Article(id=1207343630939951730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405883, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722787200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782752975, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782752975, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782752975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782752975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7328, endPage=7336, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641673176001, articleId=1207343630939951730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Whole Process of Dynamic Deformation Monitoring and Axial Force Calculation Optimization for Concrete Uplift Piles: Taking the Uplift Pile Tensile Test at Suzhou East Station as an Example, columnId=1207343630122066593, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uplift piles, in accordance with their structural properties, effectively sustain the structural uplift loads and have emerged as an efficacious solution to address the anti-floating issue. The precise determination of the internal forces within uplift piles is crucial for comprehending their load-bearing characteristics. Nevertheless, the tensile capacity of concrete is relatively feeble. Once the load attains a specific magnitude, its elastic modulus will decline, rendering the traditional axial force calculation methods inapplicable. By leveraging the optical frequency domain reflectometry(OFDR) strain measurement technology and conducting indoor model tests of uplift piles, the strain distribution and evolution patterns of both steel bars and concrete during the pulling process were analyzed. The alterations in the elastic modulus of concrete throughout the tension-failure process were thereby obtained. A method for optimizing the axial force calculation, which exploits the relationship curve between the concrete strain and elastic modulus, was put forward. This enables the accurate acquisition of the axial force of the pile body and its subsequent application in practical engineering projects. The test results indicate that under the condition of small loads, the OFDR technology can identify the locations where concrete cracks emerge based on the strain curve of the pile body. In the event of pile body failure under large loads, the elastic modulus of concrete can be rectified using the relationship curve between strain and elastic modulus. Compared with traditional calculation methods, the relative error of the axial force throughout the entire process can be confined within 5%. The viability of this approach has been corroborated in actual engineering endeavors, and the optimized axial force calculation exhibits enhanced precision.

, correspAuthors=Jing-hong WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao-yi YANG, Jing-hong WU, Wen-hao SHI, Qing-nan LOU, Li-xiang JIA, Ming-yin CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343650468630954, articleId=1207343630939951730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=混凝土抗拔桩动态变形全过程监测及轴力计算优化:以苏州东站抗拔桩拉伸试验为例, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗拔桩依据结构特性有效承担了结构上拔荷载,成为解决抗浮问题的有效措施。精确获取抗拔桩内力是了解其承载特性的关键,但混凝土抗拉性能较差,当荷载达到一定量级后,导致其弹性模量降低,传统轴力计算方法不再适用。基于光频域反射技术(optical frequency domain reflectometry,OFDR)应变测量技术,通过抗拔桩室内模型试验,分析拉拔过程中钢筋和混凝土的应变分布和演化规律,获取受拉-破坏全过程混凝土弹性模量变化情况,提出利用混凝土应变与弹性模量关系曲线优化轴力计算方法,精准获取桩身轴力,并应用于实际工程。试验结果表明:在小荷载情况下,OFDR技术可以根据桩身应变曲线定位混凝土裂缝产生位置;大荷载桩身破坏情况下,可以利用应变与弹模关系曲线修正混凝土弹模,对混凝土轴力进行修正,相对传统计算方式可将全过程轴力相对误差控制在5%以内,实际工程验证了该方法的可行性,优化后的轴力计算具有更高的精确度。

, correspAuthors=吴静红, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴静红(1989—),女,汉族,江苏苏州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质与岩土工程智能监测。E-mail:
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杨昊轶(1999—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:混凝土结构健康监测。E-mail:

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杨昊轶(1999—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:混凝土结构健康监测。E-mail:

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杨昊轶(1999—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:混凝土结构健康监测。E-mail:

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Concrete mix proportion

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混凝土
等级
水胶比 用量/(kg·m-3)
石子 水泥 河沙
C35 0.44 562.5 225 292.5 99
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混凝土配合比

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混凝土
等级
水胶比 用量/(kg·m-3)
石子 水泥 河沙
C35 0.44 562.5 225 292.5 99
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Error between traditional calculation results and optimized calculation results

