Article(id=1207343631543935664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753119, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753119, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7142, endPage=7148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343633091633896, articleId=1207343631543935664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Discrimination Method of Temporary Plugging Effect of In-stage Multi-cluster Fracturing: A Case Study of the Jinlong 2 Well Block, columnId=1207343632848364254, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The in-stage multi-cluster fracturing technology in horizontal wells is a key method for the efficient development of unconventional oil and gas. Due to the influence of reservoir heterogeneity, non-uniform perforation erosion, and fluid competition, the in-stage multiple perforation clusters cannot initiate simultaneously and propagate evenly in Mahu conglomerate Jinlong 2 well block reservoirs. The perforations with the excessive fluid intake can be plugged by injecting the ball-shaped or knot-shaped diverters. The sand carrier fluids can be dynamically distributed. In this way, the fracturing stage can be evenly stimulated and the reservoir productivity can be fully excavated. It is of great value to judge the temporary plugging effect accurately and timely. In this way, the operation scheme can be adjusted and the stimulation effect can be improved. The perforation plugging, the fracture initiation, and the fracture propagation were completely considered by integrating the three methods of diverter in-place pressurization, same displacement pressure boost, and curve superposition. The comprehensive discrimination method of the in-stage multi-cluster temporary plugging effect was generated and the supporting software was compiled to realize online monitoring and discrimination. The method demonstrates more than 85% consistent with the monitoring results of optical fiber and hawk-eye, which provides method and theoretical support for the upgrade and popularization of the temporary plugging technology.

