Article(id=1207343630772179568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406393, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782752935, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782752935, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782752935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782752935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7380, endPage=7389, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343631334216309, articleId=1207343630772179568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Considering the Loading Efficiency of the Storage Space Allocation of Export Container in U-shaped Automated Terminal, columnId=1207343630017208991, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Container terminal yard as the hub of the operation area on both land and sea sides, the space allocation will directly affect the overall operation efficiency of the terminal. In order to reasonably allocate the space of U-shaped yard to improve the efficiency of container loading, two blocks sharing one intelligent guided vehicle(IGV) lane were formed into a group. From the perspective of reducing lane congestion, considering the constraints of high and low workloads of adjacent operation areas within the block groups, and with the goal of minimizing the total loading operation time and balancing the number of containers in the block groups, the first stage of the export container allocation model was constructed, and an immunity compensation mechanism and Metropolis criterion were introduced. And an improved adaptive genetic algorithm was designed by introducing immune compensation mechanism and Metropolis criterion. Based on the allocation results of the first stage, a priority descending balanced stockpiling strategy was established to ensure the continuous operation of the yard crane, and the second stage of the container allocation model was constructed, and a heuristic algorithm was designed to solve the problem. The design of large-scale case experiments shows that the algorithm is able to give effective export container stockpiling area delineation and container space allocation scheme, and the performance of the algorithm is verified by different scale comparison experiments, which shows that the algorithm has a faster convergence speed and is able to optimize 10% of the target value, which improves the overall operational efficiency of the U-shaped automated terminal.

, correspAuthors=Dao-fang CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-jie CAO, Dao-fang CHANG, Fu-rong WEN, Ming-hao DENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343646752477366, articleId=1207343630772179568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑装船效率的U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

集装箱码头堆场作为海陆两侧作业区的枢纽,箱位分配方案将直接影响码头整体的运行效率。为了合理分配U型自动化码头堆场空间资源以提高集装箱装船效率,将共用一条智能导引运输车(intelligent guided vehicle, IGV)车道的两个箱区组成一组箱区组。从降低车道拥挤的角度,考虑箱区组内相邻作业区域高低工作量等约束,以最小化总装船作业时间和平衡箱区组集装箱数量为目标,构建第一阶段出口箱堆存区域分配模型,并且引入免疫补偿机制和Metropolis准则,设计了一种改进的自适应遗传算法。基于第一阶段分配结果,建立贝位间优先级降序均衡堆存策略以保障场桥连续性作业,构建第二阶段箱位分配模型,并设计启发式算法以求解。通过设计大规模案例实验表明,算法能够给予有效的出口箱堆存区域划分和箱位分配方案,同时经过不同规模的对比实验验证了算法的性能,表明算法具有更快的收敛速度,对目标值优化达到10%,进而提高了U型自动化码头整体作业效率。

, correspAuthors=苌道方, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苌道方(1978—),男,汉族,河南封丘人,博士,教授。研究方向:港航物流仿真与监控、虚拟现实与模拟系统开发等。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7Zmo1DTWKBD030p9k9gAeg==, magXml=sO47eaGB3cPT6pNf7egQrg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GNmZ+QyEKGRtBkecqxHhKA==, pdfFileSize=5729736, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Wako3Rebd2jyR2vaQ0KkvQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zbd0w1ZbCaBtzXFisS5sKg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

曹梦洁(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:自动化码头优化。E-mail:

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曹梦洁(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:自动化码头优化。E-mail:

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曹梦洁(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:自动化码头优化。E-mail:

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Application of adaptive genetic algorithm in robot path planning[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2020, 56(18): 36-41., articleTitle=Application of adaptive genetic algorithm in robot path planning, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207400966907859478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400966912053785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, companyId=1207400966907859478, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400966920442392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, companyId=1207400966907859478, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海海事大学物流工程学院, 上海 201306)]), AuthorCompany(id=1207400967088214560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400967092408866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, companyId=1207400967088214560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Guangxi Qinzhou Bonded Port Zone Shenggang Wharf Co., Ltd., Qinzhou 535000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400967100797474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, companyId=1207400967088214560, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 广西钦州保税港区盛港码头有限公司, 钦州 535000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207400969827095271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Fig.1, 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figureFileBig=gsxo059KaHSxA5swN/cVng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973056709452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=图11, caption=某一作业时间下各区域高低工作量分布图, figureFileSmall=i8KbZ2uLGCnZl4wypMwBnA==, figureFileBig=gsxo059KaHSxA5swN/cVng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973140595537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Distribution of export containers, figureFileSmall=M24R4mMZbT6Bwso4W8dAuw==, figureFileBig=tzY2eHT95ZuO0LC4n7l5kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973224481623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=图12, caption=出口集装箱分布图, figureFileSmall=M24R4mMZbT6Bwso4W8dAuw==, figureFileBig=tzY2eHT95ZuO0LC4n7l5kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973337727838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameter and variable definitions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 含义
T 船舶到达时间段的集合,以12 h为一个时间段, t∈{t1,t2,…,T}
N 出口集装箱数量,集装箱编号n∈{1,2,…,N}
I 目标船舶数量,船舶编号i∈{1,2,…,I}
J 堆场中箱区数量,箱区编号j∈{1,2,…,J}
B 每个箱区含有的贝位数量,贝位编号b∈{1,2,…,B}
R 贝位含有的堆栈数量,堆栈编号r∈{1,2,…,R}
H 每个贝位可堆存层数,层高编号h∈{1,2,…,H}
E 每个箱区含有两个作业区域,e∈{1,2}
Ni 船舶i的出口集装箱数量
Qjb 箱区j贝位b的容量
Si 船舶i停泊泊位
tbay 场桥移动一个贝位的时间
vIGV IGV水平运输速度
${d}_{{S}_{i}j}$ 停泊泊位Si到箱区j的距离
dbay 一个贝位的长度
Hlower 高工作量下界
Hupper 高工作量上界
Llower 低工作量下界
Lupper 低工作量上界
ω 平衡装船时间与箱区组作业数量差的量纲系数
On 出口箱n的目的地
Wn 出口箱n的重量等级
σi 船舶i出口箱优先级集合,σσi
σn 出口箱n的优先级,σn=K2On+K1Wn,K1K2为常数
${\sigma }_{jbr}^{max}$ 箱区j贝位b堆栈r堆存的集装箱优先级最大值
${\sigma }_{jbr}^{min}$ 箱区j贝位b堆栈r堆存的集装箱优先级最小值
Qj,t 时间段t时箱区j的作业量
Qσ,i 船舶i优先级为σ的出口箱总量
Qje,i,σ 船舶i在箱区j作业区e堆存优先级为σ的出口箱总量
xjb,i 0-1变量,如果箱区j贝位b分配给船舶i进行堆存作业,则为1,反之为0
zjb,e 0-1变量,如果箱区j贝位b属于作业区e,则为1,反之为0
xjb,t 0-1变量,如果时间段t箱区j贝位b存在出口作业,则为1,反之为0
yje,t 0-1变量,如果箱区j作业区域e在时间段t是高工作量,则为1,反之为0
zj,j' 0-1变量,如果箱区j和箱区j'属于同一箱区组,则为1,反之为0
xn,i 0-1变量,如果集装箱n属于船舶i,则为1,反之为0
xjbrh,n 0-1变量,如果集装箱n堆存在箱位(j,b,r,h),则为1,反之为0
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973434196836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

参数和变量定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号 含义
T 船舶到达时间段的集合,以12 h为一个时间段, t∈{t1,t2,…,T}
N 出口集装箱数量,集装箱编号n∈{1,2,…,N}
I 目标船舶数量,船舶编号i∈{1,2,…,I}
J 堆场中箱区数量,箱区编号j∈{1,2,…,J}
B 每个箱区含有的贝位数量,贝位编号b∈{1,2,…,B}
R 贝位含有的堆栈数量,堆栈编号r∈{1,2,…,R}
H 每个贝位可堆存层数,层高编号h∈{1,2,…,H}
E 每个箱区含有两个作业区域,e∈{1,2}
Ni 船舶i的出口集装箱数量
Qjb 箱区j贝位b的容量
Si 船舶i停泊泊位
tbay 场桥移动一个贝位的时间
vIGV IGV水平运输速度
${d}_{{S}_{i}j}$ 停泊泊位Si到箱区j的距离
dbay 一个贝位的长度
Hlower 高工作量下界
Hupper 高工作量上界
Llower 低工作量下界
Lupper 低工作量上界
ω 平衡装船时间与箱区组作业数量差的量纲系数
On 出口箱n的目的地
Wn 出口箱n的重量等级
σi 船舶i出口箱优先级集合,σσi
σn 出口箱n的优先级,σn=K2On+K1Wn,K1K2为常数
${\sigma }_{jbr}^{max}$ 箱区j贝位b堆栈r堆存的集装箱优先级最大值
${\sigma }_{jbr}^{min}$ 箱区j贝位b堆栈r堆存的集装箱优先级最小值
Qj,t 时间段t时箱区j的作业量
Qσ,i 船舶i优先级为σ的出口箱总量
Qje,i,σ 船舶i在箱区j作业区e堆存优先级为σ的出口箱总量
xjb,i 0-1变量,如果箱区j贝位b分配给船舶i进行堆存作业,则为1,反之为0
zjb,e 0-1变量,如果箱区j贝位b属于作业区e,则为1,反之为0
xjb,t 0-1变量,如果时间段t箱区j贝位b存在出口作业,则为1,反之为0
yje,t 0-1变量,如果箱区j作业区域e在时间段t是高工作量,则为1,反之为0
zj,j' 0-1变量,如果箱区j和箱区j'属于同一箱区组,则为1,反之为0
xn,i 0-1变量,如果集装箱n属于船舶i,则为1,反之为0
xjbrh,n 0-1变量,如果集装箱n堆存在箱位(j,b,r,h),则为1,反之为0
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973522277224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Vessel data information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船舶 停靠
泊位号
到达码
头时段
离开码
头时段
需堆存出口
箱数量/个
船舶1 8 6 7 637
船舶2 7 6 7 557
船舶3 8 7 8 766
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973643912043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