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荷载
等级/MPa
传统方法计算 优化后计算
绝对误
差/kN
相对误
差/%
平均误
差/%
绝对误
差/kN
相对误
差/%
平均误
差/%
1 0.11 1.88 32.68 0.18 3.07 3.55
2 -0.69 -5.40 0.49 3.84
3 -0.35 -1.85 0.42 2.20
4 -0.43 -1.69 0.79 3.09
5 2.21 7.46 1.13 3.81
6 3.46 9.39 1.35 3.68
7 10.65 24.91 1.50 3.51
8 18.76 38.08 2.40 4.87
8.4 27.74 54.31 2.47 4.83
8.6 32.46 62.84 2.43 4.71
8.8 36.70 68.68 1.68 3.14
9 39.40 70.59 2.19 3.92
9.2 45.26 77.78 -0.89 -1.54
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传统计算结果与优化后计算结果误差

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荷载
等级/MPa
传统方法计算 优化后计算
绝对误
差/kN
相对误
差/%
平均误
差/%
绝对误
差/kN
相对误
差/%
平均误
差/%
1 0.11 1.88 32.68 0.18 3.07 3.55
2 -0.69 -5.40 0.49 3.84
3 -0.35 -1.85 0.42 2.20
4 -0.43 -1.69 0.79 3.09
5 2.21 7.46 1.13 3.81
6 3.46 9.39 1.35 3.68
7 10.65 24.91 1.50 3.51
8 18.76 38.08 2.40 4.87
8.4 27.74 54.31 2.47 4.83
8.6 32.46 62.84 2.43 4.71
8.8 36.70 68.68 1.68 3.14
9 39.40 70.59 2.19 3.92
9.2 45.26 77.78 -0.89 -1.54
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混凝土抗拔桩动态变形全过程监测及轴力计算优化:以苏州东站抗拔桩拉伸试验为例
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杨昊轶 1 , 吴静红 1, * , 师文豪 1 , 娄庆楠 2 , 贾立翔 3 , 陈明银 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(17): 7328-7336
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(17): 7328-7336
混凝土抗拔桩动态变形全过程监测及轴力计算优化:以苏州东站抗拔桩拉伸试验为例
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杨昊轶1 , 吴静红1, * , 师文豪1, 娄庆楠2, 贾立翔3, 陈明银3
作者信息
  • 1 苏州科技大学土木工程学院, 苏州 215011
  • 2 南京大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京 210023
  • 3 苏州南智传感科技有限公司, 苏州 215123
  • 杨昊轶(1999—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:混凝土结构健康监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*吴静红(1989—),女,汉族,江苏苏州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质与岩土工程智能监测。E-mail:
Whole Process of Dynamic Deformation Monitoring and Axial Force Calculation Optimization for Concrete Uplift Piles: Taking the Uplift Pile Tensile Test at Suzhou East Station as an Example
Hao-yi YANG1 , Jing-hong WU1, * , Wen-hao SHI1, Qing-nan LOU2, Li-xiang JIA3, Ming-yin CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215011, China
  • 2 School of Earth Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3 Suzhou Nanzee Sensing Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215123, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405883
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抗拔桩依据结构特性有效承担了结构上拔荷载,成为解决抗浮问题的有效措施。精确获取抗拔桩内力是了解其承载特性的关键,但混凝土抗拉性能较差,当荷载达到一定量级后,导致其弹性模量降低,传统轴力计算方法不再适用。基于光频域反射技术(optical frequency domain reflectometry,OFDR)应变测量技术,通过抗拔桩室内模型试验,分析拉拔过程中钢筋和混凝土的应变分布和演化规律,获取受拉-破坏全过程混凝土弹性模量变化情况,提出利用混凝土应变与弹性模量关系曲线优化轴力计算方法,精准获取桩身轴力,并应用于实际工程。试验结果表明:在小荷载情况下,OFDR技术可以根据桩身应变曲线定位混凝土裂缝产生位置;大荷载桩身破坏情况下,可以利用应变与弹模关系曲线修正混凝土弹模,对混凝土轴力进行修正,相对传统计算方式可将全过程轴力相对误差控制在5%以内,实际工程验证了该方法的可行性,优化后的轴力计算具有更高的精确度。

