Article(id=1207343633318122119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405876, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753543, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753543, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7268, endPage=7275, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343635213947557, articleId=1207343633318122119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Terminal Evacuation Path Planning Considering Passengers Distribution, columnId=1207343631124505261, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a large transportation hub, airport terminals have complex structures, and the evacuation efficiency becomes extremely important when an emergency occurs. To improve the evacuation efficiency of the terminal building, an improved A* algorithm has been proposed for selecting the optimal evacuation path based on the actual distribution of personnel. Firstly, the flow of personnel in the terminal building was simulated, and data on the distribution of personnel was obtained. Then the time-varying distribution of personnel in each area was considered in the cost calculation of path selection. Finally, the A* algorithm was improved in terms of traversal methods, network weights, other factors, and congested paths were replanned to avoid congestion. The results indicate that considering the distribution of passengers in the terminal improves the evacuation paths at each node, which leads to shorter evacuation time compared to traditional A* algorithm. It also allows for the avoidance of congested paths. This study can provide theoretical and methodological support for the rapid evacuation of passengers in the terminal under emergencies.

, correspAuthors=Quan SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-ya ZHU, Jian-gao ZHANG, Pei ZHU, Jia YUAN, Quan SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343639798322009, articleId=1207343633318122119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑旅客分布的航站楼疏散路径优选, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

机场航站楼作为大型交通枢纽,结构复杂,一旦发生突发事件,疏散效率极为重要。为提高航站楼疏散效率,结合航站楼内人员实际分布情况,提出一种改进A*算法的航站楼疏散最优路径选择方法。通过对航站楼内人员流动进行模拟,获取航站楼人员分布数据,并在路径选择的代价计算中考虑各区域人员分布的时变性,从遍历方式、网络权值等方面进行A*算法改进,并对拥堵路径进行重规划,实现对拥堵路径的规避。结果表明考虑航站楼旅客分布的疏散路径会对各节点疏散路径进行改进,相较于传统A*算法疏散时间更短,并能实现对拥堵路径的规避。研究结果可为突发事件下航站楼旅客快速疏散提供理论及方法支持。

, correspAuthors=邵荃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邵荃(1981—), 男, 汉族, 湖北鄂州人, 博士, 教授, 硕士研究生导师。研究方向:民航安全管理、突发事件应急决策。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9cmZUnP0lrbZXKLdhNHaeQ==, magXml=mEb+sqPPV/niJUtqprFR6g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=9/lDG7VxcJbIpbNJloANhg==, pdfFileSize=4235850, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=t4IctGPL//7553sdUC+egg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7WrIPOdfFDHizlx3r5mRrQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱思雅(2001—), 女, 汉族, 安徽安庆人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:航站楼应急疏散。E-mail:

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朱思雅(2001—), 女, 汉族, 安徽安庆人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:航站楼应急疏散。E-mail:

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朱思雅(2001—), 女, 汉族, 安徽安庆人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:航站楼应急疏散。E-mail:

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Flight schedules and aircraft type charts

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时间 机型 到达口 时间 机型 到达口
10:02 B737 55 10:30 A330 524
10:04 B737 509 10:32 B777 14
10:06 A320 15 10:34 A330 504
10:07 A330 546 10:36 A321 567
10:08 B737 565 10:38 B737 527
10:10 B737 77 10:40 B737 529
10:12 A320 540 10:41 B737 62
10:14 A320 30 10:43 B737 55
10:15 A330 503 10:45 A330 23
10:17 B737 41 10:47 A321 52
10:19 B737 19 10:48 A321 34
10:21 A321 39 10:51 A330 24
10:23 A319 525 10:53 A321 568
10:24 A350 9 10:56 A321 544
10:26 B737 33 10:58 A330 544
10:28 B737 2
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航班时刻及机型统计图

