考虑膨胀角的影响,土体材料参数如表2所示。
实际塌陷过程中管道与土体之间会产生很强的非线性相互作用,接触面也存在状态非线性。定义管道和土体为面面接触,管道刚性面采用 Targe170单元,土体接触面采用 Conta174单元。定义管土接触作用模型为摩尔库伦模型,考虑动摩擦效应,采用增强的拉格朗日算法求解,摩擦因数取0.4[20]。
1.2 几何模型及边界条件
采用非线性有限元分析软件ANSYS建立塌陷作用下埋地管道力学分析模型。管道总长L为2 400 mm,宽400 mm,管道外直径D为90 mm,壁厚t为4.3 mm,埋深900 mm。管道选用SHELL63单元,土体选用Solid45单元。暂不考虑内压和温度变化影响。由于管土接触区域受力情况复杂,该处需要细化网格处理,细化网格模型如图3所示。为保证模型精度,进行网格无关性验证,如表3所示。当网格数量为219 600时,Von-Mises应力的变化趋于平稳,将不随网格的变化而变化。土体边界约束条件设定:底面为固定约束,顶部为自由面,其余边界面均受到垂直于该面的约束。管土模型及约束条件如图4所示。
1.3 模型验证
表4对比了有限元模型所得的沉降位移与张旭[19]试验的沉降位移结果,平均误差为2.815%,说明本文模型是合理的。
2 模拟方式与结果分析
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2.1 施加位移荷载技术和单元生死技术
施加位移荷载技术是在塌陷区施加相同的位移来模拟相同的沉降量,以此来观察土体和管道的变形。此方法操作简单,能计算由于非理想支撑条件引起的次内力和应力分布。但为了适应位移荷载的施加,简化了实际塌陷区域,以使塌陷区沉降量按照预设相同位移的模式进行施加,无法准确模拟塌陷过程复杂的动态行为和非线性效应。实际塌陷过程中,土体自下而上的塌陷量逐层变化,造成荷载分布不均匀。施加相同位移荷载会导致模拟结果偏离实际情况,尤其是在局部破坏或局部受力较大的位置影响很大,有潜在的局限性。模型如图5所示。
单元生死技术实质是定义相应单元属性来控制材料的生成或者消失,“单元死”是将相应单元刚度矩阵乘以一个很小的因子,使得该单元的载荷、质量、阻尼、比热及其他类似的效果为零[21]。土体塌陷是一个动态发展过程,随土体自下而上不断流失。单元生死技术可以设置多个荷载步,可以精确描述土体塌陷过程中原本支撑管道土体的流失,以反映土体失去承载能力,并准确模拟由此引发的应力重新分布,清楚地展示塌陷过程中土体的失效部位及其演变过程。模型如图6所示。
2.2 不同塌陷模拟方式力学响应结果对比
由于埋地管道应力曲线关于塌陷区中央对称分布,因此在分析应力时主要对管道端部到塌陷区中央段曲线进行分析,后文皆如此。正应力代表受拉,负应力代表受压。
不同塌陷模拟方式下管顶管底轴向应力对比如图7所示。从管道端部到非塌陷区和塌陷区交界处,两种方式轴向应力变化趋势非常接近,轴向摩擦力方向也都在交界处发生转变,但交界处出现峰值应力的位置施加位移荷载技术(0.666 m)先于单元生死技术(0.814 m)。这是因为施加位移荷载技术时施加的位移荷载大于单元生死技术初期塌陷量的荷载,单元生死技术塌陷量是自下而上逐渐加大的,因此施加位移荷载技术使得管道一开始就受到较大压应力,造成出现峰值位置先于单元生死技术。单元生死技术轴向应力从非塌陷区和塌陷区交界处逐渐递增直到塌陷区中央出现峰值5.43 MPa,而施加位移荷载技术递增到塌陷区中央左侧出现峰值4.71 MPa。
不同塌陷模拟方式下管顶管底Von-Mises应力对比如图8所示。整个塌陷过程,两种方式Von-Mises应力曲线趋势非常接近,从管道端部到塌陷区中央,呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势。施加位移荷载技术在塌陷区中央左侧出现应力峰值4.3 MPa,而单元生死技术在塌陷区中央出现峰值6.09 MPa。
单元生死技术轴向应力和Von-Mises应力峰值明显大于施加位移荷载技术,这是因为施加位移荷载技术时管土始终保持接触,部分土体挤压在跨中左侧给管道一个支撑力。而单元生死技术随土体逐渐流失,管土状态逐渐由接触到分离,在塌陷区跨中土体向下塌空,管土已没有相对滑移,故峰值应力更大。
不同塌陷模拟方式下剪应力对比如图9所示。两种方式剪应力左右不对称,最大剪应力都出现在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界附近。剪应力峰值施加位移荷载技术大于单元生死技术,这是因为前者使得管土紧密接触,管道在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处附近受到强剪切作用,而后者是弱剪切作用。
不同塌陷模拟方式下径向应力对比如图10所示。施加位移荷载技术管道下半部分径向应力饱满,上半部分明显小于下半部分,而单元生死技术趋势相反。这是由于施加位移荷载使得管道下部和土体始终紧密接触,管底所受径向应力很大,而单元生死技术管土实现分离,管底径向应力更小。
综上所述,施加位移荷载技术时管土始终保持接触,具有局限性。而单元生死技术随土体自下而上不断流失,管土状态逐渐由接触到分离。单元生死技术可以设置多个荷载步,精确描述土体塌陷过程中原本支撑管道土体的流失,可以准确模拟土体塌陷动态发展过程。
2.3 基于单元生死技术模拟塌陷过程管道力学响应