OFDR  /  钢筋混凝土抗拔桩  /  弹性模量  /  应变监测  /  轴力

Uplift piles, in accordance with their structural properties, effectively sustain the structural uplift loads and have emerged as an efficacious solution to address the anti-floating issue. The precise determination of the internal forces within uplift piles is crucial for comprehending their load-bearing characteristics. Nevertheless, the tensile capacity of concrete is relatively feeble. Once the load attains a specific magnitude, its elastic modulus will decline, rendering the traditional axial force calculation methods inapplicable. By leveraging the optical frequency domain reflectometry(OFDR) strain measurement technology and conducting indoor model tests of uplift piles, the strain distribution and evolution patterns of both steel bars and concrete during the pulling process were analyzed. The alterations in the elastic modulus of concrete throughout the tension-failure process were thereby obtained. A method for optimizing the axial force calculation, which exploits the relationship curve between the concrete strain and elastic modulus, was put forward. This enables the accurate acquisition of the axial force of the pile body and its subsequent application in practical engineering projects. The test results indicate that under the condition of small loads, the OFDR technology can identify the locations where concrete cracks emerge based on the strain curve of the pile body. In the event of pile body failure under large loads, the elastic modulus of concrete can be rectified using the relationship curve between strain and elastic modulus. Compared with traditional calculation methods, the relative error of the axial force throughout the entire process can be confined within 5%. The viability of this approach has been corroborated in actual engineering endeavors, and the optimized axial force calculation exhibits enhanced precision.

