Article(id=1207343631371965046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404549, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718640000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782753079, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782753079, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782753079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782753079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7061, endPage=7071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343632592507519, articleId=1207343631371965046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Extraction and Analysis of Co-seismic Landslides of the Luding Earthquake Based on Optical Images, columnId=1207343632013693563, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to better study the spatial distribution of co-seismic landslides of the Luding earthquake, satellite images of Sentinel-2 on July 8 before and October 1 after the 2022 Luding earthquake were acquired, and a study area of 145.6 km2 was obtained after cropping. Supervised classification was performed on the two images using the minimum distance method, maximum likelihood method, and neural network method, respectively, and the classification results were verified by calculating the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient. Finally, the supervised classification results of the neural network method of the two images were selected for comparison to obtain the change detection results, and a total of 2 247 co-seismic landslides were identified in the study area, covering an area of 22.61 km2, which accounted for 15.53% of the total study area. In the statistics of the slope direction, it was found that the slope direction of the co-seismic landslides radiated in the vertical direction of the originating fault to both sides, indicating that the co-seismic landslides were influenced by the originating fault. The analysis of elevation distribution pointed out that the landslides were mainly concentrated in the elevation range of 1 000 m to 2 000 m, accounting for more than 90% of the total. The analysis with other factors indicated that the landslide events were mainly concentrated near rivers, roads and on mountain slopes. The results of the principal component analysis indicates that the most important factor influencing the incidence of landslides in the same earthquake is the distribution of topographic deposits.

, correspAuthors=Ai-zhi GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xi-xuan BAI, Jiang-cheng CHEN, Shu-wen ZHAN, Bing-qiang ZHANG, Xiao-ya BIAN, Yi YAN, Ai-zhi GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343636698731234, articleId=1207343631371965046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于光学影像的泸定地震同震滑坡提取与分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了更好地研究泸定地震同震滑坡的空间分布,获取了Sentinel-2在2022年泸定地震震前7月8日和震后10月1日的卫星影像,经过裁剪得到145.6 km2的研究区域。对两幅影像分别使用最小距离法、最大似然法、神经网络法进行监督分类,通过计算总体精度、Kappa系数对分类结果进行验证。最终选择两幅影像的神经网络法监督分类结果进行对比得到变化检测结果,研究区域内共识别到同震滑坡2 247处,占地面积22.61 km2,占总研究区域的15.53%。在对坡向的统计中发现,同震滑坡坡向以发震断层的垂直方向向两侧辐射的形势,说明同震滑坡受到发震断层的影响。高程分布分析指出,滑坡主要集中在1 000~2 000 m的高程范围内,占比超过90%。与其他因素的分析表明,滑坡事件主要集中在河流、道路附近及山坡上。主成分分析结果表明,对同震滑坡发生率最主要的影响因素是地形沉积物的分布。

, correspAuthors=郭爱智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭爱智(1981—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,副研究员。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:
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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:

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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:

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白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:

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图3(a)中,红线表示所有滑坡的具体几何形状;图3(b)中,红点表示所有滑坡的几何中心