, correspAuthors=Bo WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bo-bo XIE, Jing-sheng ZHU, Bao-cheng WU, Ming-xing WANG, Jian-jun ZHANG, Bo WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343640393917359, articleId=1207343631543935664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=段内多簇压裂暂堵效果判别方法: 以玛湖金龙2井区为例, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水平井段内多簇压裂是非常规油气效益开发的关键手段。以玛湖砾岩金龙2井区为例,由于储层非均质性、孔眼非均匀冲蚀及簇间流体竞争的影响,段内多个射孔簇难以同步起裂及均衡扩展。泵注球形或绳结式暂堵剂封堵过度进液孔眼,动态调整砂液分流,是促进段内均匀改造、充分挖掘储层产能的有效方法。准确、实时判别暂堵效果对及时调整暂堵方案、完善压裂工艺至关重要。综合考虑孔眼封堵、裂缝起裂和裂缝扩展3个过程,集成暂堵剂到位增压、同排量升压和曲线叠加3种方法,形成了段内多簇压裂暂堵效果综合判别方法,编制了配套软件,通过数据实时传输,实现了暂堵效果在线监测与判别。所建立的方法与管外光纤及鹰眼监测的结果吻合度大于85%,为暂堵工艺升级与推广提供了方法与理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=王博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王博(1990—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:储层改造。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xw5YdxbUiiQ22HMxPhtucw==, magXml=GuYrEiH8c+KsFJtZlPPUqw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QfDxLyjtQus8pac+UzDicA==, pdfFileSize=6503833, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=YBjfI3R9EZtssHF33jogdg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Izw2MqjiQik6U7j64aX5pw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谢勃勃(1994—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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谢勃勃(1994—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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谢勃勃(1994—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

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段内多簇压裂暂堵效果判别方法: 以玛湖金龙2井区为例
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谢勃勃 1 , 朱靖生 1 , 吴宝成 1, 2 , 王明星 1 , 张建军 1 , 王博 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(17): 7142-7148
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(17): 7142-7148
段内多簇压裂暂堵效果判别方法: 以玛湖金龙2井区为例
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谢勃勃1 , 朱靖生1, 吴宝成1, 2, 王明星1, 张建军1, 王博2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 克拉玛依 834000
  • 2 中国石油大学(北京)非常规油气科学技术研究院, 北京 102249
  • 谢勃勃(1994—),男,汉族,陕西咸阳人,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向:油气田开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王博(1990—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:储层改造。E-mail:
Discrimination Method of Temporary Plugging Effect of In-stage Multi-cluster Fracturing: A Case Study of the Jinlong 2 Well Block
Bo-bo XIE1 , Jing-sheng ZHU1, Bao-cheng WU1, 2, Ming-xing WANG1, Jian-jun ZHANG1, Bo WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Xinjiang Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Karamay 834000, China
  • 2 Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404076
