Article(id=1207343630847677041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406792, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782752954, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782752954, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782752954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782752954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7040, endPage=7052, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343631569097337, articleId=1207343630847677041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Review of the Research Progress on the Bearing Characteristics of Pile Foundations Crossing Karst Caves, columnId=1207343631472628343, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies-Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

All the information regarding the distribution of karst caves sometimes cannot be fully reflected by means such as drilling, electrical prospecting and seismic exploration. Even with optimized design, it remains difficult to avoid the situation where pile foundations are constructed above karst caves and have to penetrate through them. The current research status of the bearing characteristics of pile foundations penetrating karst caves was analyzed from aspects like theoretical calculation, numerical simulation, indoor experiment, on-site experiment and karst cave filling materials. The following conclusions are obtained. When calculating the bearing capacity of pile foundations penetrating karst caves, the influence of the three-dimensional geometric dimensions of karst caves on the bearing characteristics of pile foundations must be comprehensively taken into account. The accuracy of parameter selection needs to be enhanced, the load transfer mechanism should be thoroughly understood, and theoretical models considering the influence of multiple factors comprehensively should be developed. In on-site experiments, emphasis should be placed on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of data collection. Unified standards and specifications ought to be established to enhance the representativeness, universality and applicability of the experimental results, thereby providing references for similar issues. Indoor models have investigated the influence law of the shape of karst caves on the bearing characteristics of pile foundations, analyzed the interaction mechanism between pile foundations and the roof of karst caves, and disclosed the stress characteristics and failure modes of pile foundations when penetrating karst caves. However, the shapes of simulated karst caves are relatively regular and single, and the influence of groundwater, temperature and the filling of karst caves on the bearing mechanism of pile foundations is rarely considered. The numerical simulation method is capable of simulating the bearing characteristics of pile foundations under complex stress states with different karst cave shapes, different pile types and different construction conditions. Nevertheless, the accuracy of parameter selection and simulation results requires improvement. The establishment of real geometric models of karst caves is a crucial