, figureFileSmall=lvgOvwJoATxTR5PQLqDBUQ==, figureFileBig=ZGKDwUS5VDIFaJ9Zz8zahw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768411812241531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Kernel density analysis, figureFileSmall=pnzWW4uczMX7afrKJMpwEA==, figureFileBig=Xu5dIv3w0zZEW/I1NlykEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768411879350398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图4, caption=核密度分析, figureFileSmall=pnzWW4uczMX7afrKJMpwEA==, figureFileBig=Xu5dIv3w0zZEW/I1NlykEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768411954847873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Statistics of slope direction distribution of landslides, figureFileSmall=peRN1GWWLTBv1nTN6YwtmQ==, figureFileBig=tTTnF2XyRU0IpqHCdK+4ZA==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.7, caption=Statistics of elevation distribution of landslides, figureFileSmall=xRDoH5n4Vc6vET/95hcmeA==, figureFileBig=Tv1a0e8mvXOgqmLsjfoG4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412340723856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图7, caption=滑坡的高程分布统计, figureFileSmall=xRDoH5n4Vc6vET/95hcmeA==, figureFileBig=Tv1a0e8mvXOgqmLsjfoG4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412424609939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Statistics of surface roughness distribution of landslides, figureFileSmall=Cch6Dz39gyEO6/wkl5Vg5Q==, figureFileBig=i2xsU0JX5Mfj3tv2J1MbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412500107414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图8, caption=滑坡的地表粗糙度分布统计, figureFileSmall=Cch6Dz39gyEO6/wkl5Vg5Q==, figureFileBig=i2xsU0JX5Mfj3tv2J1MbuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412672073882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Distribution statistics of PGA in landslides, figureFileSmall=1TAao12pfM8Ll9mHklOx+Q==, figureFileBig=kO2GEFXeiSI+ro8A7pOcow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412764348574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图9, caption=滑坡PGA分布统计, figureFileSmall=1TAao12pfM8Ll9mHklOx+Q==, figureFileBig=kO2GEFXeiSI+ro8A7pOcow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768412852428960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Statistics on the distribution of distance between landslides and the epicenter, figureFileSmall=9X3XrjB4xRlIREo5TQEp/g==, figureFileBig=NR/V+buIkphR92eO3lC6BA==, tableContent=null), 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articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Statistics on the distribution of distance between landslides and rivers, figureFileSmall=znwSZGt3a03eTPLD7+xJkw==, figureFileBig=VsEioOSx5IIPOFJwFkQZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768413297025201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图12, caption=滑坡距河流距离分布统计, figureFileSmall=znwSZGt3a03eTPLD7+xJkw==, figureFileBig=VsEioOSx5IIPOFJwFkQZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768413385105588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Statistics on the distribution of distance between landslides and roads, figureFileSmall=lnz4OH0Bdxe7rn8PppCbbA==, figureFileBig=+i6F/DKTsk/kMcfSOBiOVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768413468991671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=图13, caption=滑坡距道路距离分布统计, figureFileSmall=lnz4OH0Bdxe7rn8PppCbbA==, figureFileBig=+i6F/DKTsk/kMcfSOBiOVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207768413540294842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Accuracy of classification methods

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指标 7月8日 10月1日
最小距
离法
最大似
然法
神经网
络法
最小距
离法
最大似
然法
神经网
络法
总体精度/% 88.69 97.90 99.05 83.60 98.73 99.78
Kappa系数 0.744 3 0.950 8 0.977 3 0.757 3 0.980 7 0.996 7
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分类方法精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 7月8日 10月1日
最小距
离法
最大似
然法
神经网
络法
最小距
离法
最大似
然法
神经网
络法
总体精度/% 88.69 97.90 99.05 83.60 98.73 99.78
Kappa系数 0.744 3 0.950 8 0.977 3 0.757 3 0.980 7 0.996 7
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Explanation of total variance

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成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和
总计 方差百
分比/%
累积/% 总计 方差百
分比/%
累积/%
1 3.203 32.031 32.031 3.203 32.031 32.031
2 1.929 19.285 51.317 1.929 19.285 51.317
3 1.325 13.254 64.571 1.325 13.254 64.571
4 1.155 11.550 76.121 1.155 11.550 76.121
5 0.719 7.191 83.313
6 0.648 6.477 89.790
7 0.388 3.884 93.674
8 0.239 2.390 96.064
9 0.208 2.077 98.141
10 0.186 1.859 100
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总方差解释表

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成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和
总计 方差百
分比/%
累积/% 总计 方差百
分比/%
累积/%
1 3.203 32.031 32.031 3.203 32.031 32.031
2 1.929 19.285 51.317 1.929 19.285 51.317
3 1.325 13.254 64.571 1.325 13.254 64.571
4 1.155 11.550 76.121 1.155 11.550 76.121
5 0.719 7.191 83.313
6 0.648 6.477 89.790
7 0.388 3.884 93.674
8 0.239 2.390 96.064
9 0.208 2.077 98.141
10 0.186 1.859 100
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Component matrix after rotation

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因素 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
坡度 0.087 0.848 -0.009 -0.017
高程 0.899 0.122 0.014 -0.088
起伏度 0.202 0.887 -0.084 0.020
距离河流 0.871 0.107 0.118 0.052
距离道路 0.910 0.110 -0.146 -0.050
距离构造断层 -0.372 -0.090 0.748 -0.049
距离发震断层 0.243 0 0.754 0.049
坡向 -0.021 -0.136 0.272 0.803
粗糙度 0.046 0.899 -0.033 -0.007
震中距 -0.053 0.158 -0.380 0.714
), ArticleFig(id=1207768414001668296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343631371965046, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