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水平井段内多簇压裂是非常规油气效益开发的关键手段。以玛湖砾岩金龙2井区为例,由于储层非均质性、孔眼非均匀冲蚀及簇间流体竞争的影响,段内多个射孔簇难以同步起裂及均衡扩展。泵注球形或绳结式暂堵剂封堵过度进液孔眼,动态调整砂液分流,是促进段内均匀改造、充分挖掘储层产能的有效方法。准确、实时判别暂堵效果对及时调整暂堵方案、完善压裂工艺至关重要。综合考虑孔眼封堵、裂缝起裂和裂缝扩展3个过程,集成暂堵剂到位增压、同排量升压和曲线叠加3种方法,形成了段内多簇压裂暂堵效果综合判别方法,编制了配套软件,通过数据实时传输,实现了暂堵效果在线监测与判别。所建立的方法与管外光纤及鹰眼监测的结果吻合度大于85%,为暂堵工艺升级与推广提供了方法与理论支撑。

段内多簇压裂  /  暂堵  /  判别方法  /  数据传输

The in-stage multi-cluster fracturing technology in horizontal wells is a key method for the efficient development of unconventional oil and gas. Due to the influence of reservoir heterogeneity, non-uniform perforation erosion, and fluid competition, the in-stage multiple perforation clusters cannot initiate simultaneously and propagate evenly in Mahu conglomerate Jinlong 2 well block reservoirs. The perforations with the excessive fluid intake can be plugged by injecting the ball-shaped or knot-shaped diverters. The sand carrier fluids can be dynamically distributed. In this way, the fracturing stage can be evenly stimulated and the reservoir productivity can be fully excavated. It is of great value to judge the temporary plugging effect accurately and timely. In this way, the operation scheme can be adjusted and the stimulation effect can be improved. The perforation plugging, the fracture initiation, and the fracture propagation were completely considered by integrating the three methods of diverter in-place pressurization, same displacement pressure boost, and curve superposition. The comprehensive discrimination method of the in-stage multi-cluster temporary plugging effect was generated and the supporting software was compiled to realize online monitoring and discrimination. The method demonstrates more than 85% consistent with the monitoring results of optical fiber and hawk-eye, which provides method and theoretical support for the upgrade and popularization of the temporary plugging technology.

multi-cluster fracturing  /  temporary plugging  /  discrimination method  /  data transmission
谢勃勃, 朱靖生, 吴宝成, 王明星, 张建军, 王博. 段内多簇压裂暂堵效果判别方法: 以玛湖金龙2井区为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7142 -7148 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404076
Bo-bo XIE, Jing-sheng ZHU, Bao-cheng WU, Ming-xing WANG, Jian-jun ZHANG, Bo WANG. Discrimination Method of Temporary Plugging Effect of In-stage Multi-cluster Fracturing: A Case Study of the Jinlong 2 Well Block[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7142 -7148 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404076
