Article(id=1207343631418106543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404854, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719590400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753090, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753090, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753090, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7072, endPage=7079, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343635574661916, articleId=1207343631418106543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Classification of Millimeter-wave Radar Cloud Echo Data Based on Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machine, columnId=1207343632013693563, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional cloud classification methods exhibit limitations such as subjectivity and low efficiency and accuracy. To address these issues, a cloud classification prediction model based on the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) was proposed. Firstly, feature variables, including cloud top height, cloud bottom height, cloud layer thickness, average reflectivity factor, liquid water content, and duration obtained through millimeter-wave radar were utilized. A dataset was then constructed by combining these features with classification labels to meet the requirements of the model. This dataset was subsequently used to build a classification model that categorizes clouds into seven types: St, Sc, Cu, As, Ac, Cs, and Cc. The experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an accuracy of 94.70%, precision of 94.68%, recall of 94.97%, and F1 of 94.65%. These results indicate superior classification performance compared to other models. Therefore, the constructed LightGBM model shows significant effectiveness in cloud classification and recognition, exhibits strong applicability, and holds promising prospects for the automation of cloud recognition services.

, correspAuthors=Hu MING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong-hao SONG, Wen-ming WANG, Min-zhong WANG, Hu MING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343640008041379, articleId=1207343631418106543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于轻量级梯度提升机对毫米波雷达云回波数据分类, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统云分类方法具有主观性强、分类效率和精度较低等缺点。针对上述问题,提出一种基于轻量级梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM)的云分类预测模型。首先将毫米波雷达获取到的云顶高度、云底高度、云层厚度、平均反射率因子、液态水含量、持续时间作为特征变量,结合分类标签制作为满足模型需求的数据集。之后使用此数据集构建分类模型,将云分为St、Sc、Cu、As、Ac、Cs、Cc其7类云型。结果表明,模型准确率、精确率、召回率和F1高达94.70%、94.68%、94.97%、94.65%,较其他模型有更好的分类效果。因此,LightGBM模型对云体分类识别效果显著,具有较强适用性,对云类识别业务自动化工作有广阔的应用前景。

, correspAuthors=明虎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*明虎(1986—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:雷达信号处理。E-mail:
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宋冬昊(2001—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:气象雷达信号处理。E-mail:

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宋冬昊(2001—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:气象雷达信号处理。E-mail:

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宋冬昊(2001—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:气象雷达信号处理。E-mail:

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label=图7, caption=5种模型的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=laaTrNvOU4XqXcuHieVyfQ==, figureFileBig=PAbi6jWkBsueKCxepqQxPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768409736057402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of cloud

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名称 简写 云状特征
积云 Cu 具有圆拱形向上凸起的顶部,云团大小与拳头类似,边缘清晰
层积云 Sc 云块分布松散,呈群、行、波状分布,常呈灰色或灰白色
层云 St 云体均匀成层,覆盖面积大,几乎布满天空,多呈灰色
高层云 As 云体较厚,布满天空,太阳透过几乎没有光晕,云体常具有条纹结构,呈灰白色或灰蓝色
高积云 Ac 云块较小,轮廓分明,云体呈椭圆形、瓦块状、鱼鳞片或水波状分布
卷层云 Cs 云底具有丝缕的结构,云体较薄,能透过日月光,在太阳照耀下有明显的光晕
卷积云 Cc 云块发白、发亮,呈白色细鳞片状,常成群排列
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409811554878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

云的基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 简写 云状特征
积云 Cu 具有圆拱形向上凸起的顶部,云团大小与拳头类似,边缘清晰
层积云 Sc 云块分布松散,呈群、行、波状分布,常呈灰色或灰白色
层云 St 云体均匀成层,覆盖面积大,几乎布满天空,多呈灰色
高层云 As 云体较厚,布满天空,太阳透过几乎没有光晕,云体常具有条纹结构,呈灰白色或灰蓝色
高积云 Ac 云块较小,轮廓分明,云体呈椭圆形、瓦块状、鱼鳞片或水波状分布
卷层云 Cs 云底具有丝缕的结构,云体较薄,能透过日月光,在太阳照耀下有明显的光晕
卷积云 Cc 云块发白、发亮,呈白色细鳞片状,常成群排列
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409933189697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical results of effective data for seven types of cloud

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类别 数量/个 比例/%
Ac 118 17.91
As 98 14.87
Cc 93 14.11
Cs 77 11.68
Cu 95 14.42
Sc 90 13.66
St 88 13.35
), ArticleFig(id=1207768410025464388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