旋转后的成分矩阵

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因素 PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4
坡度 0.087 0.848 -0.009 -0.017
高程 0.899 0.122 0.014 -0.088
起伏度 0.202 0.887 -0.084 0.020
距离河流 0.871 0.107 0.118 0.052
距离道路 0.910 0.110 -0.146 -0.050
距离构造断层 -0.372 -0.090 0.748 -0.049
距离发震断层 0.243 0 0.754 0.049
坡向 -0.021 -0.136 0.272 0.803
粗糙度 0.046 0.899 -0.033 -0.007
震中距 -0.053 0.158 -0.380 0.714
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基于光学影像的泸定地震同震滑坡提取与分析
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白希选 1 , 陈疆丞 1 , 湛舒文 1 , 张兵强 1 , 边晓亚 1 , 严翼 2 , 郭爱智 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(17): 7061-7071
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(17): 7061-7071
基于光学影像的泸定地震同震滑坡提取与分析
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白希选1 , 陈疆丞1, 湛舒文1, 张兵强1, 边晓亚1, 严翼2, 郭爱智3, *
作者信息
  • 1 武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430074
  • 2 中南民族大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430070
  • 3 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室, 武汉 430077
  • 白希选(1986—),男,汉族,河南濮阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郭爱智(1981—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,副研究员。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:
Extraction and Analysis of Co-seismic Landslides of the Luding Earthquake Based on Optical Images
Xi-xuan BAI1 , Jiang-cheng CHEN1, Shu-wen ZHAN1, Bing-qiang ZHANG1, Xiao-ya BIAN1, Yi YAN2, Ai-zhi GUO3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2 College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3 Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404549
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为了更好地研究泸定地震同震滑坡的空间分布,获取了Sentinel-2在2022年泸定地震震前7月8日和震后10月1日的卫星影像,经过裁剪得到145.6 km2的研究区域。对两幅影像分别使用最小距离法、最大似然法、神经网络法进行监督分类,通过计算总体精度、Kappa系数对分类结果进行验证。最终选择两幅影像的神经网络法监督分类结果进行对比得到变化检测结果,研究区域内共识别到同震滑坡2 247处,占地面积22.61 km2,占总研究区域的15.53%。在对坡向的统计中发现,同震滑坡坡向以发震断层的垂直方向向两侧辐射的形势,说明同震滑坡受到发震断层的影响。高程分布分析指出,滑坡主要集中在1 000~2 000 m的高程范围内,占比超过90%。与其他因素的分析表明,滑坡事件主要集中在河流、道路附近及山坡上。主成分分析结果表明,对同震滑坡发生率最主要的影响因素是地形沉积物的分布。

泸定地震  /  同震滑坡  /  监督分类  /  Sentinel-2

In order to better study the spatial distribution of co-seismic landslides of the Luding earthquake, satellite images of Sentinel-2 on July 8 before and October 1 after the 2022 Luding earthquake were acquired, and a study area of 145.6 km2 was obtained after cropping. Supervised classification was performed on the two images using the minimum distance method, maximum likelihood method, and neural network method, respectively, and the classification results were verified by calculating the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient. Finally, the supervised classification results of the neural network method of the two images were selected for comparison to obtain the change detection results, and a total of 2 247 co-seismic landslides were identified in the study area, covering an area of 22.61 km2, which accounted for 15.53% of the total study area. In the statistics of the slope direction, it was found that the slope direction of the co-seismic landslides radiated in the vertical direction of the originating fault to both sides, indicating that the co-seismic landslides were influenced by the originating fault. The analysis of elevation distribution pointed out that the landslides were mainly concentrated in the elevation range of 1 000 m to 2 000 m, accounting for more than 90% of the total. The analysis with other factors indicated that the landslide events were mainly concentrated near rivers, roads and on mountain slopes. The results of the principal component analysis indicates that the most important factor influencing the incidence of landslides in the same earthquake is the distribution of topographic deposits.