development direction in the future. The research and optimization of karst cave filling materials are rather idealized, and their application under complex geological conditions is rather difficult. They usually exhibit performances that do not meet expectations. The research and development of karst cave filling materials should fully consider the adverse effects of special geological conditions, temperature changes and the chemical corrosion effect of the water environment in karst caves on the properties of filling materials.

, correspAuthors=Zhen-kun HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-xiong TANG, Hao-zhao ZHOU, He-song HU, Jun-chao YANG, Zao LING, Dan LUO, Ze-long YAN, Zhen-kun HOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343634643522195, articleId=1207343630847677041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究进展综述, columnId=1177980719147135082, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过钻孔、电法、地震勘探等手段有时难以反映溶洞分布的全部信息,即使通过优化设计也难以避免将桩基置于溶洞上方进行施工并穿越溶洞。从理论计算、数值模拟、室内试验、现场试验、溶洞充填材料等几个方面对穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究现状进行了分析,得到了如下结论:穿越溶洞型桩基承载力计算时应充分考虑溶洞的三维几何尺寸对桩基承载特性的影响,应提高参数选取的准确性、深入理解荷载传递机制、发展综合考虑多因素影响的理论模型;现场试验应注重数据采集的准确性和全面性,应形成统一的标准和规范,增加试验结果的代表性、通用性和普适性,为同类问题提供参考;室内模型研究了溶洞形态对桩基承载特性的影响规律,分析了桩基与溶洞顶板之间的相互作用机理,揭示了桩基在穿越溶洞时的受力特性和破坏模式,但模拟溶洞的形状比较规整且单一,较少考虑地下水、温度以及溶洞充填后对桩基承载机理的影响;数值模拟方法能够模拟不同溶洞形态、不同桩型及不同施工条件下桩基在复杂的受力状态下的承载特性,但其参数选择的准确性及模拟结果的准确性有待提高,真实溶洞几何模型的建立是未来重点的发展方向;溶洞充填材料的研发及优化比较理想化,在复杂地质条件下的应用难度比较大,通常表现出不符合预期的性能;溶洞充填材料的研发应充分考虑特殊地质地质条件、温度变化、溶洞水环境的化学腐蚀作用等对充填材料的性能产生的不利影响。

, correspAuthors=侯振坤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*侯振坤(1988—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,副教授,高级工程师。研究方向:油气开采、桩基工程。E-mail:
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唐孟雄(1964—),男,汉族,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程与施工技术。E-mail:

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唐孟雄(1964—),男,汉族,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程与施工技术。E-mail:

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唐孟雄(1964—),男,汉族,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程与施工技术。E-mail:

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穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究进展综述
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唐孟雄 1, 2, 3, 4 , 周浩钊 1 , 胡贺松 2, 3 , 杨俊超 3 , 凌造 3 , 罗丹 5 , 严泽龙 6 , 侯振坤 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025,25(17): 7040-7052
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·建筑科学 2025, 25(17): 7040-7052
穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究进展综述
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唐孟雄1, 2, 3, 4 , 周浩钊1, 胡贺松2, 3, 杨俊超3, 凌造3, 罗丹5, 严泽龙6, 侯振坤1, *
作者信息
  • 1 广东工业大学土木与交通工程学院, 广州 510006
  • 2 广州建筑股份有限公司, 广州 510030
  • 3 广州市建筑集团有限公司, 广州 510030
  • 4 广州大学土木与交通工程学院, 广州 510006
  • 5 中铁二十二局集团第五工程有限公司, 重庆 400700
  • 6 广州市瑞圣建筑服务有限公司, 广州 510030
  • 唐孟雄(1964—),男,汉族,湖南邵阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:岩土工程与施工技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*侯振坤(1988—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,副教授,高级工程师。研究方向:油气开采、桩基工程。E-mail:
Review of the Research Progress on the Bearing Characteristics of Pile Foundations Crossing Karst Caves
Meng-xiong TANG1, 2, 3, 4 , Hao-zhao ZHOU1, He-song HU2, 3, Jun-chao YANG3, Zao LING3, Dan LUO5, Ze-long YAN6, Zhen-kun HOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2 Guangzhou Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510030, China
  • 3 Guangzhou Municipal Construction Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510030, China
  • 4 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangzhou Univering, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 5 China Railway 22nd Bureau Group 5th Engineering Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400700, China
  • 6 Guangzhou Risheng Building Services Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510030, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406792
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通过钻孔、电法、地震勘探等手段有时难以反映溶洞分布的全部信息,即使通过优化设计也难以避免将桩基置于溶洞上方进行施工并穿越溶洞。从理论计算、数值模拟、室内试验、现场试验、溶洞充填材料等几个方面对穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究现状进行了分析,得到了如下结论:穿越溶洞型桩基承载力计算时应充分考虑溶洞的三维几何尺寸对桩基承载特性的影响,应提高参数选取的准确性、深入理解荷载传递机制、发展综合考虑多因素影响的理论模型;现场试验应注重数据采集的准确性和全面性,应形成统一的标准和规范,增加试验结果的代表性、通用性和普适性,为同类问题提供参考;室内模型研究了溶洞形态对桩基承载特性的影响规律,分析了桩基与溶洞顶板之间的相互作用机理,揭示了桩基在穿越溶洞时的受力特性和破坏模式,但模拟溶洞的形状比较规整且单一,较少考虑地下水、温度以及溶洞充填后对桩基承载机理的影响;数值模拟方法能够模拟不同溶洞形态、不同桩型及不同施工条件下桩基在复杂的受力状态下的承载特性,但其参数选择的准确性及模拟结果的准确性有待提高,真实溶洞几何模型的建立是未来重点的发展方向;溶洞充填材料的研发及优化比较理想化,在复杂地质条件下的应用难度比较大,通常表现出不符合预期的性能;溶洞充填材料的研发应充分考虑特殊地质地质条件、温度变化、溶洞水环境的化学腐蚀作用等对充填材料的性能产生的不利影响。

岩溶  /  桩基  /  穿越溶洞  /  承载特性  /  充填材料  /  综述

All the information regarding the distribution of karst caves sometimes cannot be fully reflected by means such as drilling, electrical prospecting and seismic exploration. Even with optimized design, it remains difficult to avoid the situation where pile foundations are constructed above karst caves and have to penetrate through them. The current research status of the bearing characteristics of pile foundations penetrating karst caves was analyzed from aspects like theoretical calculation, numerical simulation, indoor experiment, on-site experiment and karst cave filling materials. The following conclusions are obtained. When calculating the bearing capacity of pile foundations penetrating karst caves, the influence of the three-dimensional geometric dimensions of karst caves on the bearing characteristics of pile foundations must be comprehensively taken into account. The accuracy of parameter selection needs to be enhanced, the load transfer mechanism should be thoroughly understood, and theoretical models considering the influence of multiple factors comprehensively should be developed. In on-site experiments, emphasis should be placed on the accuracy and comprehensiveness of data collection. Unified standards and specifications ought to be established to enhance the representativeness, universality and applicability of the experimental results, thereby providing references for similar issues. Indoor models have investigated the influence law of the shape of karst caves on the bearing characteristics of pile foundations, analyzed the interaction mechanism between pile foundations and the roof of karst caves, and disclosed the