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时间 机型 到达口 时间 机型 到达口
10:02 B737 55 10:30 A330 524
10:04 B737 509 10:32 B777 14
10:06 A320 15 10:34 A330 504
10:07 A330 546 10:36 A321 567
10:08 B737 565 10:38 B737 527
10:10 B737 77 10:40 B737 529
10:12 A320 540 10:41 B737 62
10:14 A320 30 10:43 B737 55
10:15 A330 503 10:45 A330 23
10:17 B737 41 10:47 A321 52
10:19 B737 19 10:48 A321 34
10:21 A321 39 10:51 A330 24
10:23 A319 525 10:53 A321 568
10:24 A350 9 10:56 A321 544
10:26 B737 33 10:58 A330 544
10:28 B737 2
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Comparison of evacuation time of nodes with a large number of people at the same time

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节点 传统A* 改进A* 差值
5 655 637 18
9 601 585 16
13 695 690 5
17 555 537 18
21 699 687 12
25 531 512 19
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同时刻人数较多节点疏散时间对比

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节点 传统A* 改进A* 差值
5 655 637 18
9 601 585 16
13 695 690 5
17 555 537 18
21 699 687 12
25 531 512 19
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969751597797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343633318122119, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparative analysis of specific paths of nodes

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算法 起点 路径 时间/s
改进A* 17 17-18-27-29-32-35-36-39-40-73 537
传统A* 17 17-18-27-29-32-31-34-36-39-40-73 555
Dijkstra 17 17-18-27-29-32-31-34-36-39-40-73 555
), ArticleFig(id=1207400969915175660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343633318122119, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

节点具体路径对比分析

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算法 起点 路径 时间/s
改进A* 17 17-18-27-29-32-35-36-39-40-73 537
传统A* 17 17-18-27-29-32-31-34-36-39-40-73 555
Dijkstra 17 17-18-27-29-32-31-34-36-39-40-73 555
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考虑旅客分布的航站楼疏散路径优选
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朱思雅 , 张剑高 , 朱培 , 袁佳 , 邵荃 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(17): 7268-7275
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(17): 7268-7275
考虑旅客分布的航站楼疏散路径优选
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朱思雅 , 张剑高, 朱培, 袁佳, 邵荃*
作者信息
  • 南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106
  • 朱思雅(2001—), 女, 汉族, 安徽安庆人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:航站楼应急疏散。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*邵荃(1981—), 男, 汉族, 湖北鄂州人, 博士, 教授, 硕士研究生导师。研究方向:民航安全管理、突发事件应急决策。E-mail:
Terminal Evacuation Path Planning Considering Passengers Distribution
Si-ya ZHU , Jian-gao ZHANG, Pei ZHU, Jia YUAN, Quan SHAO*
Affiliations
  • College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405876
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机场航站楼作为大型交通枢纽,结构复杂,一旦发生突发事件,疏散效率极为重要。为提高航站楼疏散效率,结合航站楼内人员实际分布情况,提出一种改进A*算法的航站楼疏散最优路径选择方法。通过对航站楼内人员流动进行模拟,获取航站楼人员分布数据,并在路径选择的代价计算中考虑各区域人员分布的时变性,从遍历方式、网络权值等方面进行A*算法改进,并对拥堵路径进行重规划,实现对拥堵路径的规避。结果表明考虑航站楼旅客分布的疏散路径会对各节点疏散路径进行改进,相较于传统A*算法疏散时间更短,并能实现对拥堵路径的规避。研究结果可为突发事件下航站楼旅客快速疏散提供理论及方法支持。

A*算法  /  疏散路径优化  /  旅客分布特性  /  系统仿真

As a large transportation hub, airport terminals have complex structures, and the evacuation efficiency becomes extremely important when an emergency occurs. To improve the evacuation efficiency of the terminal building, an improved A* algorithm has been proposed for selecting the optimal evacuation path based on the actual distribution of personnel. Firstly, the flow of personnel in the terminal building was simulated, and data on the distribution of personnel was obtained. Then the time-varying distribution of personnel in each area was considered in the cost calculation of path selection. Finally, the A* algorithm was improved in terms of traversal methods, network weights, other factors, and congested paths were replanned to avoid congestion. The results indicate that considering the distribution of passengers in the terminal improves the evacuation paths at each node, which leads to shorter evacuation time compared to traditional A* algorithm. It also allows for the avoidance of congested paths. This study can provide theoretical and methodological support for the rapid evacuation of passengers in the terminal under emergencies.