Luding earthquake  /  co-seismic landslides  /  supervised classification  /  Sentinel-2
白希选, 陈疆丞, 湛舒文, 张兵强, 边晓亚, 严翼, 郭爱智. 基于光学影像的泸定地震同震滑坡提取与分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7061 -7071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404549
Xi-xuan BAI, Jiang-cheng CHEN, Shu-wen ZHAN, Bing-qiang ZHANG, Xiao-ya BIAN, Yi YAN, Ai-zhi GUO. Extraction and Analysis of Co-seismic Landslides of the Luding Earthquake Based on Optical Images[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7061 -7071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404549
据中国地震台网(China Earthquake Networks Center,CENC)测定,北京时间2022年9月5日12∶52,四川甘孜州泸定县(29.59°N,102.08°E)发生MS6.8级地震,震源深度为16 km。震中处于地形起伏较大的中国西南部地区,诱发了大量同震滑坡。地震一直是山体滑坡的主要诱因之一,在类似本次地震的山区,地震可以在极短时间内导致成百上千个山体滑坡,其致灾能力甚至高于地震本身[1]。因此,分析同震滑坡机理、分布规律、危险性评价对震后震区的防灾减灾具有非常重要的价值与意义。
随着遥感影像在工程项目中广泛应用,越来越多的学者开始开展对滑坡的半自动或自动识别研究。Guzzetti等[2]提出卫星图像的视觉解释和半自动分析,提高了滑坡地图的质量;许冲等[3]基于地震前后高分辨率卫星影像的人工目视解译方法建立了尼泊尔廓尔喀MW7.8地震触发滑坡数据库;Xu等[4]基于对事件前后获取的高分辨率卫星图像进行人工目视解译和实地勘察验证,编制了2012年中国新疆河静6.6级地震引发的滑坡清单图,对滑坡分布及发生进行分析;陈文龙等[5]基于主成分变换的滑坡识别方法,利用震前震后两幅光学影像,对2015年尼泊尔地震震后灾害进行目视解译;齐文文等[6]利用谷歌地球引擎和Sentinel-2时序数据对海地多云地区的震后滑坡进行了识别,提出了解决强震震后高分辨率光学影像质量较低的方法;陈远铭等[7]以陇南白龙江流域泄流滑坡为例,总结了光学遥感滑坡形态变形特征;刘亚静等[8]基于信息量-随机森林等机器学习模型,统计了松潘—较场地震带的空间分布特征,对该地震带进行了地质灾害易发性研究,但使用机器学习方法单一,统计结果仍存在一些误差。
现基于获取的地震前后两幅高分辨率卫星图像,研究提取同震滑坡的方法。对影像中的云层遮挡进行矫正,结合目视解译方法,对震前震后影像滑坡形变特征进行提取,并利用多种机器学习进行监督分类;通过前后分类影像对比得到同震滑坡编目。在此基础上,通过主成分分析法,分析同震滑坡的空间分布特征,为进一步的地震滑坡危险性评估提供数据基础。
地震震中位于鲜水河断裂带南东段摩西断裂附近(图1),该断裂带位于青藏高原东部边缘的中国西南部地区,北起甘孜东谷附近,大体呈NW-SE向展布,经炉霍、道孚、康定延伸到泸定的摩西以北,全长约350 km,是一条高度活跃的左旋走滑断裂[9-13],构成了川滇块体的北东边界,历史上发生过多次7级以上地震,但磨西段长期未破裂。赵静等[14]利用2013—2017年全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)水平速度场数据,讨论了鲜水河断裂带不同段落的地震危险性。Li等[15]通过2022年泸定地震库伦应力变化评估西藏东南部主要断层的地震潜力,结果表明未来安宁河和大凉山断裂地震危险性增强;韩炳权等[16]的研究结果表明,泸定地震是一次典型的左旋走滑事件,走向沿NNW-SSE 方向。美国地质勘探局(United States Geological Survey,USGS)和全球矩张量(global centroid-moment-tensor,GCMT)的断层几何信息表明,断层走向分别为345°和163°。