OFDR  /  reinforced concrete uplift pile  /  elastic modulus  /  strain monitoring  /  axial force
杨昊轶, 吴静红, 师文豪, 娄庆楠, 贾立翔, 陈明银. 混凝土抗拔桩动态变形全过程监测及轴力计算优化:以苏州东站抗拔桩拉伸试验为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7328 -7336 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405883
Hao-yi YANG, Jing-hong WU, Wen-hao SHI, Qing-nan LOU, Li-xiang JIA, Ming-yin CHEN. Whole Process of Dynamic Deformation Monitoring and Axial Force Calculation Optimization for Concrete Uplift Piles: Taking the Uplift Pile Tensile Test at Suzhou East Station as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7328 -7336 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405883
随着地下空间及海上区域的开发利用,结构抗浮研究成为重点,抗拔桩依据结构特性有效承担了结构上拔荷载,成为解决抗浮问题的有效措施。探究抗拔过程中桩身变形过程及其内力演化,有助于理解抗拔桩承载破坏机理。
目前,常用的抗拔桩内力监测,如钢筋计、应力计等[1],安装过程中会破坏桩身结构的完整性,且主要针对钢筋应变进行监测。实际上,混凝土的热胀冷缩、干缩湿涨、徐变等特性,对钢筋计的非荷载应力影响很大[2-3]。此外,传统的轴力计算方法认为抗拔过程中,混凝土弹性模量始终是一个定值,通过混凝土与钢筋变形协调关系,假设两者应变一致来计算混凝土的应力,但实际上混凝土在不同应变范围内弹性模量是变化的,会随着应变增大而降低[4],因此传统计算方法在应变较小时,计算的轴力和实际值相对吻合,但是后期的轴力计算值将会远远超过实际力值。一些学者对混凝土结构轴力修正这方面进行相关研究,王开源等[5]进行了嵌岩桩缩尺模型试验,研究采空区到桩端的不同距离以及注浆后桩基础轴力的变化特征。徐昭辰等[6]通过测量钢弦频率换算出钢筋计的应力计算钢筋应变,假设混凝土应变与钢筋应变相同,结合混凝土支撑的物理力学参数间接计算支撑轴力。任文博等[7]通过浸水前后湿陷性黄土模型桩的入渗试验,研究桩周土体的变化以及桩身轴力的变化规律。张子真[8]通过公式推导和案例分析的方法,修正应变计计算公式,实现对混凝土支撑轴力的修正。肖振烨等[9]使用钢筋计对钢筋混凝土支撑轴力进行监测,考虑非荷载因素对钢筋混凝土支撑应变数据的影响。刘建军[10]使用钢弦式应力计对地铁基坑混凝土支撑进行轴力监测,发现混凝土徐变、温度、偏心荷载会影响轴力监测的精确性。目前,鲜有针对抗拔桩轴力精确计算的相关研究。近年来,分布式光纤感测技术由于其与被测物的耦合性好,监测精度高,被广泛应用于钢筋混凝土结构健康监测领域。王南苏等[11]使用分布式光纤传感技术对地铁基坑支撑在不同开挖工况下的轴力进行监测。秦仕伟等[12]发现通过光纤传感器测得的结果与有限元计算灌注桩承载特性的数值模拟结果基本一致。高磊等[13]采用光频域反射光纤传感技术开展了灌注桩桩身变形高精度测量现场试验,获得了灌注桩在加载和卸载过程中的桩身变形、桩身轴力及桩身侧摩阻力分布情况。王永洪等[14]利用光纤光栅传感技术研究了敞口混凝土管桩稳态贯入过程中桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力的变化规律。基于分布式光纤监测数据,陈进河等[15]在现有计算公式的基础上提出考虑混凝土收缩、徐变影响的轴力修正公式,对混凝土支撑轴力监测数据进行修正。李文杰等[16]通过分布式光纤对支护桩深层水平位移、内支撑轴力和基坑周边地表沉降进行开挖同步监测。陈国良等[17]使用光纤传感技术对实际工程中的混凝土支撑受力模型进行理论分析,推导得出不同受力方向下的应变和轴力计算公式并提出传感器的布设要求。然而,现有研究大多局限在混凝土受压工况下的研究,没有针对混凝土在受拉工况下的定量研究,也没有考虑混凝土弹性模量随着应变范围变化而变化这一因素。因此,对于抗拔桩这类结构,在混凝土抗拉性能较差的情况下,精准获取桩身轴力对实际工程尤为重要。
现基于光频域反射技术(optical frequency domain reflectometry,OFDR)技术,开展钢筋混凝土抗拔桩模型试验,分析动态变形过程中钢筋和混凝土的应变分布和演化规律,获取受拉-破坏全过程混凝土弹性模量变化情况,进一步优化轴力计算方法,以期为钢筋混凝土抗拔桩承载变化特性的研究提供技术支撑。