玛湖致密砾岩油藏油气富集、开发潜力巨大,但成藏条件复杂、岩性致密、储层物性差、非均质性强、砂体跨度大,压裂面临着起裂困难、裂缝复杂程度低、有效支撑难度大、稳产能力差等挑战[1-3]。水平井段内多簇压裂通过一次压裂形成多条裂缝,充分切割储层,从而获得立体改造,是玛湖砾岩油藏效益开发的关键手段。然而,由于砾石发育引起的强非均质性、高流速高砂比造成的非均匀孔眼冲蚀以及段内多裂缝间强应力干扰作用,段内多裂缝难以同步起裂及均衡扩展。暂堵技术通过泵注球形或绳结式暂堵剂,暂时性封堵过度进液孔眼,提升井筒净压力,促进后续流体进入欠改造或未改造射孔簇,提高段内改造效果[4-6]
中外暂堵压裂矿场试验表明,暂堵压裂效果参差不齐,暂堵球(剂)难以封堵过度进液孔眼,或孔眼封堵后难以开启新裂缝[7]。甚至暂堵剂封堵了进液不足的孔眼,导致过度进液的孔眼持续吸入更多的砂液,发生单缝突进,沟通邻井,出现压裂窜扰问题。由于暂堵效果具有一定的随机性,暂堵剂运移及与孔眼的匹配性难以预测,因此,及时、准确评估暂堵效果对在线调整暂堵方案至关重要。国内外研究学者基于大量的矿场试验,总结了判别暂堵效果的方法。孔祥伟等[8]提出暂堵剂到位增压法来监测和分析暂堵效果,实时指导调整暂堵剂配方。当暂堵剂到位后,在同排量注入条件下监测井底压力,若压力有一定程度的升高,则说明暂堵有效。李伟等[9]通过分布式温度和声波光纤评价了段内暂堵效果,监测结果显示暂堵剂加入后不一定形成新裂缝,暂堵升压仅能表示孔眼的临时封堵作用。徐鹏等[10]研究发现,暂堵后若形成了新裂缝,新裂缝闭合时间延长,压裂液效率提高,改造区渗透率减小,暂堵剂有效封堵物性较好区域,促进物性较差的区域获得改造。
段内暂堵压裂效果评估方法可分为实时评估方法和压后评估方法[11-13]。实时评估方法包括同排量升压法、暂堵剂到位增压法和管外光纤监测法[14-16]。前两种方法评价指标单一,评估结果差异较大,准确率难以保证;管外光纤监测虽然能够实时监测砂液分流,进而评估暂堵效果,但该方法成本高,难以推广。压后评估法包括微地震方法,放射性示踪剂和井下鹰眼等[17]。然而,微地震技术分辨率不够精确,无法识别到射孔簇;放射性示踪剂能够监测暂堵前、后支撑剂分布情况,井下鹰眼通过监测孔眼形态变化能够反算砂液分布,这两种方法均能评估暂堵效果[18],但局限性在于必须在暂堵压裂结束后进行分析,无法及时指导暂堵方案调整。
因此,亟须攻关低成本、高精度、快评估的暂堵效果判别方法。现结合旧裂缝孔眼封堵、新裂缝起裂、新裂缝扩展3个阶段的泵注压力响应特征,建立井口井底压力折算模型,形成全过程暂堵压裂效果判别方法,解决数据实时传输问题,编制配套软件,实现暂堵效果在线判别与暂堵方案及时调整。
有效的暂堵压裂包括成功封堵旧裂缝、成功起裂新裂缝、成功扩展新裂缝3个特点,评估暂堵压裂效果需要综合考虑封堵、起裂、扩展3个阶段(图1)。封堵阶段:暂堵剂由井口注入,到达井底后,随流体拖拽进入进液比例高的孔眼,对孔眼形成封堵效果;暂堵剂泵注排量通常为3~6 m3/min,暂堵剂到位后排量不变,压力因孔眼封堵而瞬间提升,即暂堵剂到位增压一定值。起裂阶段:过度进液孔眼得到有效封堵后,将排量提升至设计排量,在暂堵前、后同排量的条件下,压力大幅度提高,若暂堵后的压力高于暂堵前的裂缝延伸压力时,新裂缝成功起裂的几率得到显著增加。扩展阶段:新裂缝起裂后,随着携砂液持续泵入,新裂缝稳步向前扩展;由于新裂缝扩展阻力通常高于老裂缝,使得暂堵后加砂阶段的泵注压力往往高于暂堵前加砂阶段[19]
结合暂堵压裂旧裂缝封堵、新裂缝起裂和新裂缝扩展3个阶段的压力响应特征,现场形成了暂堵剂到位增压、同排量升压和曲线叠加3种方法。
暂堵剂到位增压法指暂堵剂到达井底后,保持注入排量不变,泵注压力瞬间上升一定值,该值达到了段内簇间应力差值和缝间干扰应力之和时,即可判断暂堵剂成功封堵了孔眼或缝口。如图2所示,暂堵剂到位后,排量不变前提下,压力抬升了11.8 MPa,说明孔眼得到有效封堵,井筒压力升高。然而,暂堵剂到位增压法仅能表明暂堵剂临时封堵了旧裂缝进液通道,不能代表开启了新裂缝。
同排量升压法是指暂堵前顶替阶段和暂堵后前置阶段,砂浓度为零,排量均为设计的最高排量,此时若暂堵后泵注压力明显高于暂堵前泵注压力,则暂堵有效,说明大概率开启了新裂缝。如图3所示,暂堵后相对暂堵前,同排量无砂阶段,泵注压力升高了13 MPa,说明开启了新裂缝。然而,在加砂阶段中,高流速、高砂比会对新裂缝孔眼造成冲蚀,泵注压力及有效井筒净压力降低,可能出现新裂缝不再进液,即新裂缝难以稳定扩展的现象。因此,同排量升压方法仅能一定程度上判别暂堵后开启了新裂缝,但不能代表新裂缝能得到充分扩展。
曲线叠加法指在暂堵后加砂阶段过程中,保证暂堵前、后砂浓度和排量分别一致的前提下,对比暂堵前、后的泵注压力,若暂堵后泵注压力始终高于暂堵前,则说明暂堵后新裂缝得到充分扩展。如图4所示,通过曲线叠加比对,正压差占比48%,负压差占比52%,说明暂堵后约前1/2加砂过程中,新裂缝得到有效扩展;后1/2加砂过程中,由于孔眼冲蚀造成井筒净压力降低的影响,新裂缝不再吸液及向前扩展。曲线叠加法能够对整个加砂过程进行监控,其暂堵效果判别结果更为可靠,Trumble等[11]将36个压裂段曲线叠置方法判别结果与光纤监测结果进行比对,吻合率大于92%。然而,影响井口泵注压力的因素较多,如支撑剂浓度、泵注排量、沿程摩阻、孔眼摩阻和裂缝摩阻等。将井口压力折算至井底压力,能够提高判别精度。此外,现场压裂过程中,孔眼冲蚀严重,出现磨蚀压降现象,同样会影响曲线叠加法的判别精度。因此,亟需对暂堵效果判别方法进行修正,提高该方法在玛湖砾岩储层中的适用性。