A* algorithm  /  optimization of evacuation routes  /  passenger distribution characteristics  /  system simulation
朱思雅, 张剑高, 朱培, 袁佳, 邵荃. 考虑旅客分布的航站楼疏散路径优选. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7268 -7275 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405876
Si-ya ZHU, Jian-gao ZHANG, Pei ZHU, Jia YUAN, Quan SHAO. Terminal Evacuation Path Planning Considering Passengers Distribution[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7268 -7275 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405876
随着中国民航业的快速发展,航站楼作为大型交通枢纽亦是航空运输与陆路运输的重要节点,具有人流量大且结构复杂的特点,一旦发生突发情况可能会导致严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。相较于一般高层建筑和大空间建筑,航站楼结构复杂,功能场所较多,且相较于一般建筑人流,航站楼内人员分布随时间和空间变化较大。因此,针对航站楼人员分布的时变性特点对疏散路径做出科学选择显得尤为重要。
人员疏散模型主要有两种类型:基于改进最短路径规划的宏观疏散模型和基于人群社会行为建模的微观疏散模型。常用的宏观疏散方法有两种:一是考虑环境因素应用A*、LPA*、D*、Dijkstra等路径规划算法在静态路网中求解最短路径[1-3];二是基于蚁群算法、模拟退火、遗传算法、禁忌搜索、粒子群优化、动态进化算法等智能优化算法选择最优路径[4-6]。Sabri等[7]由公共建筑平面图构建模型,并运用Dijkstra算法规划火灾环境下待疏散人员的最优疏散路径。谈亦豪等[8]对Dijkstra算法的权值进行改进,选择时间作为路径权值计算城市天然气管道的最优路径,并改进算法用于计算城市燃气突发事件处理最优路径。针对大空间建筑疏散,路径的科学规划对疏散效果起决定性影响,很多学者对疏散路径规划算法做出改进,以提高路径规划的科学性。Boriboonsomsin等[9]用离散网格表示行人粒子移动方向,用网络参数的变化表示微观环境信息的变化,得出行人在密度相同的待选路径中,倾向于选择人群移动速度低的路径。Li等[10]通过障碍物的顶点来构建行人路径节点,并在规划路径时考虑了路径密度参数和安全等级参数。Liu等[11]提出了一种改进的人工鱼群算法解决疏散邮轮上所有乘客和船员的多路线规划问题,该算法使用整个鱼群来模拟疏散过程中所有乘客和机组人员的行为,同时还考虑了拥挤对速度的影响,将等待和分配方法引入人工鱼群算法以解决拥挤问题。陈永鸿等[12]针对古建筑群突发火灾的情况下,对蚁群算法的启发函数、回退策略、信息素浓度、信息素挥发系数进行了改进。并通过仿真模拟实验对改进算法的参数组取值进行测试选取,提高了算法的收敛速度和全局搜索性,并降低了算法陷入局部最优解的可能性。王丽等[13]开发一套基于Zigbee技术和A*算法的疏散路径动态规划与指示系统。利用Zigbee无线通信技术实现火灾探测器与疏散路径规划与指示系统间的信息互联,在A*算法的基础上按照设计的起点选择方法,依据火情可快速实现建筑内整体疏散路径的动态规划。
针对航站楼应急疏散,宋洋等[15]利用Pyrosim软件基于某机场航站楼的防火分区概况建立航站楼的火灾烟气仿真模型和人员疏散模型,并基于该研究提出合理的机场航站楼疏散设计方案和应急管理方案,确保人员疏散生命安全。张培文等[16]基于社会力模型,运用Anylogic 应急疏散软件仿真模拟机场航站楼的旅客应急疏散方案,该研究以旅客随机分布为前提计算出旅客疏散所需的时间,同时以绵阳机场作为实例进行仿真实验。齐晓云等[17]考虑人群非适应性疏散行为的影响,基于Anylogic仿真软件模拟旅客惯性行为、折返行为、从众行为和结伴行为等非适应疏散行为对疏散效率的影响。结果表明,所有非适应性疏散行为皆对旅客疏散效率产生了消极影响。任少强等[18]基于 Dijkstra 算法,以人群逃离危险区域的终止时间作为权值参数,并通过反馈补偿机制合理分配各出口的疏散人数,实现了人群疏散的动态调整和路径规划。