OFDR技术可以获取整根光纤的瑞利散射信息,通过测量瑞利散射信号位置及强度发生的改变,来反演出整根光纤各个位置的应变、温度分布情况,其工作原理如图1所示。
瑞利频移与温度和应变变化的关系可用式(1)表示[18-19]
$\mathrm{\Delta }v={C}_{\epsilon }\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon +{C}_{\mathrm{T}}\Delta T$
式(1)中:$\mathrm{\Delta }v$为瑞利散射的频移变化;${C}_{\epsilon }$为应变变化引起的频移变化的敏感系数;$\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon $为应变变化;CT为温度变化引起的频移变化的敏感系数;$\mathrm{\Delta }T$为温度变化。
消除温度影响后,通过将记录信号与参考信号进行相关,可以得到瑞利频移,使用以长度为空间分辨率的移动窗口扫描光纤的每个部分,可以获得光纤不同位置的分布应变信息[20],表达式为
$\mathrm{\Delta }\epsilon =\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{{C}_{\epsilon }}$
浇筑两根长为900 mm,截面直径160 mm的钢筋混凝土桩试件。混凝土粗骨料为粒径5~31.5 mm的连续级配天然碎石骨料,细骨料采用P·O 42.5 级普通硅酸盐水泥、河沙和水;钢筋采用直径为16 mm的HRB400螺纹钢筋,屈服强度400 MPa,弹性模量为200 GPa。参照规范《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ 55—2011)[21],采用配合比如表1所示。
图2所示,混凝土养护28 d后,将抗拔桩试件架设至反力架上,在反力架上依次安装锚索计、穿心千斤顶,并在两端用锚索紧固件固定。其中,轴力施加装置为穿心千斤顶,最小量程0.2 MPa。轴力监测装置为锚索计,连接FBG解调仪,利用波长转换公式得到实际施加的轴力。应变监测技术为OFDR,仪器最大测量距离为100 m,空间分辨率最大为1 mm,测量精度为±1 με。
图3所示,在钢筋上,沿钢筋轴向U形对称布设0.9 mm和2 mm两条紧包护套应变光缆。在钢筋一侧表面提前进行刻槽,在槽内埋设0.9 mm光缆,保持两端预拉状态,涂敷环氧树脂,涂敷长度为1 000 mm,其中900 mm监测混凝土内部钢筋应变,100 mm监测混凝土外部纯钢筋段应变;钢筋另一侧两端采用绑扎方式将2 mm光缆绑扎至钢筋上,保持预拉状态,长度为900 mm,监测混凝土内部应变。
在混凝土上下表面,呈U形对称布设0.9 mm应变光缆,与布设在钢筋上的两根光缆处于同一平面。使用环氧树脂涂敷,每侧涂敷长度为900 mm。桩尾过渡段光缆悬置空中,长约200 mm。
试验采用慢速维持荷载法,在桩头用千斤顶对抗拔桩模型进行分级加载,前期每级加载1 MPa,加载8级,加载至8 MPa后每级加载0.2 MPa,加载至10 MPa,每次加载结束后稳定30 min再进行应变和轴力数据采集。试验在室内进行,试验过程中温度变化小于5 ℃,因此可以忽略温度变化所导致的应变光缆温度变形和光栅波长值变化,无需进行温度补偿。
拉拔过程钢筋应变数据如图4所示,0~900 mm范围为混凝土内部钢筋应变,在钢筋端头0~300 mm和端尾600~900 mm范围,桩身内部钢筋上的应力逐渐传递到混凝土上,并形成一段应变耦合的过渡段,随着向桩身内部逐渐传递,混凝土分担的力逐渐增大,导致钢筋应变受混凝土作用不断减小,从而缓慢下降。300~600 mm范围所测应变为桩身中部钢筋应变,随着不断向桩身中部延伸,钢筋与混凝土间发生应变耦合,最终表现为混凝土与钢筋的整体应变一致,钢筋应变趋于稳定。900~1 000 mm为裸露在外部的纯钢筋段应变,随荷载增加呈现出迅速增长的趋势。9.2 MPa后,混凝土开裂,钢筋应变也出现较大波动,应变波峰位置约为300 mm处,该处位置附近的混凝土外表面可观察到裂缝,但该处应变明显大于纯钢筋段应变,原因为混凝土破坏造成钢筋表面应变光缆监测数据异常,故平均应变选取时剔除该段。
混凝土表面上侧和下侧应变如图5所示,随着荷载等级逐级增加,混凝土应变提高,9.2 MPa后混凝土开裂,此时应变曲线出现较大波动,因为是U形布设,所以上下侧对称位置均出现波峰,上侧波峰位置距桩头300~450 mm,下侧波峰位于300~400 mm处,实际发现混凝土外表面产生裂缝,上侧表面裂缝位置距桩头约335 mm,下侧裂缝距桩头约330 mm,如图6所示。
混凝土内部应变如图7所示,存在两个波峰。较大波峰位置在320~450 mm处,对应外表面开裂位置处。该位置混凝土在较小荷载下内部应变比其他区间范围高,由此可以推断,在桩身拉拔过程中,一旦产生裂缝,随着荷载等级的提升,内部裂缝易不断发展导致桩身开裂破坏,表现形式为单根从内向外的贯通长裂缝,并且可以在低荷载等级时依据应变波峰位置初步推断裂缝形成位置。较小的波峰出现在曲线最左侧,对应位置为桩头处,千斤顶施加的拉力最先传递到该处,因浇筑原因,导致监测值偏大,故轴力计算时剔除该段数据。