沿管线轴向应力如图11所示。管底轴向应力表明一开始在非沉陷区端部管道处于受压阶段,然后慢慢增大直到在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处附近出现应力极值,此时轴向摩擦力方向发生改变,管道状态逐渐由受压变为受拉,直到在沉陷区中央出现应力峰值5.43 MPa。管底管顶轴向应力曲线形状相反,趋势相同。
对比管顶、管底、管侧轴向应力,发现轴向应力峰值出现在塌陷区中央管顶和管底部位。管顶和管底最大轴向应力远大于管侧,表明管顶与管底是截面控制点。管顶管底轴向应力并不相等,说明沿管线方向的管土摩擦力不可忽略。
图12所示为沿管线方向剪应力,显然左右两边剪应力不对称,最大剪应力出现在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界附近,除交界附近外其余位置剪应力非常小。
对比图11和图12,发现轴向应力远大于剪应力,可知轴向应力为控制应力。塌陷区中央管道的轴向应力和剪应力都明显大于其他位置,可知塌陷区中央是最危险截面,应予以关注并避免设置弯头。
土体塌陷过程中管土状态由管土协同变形到管土分离状态,本文模型设置8个荷载步模拟8层土体流失。图13为不同土体流失阶段管底管顶管侧沿管线方向Von-Mises应力。随塌陷进程,从管道端部到塌陷区中央,管底管顶Von-Mises应力呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,在塌陷区中央达到最大。管侧Von-Mises应力则呈现先增大后减小再增大后减小的趋势,在塌陷区中央达到最小,此时管土分离明显,管土相互作用最弱。从第1层土体流失到第8层土体流失,发现最危险截面由非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处慢慢转移到塌陷区中央,并在第8层土体流失时达到最大值6.09 MPa。前7层土体流失,管顶Von-Mises应力大于管底管侧,第8层土体流失则管底Von-Mises应力略大于管顶远大于管侧,此时土体对管道支撑力很小,塌陷区中央的管道开始由管顶受压状态向管底受拉状态过渡,管土分离后管底位置的应力应特别关注。
2.4 塌陷过程的Von-Mises应力预测
土体沉降过程中,管道最大 Von-Mises 应力和土体沉降量密切相关,通过拟合大量的Von-Mises 应力与沉降量数据,得到了管道最大 Von-Mises 应力的计算公式为
$\begin{array}{l}S=13.228-8.838d+5.264{d}^{1.5}-\\ 0.856{d}^{2}-6.032{d}^{-1}\end{array}$
式(1)中:S为管道最大 Von-Mises 应力,MPa; d为土体沉降量,mm。
式(1)中R2为0.995,数值接近1,说明拟合程度好。如图14所示,将式(1)计算结果和数值模拟结果进行对比,发现预测值与数值模拟结果吻合度较高,其中最大相对误差为7%。拟合的计算公式能够准确预测沉降过程中管道的最大Von-Mises 应力,可为管道安全运行提供数据支撑。
3 结论
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(1)随塌陷进程,管顶与管底是管道截面的两个控制点,轴向应力为控制应力,非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处与塌陷区中央是两个危险截面,沿管线方向的管土摩擦力不可忽略。
(2)施加位移荷载技术使得管道下部和土体始终接触,管道在非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处附近受到强剪切作用。使用单元生死技术,随着土体逐渐流失,管土状态逐渐由接触到分离是弱剪切作用。施加位移荷载技术到单元生死技术,最危险截面出现位置从非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处过渡到塌陷区中央,单元生死技术更吻合实际塌陷情况,数值模拟时建议优先选用此方法。
(3)从第1层土体流失到第8层土体流失,最危险截面由非沉陷区和沉陷区交界处慢慢转移到塌陷区中央,并在第8层土体流失时达到最大值6.09 MPa,此时土体对管道支撑力很小,塌陷区中央的管道开始由管顶受压状态向管底受拉状态过渡,因此,塌陷区中央的管道应避免设置弯头。
(4)建立管道最大Von-Mises 应力与土体沉降量计算公式,误差在7%以内,可为管道安全运行提供数据支撑。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52076036)
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2020E018)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405011
  • 接收时间：2024-07-04
  • 首发时间：2025-12-15
  • 出版时间：2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-04
基金
国家自然科学基金(52076036)
黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2020E018)
作者信息
    1 东北石油大学土木建筑工程学院, 大庆 163318
    2 东北石油大学黑龙江省寒区新能源热利用及防灾减灾重点实验室, 大庆 163318
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