stress characteristics and failure modes of pile foundations when penetrating karst caves. However, the shapes of simulated karst caves are relatively regular and single, and the influence of groundwater, temperature and the filling of karst caves on the bearing mechanism of pile foundations is rarely considered. The numerical simulation method is capable of simulating the bearing characteristics of pile foundations under complex stress states with different karst cave shapes, different pile types and different construction conditions. Nevertheless, the accuracy of parameter selection and simulation results requires improvement. The establishment of real geometric models of karst caves is a crucial development direction in the future. The research and optimization of karst cave filling materials are rather idealized, and their application under complex geological conditions is rather difficult. They usually exhibit performances that do not meet expectations. The research and development of karst cave filling materials should fully consider the adverse effects of special geological conditions, temperature changes and the chemical corrosion effect of the water environment in karst caves on the properties of filling materials.

karst  /  pile foundation  /  crossing karst cave  /  bearing characteristics  /  filling materials  /  review
唐孟雄, 周浩钊, 胡贺松, 杨俊超, 凌造, 罗丹, 严泽龙, 侯振坤. 穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性研究进展综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7040 -7052 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406792
Meng-xiong TANG, Hao-zhao ZHOU, He-song HU, Jun-chao YANG, Zao LING, Dan LUO, Ze-long YAN, Zhen-kun HOU. Review of the Research Progress on the Bearing Characteristics of Pile Foundations Crossing Karst Caves[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7040 -7052 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406792
岩溶地质是工程中常见的不良地质,溶蚀、溶沟、溶槽、单个溶洞或多层串珠状溶洞等对工程建设产生了较大的影响。中国岩溶面积约为344万km2,约占国土面积的1/3,其中东南和西南裸露岩溶面积达54万km2,西南地区岩溶面积占西南地区面积的1/3以上。
在岩溶区进行桩基施工时存在漏浆、塌孔、埋钻、桩身质量差等技术难题,桩基施工应尽可能避开岩溶区,但岩溶区地质条件十分复杂,溶洞裂隙随机发育,通过钻孔等初勘手段有时难以反映溶洞分布的全部信息,此外,在岩溶分布密集区,即使通过优化设计,也难以避免将桩基置于溶洞上方进行施工的客观事实。因此,岩溶区桩基施工成孔或成桩成本高、难度大,质量风险和安全风险控制难度大,在岩溶区如何安全、高效、经济中进行桩基施工已成为中国岩溶区建筑、桥梁和道路建设过程中亟须解决的关键技术难题。
溶洞顶板完整、顶板厚度一般大于3倍桩径且不小于5 m,可将桩端置于溶洞顶板上方,利用桩端岩层溶洞顶板的自承能力提供承载力。实际工程中,溶洞顶板厚度不足或者岩性太差难以作为桩端持力层的情况也普遍存在,此时桩基穿越溶洞将桩端嵌入溶洞洞底的中微风化岩层中,可大幅提高桩基承载力以及岩溶区上部结构稳定性,在溶洞区进行桥梁、道路及建筑结构施工中发挥了极大的作用。但若采用基于锤击法或静压法的预应力高强混凝土(the prestressed high-intensity concrete,PHC)管桩,其直径通常小于600 mm且桩底难以嵌入硬岩土层,因而其单桩承载力一般较低。若岩溶区施工时采用灌注桩,则需要进行溶洞灌浆回填处理或全套筒护壁,大大增加了施工成本和施工周期,此外,由于溶洞的隐蔽性易导致泥浆护壁的灌注桩发生塌孔、钻孔偏斜、漏浆、卡钻等工程事故,严重影响桩基施工安全和施工效率,且成桩质量难以控制,易发生不均匀沉降从而导致桩基失效。可见桩基穿越溶洞进行施工时将面临一系列的工程难题。
溶洞的大小、形状、位置以及填充物的性质等因素都会改变穿越溶洞型桩基的承载机制。溶洞的存在造成桩基的荷载传递机制与常规情况有所不同。关于穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性已经形成了一系列的研究成果,但仍然面临着承载力设计不准、溶洞顶底板破坏模式不详、溶洞充填效果与桩基承载之间的作用机理不明确等诸多挑战,具体为:现有研究往往侧重于某一特定类型或条件下的溶洞,难以全面覆盖所有可能的地质情况对桩基承载特性的影响;部分理论研究成果是基于理想化假设条件下建立的,因此在实际工程中的应用效果并不理想,理论研究与工程实践发生脱节;经验公式往往基于有限的试验数据得出,难以全面考虑各种影响因素;数值模拟则受到计算模型、参数设置等影响,可能导致计算结果与实际情况存在偏差;穿越溶洞型桩基的承载特性是一个长期变化的过程,受到多种因素的影响,目前长期监测数据相对缺乏,难以全面了解桩基在不同时间段内的承载性能变化规律。