依据材料力学[22]相关理论,桩身轴力由混凝土和钢筋分别承担,表达式为
${F}_{\mathrm{a}}={E}_{\mathrm{a}}{A}_{\mathrm{a}}{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{a}}$
${F}_{\mathrm{t}}={E}_{\mathrm{t}}{A}_{\mathrm{t}}{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}$
$F={F}_{\mathrm{a}}+{F}_{\mathrm{a}}$
式中:Fa为钢筋承担的轴力;Ft为混凝土承担的轴力;F为桩身总轴力;Ea为钢筋弹性模量;Aa为钢筋截面积;${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{a}}$为桩身内部钢筋应变;Et为混凝土弹性模量;At为混凝土截面面积;${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}$为桩身内部混凝土应变。其中,${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{a}}$${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}$由OFDR实测,钢筋截面积、钢筋弹性模量、混凝土横截面积均已知。
由于监测钢筋应变的光缆受混凝土开裂影响,导致部分钢筋应变监测数据异常,因此计算钢筋平均应变选择钢筋应变较平稳段数值,即图4中300~700 mm位置。计算混凝土平均应变选取图7中混凝土内部250~900 mm处应变数据。钢筋和混凝土不同荷载下的平均应变如图8所示,纯钢筋段裸露在外部单独承担拉力,故应变明显大于桩身混凝土和内部钢筋,在混凝土开裂破坏前,混凝土与内部钢筋耦合性较好,两者应变量接近,混凝土开裂后,两者不再遵循应变一致性原则。
以锚索计测得的轴力F作为已知量,利用式(6) 计算混凝土弹性模量,计算结果如图9所示。
${E}_{\mathrm{t}}=\frac{F-{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{a}}{E}_{\mathrm{a}}{A}_{\mathrm{a}}}{{\epsilon }_{\mathrm{t}}{A}_{\mathrm{t}}}$
在荷载等级较低时,混凝土弹性模量基本不变,但随着荷载等级的提高,混凝土逐渐产生塑性变形和内部微裂缝,导致刚度场发生变化,弹性模量随着荷载等级的提高而降低,荷载9.2 MPa后混凝土桩开裂,弹性模量急剧下降。因此,在混凝土处于小应变情况下,利用混凝土的初始弹性模量乘以应变得出的结果可以代表真实的轴力值,然而,在大应变时,用混凝土初始弹性模量乘以应变得到的混凝土轴力值将偏大许多。
绘制拉拔全过程混凝土应变与弹性模量关系曲线,拟合结果如图10所示,得到拟合公式为
$E\left(\epsilon \right)=a\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left(b\epsilon \right)+c$
式(7)中:$E\left(\epsilon \right)$为不同应变时混凝土的弹性模量,$\epsilon $为混凝土应变量;a=3.355,b=-0.004 84,c=0.214 3,R2=0.986。
利用浇筑的相同混凝土桩模型进行二次试验,根据拟合结果对轴力进行分段计算,当混凝土应变≤50 με时,弹性模量取理论值,取3.15 MPa,当混凝土应变>50 με,根据式(7)得到不同应变时混凝土弹性模量。将不同应变条件下混凝土弹性模量以及钢筋弹性模量、混凝土和钢筋截面积、混凝土和钢筋应变量分别代入式(3)~式(5)计算优化后的桩身轴力F'。计算结果与传统计算结果F″、锚索计换算轴力F对比如图11所示。可以发现,在荷载等级较小时,混凝土产生小应变情况时,3种方法得到的轴力基本一致;随着荷载等级逐渐增大,混凝土产生较大应变情况时,优化后计算结果与锚索计监测结果吻合度仍较高,但传统方法计算结果明显偏大,已不再适用。
以锚索计轴力值作为真值,传统轴力计算结果与优化后轴力计算结果误差如表2所示。在荷载等级6 MPa之前,混凝土处于小应变范围,两种计算方法的轴力值与真值误差较小。随着荷载等级持续增大,混凝土应变逐渐增大,优化后的轴力计算值相对误差均控制在5%以内,然而传统方法计算结果的相对误差较大,并且呈现出相对误差随着荷载等级的提高而增大的趋势。全过程中,传统方法计算轴力平均误差达到32.68%,优化后轴力平均误差减小至3.55%。由此可见,当混凝土处于大应变且未破坏,传统轴力计算方法已经不再适用,利用优化后的轴力计算方法可以有效提高轴力计算精度。