7类云的有效数据统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 数量/个 比例/%
Ac 118 17.91
As 98 14.87
Cc 93 14.11
Cs 77 11.68
Cu 95 14.42
Sc 90 13.66
St 88 13.35
), ArticleFig(id=1207768410105156167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optimal hyperparameter combination

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超参数名称 数值
max_depth 5
num_leaves 29
colsample_bytree 0.8
subsample 0.95
reg_alpha 0.15
reg_lambda 0.5
learning_rate 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1207768410218402380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

最优超参数组合

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
超参数名称 数值
max_depth 5
num_leaves 29
colsample_bytree 0.8
subsample 0.95
reg_alpha 0.15
reg_lambda 0.5
learning_rate 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1207768411476693581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The LightGBM classification results

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类别 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/%
Ac 95.83 95.83 95.83
As 100.00 90.00 94.74
Cc 88.89 84.21 86.49
Cs 83.83 100.00 90.91
Cu 100.00 94.74 97.30
Sc 94.74 100.00 97.30
St 100.00 100.00 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1207768411573162579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

LightGBM分类效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/%
Ac 95.83 95.83 95.83
As 100.00 90.00 94.74
Cc 88.89 84.21 86.49
Cs 83.83 100.00 90.91
Cu 100.00 94.74 97.30
Sc 94.74 100.00 97.30
St 100.00 100.00 100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1207768411678020183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631418106543, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison results of five classification models

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模型名称 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/%
LightGBM 94.70 94.68 94.97 94.65
SVM 88.64 90.33 89.08 88.92
Logistic回归 87.12 88.66 87.77 87.81
高斯朴素贝叶斯 81.82 82.95 82.61 81.73
KNN 90.95 90.56 90.48 90.41
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5种分类模型的结果对比

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模型名称 准确率/% 精确率/% 召回率/% F1/%
LightGBM 94.70 94.68 94.97 94.65
SVM 88.64 90.33 89.08 88.92
Logistic回归 87.12 88.66 87.77 87.81
高斯朴素贝叶斯 81.82 82.95 82.61 81.73
KNN 90.95 90.56 90.48 90.41
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基于轻量级梯度提升机对毫米波雷达云回波数据分类
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宋冬昊 1 , 王文明 2 , 王敏仲 3 , 明虎 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(17): 7072-7079
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(17): 7072-7079
基于轻量级梯度提升机对毫米波雷达云回波数据分类
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宋冬昊1 , 王文明2, 王敏仲3, 明虎1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 淄博 255000
  • 2 成都远望科技有限责任公司, 成都 610225
  • 3 中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830002
  • 宋冬昊(2001—),男,汉族,山东滨州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:气象雷达信号处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*明虎(1986—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:雷达信号处理。E-mail:
Classification of Millimeter-wave Radar Cloud Echo Data Based on Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machine
Dong-hao SONG1 , Wen-ming WANG2, Min-zhong WANG3, Hu MING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
  • 2 Chengdu Yuanwang Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610225, China
  • 3 Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404854
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传统云分类方法具有主观性强、分类效率和精度较低等缺点。针对上述问题,提出一种基于轻量级梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM)的云分类预测模型。首先将毫米波雷达获取到的云顶高度、云底高度、云层厚度、平均反射率因子、液态水含量、持续时间作为特征变量,结合分类标签制作为满足模型需求的数据集。之后使用此数据集构建分类模型,将云分为St、Sc、Cu、As、Ac、Cs、Cc其7类云型。结果表明,模型准确率、精确率、召回率和F1高达94.70%、94.68%、94.97%、94.65%,较其他模型有更好的分类效果。因此,LightGBM模型对云体分类识别效果显著,具有较强适用性,对云类识别业务自动化工作有广阔的应用前景。

LightGBM  /  机器学习  /  云分类  /  毫米波雷达

Traditional cloud classification methods exhibit limitations such as subjectivity and low efficiency and accuracy. To address these issues, a cloud classification prediction model based on the light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) was proposed. Firstly, feature variables, including cloud top height, cloud bottom height, cloud layer thickness, average reflectivity factor, liquid water content, and duration obtained through millimeter-wave radar were utilized. A dataset was then constructed by combining these features with classification labels to meet the requirements of the model. This dataset was subsequently used to build a classification model that categorizes clouds into seven types: St, Sc, Cu, As, Ac, Cs, and Cc. The experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves an accuracy of 94.70%, precision of 94.68%, recall of 94.97%, and F1 of 94.65%. These results indicate superior classification performance compared to other models. Therefore, the constructed LightGBM model shows significant effectiveness in cloud classification and recognition, exhibits strong applicability, and holds promising prospects for the automation of cloud recognition services.