利用光学卫星震前震后的遥感影像数据来获取地震同震滑坡编目。在欧空局(European Space Agency)网站(https://www.esa.int/)收集了公开的Sentinel-2号卫星研究区震前震后的各一幅影像,Sentinel-2号是欧空局哥白尼计划下的光学卫星。光学卫星影像是利用太阳光照射地球表面,反射回来的光线被卫星传感器接收而形成的影像。由于云层也会反射太阳光,因此在雨季期间,光学卫星影像容易受到云层的干扰,泸定县的雨季一般在6月下旬—9月上旬,此时受到西南季风的影响,降水量较大[17],容易导致地面场景被遮挡或变形[18]。为了解决这个问题,需要对光学卫星影像进行云检测以及范围筛选。通过使用Sentinel-2号的QA60波段设置阈值来识别云与非云像素,QA60是Sentinel-2号数据中的一个波段,它是一个带有云遮挡信息的比特掩码波段,可以用来进行云检测和去除。QA60的每个像素都是一个16位的二进制数,其中第10位和第11位分别表示不透明云和卷云的存在与否。如果第10位为1,表示该像素有不透明云;如果第11位为1,表示该像素有卷云。基于此,通过选择震中有明显同震滑坡发生的区域作为研究区域,研究区域面积145.6 km2,高程范围在1 054~3 203 m,坡度在0°~72.52°。时间基线选择6月15日—10月15日。通过筛选,得到区域内云量最少且对区域内滑坡无遮挡的影像。最终得到研究区域震前7月8日[图2(a)],震后10月1日的影像[图2(b)]。
基于光学卫星所捕捉到的地表光谱、空间时间信息,通过对像素的光谱特征进行分析和比较,将每个像素视为一个独立的分类单元,在单元分类过程中分类决策仅基于影像本身的光谱信息,不考虑像素之间的空间信息对影像中地物信息进行自动识别和分类。例如基于地物在遥感影像中的不同反射或辐射特征,比如植被、水体、建筑等在不同波段下的反射率差异,进而实现对地表特征的自动识别和分类[19]
将获取的两时相影像导入ENVI5.6软件,利用其监督分类功能对两影像进行监督分类。首先,通过人工解译的方法为每个影像选择一些训练样本,即已知类别的地物区域,例如房屋、道路、水体、植被等,使用ENVI5.6软件的ROI工具来绘制样本区域。绘制过程中尽量选择具有代表性和可分离性的样本,避免噪声和混合像元的干扰。然后,使用神经网络法、最小距离法、最大似然法分别对两个影像进行分类,即将每个像元分配到一个预定义的类别标签[20]。监督分类之后对分类图像进行小斑块处理。小斑块处理可以消除一些不连续或不真实的分类像元,使得分类图像更加平滑和整齐。最终得到基于各种方法的监督分类结果,并通过计算各种分类方法所得结果总体精度和Kappa系数来进行监督分类结果验证(如表1所示)。总体精度是指被正确分类的像元总和除以总像元数,反映分类器的整体准确性。被正确分类的像元数目沿着混淆矩阵的对角线分布,总像元数等于所有真实参考源的像元总数。Kappa系数是指通过把所有真实参考的像元总数乘以混淆矩阵对角线的和,再减去某一类中真实参考像元数与该类中被分类像元总数之积后,再除以像元总数的平方减去某一类中真实参考像元总数与该类中被分类像元总数之积对所有类别求和的结果,反映分类器的准确率与随机分类的准确率之间的差异[21]。综合考虑总体精度和Kappa系数,采用神经网络法的监督分类结果更好,其总体精度和Kappa系数都高于其他两种方法,表明神经网络法不仅能够更准确地分类数据,还能够提供相对一致的分类结果。
根据验证结果,选择神经网络法分类结果来进行变化检测。神经网络法监督分类是一种基于人工神经网络的遥感图像分类方法[22]。人工神经网络是一种模拟生物神经系统的计算模型,可以通过学习训练样本来自动调整权值和阈值,从而实现对未知样本的分类。在对震前震后影像进行神经网络法监督分类过程中,采用对数激活函数(logistic activation function)来映射网络输出,设定训练贡献阈值为0.9以确保分类的高可信度,调整权重的学习速度为0.2以平衡训练稳定性,使用步幅0.9控制每次权重更新的大小,并设置在均方误差(mean square error,MSE)降至0.1以下时开始分类,网络结构包括1个隐藏层,总共进行1 000次训练迭代。随着迭代次数的增加,均方根误差逐渐减小。这些设定共同构建了神经网络的训练过程,以提高分类性能,其中激活函数、阈值、学习速度和训练终止条件都具有关键作用,而隐藏层和迭代次数则有助于网络学习特征和最终的分类准确性。