基于此,现通过对数值模拟、理论分析、现场试验和案例研究等进行综述,全面分析溶洞对桩基承载特性的影响及未来的发展方向,以促进穿越溶洞型桩基在工程中的安全应用。通过深化承载机理研究、完善计算方法、优化溶腔整治技术、加强工程实践等手段,以促进研究成果应用于实际工程中,通过工程实践验证和完善研究成果的可靠性和适用性。
杨卫东[1]分析了溶洞地区不同桩长及桩径、不同洞高及洞跨下桥梁基桩在竖向荷载作用下的承载力变化规律,并通过灰色理论得出洞高与洞跨与极限承载力对应关系式。王伟等[2-3]基于正交实验设计方法与数值模拟,探讨了穿越单层溶洞型桩基在不同溶洞高度和跨径影响下的失稳破坏模式,并建立了穿越溶洞基桩极限承载力的计算公式。苏冠峰等[4]利用数值模拟方法研究了基桩穿越双层溶洞时溶洞半径、溶洞竖向间距、溶洞高度对竖向承载特性的影响,得到了多层岩溶区桩基承载力计算方法。赵明华等[5-6]提出了岩溶区嵌岩桩桩端极限承载力计算模型,并利用复变函数对岩溶区嵌岩桩桩端平均约束应力进行了求解,得到了岩溶区嵌岩桩桩端极限承载力计算方法。吴高桥[7]分析了溶洞顶板厚度、岩体质量指标mi、地质强度指标(GSI)值以及桩洞水平偏移距离等对穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性的影响,探讨了不同参数对溶洞顶板的破坏模式的影响。徐卓君[8]提出了通过桩端平均约束应力求解嵌岩桩桩端极限承载力的方法。何庆华等[9]基于荷载传递法得到具有较高精度的贯穿溶洞型基桩承载力,由于其理论分析方面存在一定误差,有待于后续进一步的研究。龚先兵[10]和雷勇等[11]建立了穿越溶洞型基桩尖点突变模型的分叉集方程,分别提出了岩溶地区桩基桩端的极限承载力公式和穿越单层溶洞基桩屈曲临界荷载计算方法。刘泽宇[12]基于基桩总势能原理,引入突变理论对岩溶区穿越大洞高溶洞的极限承载力进行了推导计算。周洁等[13]和闫楠等[14]研究了嵌岩桩的竖向承载性能,分别归纳总结分析了不同的规范法、理论法及经验公式法计算嵌岩桩竖向承载力的优缺点和对嵌岩桩承载性能的研究现状进行梳理,主要从嵌岩桩的荷载传递规律、破坏模式、承载特性以及影响承载特性的主要因素这4个方面展开。为后续学者研究穿越溶洞型嵌岩桩基的竖向承载力计算提供参考。张乾青等[15]研究了穿越无充填溶洞时单桩的承载特性,分别对不同溶洞半径、不同溶洞位置及不同桩径的工况进行了模拟,提出了穿越无充填溶洞单桩的承载特性计算方法。聂庆科等[16]分析了“地层-基桩-溶洞”系统的渐进破坏过程,基于塌落拱理论建立溶洞顶板张拉破坏高度的计算方法,揭示桩身侧摩阻力的“拱效应”现象,基于小应变理论和单向受压微元体平衡方程,提出了桩身轴向受压极限荷载的计算方法和穿越溶洞型基桩竖向极限承载力的计算流程。成圆梦[17]构建三维数值仿真模型,分析单一因素和双重因素交互作用下桩基极限承载力,提出了适用于岩溶发育区桩基极限承载力计算的经验公式。侯振坤等[18]对贯穿溶洞型桩基承载特性研究进行综述,指出现有推导出的承载力计算公式大多仅单一考虑了岩石强度、弹性模量和顶板厚度的影响,后续单桩极限承载力计算公式推导应考虑多因素协同影响。
综上所述,穿越溶洞型桩基承载力计算已形成了丰富的成果,但也存在明显的不足:现有的理论计算往往将模型简化为岩土体性质均一、溶洞形状规则的情况,计算模型偏理想化,造成理论计算结果与实际情况可能存在较大偏差;在计算过程中,部分模型忽略了溶洞的几何尺寸对桩基承载特性的影响,或者对这些因素的处理过于简化,导致计算结果不够准确;部分计算公式的重要参数采用经验法进行确定,有限的经验数据难以精确确认参数,其适用性和准确性有待优化和验证;现有计算方法较少考虑地应力的影响,地应力不同造成溶洞洞壁受力状态大为不同,严重影响溶洞的顶底板和侧壁的稳定性,在不同的地应力作用下,桩身与溶洞之间的相互作用机制较为复杂,理论计算方法应充分考虑地应力的影响;部分学者将穿越溶洞型基桩视为普通的嵌岩桩,附加额外的安全系数进行极限承载力设计,忽略溶洞顶板以上岩土体对桩身侧摩阻力的影响,显然这种计算方法是偏保守的。目前各国学者采用不同的理论、进行不同程度的假设和简化,建立了一系列的穿越溶洞型桩基承载力计算方法,这些方法目前尚未形成统一的标准和规范,导致计算结果存在较大的差异和争议。此外,穿越溶洞型桩基的荷载传递机制及失效破坏过程尚未完全明确,目前的理论模型还不能完全描述桩基在溶洞中的荷载传递过程,桩土相互作用的复杂性增加了理论计算的难度。未来的研究应加强对溶洞复杂性的模拟、提高参数选取的准确性、深入理解荷载传递机制、发展综合考虑多因素影响的理论模型,进一步加强不同理论之间的对比研究、完善计算方法、充分考虑各种影响因素、制定统一的标准和规范,并在工程实践中不断积累经验和技术,从而提高计算结果的准确性和可靠性。
现场原位试验是研究岩溶区桩基承载特性最可靠的方法之一。通过在桩身、桩端岩体及溶洞顶板上埋设电测元件,测定桩身应力应变及顶板的变形。这种方法有助于研究桩基的荷载传递规律、沉降、桩端岩层的变形规律及破坏模式,可以获得更加准确可靠的数据。曹慧等[19]在现场开展了原位地应力(围压)条件下,桩端持力层深度岩块纵波速度测试,发现随着风化程度的降低,地应力作用对岩体完整性系数的影响增强。邢宇铖[20]探明桩位范围内岩溶、软弱夹层发育情况,为开展桩基穿越溶洞的数值模拟提供理论依据。郭蕊[21]开展现场静荷载试验,分析了嵌固深度和溶洞总高度等因素对整体影响系数的影响,发现穿越溶洞型嵌岩桩的嵌固深度较大时对整体影响系数的影响较小。如图1所示,冯忠居等[22]和陈慧芸等[23]开展了回填法处理溶洞时桩基荷载传递机制现场试验,研究了回填法处治溶洞时穿越不同高度溶洞的桩基竖向承载特性和荷载传递机制,提出了不同洞高下回填材料引起的负摩阻力最大值及其分布范围占比的变化规律。严君宇等[24]对于贯穿溶洞型桩基竖向承载特性及影响因素研究进行综述,指出现浇桩基需解决施工问题,如灌注桩施工中的漏浆和卡钻问题;预制桩基受桩径小和难嵌岩等因素的影响,其在岩溶区普遍存在承载力不足的问题。郑涛等[25]依托新建沪渝蓉高速铁路的岩溶桥基工程,开展桩基础竖向受荷现场试验,研究了有无溶洞、不同溶洞直径和不同溶洞位置等因素对穿越溶洞桩基础竖向荷载传递机制的影响规律。
综上,现场试验提供了宝贵的岩溶区桩基承载特性的数据和结果。由于穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性现场试验的费用较高,再加上岩溶区地质条件复杂,溶洞形状、尺寸、埋深等难以精确确认,造成目前现场试验的研究相对较少。整体上来看,现场试验研究主要有如下不足:岩溶地区的地质条件复杂多变,溶洞的大小、形状、分布以及填充情况等因素具有高度的随机性和不确定性,造成影响现场实验结果的因素较多,难以通过控制单一变量对实验结果进行精确分析,每个场地的现场实验工况差异较大,试验结果的代表性、通用性和普适性受到比较大的限制;现场实验过程中桩基的施工条件变量比较大,实验结果受成孔工艺、注浆质量、施工速度等影响较大,且这些变量受限于因素较多、难以进行有效控制;现场试验通常需要较大的经济投入和人力物力,这在一定程度上限制了试验的规模和频率,整体上穿越溶洞型桩基的实际应用案例相对较少,现场试验一般数量有限,相应的现场试验数据也较为有限,参数设置不够全面,难以开展一系列实验进行对比分析,仅能针对特定的施工条件和地质环境进行岩溶区桩基承载力测试实验,缺乏系统性实验分析,单一的实验结果限制了对岩溶区桩基承载机理的系统性和深入性分析;岩溶区桩基承载特性现场试验可能存在数据采集不全、部分数据比较难采集等问题,甚至部分数据采集存在较大误差,给实验结果分析带来很大的困扰;目前针对穿越溶洞型桩基的承载特性尚未形成统一的标准和规范,这导致不同试验成果之间的比较和验证存在困难,也限制了试验成果在工程实践中的广泛应用。