LightGBM  /  machine learning  /  cloud classification  /  millimeter wave radar
宋冬昊, 王文明, 王敏仲, 明虎. 基于轻量级梯度提升机对毫米波雷达云回波数据分类. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7072 -7079 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404854
Dong-hao SONG, Wen-ming WANG, Min-zhong WANG, Hu MING. Classification of Millimeter-wave Radar Cloud Echo Data Based on Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machine[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7072 -7079 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404854
云是大自然的产物,由大气中的水蒸气遇冷液化成的小水滴或凝华成的小冰晶混合组成[1]。云的状况对太阳辐射和地表热辐射的能量平衡有显著影响,一方面,云层既可以反射部分太阳辐射,减少其到达地表的能量,从而降低地表温度;另一方面,可以吸收地表的热辐射,然后再向大气层散发热量,有助于保持地表温度[2]。此外,不同类型的云也会产生不同的影响,例如厚密的积雨云通常会导致降水。所以云的类型对气温、降水和气候变化等方面有着重要影响[3-4]。因此,云的分类不仅是大气科学研究的基础任务,也是多领域实际应用的重要技术手段,在航空航天、灾害预警、农业生产等方面具有重要意义。
如今常用的云分类方法主要有人工观测法、阈值法、聚类法以及神经网络法等[5]。杨晓等[6]利用分级的多参数、宽阈值判别方法对毫米波雷达云回波数据进行云分类;王继光等[7]运用遗传算法、模糊C-均值聚类以及模糊减法聚类算法的优势进行互补,使用综合优化方法对卫星云图进行云分类;王猛等[8]利用风云二号静止气象卫星实时云图图像建立样本库,之后采用具有噪声的基于密度的聚类方法(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN)算法对云区聚类,对结果得到的云团与样本库中各类云的光谱特征和纹理特征进行对比匹配,最终确定云团所属的云类别。然而传统的人工观测方法具有主观性强、观测不连续、效率低等缺点。阈值法和聚类法均为非监督学习,其优点是节省了预处理时间, 无需选择训练样本,但这类算法很难找出统一通用的阈值标准和方法,初始化参数的设置对分类结果有很大影响。近年来随着人工神经网络技术的不断发展,利用神经网络模型对卫星云图进行云分类的研究取得了显著的进展。王杉等[9]提出一种基于卷积神经网络-长短期记忆(convolutional neural networks-long short-term memory,CNN-LSTM)网络的卫星云图云分类方法,该方法可以自动提取光谱信息和空间信息,提升云分类准确率;张敏靖等[10]提出结合生成对抗学习和迁移学习的卷积神经网络框架对卫星云图分类的方法。然而基于深度学习的云分类方法通常需要大量图片数据且训练过程耗时较长。
针对上述问题,现采用毫米波雷达进行云观测。其波长较短,对云中的云粒子有较好的探测结果,时间分辨率和空间分辨率高,且具有良好的穿云探测能力,可以不间断地监测云的发展演变过程,以此获得云的宏微观物理参数,是当前最有效的测云设备。对于分类方法,现采用更高效的轻量级梯度提升机(light gradient boosting machine,LightGBM)算法进行自动云分类工作。
LightGBM是一种基于单边梯度采样算法(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)改进的集成学习算法,它通过将许多弱分类器组合起来迭代训练从而不断改善模型的预测能力[11]。其相比于传统机器学习模型,LightGBM采用了两种创新的采样算法,分别为单边梯度采样算法(gradient-based one-side sampling,GOSS)和互斥特征捆绑技术(exclusive feature bundling,EFB)。GOSS算法通过保留大梯度样本和采样小梯度样本的方式,在不降低模型性能的情况下加快了训练速度[12];EFB技术通过互斥特征的捆绑,合并生成新的特征,降低数据特征维度,提高模型运算效率[13]。所以LightGBM具有更快的训练速度、更低的内存消耗、更高的准确率等优点[14-15]。在气象研究方面,欧阳彤等[16]使用LightGBM 算法对中小雨、冰雹、湿雪及杂波4种气象目标进行分类识别,指出该算法具有高识别精度的同时还具有极高的识别速率,表现出良好的通用性、鲁棒性。
综上所述,现根据研究区状况,使用云顶高度、云底高度、云层厚度、平均反射率因子、液态水含量以及持续时间共6个特征变量作为预测因子,运用LightGBM算法进行云分类预测。通过贝叶斯优化算法在训练过程中不断优化LightGBM模型中存在的超参数,提高模型预测准确性。最后通过与其他经典算法进行验证对比和分析。为使用雷达云回波数据结合机器学习进行云分类预测的研究提供新的思路。
所使用的毫米波雷达安放在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的塔中试验站,观测时段为2018年4—6月。受噪声和雷达波束形成高度的影响,300 m以下观测数据不可靠[17],且根据雷达与探空垂直观测的一致性,10 km以上云层的垂直结构表征并不准确[18]。因此,主要利用0.3~10 km高度数据来研究腹地上空云。