通过学习前面选定的影像数据特征,将震前震后两幅影像导入模型计算,通过提前预设好各类模型参数,使用神经网络方法监督分类得到的震前震后两个分类结果,利用ENVI5.6软件进行对比,将两幅影像中不同分类的区域描摹出来,得到变化检测的结果。将检测结果中圈定的封闭面视为滑坡发生的范围,再通过python编程对圈定范围进行几何中心计算,以该点的经纬度表示该滑坡的地理空间信息。如图3(a)所示,红线表示所有滑坡的具体几何形状,如图3(b)所示,红点表示所有滑坡的几何中心。结果显示研究区域内共发生同震滑坡2 247处,面积共计22.61 km2,占总研究区域的15.53%,其中发生在林地的滑坡占比最大,占总面积的13%,面积达到18.93 km2。这些同震滑坡的分布情况呈现出一定的空间集聚性,反映了地震对地表造成的广泛影响。有相关研究表明地形因子对同震滑坡有较高的影响作用[23]
为了能直观有效地识别出滑坡在研究区内的空间分布情况,采用核密度分析对研究区滑坡事件进行统计。通过核密度估计分析可以帮助发现热点区域,识别空间中滑坡发生高密度区域和滑坡发生低密度区域。对热点分析结果进行核密度分析,其结果为一个直观且平滑的栅格图。图4为滑坡事件的核密度分析结果,颜色越深表示形变点的聚集程度越高,发生滑坡的可能性越大。将核密度分析结果与孕灾因子分布进行对比可得,受泸定地震的扰动研究区域内滑坡大部分分布在河流沿岸以及山脊的两侧。
地形因素对同震滑坡的分布具有重要影响。坡度、坡向、高程、地面粗糙度和地形起伏度等因素,直接影响了滑坡的形成和分布。从GMTSAR官网(https://topex.ucsd.edu/gmtsar/demgen/)下载了全球分辨率为30 m的SRTM1高程数据,利用ArcGIS软件,分别计算提取了坡度、坡向、高程、地面粗糙度和地形起伏度数据。较陡的坡度、不同的坡向、地面的不规则程度以及地形的崎岖程度都可能增加土体的不稳定性,进而增加同震滑坡的发生风险。将滑坡范围内各影响因子的平均值作为滑坡的该项参数取值,并对各影响因子进行统计分析。对坡度与坡向的统计结果如图5图6所示。由图5可知,同震滑坡主要分布在坡度10°~50°,其平均值在36°,中值在38°。坡度分布在达到中值以前,呈现出显著的正相关的趋势,说明滑坡发生受到坡度影响,而坡度大的区域受限于地形条件与植被覆盖的限制,滑坡的概率相对较低。因为在坡度较大的区域,虽然理论上斜坡失稳的可能性增加,但同时,这些区域往往因为岩石裸露或植被根系深厚而具有更好的稳定性。由图6可知,同震滑坡的坡向统计频率峰值主要集中在45°~90°、225°~270°,并向两侧辐射减少,这与前文提到发震断层的走向角度166°大致垂直,其中坡向在31°~121°的范围的滑坡占比达到35.16%,在211°~301°的范围的滑坡占比达到28.7%,总计占比达到63.86%。这说明发震断层的几何产状对同震滑坡产生显著影响,而且进一步表明地震波的传播对滑坡分布的显著作用。特别是,地震波在发震断层附近的放大效应,以及它们沿着断层传播时的方向性特征,显著地影响了滑坡发生的位置和方向。
由对滑坡高程与地表粗糙度的统计结果如图7图8所示。由图7可以看出,滑坡的主要高程集中在1 000~2 000 m,占比超过90%。这一结果表明,特定的高程范围对于滑坡的发生具有显著影响,说明在这一高程段内可能存在更为有利于滑坡触发的地质、气候和环境条件。该高程区间内的气候条件,如降水量、温度变化,也可能为滑坡提供了触发机制。滑坡的发生与地表粗糙度形成明显的负相关关系,即粗糙度越低越容易发生滑坡,粗糙度越高越不容易发生滑坡[24]。由图8可得粗糙度在1~1.1区间范围内发生了716次滑坡,是所有组别中滑坡次数最多的,平均粗糙度约为1.05。而在粗糙度为1.5~2的范围内,滑坡次数减少到61次,平均粗糙度约为1.6。低粗糙度通常意味着地表较为平坦和均匀,这样的条件可能有利于地震波的传播和放大,增加了地表材料失稳和滑动的风险。另一方面,较高的地表粗糙度通常与复杂的地形特征相对应,如岩石突出、沟壑密布等,这些特征可以提供更多的锚固点和阻力,从而增加地表稳定性,降低滑坡的发生概率。此外,高粗糙度区域的植被覆盖率可能也较高,植物根系的加固作用也是降低滑坡发生概率的一个重要因素。
地震活动产生的地表震动会引发土体的松动和滑动,导致滑坡的发生。距离震中的距离、距离构造断层的距离以及距离发震断层的距离等地震因子会直接影响着滑坡的规模、位置和分布[25]。地震波的传播路径和能量释放程度也会影响滑坡的扩展和影响范围。在这其中,地震活动引起的[26]地震峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)也是地震因子之一,地震PGA是指地震时地面最大的峰值加速度,是评估地震强度的重要参数。其大小和分布模式直接影响着滑坡的规模和分布范围[27]。因此,在进行同震滑坡分析时,必须综合考虑地震因子的影响,以更准确地理解滑坡的形成机制和风险区域。