现有文献在航站楼疏散路径优化的研究中,多基于旅客随机分布假设,忽略了航站楼旅客分布的时变特性,导致路径规划效果偏离实际。为解决这一问题,现提出一种创新的基于改进A*算法的疏散路径优选方法。该方法充分考虑航站楼内人员密度和旅客分布的动态变化,结合航站楼实际数据模拟旅客行为流程,通过实时获取和分析旅客分布数据进行路径优化。与传统理论不同,该方法在避免拥堵的基础上,致力于快速且高效地完成疏散工作,从而显著提高疏散效率。该创新性方法突破了传统静态分布假设的局限,能够更精确地适应航站楼内旅客流动的时变特性,具有更强的意义和实用价值,为航站楼疏散路径优化提供更为科学和高效的解决方案。
在采用算法对航站楼疏散路径进行规划前需要对航站楼建筑结构进行处理。由于航站楼空间大且结构复杂,为提高算法效率,选用网络模型对疏散路径进行遍历。根据航站楼结构连通关系,将航站楼结构抽象为点线连接的网络拓扑图,并针对航站楼内的空间用途,对节点进行优化,如在机房等旅客不会进入的空间不设置节点,根据空间结构对房间的出口节点设置进行优化。如图1所示对深圳机场航站楼到达层(2层)布局在仿真软件中绘制示意图,其中对旅客活动不涉及区域进行简化,其中标红数字为到达口对应编号。如图2所示根据航站楼内部联通结构设置节点及其网络拓扑图,其中标号数字为拓扑图对应节点编号。
根据生成的航站楼疏散结构网络,对节点性质进行定义,生成的疏散网络表示为
G=(V,E,W)
式(1)中:G为疏散网络拓扑图;$V=\{{v}_{1},{v}_{2},\dots,{v}_{n}\}$为网络拓扑图的顶点集合,下角标n为疏散网络的节点数;$E=\{{e}_{1},{e}_{2},\dots,{e}_{n}\}$为疏散网络的边的集合;W为疏散网络边的权重集合,并在后文中对网络的权重进行改进。
传统A*基于静态路网的启发式算法,在全局信息已知的情况下对路径进行规划,启发式函数的设置对算法效果起着决定性作用。对比Dijkstra算法的全局遍历,A*算法对遍历节点的选取避免冗余,且根据需要对代价函数进行设置,路径规划的侧重点设置较为灵活。传统A*算法在计算路径权值时,主要依赖于距离等固定参数,无法灵活应对场景中动态变化的因素,尤其在复杂的航站楼疏散情境下,这种静态假设往往无法反映人员流动、密度变化以及火灾等突发事件对路径选择的影响。因此,对传统A*算法进行了改进,旨在使其能够动态适应航站楼内部疏散过程中人员分布、密度变化等时变特性的影响。通过引入实时人员分布数据和动态权值调整机制,改进算法能够在不断变化的疏散环境中优化路径选择,确保路径规划既能应对突发情况,又能提高疏散效率。该方法具有较强的适应性和实用性,能够为航站楼的疏散管理和应急响应提供更为精确和高效的技术支持。
传统A*算法采用网格的四邻域或八邻域遍历,但不适用于航站楼这种大空间建筑,结合航站楼结构特点,采用网络流模型通过邻接节点进行遍历。
$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{V}}_{i}=\{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{1},\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{2},\dots,\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{n}\}$
式(2)中:$\mathrm{M}\mathrm{O}{\mathrm{V}}_{i}$为节点Pi的邻接节点集合;$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{n}$为节点Pi的第n个邻接节点。下一节点的选取原则为
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=\left\{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{v}\right|\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}[f{\left(n\right)}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{1}},\\ f{\left(n\right)}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{2}},\dots,f{\left(n\right)}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{i}}\left]\right\}\end{array}$