首先根据云底高度将云分为低、中、高3类,然后按照形态及特征将云分为积状云和层状云。低云包括层云、层积云和积云;中云包括高层云和高积云;高云包括卷层云和卷积云,总计7种类型。其云状特征如表1所示[19]。最终,经整理共收集到659条云类样本,7类云的有效数据统计如表2所示。
根据云观测人员的经验总结以及雷达探测的云回波参数,选取云顶高度、云底高度、云层厚度、平均反射率因子、液态水含量以及持续时间共6个特征变量进行云分类。如图1所示,矩阵散点图是可视化高维度数据的常用方法,其对角线上为箱线图,显示单个特征数据的分布情况,帮助了解数据集中趋势和离散程度;非对角线为散点图,可以查看所有特征两两之间的关系[20],右上角的数据为皮尔森相关系数,用来检测两个连续型变量之间的线性相关程度,其值为-1~1,绝对值越大表明相关性越强[21]。将标准化后的数据绘制为矩阵散点图,从箱线图可得到知,对于云顶高度和云底高度特征, Cc和Cs高度最大,其次为Ac和As,最小的为Cu、Sc和St。St和Sc的平均反射率因子离散明显,而其余云类比较集中。7类云的液态水含量相差不大。Ac、Cc和Sc积云的持续时间明显短于其余云类。而对于散点图可以得知,云顶高度和云底高度的相关系数为0.81,有较为明显的线性关系。持续时间与其他5个特征间相关系数均处于0.00~0.20,表明几乎没有相关性。其余部分的相关系数大多处于0.3~0.6,表明特征两两间具有弱相关性或中等相关性。
模型训练过程算法流程如图2所示。主要包括以下步骤:数据采集、特征工程、 模型训练、参数优化和模型评估。
数据采集是指使用毫米波雷达进行云观测并记录数据,整理得到初始数据集。特征工程指的是把原始数据转变为模型训练数据的过程。首先需要对初始采集数据中异常的样本进行筛选和清洗,然后再将数据进行标准化处理使其满足正态分布,避免数据分布对模型训练产生影响。完成数据预处理后,根据气象观测人员经验总结以及所有特征分析选择出对分类起重要作用的特征,得到最终数据集。将其划分为训练集和测试集,使用LightGBM算法进行建模,然后经贝叶斯优化算法对最大深度、学习率、最大叶子数等模型超参数进行搜索,得到的最优超参数组合如表3所示。最后对测试集进行预测,根据结果对模型性能进行评估。
主要采用混淆矩阵、精确率-召回率(precision-recall, P-R)曲线以及受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线来评估模型的性能。
混淆矩阵是在统计学和机器学习领域中常用的一种表格,用于对分类模型的性能进行评估。它将实际类别与模型预测的类别进行比较以展示分类模型在不同类别上的表现情况[22]。同时,混淆矩阵衍生的准确率(accuracy,Acc)、精确率(precision,P)、召回率(recall,R)、F1等是机器学习中必不可少的模型评价指标[23]
准确率表达式为
$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}=\frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{T}\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{T}\mathrm{N}+\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{F}\mathrm{N}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
精确率表达式为
$P=\frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{F}\mathrm{P}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
召回率表达式为
$R=\frac{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}}{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}+\mathrm{F}\mathrm{N}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式中:TP为判定为阳性且呈阳性的样本数目;FP为判断为阳性但呈阴性的样本数量;TN为判断为阴性且呈阴性的样本数;FN为判断为阴性但呈阳性的样本数量。
F1通过计算精确率和召回率的调和平均值来综合评价模型的性能,取值范围是[0,1],通常其值越高,代表模型性能越好,其表达式为
$\begin{array}{c}{F}_{1}=\frac{2PR}{P+R}\end{array}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
如上所述的精确率、召回率以及F1的计算方式只适用于二分类模型。由于为多分类模型,所以按照宏平均(macro-average)规则来进行计算,即分别计算每个类别精确率、召回率以及F1,然后求平均值[24]。用于多分类的准确率、精确率与 F1的表达式分别为
$\begin{array}{c}{P}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}=\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{P}_{i}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{R}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}=\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{R}_{i}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{F}_{1\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}}=\frac{1}{n}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}{F}_{1i}\end{array}$