将每个滑坡范围内PGA的平均值作为滑坡的PGA取值,进行统计分析。结果显示(图9),在低PGA范围内,滑坡频率较低,在0.25g~0.33g(g为重力加速度)分布范围,滑坡数量仅占滑坡总量的15.09%;随着PGA的增加,滑坡频率逐渐上升并达到峰值,在0.37g~0.39g分布范围占比最高,达到29.42%;然后随着PGA的进一步增加,滑坡频率开始下降,在大于0.41g区间范围占比仅2.98%。随着PGA的增加,滑坡的发生可能会先增加,因为这些高PGA所影响的区域内的地质环境更易于发生滑坡,滑坡主要集中在0.33g~0.41g的高PGA区间范围,滑坡数量达到1 841处占总滑坡数量的81.93%。然而,当PGA继续增加时,可能会导致地表的变形或破坏趋于饱和,使得滑坡的频率开始减少,也可能与地形、地势高度和坡面材料的性质等因素共同作用,改变了滑坡的统计特征及其对PGA的敏感性。
将识别到的滑坡以滑坡的形心作为代表点,得到了滑坡在空间的点分布特征。滑坡与地震震中距离的统计如图10所示,可以看出,随着震中距的增加,各组内的统计数量先增加后减少,其中距离震中在6 ~7.5 km范围内的组别记录数量最多在3~9 km范围内的滑坡事件占所有滑坡事件的66.18%,而在0~1.5 km和13.5~15 km范围内,滑坡事件分别仅有31次和68次,这两个范围内的滑坡事件分别占所有记录的约1.38%和3.03%。滑坡分布与构造断层距离的统计如图11所示,在发震断层0~0.5 km范围内滑坡事件最多,达到655次,表明靠近构造断层的区域地震引发的滑坡风险最高。随着距离增加,滑坡事件数量逐渐减少,直到3.0~3.5 km范围内滑坡事件减少到72次。反映出滑坡发生频率与发震断层距离之间存在明显的负相关关系,距离发震断层越近的区域在地震期间受到的地面运动强度通常更大。这是因为震源附近地震波的衰减较小,地震能量释放的直接影响强烈,从而增加了滑坡发生的可能性。
除了地形和地震因子外,还有一些其他因子可能影响着滑坡的分布情况。水文因素也是重要考虑因素之一,河流水流可能导致土体饱和度的增加,从而增加了滑坡的风险[28]。植被覆盖和人类活动等因素也可能对滑坡分布产生影响[29]。因此,在进行滑坡分布分析时,需要综合考虑以上因素,以全面理解滑坡的形成机制和分布规律。从全国地理信息资源目录服务系统(www.webmap.cn),下载了1∶100万公众版基础地理信息数据,该数据采用2000国家大地坐标和1985国家高程,提取了研究区内的道路、水系等矢量数据。
计算每个滑坡到河流、道路的距离,分析在各个区间的次数,可以得到滑坡分布的特征。滑坡事件与河流距离的分布统计如图12所示,距离河流较近的区间(特别是0~0.5 km范围内)发生了最多的滑坡事件,共计995次。这表明,在河流附近的区域内,滑坡发生的频率较高。随着距河流的距离增加,滑坡事件的数量明显减少。在距离达到3.0 km及以上的距离区间内,滑坡数量较少。在0~1.5 km的距离内,滑坡事件的累积占比达到95.59%。这表明滑坡主要发生在距离河流较近的区域,尤其是在2 km以内。河流附近的地层往往含有较多的沉积物,这些沉积物在地震震动下容易液化或移动,从而触发滑坡。此外,河流侵蚀可能已经削弱了河岸的稳定性,使得这些区域在地震发生时更易于发生滑坡[30]。因此,地震导致的滑坡事件在河流附近尤为集中。滑坡事件与道路的距离统计如图13所示,滑坡发生的频率随着与道路的距离增加而明显下降。在距离道路0~0.75 km的区域内,观察到的滑坡数量最高,达到878个,在0~1.5 km滑坡的数量占比就达到了72.72%。通常道路附近的区域因为施工、地形变化或者水土流失等因素更易发生滑坡[31]。同时随着距离的增加,滑坡数量逐渐减少,当距离超过3.75 km时,滑坡数量较少,只有63个。显然,随着距离道路的增加,滑坡风险显著减小。
滑坡在距离河流较近的区域发生频率较高,通常是由于河流附近地层含有的沉积物易受地震震动影响而液化或移动所致。相比之下,随着距离道路的增加,滑坡事件的数量逐渐减少,这可能是由于道路附近的地形更易受到人类活动的影响而导致的。因此,深入了解滑坡与周围环境的关系对于预防和管理地质灾害具有重要意义。
从前文的统计分析可以看出,同震滑坡的分布受到大量因子的影响,这些因子之间也存在复杂的关联和交互作用[32]。为了更好地理解这些因子之间的关系,选择主成分分析法对众多影响因子数据降维,以确定哪些因子起着关键作用。