现场试验费用高且普适性较差,室内模拟实验相较于现场试验成本较低,不需要大型的设备和复杂的现场准备,适合于进行大量重复试验和长期机制研究。室内模拟实验能够在相对可控的条件下进行,且更容易实现相同的试验条件,试验结果具有更好的重复。室内模拟实验可以方便地安装各种测量仪器,如应力应变传感器、位移计等,以获取详尽的实验数据,为理论分析提供支持。
基于室内试验形成了一系列的成果。苏冠峰[26]开展室内模拟基桩在竖向荷载作用下穿越多层岩溶区的承载特性与穿越无溶洞和单层溶洞的差异。得出结论:岩溶地区的基桩沉降大于普通岩层基桩的沉降,并且承载力低于普通岩层基桩的承载力,破坏面集中在桩侧与岩石界面和桩底与岩层界面。江松等[27]和黄明等[28]基于振动台模型试验,研究了地震和桩端荷载作用下桩基础顶板的动力响应特征,对顶板厚度及溶洞直径等影响因素进行了分析。试验结果显示:桩端顶板稳定性受顶板厚度与溶洞尺寸影响显著;当顶板厚度固定时,较小溶洞尺寸易致使顶板出现剪切破坏,较大溶洞直径则会引发常见的冲切破坏,且冲切块体积随溶洞直径增大而增加。Chen等[29]采用了一种新方法研究了跨洞桩的施工性能。采用离心模型试验和灵敏度理论模型对桩的垂直承载特性进行了研究。选择了12种桩方案,采用长24 cm,直径2.5 cm的无溶洞常规桩作为对照组。在其方案中,桩穿过4个不同高度的溶洞、4个不同的跨度和3个不同数量的溶洞。结果表明,增加溶洞高度、跨度和数量会减小桩的垂直极限承载力。刘泽宇[12]通过室内模型试验,研究了岩溶区穿越单层溶洞嵌岩桩承载特性,发现穿越单层溶洞嵌岩桩的承载力随着溶洞高度的增加而减小,当溶洞高度超过10倍桩径后承载力趋于稳定值。雷勇等[30-31]开展了穿越不同高度单层溶洞桩基与穿越不同高度双层溶洞桩基的室内模型试验,得出溶洞桩基极限承载力及破坏模式,揭示了桩基穿越单层溶洞与穿越双层溶洞的极限承载力随溶洞高度变化的规律,并将不同高度溶洞下桩基和溶洞顶板的破坏模式进行了分类。李熙来[32]开展基桩穿越单层溶洞型与串珠状溶洞型的室内物理模型试验研究,为数值模拟提供理论依据。李鹏甲[33]开展了岩溶区穿越双层溶洞桩基承载机理和破坏模式室内模型试验研究,分析了桩岩体系破坏模式与洞高之间的关系,并揭示了穿越双层溶洞桩基极限承载力随洞高的变化规律。李宇杰等[34-35]利用离心模型试验,研究了桩基础穿越溶洞且位于陡坡地段时,竖向荷载作用下陡坡坡度变化对桩基础荷载-沉降曲线、桩基础极限承载力、桩身轴力以及桩侧阻力的影响。桩端荷载下穿越溶洞室内模拟实验示例如图2所示。
由此可见,穿越单层溶洞时,“基桩-地层-溶洞”系统失效模式主要包括基桩的轴向破坏以及溶洞顶板的张拉破坏,其竖向荷载由桩端阻力和摩阻力共同支撑。当穿越串珠状溶洞时,破坏模式为基桩的轴向破坏、部分溶洞顶板的张拉破坏乃至全贯通型破坏,其承载特性更接近于摩擦桩的特性。整体上来看,穿越单层溶洞型和串珠状溶洞型嵌岩桩在承载机理与极限承载力影响因素方面差异显著。
综上,中外学者开展了大量的穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性室内模拟实验研究,揭示了溶洞形态(跨度、高度、顶板厚度、形状、分布特征等)对桩基承载特性的影响规律,分析了接触界面的力学行为、桩身荷载的传递路径等桩基与溶洞顶板之间的相互作用机理,揭示了桩基在穿越溶洞时的受力特性和破坏模式,基于室内模型试验数据提出了适用于穿越溶洞型桩基的承载力计算方法和预测模型。尽管取得了上述研究进展和成果,但穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性室内物理模型实验研究仍存在一些问题与挑战:室内模拟实验采用的试样尺寸一般比较小,难以模拟工程实际中溶洞形态、水流环境、地应力场等复杂工况,这可能导致实验结果与工程实际存在一定偏差;虽然采用了相似比,但是模型桩、土体、溶洞、岩层等模型材料的物理力学性能按照相似比放大后可能与实际材料之间的差距仍然较大,完全相似的实验材料往往难以找到,现有材料可能无法完全模拟实际地质材料的性质,一般土体、注浆的浆液等都无法进行等比例缩放,只有部分主要参数才能满足相似比的要求,影响实验结果的准确性,因此由于实验条件与工程实际存在差异,实验结论的适用性和推广性可能受到限制,需要充分考虑工程实际情况进行修正和调整;穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性室内物理模型实验采用的加载方式、数据采集方式、观测手段与实际差距较大,无法全面反映桩基在实际使用中的受力状态和变形情况。此外,目前尚未有较为成熟的岩溶区溶洞型桩基设计理论体系,这导致在实验设计时,缺乏统一的理论指导,大多都是根据自己的实验目的自行设计实验方案,模型试验的设计缺乏统一的标准,各个学者的研究成果难以进行对比分析。模型实验数据往往缺乏与实际工程数据的对比分析,难以验证实验结果的实用性和有效性。
整体上,穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性的室内模拟研究具有可控性强、重复性好、成本相对较低等优点,适合于理论研究和机理探讨。然而,室内模拟研究也存在规模效应、地质条件简化、边界条件和初始条件控制等缺点,需要与现场试验相结合,以获得更准确、可靠的研究成果。未来研究应进一步加强实验条件与工程实际的联系、优化材料选择与性能研究、创新加载方式与观测手段以及加强多学科交叉融合等方面的工作。
王华牢等[36]采用三维有限元数值模拟敏感性分析法对影响嵌岩桩承载力的岩溶洞穴与桩基相对几何形态(桩端至洞穴顶部厚度、洞穴直径、高程和偏心)进行正交数值试验研究,详细分析了各因素对桩基承载力的影响,提出了岩溶地区桩基承载力设计中应予以考虑的修正参数。周栋梁等[37]利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,研究了岩溶发育地质中溶洞对嵌岩桩的承载特性的影响,得到岩溶地质中嵌岩桩的不同承载特性及荷载传递规律。杨卫东等[38]利用有限元分析软件对穿越大型溶洞基桩的承载特性进行了数值模拟,分析了桩长、桩径、洞高以及洞跨对桩基极限承载力的影响,得出主要结论:当溶洞洞高、洞跨增大时,桩基础的承载力明显降低,且随着溶洞洞高、洞跨的增大,承载能力减小幅度逐渐增大。洞高对承载力的影响约为洞跨的4倍。张华伟等[39]运用数值模拟对桩基荷载下溶洞顶板安全厚度进行研究。选取单桩承载力、溶洞洞跨、溶洞形态系数、桩端偏心率作为顶板安全厚度的影响因素,通过数值模拟得到了不同工况下的顶板安全厚度,分析得到各影响因素对顶板安全厚度的影响规律。黄明等[40]和赵明华等[41]分析桩基穿越岩溶区的破坏模式特征,黄明等[40]运用ABAQUS建立桩基穿越串珠状溶洞三维地质模型,赵明华等[41]根据相似理论,设计了3组不同厚度条件下溶洞顶板破坏模式的大比例模型试验,得出结论:受桩侧荷载传递作用,顶板厚度与溶洞跨度之比小于某一数值时岩层将产生冲切破坏,比例相对较大时剪应力将集中分布并发生冲剪破坏。为后续学者研究穿越溶洞型桩基的变形破坏特征提供参考。夏炼[42]通过ANSYS软件建立模型,分析岩溶存在与否、溶洞高度、溶洞跨度及桩身弹性模量对桩基承载特性的影响。