式(3)中:$f{\left(n\right)}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{v}}_{i}}$为节点ni个邻接节点的代价函数f(n);${P}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$为本轮遍历中f(n)最小的节点,将被选为本轮遍历过程的下一个节点。
路径上的人员密度会对路径上人员的运动速度产生影响,为了结合人员密度对疏散路径规划的影响,并直观反映在路径规划结果上,将算法中边的权重改进为人员在路径上运动的时间,表达式为
${w}_{ij}={l}_{ij}/{v}_{ij}$
Nelson等[19]推导出:当人员密度在0.54~3.8 人/m2时,行人行走速度和人员密度的关系为
${v}_{ij}={v}_{0}-a{v}_{0}D$
式中:vij为疏散时在边eij上的行走速度,m/s;D为当前边上的人员密度, 人/m2;v0为疏散初始速度,一般取1.4 m/s;a为系数,取0.266。
由仿真结果得到航站楼内部人员密度分布,得到密度矩阵为
${M}_{density}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{d}_{11}& {d}_{12}& \dots & {d}_{1n}\\ {d}_{21}& {d}_{22}& \dots & {d}_{2n}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {d}_{n1}& {d}_{n2}& \dots & {d}_{nn}\end{array}\right]$
计算得各路径通行速度矩阵为
$\mathrm{V}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{v}_{11}& {v}_{12}& \dots & {v}_{1n}\\ {v}_{21}& {v}_{22}& \dots & {v}_{2n}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {v}_{n1}& {v}_{n2}& \dots & {v}_{nn}\end{array}\right]$
并结合路网的距离权值矩阵,表达式为
${W}_{distance}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}0& {l}_{12}& \dots & {l}_{1n}\\ {l}_{21}& 0& \dots & {l}_{2n}\\ ︙& ︙& 0& ︙\\ {l}_{n1}& {l}_{n2}& \dots & 0\end{array}\right]$
生成新的时间权重矩阵为
${W}_{time}=\left[\begin{array}{llll}{t}_{11}& {t}_{12}& \dots & {t}_{1n}\\ {t}_{21}& {t}_{22}& \dots & {t}_{2n}\\ ︙& ︙& & ︙\\ {t}_{n1}& {t}_{n2}& \dots & {t}_{nn}\end{array}\right]$
在以上矩阵中,对于不连通的节点,则设定对应路段权值为∞,对应数据输入为inf。
传统A*算法在面对大型场景进行路径规划应急疏散时效果不佳,其主要原因就是人员密度对疏散影响过大,且对于航站楼这种结构复杂的大型建筑,单纯用直线距离衡量不够精确,也无法满足对路径进行科学规划的要求,因此对路径规划代价函数做改进,即
$g\left(n\right)={t}_{ij}$
式(10)中:tij为从上一节点i到当前节点j的运动时间。
$h\left(n\right)=\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\left[P\right]$
式(11)中:$\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\left[P\right]$为当前节点到目标节点采用dijkstra算法得到的最短距离,其中边的权值为时间。
由于h(n)g(n)的大小会影响A*算法的搜索效果,为统一权值并提高算法效率,对h(n)g(n)设置权重系数$\alpha $$\beta $
综上,对传统A*算法进行改进后,代价函数为
$f\left(n\right)=\alpha g\left(n\right)+\beta h\left(n\right)=\alpha {t}_{ij}+\beta \mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\left[P\right]$