在主成分分析之前,对数据进行KMO(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin)和Bartlett测试。KMO检验的系数结果为0.7,Bartlett球形检验的显著性结果为0.000,表明在主成分分析中选择的变量之间存在一定程度的相关性,适用于主成分分析。将地震因子、地形因子,其他因子中的坡度、高程、起伏度、距离河流、距离道路、距离构造断层、距离发震断层、坡向、粗糙度、震中距10个变量分别用1、2、…、10表示[33]。之后,以特征值1为阈值,得到4个主成分(PC1~PC4),4个主成分的累计贡献率为76.121%,说明这4个成分可以反映同震滑坡影响因子的主要信息。由总方差解释表(如表2所示)和旋转成分矩阵(如表3所示),其中PC1主要包含了高程、距离河流、距离道路等成分的信息,贡献率为32.031%。其主要反映为地形上的沉积物分布和稳定性,沉积物可能是通过河流或其他水体运输并沉积在地表的物质,也可能是由于地形的高程变化和人类活动导致的积累物质,不稳定的沉积物受到地震动的影响往往更容易发生滑坡。PC2主要包含了坡度、地形起伏度、地面粗糙度等的信息,贡献率为19.285%。主要反映为地形的曲折和起伏程度。地表的不均匀性和凹凸不平程度会影响地表的稳定性。PC3主要包含了距离构造断层、发震断层等的信息,贡献率为13.254%。反映了地质构造特征,地震断层或构造断层的影响,表明地质结构的不同会对同震滑坡的分布有一定影响。PC4主要包含了坡向、震中距等的信息,贡献率为11.55%。主要反映了地震波传播对同震滑坡的影响。
根据主成分分析各主成分的贡献率结果,可以得知同震滑坡的分布受到多个因素的影响。首先,本次地震中沉积物分布和影响(PC1)是其中一个主要影响因素,受到地形高程[34]、距离河流[35]和距离道路[36]等因素的影响,沉积物的不稳定性使同震滑坡的发生概率增加。
其次,地形的曲折和起伏程度(PC2)也对滑坡发生率产生影响[37],与坡度、地形起伏度和地面粗糙度等相关。此外,地质构造特征[38](PC3)以及地震波传播的影响(PC4)也对滑坡发生有一定影响。
获取了Sentinel-2在震中区域震前7月8日和震后10月1日的卫星影像,经过裁剪得到145.6 km2的研究区域。对两幅影像分别使用最小距离法、最大似然法、神经网络法进行监督分类,通过计算总体精度、Kappa系数对分类结果进行验证。并最终选择两幅影像的神经网络法监督分类结果进行对比得到变化检测结果。结果如下。
(1)研究区域内共发生同震滑坡2 247处,面积共计22.61 km2,占总研究区域的15.53%,其中发生在林地的滑坡占比最大,占总面积的13%,面积达到18.93 km2
(2)地形、地震以及其他因素共同影响着同震滑坡的分布。地形因素中,坡度、高程和地形起伏度是影响滑坡发生的重要因素,其中坡度越大、高程越高的区域滑坡发生的可能性越大。地震因素中,PGA、距离震中、构造断层距离等与滑坡分布密切相关,地震活动对滑坡分布有直接影响。此外,河流、人类活动等也可能对滑坡分布产生影响。综合考虑这些因素,可以更全面地理解同震滑坡的形成机制,为地质灾害预防和管理提供科学依据。
(3)通过主成分分析揭示了同震滑坡分布背后的潜在机制。分析结果表明,其中对同震滑坡发生率最主要的影响因素是地形沉积物分布与影响;同时地形曲折度、地质构造特征以及地震波传播等因素对滑坡分布也起着一定作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41704081)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41901235)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404549
  • 接收时间:2024-06-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(41704081)
国家自然科学基金(41901235)
作者信息
    1 武汉工程大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430074
    2 中南民族大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430070
    3 中国科学院测量与地球物理研究所大地测量与地球动力学国家重点实验室, 武汉 430077

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*郭爱智(1981—),男,汉族,山东德州人,博士,副研究员。研究方向: GNSS,InSAR。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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