刘会球[43]利用FLAC3D软件对韶山某铁路工程的桥梁地基嵌岩桩开展了数值模拟研究,探讨了溶洞直径、顶板厚度、基桩嵌岩深度对承载力的影响。得出结论:在控制单一变量的前提下,溶洞直径越大,嵌岩桩承载力越小;顶板厚度越小基桩沉降越大,增大基桩嵌岩深度可减小嵌岩桩沉降,当嵌岩深度达到一定值则沉降减小不明显。简世民[44]基于Hoek-Brown屈服准则,采用极限分析有限元法对岩溶地区桩基础工程的承载特性和计算方法进行了研究。通过对常见的单溶洞桩基础和串珠状溶洞桩基础进行数值模拟试验和理论计算分析。研究结果表明,顶板厚度、上覆土体的内摩擦角、岩体参数GSI及溶洞的跨度等因素对桩基础的极限承载力和破坏模式的影响较大。李金良等[45]和姜明映等[46]分别采用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS分析溶洞顶板厚度对桩基竖向承载性能和水平承载性能的影响,得出结论:顶板厚径比大于4时,溶洞的存在对单桩极限承载力的影响很小。曾勇等[47]依托某桥梁工程,建立了桩基-溶洞系统的数值模型,分析了桩侧分布的溶洞高度、跨度、高跨比等对桥梁桩基础的影响。提出建议:在岩溶区桥梁桩基设计中,若桩侧溶洞高度及高跨比偏大,可适当增加桩基嵌岩深度,以此确保相邻桩基沉降量差值符合要求。李功武[48]借助ABAQUS软件进行喀斯特地区桥梁桩基单桩承载特性的有限元分析,研究结果表明:单桩承载力受溶洞高度的影响较小;单桩嵌岩段1 m时,桩土摩擦因数增大会导致桩侧摩阻力和极限承载力增大。Han等[49]根据现场的地质条件通过ABAQUS软件建立三维数值模型,研究表明在有限的溶洞顶板厚度下,通过增加桩径能够显著增加桩的承载力。李熙来[32]运用RS3有限元分析软件,分析了溶洞高度、溶洞半径、位置偏移量等因素对穿越单个和串珠状溶洞型嵌岩桩承载特性的影响机理。发现穿越串珠状溶洞型嵌岩桩的承载机理与穿越单个溶洞型嵌岩桩在总体上较为相似,但也在一些层面上存在差异。郭蕊[21]采用FLAC3D模拟溶洞填充方式、溶洞侧面积占比、溶洞顶板厚度、溶洞高度和双层溶洞间距离对嵌岩桩承载特性影响。得出结论:岩溶的存在会减小桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力,加大桩顶沉降并降低桩身抗压能力。李龙起等[50-51]为探究串珠状溶洞对桩基承载特性的影响,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立相应数值仿真模型,分析了不同溶洞高度、半径对岩溶区各基桩荷载传递及承载能力的影响。研究结果表明:在岩溶区,群桩的轴力以及侧摩阻力会受到溶洞高度与半径的影响。在同等荷载条件下,溶洞半径的变化给轴力和侧摩阻力带来的影响更为显著。各基桩的轴力和侧摩阻力呈现出角桩>边桩>中桩的情况,其中角桩受力最多。当逐级施加桩顶荷载后,群桩效应愈发凸显,各基桩轴力持续增加,中桩和角桩轴力的差值也不断扩大,使得桩顶荷载分担变得更为不均衡;在同等荷载条件下,溶洞高度越低且半径越大时,桩基沉降量就越大,桩身侧摩阻力则越小,桩基整体承载能力也越差,并且溶洞顶板在外荷载作用下更易发生破坏。姜南[52]建立穿越溶洞型桩基的三维单桩ABAQUS模型进行溶洞桩基的承载特性分析,得到了不同高度、不同溶洞跨度下穿越溶洞型桩基的荷载传递规律。研究表明:对于穿越单层溶洞型桩基,溶洞顶板率先发生张拉破坏,当桩顶荷载持续增加,同时桩周岩层产生剪切破坏,当桩周岩层与溶洞顶板破坏区域贯通时,溶洞顶板形成塌落拱,随着上部荷载的持续增加,桩端发生塑性破坏,此时达到桩基承载能力极限值。郭斌等[53]应用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立模型,通过对桩基荷载-位移曲线的分析,探讨不同溶洞顶板厚度下溶洞形状、溶洞几何特性及溶洞间距对桩基极限承载力的影响。结果显示:在相同工况下,方形溶洞相较于圆形溶洞,对桩基承载力产生的不利影响更为显著。随着溶洞单一尺寸的增大,溶洞对桩基极限承载力的不利影响逐渐增大。当桩端存在两个溶洞时,侧溶洞洞高对桩基极限承载力的影响大于洞跨对其的影响。此外,随着溶洞之间距离逐渐变大,侧边溶洞对桩基承载力的影响随之减弱,一旦间距达到5倍桩径,侧边溶洞对桩基承载力的影响基本可以不予考虑。奚望等[54]采用基于FLAC3D软件的单因子变量法,分析了不同溶洞顶板厚度、顶板跨度、洞高、溶洞中心偏离桩轴线距离等对嵌岩桩承载力特性的影响。研究结果显示:溶洞顶板是影响桩基极限承载力的关键要素。溶洞在极限状态下的破坏模式,在很大程度上取决于溶洞顶板厚度、顶板跨度以及岩体力学性质。当溶洞顶板厚度为桩径的3倍时,桩侧摩阻力能够得以充分发挥。溶洞顶板跨度和偏心距离对桩基承载力特性的影响存在一个稳定点。谢洋[55]采用FLAC3D对桩基穿越溶洞进行建模分析,主要考虑溶洞高跨、溶洞顶板厚度、材料特性、溶洞穿越类型、溶洞竖向间距和溶洞填充方式影响。利用灰色关联分析法,以单桩极限承载力为参考序列对各影响因素进行敏感性分析。得出结论:当桩基穿越溶洞时,参数敏感性从大到小的排序为:溶洞竖向间距>溶洞顶板厚度>桩洞水平间距>填充物弹性模量>溶洞高度。
数值模拟技术是一种高效、经济的研究手段,穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性的数值模拟研究近年来取得了显著进展,对于提高岩溶地区桩基工程的设计水平、保障工程安全具有重要意义。几种穿越溶洞的数量模拟软件如图3所示。虽然数值模拟方法能够模拟不同溶洞形态、不同桩型及不同施工条件下桩基在复杂的受力状态下的承载特性,但计算结果的准确性受到计算模型、参数设置等因素的影响。由于实际工程状况是相当复杂的,很难完全用一些简单的数值或者修正系数对现实情况进行完美无缺的复制,需要对实际工程条件(溶洞形态及三维空间分布、岩土体物理力学性质、地下水环境)进行一定程度的简化处理,可能会导致数值模拟结论存在相当大的出入。穿越溶洞型桩基的承载特性受到多种因素的耦合作用影响,目前的数值模拟研究往往侧重于单一因素或少数几个因素的作用机制分析,对于多因素耦合作用的研究相对较少。后续研究应将实验方法和数值模拟方法结合起来使用,分别对结果进行分析后,充分考虑两种方法各自的优缺点,互相比较印证,结合理论分析,才能得到比较全面、客观的结论。
对不同类型的溶洞进行处理时,需充分考虑各自独特的地质特点,并综合技术可行性、经济成本等多方面因素来制定专门的处理措施。溶洞填充方式不同,嵌岩桩的承载性能差距较大。因此,选择合适的填充方式是确保嵌岩桩在溶洞环境中安全、高效运行的关键。