对参数进行调整,确定$\alpha $$\beta $分别取1和0.7。相比传统A*算法,改进后的A*算法中将密度作为影响因子考虑进代价计算过程中,其大小由路径人员密度决定,更加符合实际的逃生场景和环境模型。
当疏散路径出现拥堵,某节点人员密度大于临界值时,对路径或节点进行剔除处理,再运用算法进行重新规划,规划流程如图3所示。由于航站楼多为狭长通道,选取该段路径中的密度最大值作为该段路径密度权重。
图3所示,根据传统A*算法的基本思路,构造算法步骤如下。
步骤1 根据建立的网络图模型获取路径的相关数据:路径长度,路径面积,路径人员数量以及拓扑图邻接矩阵。
步骤2 确定规划的起点和终点,根据代价计算公式计算出起始节点所有邻接节点的g(n)h(n)值,并计算节点最终代价值f(n)进行排序,将f(n)最小的节点设为第一优先级,并将遍历过的起点加入close set集合中。
步骤3 对处于第一优先级的节点的邻接节点按规则进行遍历,如该节点已位于close set中,则直接跳过该节点;如该节点既不在open set也不在close set中,同步骤2的方式计算该节点代价值f(n),并将其加入open set,将上一个遍历的节点设为其父节点;如该节点已经遍历过,对比原来计算的代价值与此次遍历的代价值,如本次代价值小于原代价值,则更新该节点代价值为此次计算的f(n),并更新父节点。
步骤4 遍历第三步的所有邻接节点,将最小代价值的节点设置为新一轮遍历的起始节点。并将上一轮遍历的起始节点加入close set中。
步骤5 重复以上步骤,直至遍历至终点节点,循环终止,输出结果。
现有研究在进行疏散仿真模拟时,人员分布多设置为随机/均匀分布[20-21],与航站楼旅客时变特性不符,有必要开展疏散人员分布影响分析。选择深圳宝安国际机场到达层作为场景进行仿真模拟,统计深圳机场过年期间航班量最高小时内航班到达数据,汇总航班数据见表1。根据有关文献统计[22]国内航班平均客座率为80%,计算总人数为航班座位数与平均客座率乘积的80%。经统计,1 h内总到达人数为5 427。深圳机场有部分登机口(501-583)位于卫星厅,乘客下机后乘坐捷运系统到达航站楼。
根据航班到达时刻在到达口对应位置设置人员生成(occupant sources),根据机场下机耗时和廊桥宽度数据估算设置航站楼到达口旅客生成速率为1人/s,卫星厅到达的乘客经捷运系统从卫星厅到达航站楼后于中转电梯处进入到达层,中转电梯由3个自动扶梯并排组成,结合卫星厅旅客到达量和人员运动速度估算,在中转电梯出口处设置旅客生成速率为1.5人/s,生成乘客的时间根据航班到达以及机型和上座率确定。
利用Pathfinder软件对深圳机场到达层高峰小时旅客情况按旅客流程进行仿真模拟,人员流动达到动态平衡后,高峰小时每时刻航站楼到达层人员在2 500~3 000人次,将疏散人数取中间值设置为 2 800人。根据均匀分布和随机分布的假设分别进行十次重复模拟,疏散时间结果如图4所示,随机分布疏散耗时在750~830 s,不同人员分布的疏散时间差异达到80 s,占总体疏散时间的10%。平均分布疏散耗时在820~880 s,总体上高于随机分布疏散,这是由于平均分布时在航站楼距逃生出口较远处的人员高于随机分布时,造成少部分人员疏散距离较长,从而造成整体疏散时间较长。航站楼的疏散路径如果按随机分布假设,与实际场景差别较大,实用性较弱。航站楼内部由于航班到达导致人员分布与均匀分布相差较大,且不同随机分布之间疏散时间相差也较大,可见在对疏散路径进行优化时,将人员分布视为均匀分布或随机分布都不具有代表性且与现实情况出入较大,因此开展疏散路径优化时考虑航站楼人员密度分布更具有现实意义。
A*算法只能根据某一时刻的情况计算实时的路径,为了结合航站楼内人员的动态变化,提高路径实用性,需获得各时刻的航站楼内部人员分布情况数据。航站楼人员在到达层的分布在不同时段有较大差异,且随航班进港,旅客离开航站楼,导致航站楼人员分布一直处于动态变化中。为贴近实际情况,在计算疏散路径前通过对航站楼航班到达以及人员在航站楼内部流动进行模拟,以获得贴近现实的航站楼内部人员分布数据。
人员到达后的行为流程如图5所示,旅客下机后分别从航站楼到达口及卫星厅到达口到达,并去往不同行李转盘提取行李后离开航站楼,在仿真软件中根据该流程进行仿真模拟。
由于不同航班时刻到港航班数不同,航站楼不同区域人员分布有差异。不同时刻到达航班对应的到达口不同,各路径密度随之变化,可能造成拥堵的位置也随之变化。取航班量最多的1 h内不同时刻的仿真结果如图6所示,人员随航班到达后在航站楼内按到达旅客流程运动,在中庭和行李提取区有明显聚集。取1 h内同一区域3个不同时刻的人员分布情况如图6图7所示,不同时刻人员汇聚区域有较为明显差异,在中庭及图7所示位置差异最为明显,在同一必经路段上不同可选择路径的人员密度有显著差异,由此会对人员通行时间造成差异,进而对后续路径选择造成影响。