暂堵压裂施工过程中,由于现场条件的限制,井底压力监测难度较大,需将井口压力折算到井底,从而消除砂浓度对井口压力和暂堵效果的影响,聚焦至单一因素即排量的影响。随着支撑剂浓度的变化,井筒液柱密度、混砂液摩阻发生显著变化。建立井口压力折算至井底的方法,首先要考虑砂浓度对混砂液密度和沿程摩阻系数的影响,进而计算静液柱压力和沿程摩阻,最后计算得到井底压力。
套管压裂管内压裂液流速为
$v=\frac{Q}{60\times 4\mathrm{\pi }{d}^{2}}$
定义混砂液无因次密度为混砂液密度与无砂液密度之比,表达式为
$\mathrm{\Delta }{\rho }_{\mathrm{r}}=\frac{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{R}+1000}{1000\left(1+\frac{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{R}}{3000}\right)}$
定义混砂液无因次摩阻为同排量、同套管内径下混砂液摩阻与无砂液摩阻之比,则混砂液摩阻与无砂液摩阻的关系可表示为
${p}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}}=\mathrm{\Delta }p{p}_{\mathrm{f}}$
基于现场大量压裂数据拟合,得到混砂液无因次密度与混砂液无因次摩阻之间的关系为
$\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{r}}=1.012605\mathrm{\Delta }{{\rho }_{\mathrm{r}}}^{0.699473}$
基于流体力学公式,无砂液管流雷诺数为
$Re=\frac{{10}^{-1}g{v}^{2-n\text{'}}{d}^{n\text{'}}{\rho }_{1}}{k\text{'}{8}^{n\text{'}-1}}$
Re>2 100,则有
$f=\frac{16}{Re}$
Re<2 100,则有
$f=0.079R{e}^{-0.25}$
无砂液沿程摩阻计算公式为
${p}_{\mathrm{f}}=\frac{5.1\times {10}^{-6}{l}_{\mathrm{p}}{v}^{2}f{\rho }_{1}}{d}$
最终可得到混砂液井底压力为
${p}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{t}}={p}_{\mathrm{w}}+{p}_{\mathrm{H}}-{p}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}}$
式中:v为压裂液的流动速度,m/s;Q为泵注排量,m3/s;d为压裂管柱内径,m;n'为压裂液的流态指数;${\rho }_{1}$为压裂液密度,kg3/m;k'为压裂液的稠度系数,Pa·sn;Re为雷诺数;f为压裂液的摩阻系数;pw为压裂液的沿程摩阻,MPa;lp为压裂管柱的深度,m;SR为泵送的砂浓度,kg/m3;psf为混砂液沿程摩阻,MPa;$\mathrm{\Delta }{\rho }_{\mathrm{r}}$为无因次密度;$\mathrm{\Delta }{p}_{\mathrm{r}}$为无因次摩阻;pw为井口压力,MPa;pH为井筒的静液柱压力,MPa;pbt为井底压力,MPa。
由式(8)和式(9)可知,计算井底压力的关键是准确计算混砂液沿程摩阻。为实现混砂液沿程摩阻的精确计算,优选5口水平井(HW1~HW5),利用油管和油套环空构成环形通道,开展沿程摩阻测试,进行模型可靠性验证。如图5所示,测试的沿程摩阻与计算的沿程摩阻吻合度平均为89%,说明本文模型能够满足井口压力折算到井底压力的精度要求。
现有曲线叠加法基于暂堵前、后同排量、同砂浓度条件下的井口压力数值,求解整个加砂阶段的“压差率”,进而判别暂堵效果。为消除砂浓度对暂堵判别结果的影响,采用井底压力曲线数据求解“压差率”,可有效提高数据对比效率,判别结果更加可靠。如图6所示,以井底为节点,井口压力pw、静液柱压力pH、沿程摩阻psf、井底压力pbt、孔眼摩阻pc和裂缝扩展阻力pp满足如下方程为
${p}_{\mathrm{w}}+{p}_{\mathrm{H}}-{p}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}}={p}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{t}}={p}_{\mathrm{c}}+{p}_{\mathrm{p}}$
根据2.1节中模型,计算HW-X井的第6段暂堵前、后的施工压力曲线,如图7所示。由式(10)可知,井底压力既可通过孔眼摩阻和裂缝扩展压力计算得出,也可通过井口压力、静液柱压力与沿程摩阻计算得出。但前者由于涉及封堵旧裂缝孔眼引起的孔眼摩阻和裂缝扩展阻力发生变化,会导致暂堵压裂效果判别受到影响。因此,采用井口压力折算至井底压力的方法,通过对比暂堵前后的井底压力,实现暂堵效果的有效判别。