雷金山[56]基于室内试验获得了注浆浆材配比,通过现场原位充填注浆加固试验、数值分析论证手段相结合的方法,对采用新型黏土水泥浆液充填处理隐伏型岩溶地基的可行性进行了研究。陈嘉康[57]以磷石膏和原状粉煤灰为主要填充材料、硅酸盐水泥作为胶凝材料,制备了一种具有自流平特性、性能稳定的填充灌浆料,并揭示了其微观反应机理。张贵章[58]应用泡沫混凝土材料对复杂的溶洞进行填充处理,形成了一整套岩溶处置加固技术。周洁军等[59]基于有机骨架材料的吸附作用,通过渗透试验、抗疲劳试验等验证了有机骨架材料良好的透水性能、抗疲劳性能、抗冲击性能及胶结泥化性能,在静载条件下对实际溶洞进行充填应用,验证了充填效果及材料性能。高祁等[60]通过室内模型试验对溶洞采用抛填片石法进行填充来研究桩身轴力传递规律,发现填充处可看作桩身扩径处理。周冰[61]以磷石膏、矿渣、钢渣等为胶凝材料,利用生石灰以及水玻璃提高固废充填体的强度,分析了不同配比下固废充填体的力学性能,并确定了最优配比。乔胜石等[62]建立地层-溶洞-桩界面相互作用计算模型,采用圆孔扩张理论提出了单桩竖向受荷条件下地层对充填溶洞的水平和竖向作用力计算方法,基于Mindlin解建立了溶洞段应力增量计算方法,基于桩-土(岩)界面、桩-溶洞界面及桩端的Boxlucas1荷载传递模型提出了考虑地层-溶洞-桩共同作用的穿越充填溶洞型单桩沉降迭代计算方法。得出结论:充填溶洞距离桩端越远、半径越小、充填物剪切强度越强,单桩承载力越大。徐梓舒等[63]通过室内试验采集浆液结石体物理力学参数,应用有限元软件Midas GTS NX在CATIA所构筑的三维溶洞模型的基础上,结合修正莫尔-库仑模型及弹性本构关系,探讨了不同注浆加固材料对桩基础下溶洞稳定性的影响,且验证了改良注浆材料的优越性。高承明[64]创新性地提出将壳状结构体回填至桩孔工艺。该结构体利用黏土固化和挤压成型原理,通过在黏土中掺入30%Na2SO4和20%CaO,使黏土快速固化,然后将固化后的黏土挤压成一种壳状结构体回填至出现溶洞的桩孔内,再反复冲击,从而达到封堵溶洞的目的。
综上,溶洞充填材料的研究进展在近年来取得了显著的成果,在关注于材料的性能优化的同时也注重其在实际工程中的应用效果。早期溶洞充填多采用土石方等传统材料,这些材料稳定性和耐久性可能存在不足。近年来采用工业固废(粉煤灰、矿渣粉等)固化余泥、淤泥等软土作为溶洞充填材料实现渣土资源化是主流方向之一,同时高性能混凝土、化学注浆材料等也逐渐地被应用到溶洞填充中,这些材料具有更好的力学性能、耐久性和环境适应性。由于大多数溶洞相互连通,造成注浆材料流失严重,溶洞填充的成本大幅增加,需要不断地优化溶洞充填材料的配合比,以提高其整体性能。同时不同的注浆材料也需要特殊的注浆工艺进行充填,溶洞充填材料施工技术也在不断创新中。随着研究的不断深入和技术的不断成熟,溶洞充填材料在交通、水利等基础设施建设中发挥了重大的作用。然而溶洞充填材料的研究和应用仍面临一些如下挑战。
现有的充填材料的研究内容主要集中在强度、水稳定性、流动性、耐久性和渗透性等,较少涉及对环境的适用性,在复杂地质条件下的应用难度比较大,材料在某些特定环境下表现出不符合预期的性能;重点针对传统材料缺点而研发的新材料(聚合物复合材料、高性能混凝土、工业固废、生物材料等)虽已初步应用于溶洞充填,但其物理力学性能优化、成本控制、施工技术优化比较滞后;缺少针对特殊地质条件专门研发的溶洞充填材料,对于不同的工程主体,对溶洞充填效果的要求是不同的,目前尚未形成系列性的研究成果,导致在实际施工中可能出现材料浪费或性能不足的情况;新型材料的运输、搅拌、注浆等施工工艺研究不充分,缺乏针对性的设备和施工方法,施工效率、施工质量和施工成本都有待提高,充填压力、充填速度等关键参数的研究还不够深入,尚未形成明确的指导原则;岩溶充填材料施工过程中缺乏有效的监测机制,无法实时掌握充填材料在溶洞内流动扩散的效果,无法反馈溶洞中充填材料的三维几何分布特征,导致无法及时发现并解决溶洞充填施工中的问题,缺乏全面、客观的溶洞充填效果评价体系,因此需要建立完善的现场监测和反馈机制;此外,溶洞充填材料物理力学性能的测试方法和标准不统一,研究者结合涉及的工程主体和地质条件,采用不同的方法进行测试,导致所得数据难以进行横向比较;温度对充填材料的物理力学性能影响较大、溶洞中的水环境具有的化学腐蚀问题可能对充填材料的性能产生不利影响,目前关于这方面的研究相对较少,尚未形成有效的应对策略;实验室内获得的溶洞充填材料最佳配比比较偏理想化,在复杂的工程地质条件的实际应用效果差距较大,导致在实际应用中的充填效果不佳。
(1)穿越溶洞型桩基承载力计算时应考虑溶洞几何尺寸对桩基承载特性的影响,加强对溶洞复杂性的模拟、提高参数选取的准确性、深入理解荷载传递机制、发展综合考虑多因素影响的理论模型。
(2)穿越溶洞型桩基承载特性现场试验过程中应注重数据采集的准确性和全面性,应形成统一的标准和规范,结合工程地质条件深入分析现场试验结果,增加试验结果的代表性、通用性和普适性,为同类问题提供参考。
(3)室内模拟揭示了溶洞形态对桩基承载特性的影响,分析了接触界面的力学行为、桩身荷载的传递路径等桩基与溶洞顶板之间的相互作用机理,揭示了桩基在穿越溶洞时的受力特性和破坏模式。
(4)数值模拟方法能够模拟不同溶洞形态、不同桩型及不同施工条件下桩基在复杂的受力状态下的承载特性,对于提高岩溶地区桩基工程的设计水平、保障工程安全具有重要意义。
(5)虽然溶洞充填材料在交通、水利等基础设施建设中发挥了重大作用,但在复杂地质条件下应用难度较大,通常难以达到预期;缺少针对特殊地质条件专门研发的溶洞充填材料。
(6)温度对充填材料的物理力学性能影响较大、溶洞中的水环境可能具有的化学腐蚀问题可能对充填材料的性能产生不利影响,目前关于这方面的研究相对较少,尚未形成有效的应对策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378332)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52208336)
  • 广州建筑股份有限公司科技计划/广州市建筑集团有限公司科技计划([2022]-KJ002)
  • 广州建筑股份有限公司科技计划/广州市建筑集团有限公司科技计划([2024]-KJ075)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515012826)
  • 广州市科技计划(2024A04J3902)
  • 广州市建筑科学研究院有限公司科技进步资金(2023Y-KJ02)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406792
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52378332)
国家自然科学基金(52208336)
广州建筑股份有限公司科技计划/广州市建筑集团有限公司科技计划([2022]-KJ002)
广州建筑股份有限公司科技计划/广州市建筑集团有限公司科技计划([2024]-KJ075)
广东省自然科学基金(2023A1515012826)
广州市科技计划(2024A04J3902)
广州市建筑科学研究院有限公司科技进步资金(2023Y-KJ02)
作者信息
    1 广东工业大学土木与交通工程学院, 广州 510006
    2 广州建筑股份有限公司, 广州 510030
    3 广州市建筑集团有限公司, 广州 510030
    4 广州大学土木与交通工程学院, 广州 510006
    5 中铁二十二局集团第五工程有限公司, 重庆 400700
    6 广州市瑞圣建筑服务有限公司, 广州 510030

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*侯振坤(1988—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,副教授,高级工程师。研究方向:油气开采、桩基工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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