现场抗拔桩拉伸试验场地位于苏州东站,该区域地层含水量较高,地下一层为城市通廊及社会停车场,地上一层至三层为商业、办公、休闲等功能复合的城市空间。抗拔桩总长60 m,桩径1 100 mm,桩身混凝土强度等级C35,现场试验如图12所示。
图13所示,传感光缆沿钢筋笼对称主筋布置,布设在钢筋笼内侧,不易与周围岩土体和灌注设备触碰,光缆布设时需进行预拉,保持光缆顺直,其中2 mm应变光缆监测混凝土应变,间隔1~2 m采用扎带绑扎在主筋上,0.9 mm应变光缆监测钢筋应变,使用环氧树脂涂敷在钢筋表面。当桩头需要破坏重做时,光缆应采用强度较高的PU管、波纹管等进行保护,保护深度须大于预定破坏深度。基桩静载过程中测试光缆需从桩头侧边出线,以避开加载设施。
利用该工程的抗拔桩进行试桩试验,分12级逐级加载,分别为947、1 864、2 858、3 830、4 900、5 880、6 860、7 840、8 330、8 820、9 310、9 800 kN,抗拔桩拉伸试验在满足桩身混凝土养护龄期以后进行,加载方式采用慢速维持载荷法,加载时间按照每2 h一级进行,每级荷载稳定后利用传感光纤采集桩身钢筋和混凝土应变数据。由于桩身埋深较深,实际温度变化量可以忽略不计,不用温度补偿[23]
桩身钢筋和混凝土原始应变数据如图14所示,桩身拉应变随着荷载等级的提高而稳定增加,在荷载为9 800 kN时,钢筋和混凝土最大拉应变均为700 με左右。沿着桩埋深方向,桩身拉应变整体趋势随着桩体埋深的增加先增大后逐渐减小,拉应变最大值出现在埋深7~10 m处,埋深30 m后应变波动较小,最后在桩底处逐渐趋于0。
利用提出的混凝土应变弹模关系曲线,当混凝土应变≤50 με时,取3.15 MPa,当混凝土应变>50 με,根据式(7)得到不同应变时的弹性模量,计算结果如图15所示,可见拉拔过程中混凝土弹性模量随荷载等级的变化发生时空变化。将计算得到的混凝土弹性模量和实测混凝土应变以及钢筋应变、弹性模量、横截面积代入式(3)~式(5),优化计算桩身轴力结果如图16(a)所示。传统轴力计算方法,取C35混凝土弹性模量恒定值3.15 MPa,结果如图16(b)所示。优化后的轴力计算结果显示混凝土应变量较大时计算得出的轴力与实际施加值较为接近,而传统轴力计算结果与实际加载值在混凝土变形量较大时偏差较大,计算得出的最大轴力为25 000 kN,因此传统计算方法无法在此情况下精确计算桩身轴力。
为了方便对比两种计算方法的效果,选取图16中波峰处的轴力值绘制拉拔全过程轴力与荷载等级关系曲线,由图17可知,优化后轴力计算值F'与实际值F较接近,传统计算方法F″与实际值F偏差较大,因现场抗拔桩还受桩身侧摩阻力影响,故导致计算值与实际值之间仍有略微偏差。
钢筋混凝土抗拔桩受拉过程中弹性模量受应变影响发生变化导致桩身轴力难以精确计算。利用高空间分辨率OFDR技术监测了钢筋混凝土桩在拉拔过程中钢筋和混凝土的应变变化规律,探究了大应变情况下,裂缝发育后抗拔桩的轴力优化计算方法并运用于实际工程,研究结果如下。
(1)OFDR空间分辨率最高可达1 mm,利用OFDR技术可以监测混凝土开裂过程中的应变变化,应变突起尖峰位置与混凝土裂缝位置一致,可通过混凝土应变曲线波峰定位裂缝位置。
(2)在桩身受拉过程中,随着荷载等级的提升,内部裂缝易不断发展导致桩身开裂破坏,表现形式为单根从内向外的贯通长裂缝,基于分布式光纤传感技术的优势,可以实现在低荷载等级时依据应变波峰位置初步推断裂缝形成位置。
(3)在混凝土产生裂缝后,通过应变与弹性模量关系曲线计算轴力与实际施加的轴力平均误差为3.55%,并且在每级荷载条件下相对误差均控制在5%以内,较传统计算方法精度高。
(4)将室内试验得出的优化轴力计算方法应用到实际工程,结果显示优化后的轴力计算值与实际值较为接近,验证了该方法的可行性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42202306)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405883
  • 接收时间:2024-08-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(42202306)
作者信息
    1 苏州科技大学土木工程学院, 苏州 215011
    2 南京大学地球科学与工程学院, 南京 210023
    3 苏州南智传感科技有限公司, 苏州 215123

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*吴静红(1989—),女,汉族,江苏苏州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质与岩土工程智能监测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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