加砂过程中,高排量、高砂比、高砂量下各射孔簇孔眼磨蚀面积增大,节流压差减小,限流效果降低。为消除孔眼磨蚀对暂堵效果判别结果的影响,取暂堵前顶替阶段的排量和井底压力作为基准,与暂堵后同排量下井底压力进行曲线叠加,绘制如图7所示的曲线图。可以看出,相同排量下,暂堵后加砂阶段的井底压力出现了全程正压差,表明暂堵结果有效。与原曲线叠加方法相比,消除了砂浓度和孔眼磨蚀压降的影响,图版更加简单,判别结果更加可靠。
暂堵压裂过程中,暂堵剂由井口泵入,到达井底后对部分孔眼或裂缝进行封堵,此时井筒压力升高,表现出井口压力陡升,可用暂堵剂到位增压法判断孔眼或裂缝临时封堵的有效性;井筒压力升高后,持续泵注压裂液,迫使流体进入未改造或欠改造的射孔簇,产生新的水力裂缝,相较于暂堵前泵注压力有明显提高,可用同排量升压法判断新裂缝开启的有效性;新裂缝产生后,持续泵注混砂液,新裂缝持续扩展,在同排量、同砂浓度下,相较于暂堵前加砂阶段,泵注压力表现出正压差,可用曲线叠加法判断新裂缝持续进砂的有效性。因此,3种方法实现了暂堵压裂全过程的有效判断。
为实现暂堵压裂施工效果评估,需要综合考虑孔眼临时封堵、新裂缝起裂和新裂缝扩展3个过程,融合暂堵剂到位增压法、同排量升压法和修正曲线叠加方法,建立暂堵压裂效果全过程判别流程。如图8所示,泵注暂堵剂,当暂堵剂到位后增压高于一定值,认为孔眼得到有效封堵,否则调整暂堵剂类型、大小、加量,重新补投。以玛湖为例,暂堵剂到位增压有效区间是5~13 MPa,该区间综合考虑了段内簇间应力差值和缝间干扰应力值的影响。孔眼得到有效封堵后,提排量至设计值,进行同排量升压法评估,如果出现正压差,则说明大概率开启了新裂缝,否则重新补投调整后的暂堵剂。新裂缝开启后,泵注混砂液,利用修正的曲线叠加法进行评估,若暂堵后加砂阶段的井底压力均高于暂堵前井底压力的基准线,说明新裂缝得到稳定扩展。否则停止加砂,对暂堵剂的类型、用量、粒径等方面进行调整,直到满足持续正压差的判别要求。
针对玛湖砾岩储层一口光纤监测井井X,进行暂堵软件判别结果验证。井X跟端A点斜深4 066.0 m、垂深3 858.77 m;趾端B点位置斜深5 132.0 m、垂深3 843.27 m,水平段长度1 066.0 m。采用尺寸Φ139.7 mm×12.09 mm、钢级BG110V/BG125V的套管固井完井。采用固井桥塞+射孔联作分段压裂工艺,通过套管内下入桥塞实现对水平段的分段封隔,桥塞分段后电缆射孔实现井筒与地层的连通。第一段射孔采用连续油管传输射孔,第1段单段2簇,第2段以后采用电缆泵送桥塞和射孔联作方式,单段2~6簇。第2~14段采用避射光纤射孔技术,避免射断光缆。结合井的管柱强度校核结果、施工参数及改造需求,施工限压90.0 MPa。考虑单簇充分压裂改造需求,每段2~6簇,每簇0.6 m,每簇5~10孔,预测排量10.0~12.0 m3/min时,井口泵压68.0~87.0 MPa,施工过程中采取限压不限排量方式施工。
以第7段为例,该段设计4个射孔簇,单簇10孔,共40孔。第1次暂堵采用排量4 m3/min泵注36颗18~22 mm绳结式暂堵剂。如图9(a)所示,暂堵剂到位后,初次压裂不进液的第4簇、第2簇开始进液,说明暂堵开启并扩展了新裂缝,即暂堵有效。第2次暂堵采用排量4 m3/min泵注20颗18~22 mm绳结式暂堵剂。如图9(b)所示,暂堵剂到位后,第4簇并未重新扩展,暂堵无效。如图10所示,基于修正曲线叠加法对第7段进行判别,第1次暂堵后出现全程正压差,暂堵有效;第2次暂堵后出现全程负压差,暂堵无效。因此光纤监测结果与软件判别结果一致。统计井X的11个压裂段光纤监测结果和软件判别结果,符合率大于85%,证实了软件判别结果的可靠性。
(1)针对封堵、起裂和扩展3个阶段,建立了段内多簇压裂暂堵效果评估方法。暂堵剂到位增压反映了成功封堵旧裂缝,同排量升压表明成功起裂旧裂缝,而曲线叠加正压差则表明成功扩展新裂缝。
(2)针对玛湖砾岩储层,为消除砂浓度和孔眼磨蚀的对暂堵效果判别的影响,建立井口压力折算至井底的计算方法,与矿场环路摩阻测试吻合度为89%,完成了曲线叠加法修正。
(3)建立了暂堵压裂效果全过程判别方法,编制了配套软件。针对玛湖一口光纤监测井,对比软件判别结果和光纤监测结果,二者吻合度大于85%,验证了软件判别结果的可靠性,为玛湖砾岩储层段内多簇暂堵压裂技术推广提供了方法和软件基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52374057)
  • 新疆油田页岩/致密油气体积改造技术提升攻关与现场试验(2022ZS0607)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404076
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(52374057)
新疆油田页岩/致密油气体积改造技术提升攻关与现场试验(2022ZS0607)
作者信息
    1 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 克拉玛依 834000
    2 中国石油大学(北京)非常规油气科学技术研究院, 北京 102249

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*王博(1990—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,博士,副教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:储层改造。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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