基于所得旅客分布数据,采用改进的A*算法对某些节点的疏散路径进行优化,对算法效果进行验证。
对疏散必经且容易造成拥堵的瓶颈路段进行路径优化,路径优化前后对比如图8图9所示。所有疏散乘客人员都会由30或32节点汇入必经路段,且该路段为人员汇入的瓶颈路段,如按传统A*算法不考虑路径密度,只考虑路径长度,所有人员按最短路径疏散都会选择31-34-36路段,则会造成此路段密度较高,从而导致疏散时间较长。通过对比传统A*和改进A*算法路径选择结果,可见改进A*算法对人员密度较高的31-34-36路段进行了规避,规避后在此必经路段各路径上人员较为平均,较为拥挤路径由于密度降低通行时间也会减少,体现了本文算法对于规避高密度路段的效果,避免造成拥堵。
对同一节点取仿真中人员密度分配不同的两个时刻进行两次路径计算,路径差异如图10所示。以25号节点为例,对于距离相等的两条路径25-26-28-30和25-27-29-32,当航班集中到达于相邻登机口,造成 29-32节点间的路径密度较高(图中标红路段),此时位于25号结点的人员会选择由25-26-28-30路径而非25-27-29-32路径,节省13 s时间。这是由于不同时刻不同的人员分布密度不同,导致路径通行时间不同,对疏散路径选择造成影响,该改进算法可以通过选择当前较为科学的路径,提高疏散效率。
路径中添加拥堵路段,验证算法的重规划效果。在航班密集到达后于26-28号节点处汇聚造成拥堵,重规划前后路径对比如图11所示,改进后的A*算法优化路径选择绕开26-28节点,选择27-29节点路径通行,改进A*算法所选路径相对于传统A*算法节省了14 s的时间。
对人数较多的节点统计算法改进前后节点疏散时间对比如表2所示。对于人数较多的节点改进的A*算法对比传统A*算法在疏散时间上有提升,对于人数较少的节点,由于改进A*算法在规划路径时规避人数较多的路径,人员在疏散路径的选择上较为平均,对后续疏散有利。
针对节点运用不同算法规划的路径进行具体分析如表3所示,和只考虑路径长度的传统路径规划算法Dijkstra算法对比,改进A*在路径选择时考虑的是通过路径的时间而不是路径的距离,相较于传统的Dijkstra算法和传统A*算法由于路径的选择不同,在疏散时间上有提升。
对航站楼人员流动进行仿真模拟,并提出了一种考虑航站楼内旅客时空分布的路径优化方法。结论如下。
(1)通过对航站楼到达层人员行为流程的模拟,获取不同时间节点下的人员分布情况,进而为航站楼疏散路径优化提供更加贴合实际的数据支持。与传统路径规划算法相比,本文方法具有更高的灵活性,能够针对航站楼内的不同人员分布情况动态调整疏散路径,实现精确优化。
(2)提出的改进算法可考虑路径上的人员分布情况,通过优化路径选择,筛选出疏散时间更短、通行效率更高的路径。此外,针对常见的拥堵点,算法能够智能规避拥堵区域,显著提高整体疏散效率。
(3)本文算法更贴合航站楼实际情况,但当前算法尚未涉及全局疏散层面的优化,因此未能直接给出整体疏散时间的最优解。后续研究将针对这一局限性展开进一步探索,力求在全局范围内实现更加高效的疏散路径规划。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3014400)
  • 国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(U2233208)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2023M731670)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405876
  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
基金
国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3014400)
国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(U2233208)
中国博士后科学基金(2023M731670)
作者信息
    南京航空航天大学民航学院, 南京 211106

通讯作者:

*邵荃(1981—), 男, 汉族, 湖北鄂州人, 博士, 教授, 硕士研究生导师。研究方向:民航安全管理、突发事件应急决策。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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