P-R曲线是由模型的精确率和召回率为坐标轴形成的曲线,精确率P为纵坐标,召回率R为横坐标。AP为P-R曲线下的面积,AP越大说明模型性能越好[25]
ROC曲线通过展示真阳性率(true positive rate, TPR)与假阳性率(false positive rate, FPR)之间的关系,来评估一个分类器或诊断测试的准确性[26]。AUC为ROC曲线下的面积,是衡量模型性能优劣的一种指标。其值为0~1,当AUC越接近于1时,表示模型的分类效果越好[27]
图3展示了各个特征对分类结果的重要程度。可以看出,云层厚度的重要性得分远高于其他指标,这表明其对云分类预测最为关键。持续时间、云顶高度、云底高度、平均反射率因子以及液态水含量指标的得分相差不大,对分类也起到了一定的效果。结果表明,所选取的6个特征变量均为云分类预测的重要特征,对分类结果有着至关重要的作用。
将数据集以8∶2 的比例划分为训练集和测试集。首先使用训练集进行模型训练,然后输入测试集进行多分类预测,得到混淆矩阵图(图4)以及分类报告表(表4)。如图4所示,其中1条Ac被预测为Cc,2条As被分别预测为Cc和Sc,3条Cc被预测为Cs以及1条Cu被预测为Ac。大部分数据位于主对角线上,是预测正确的。由表4可知,对于7类云型,分类效果最好的为St云,各指标均为100%。而分类效果最差的为Cc云,各指标均低于90%。结果表明LightGBM模型在充分训练后能够达到较高的准确率,效果比较理想。
为了更直观地观测每类云的特征,从测试集中随机选取了预测正确的样例进行绘图。如图5所示,以当地标准时间为横坐标,天空高度为纵坐标,绘制了云体内部反射率因子的状况。
为充分判断LightGBM算法分类预测性能,使用同样的数据集搭建支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)模型、K最近邻(K-nearest neighbor,KNN)模型、Logistic回归模型以及高斯朴素贝叶斯模型,对比各模型对云型识别分类的优劣。5种分类方法的结果对比如表5所示。通过对准确率、精确率、召回率以及F1对模型在测试集的结果进行对比,从结果中得知LightGBM的各项指标均优于其他模型,比效果次之的KNN在4种性能指标上分别高出3.75%、4.12%、4.49%和4.24%。高斯朴素贝叶斯模型的分类效果最差,其各项指标均低于85%,效果不太理想。
5种模型的P-R曲线和ROC曲线分别如图6图7所示。可知,LightGBM模型AP和AUC最高,分别为0.973 1和0.995 5,依然为效果最好的模型。因此选择LightGBM模型进行云分类和预测是具有可行性的。综合来看,LightGBM算法的云分类模型准确率最高,性能稳定且具有良好的泛化能力。
云分类是云观测中的重要课题之一,具有显著的实际应用价值,因而备受关注。为解决传统云分类方法效率低、人工成本大以及准确率低的问题,本文提出了基于LightGBM 的云分类算法。
基于毫米波雷达探测到的云回波数据,采用LightGBM算法构建模型并使用贝叶斯优化算法调整超参数,针对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地上空云进行分类研究。通过对比验证,得出以下结论。
(1)通过对模型的特征重要性排序发现,在云顶高度、云底高度、云层厚度、平均反射率因子、液态水含量和持续时间共6个特征变量中,云层厚度是影响云分类最重要的指标。
(2)实验结果表明,相比于SVM、KNN、Logistic回归以及高斯朴素贝叶斯所构建的模型,使用LightGBM算法构建的模型准确率高达94.70%,具有更精准的预测性能。
综上所述,利用LightGBM算法构建的模型较以往分类方法准确率显著提高,为云分类工作提供了新思路,将继续对该模型进行各种改进研究,以进一步提高分类性能。
  • “天山英才”培养计划-科技创新团队(天山创新团队)项目(2022TSYCTD0007)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024MD031)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404854
  • 接收时间:2024-06-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-29
基金
“天山英才”培养计划-科技创新团队(天山创新团队)项目(2022TSYCTD0007)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024MD031)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学计算机科学与技术学院, 淄博 255000
    2 成都远望科技有限责任公司, 成都 610225
    3 中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所, 乌鲁木齐 830002

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*明虎(1986—),男,汉族,山东泰安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:雷达信号处理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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