船舶数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
船舶 停靠
泊位号
到达码
头时段
离开码
头时段
需堆存出口
箱数量/个
船舶1 8 6 7 637
船舶2 7 6 7 557
船舶3 8 7 8 766
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973740381038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Part of attribute information for the export containers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 所属
船舶
目的地 重量
等级
编号 所属
船舶
目的地 重量
等级
1 2 1 4 16 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 17 3 2 3
3 3 1 3 18 1 1 2
4 3 2 4 19 3 3 1
5 2 1 1 20 1 2 3
6 3 3 2 21 1 1 1
7 2 1 2 22 2 1 1
8 1 1 2 23 2 2 4
9 2 2 1 24 2 3 2
10 2 2 3 25 2 1 1
11 2 1 3 26 2 3 1
12 1 2 4 27 3 2 1
13 3 3 3 28 2 3 2
14 1 3 3 29 1 2 4
15 2 1 3 30 2 1 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973849432949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

部分出口箱属性信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 所属
船舶
目的地 重量
等级
编号 所属
船舶
目的地 重量
等级
1 2 1 4 16 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 17 3 2 3
3 3 1 3 18 1 1 2
4 3 2 4 19 3 3 1
5 2 1 1 20 1 2 3
6 3 3 2 21 1 1 1
7 2 1 2 22 2 1 1
8 1 1 2 23 2 2 4
9 2 2 1 24 2 3 2
10 2 2 3 25 2 1 1
11 2 1 3 26 2 3 1
12 1 2 4 27 3 2 1
13 3 3 3 28 2 3 2
14 1 3 3 29 1 2 4
15 2 1 3 30 2 1 2
), ArticleFig(id=1207400973933319032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Distance data between berths and block

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泊位 箱区组1
(箱区1、
箱区2)
箱区组2
(箱区3、
箱区4)
箱区组3
(箱区5、
箱区6)
箱区组4
(箱区7、
箱区8)
7号泊位/m 142 202 262 322
8号泊位/m 392 332 272 212
), ArticleFig(id=1207400974130451326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

泊位与箱区之间距离数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泊位 箱区组1
(箱区1、
箱区2)
箱区组2
(箱区3、
箱区4)
箱区组3
(箱区5、
箱区6)
箱区组4
(箱区7、
箱区8)
7号泊位/m 142 202 262 322
8号泊位/m 392 332 272 212
), ArticleFig(id=1207400974231114625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Part of results of specific location for the export containers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位 编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位 编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位
1 2 14 1-6-3-4 11 2 13 1-6-3-1 21 1 11 2-9-5-1
2 1 21 1-5-4-2 12 1 24 1-5-2-1 22 2 11 1-6-5-1
3 3 13 1-9-1-1 13 3 33 1-2-3-2 23 2 24 1-1-5-1
4 3 24 1-3-3-2 14 1 33 1-5-1-2 24 2 32 1-1-2-1
5 2 11 1-6-5-2 15 2 13 1-6-4-4 25 2 11 1-6-6-1
6 3 32 1-2-5-1 16 2 21 1-6-2-3 26 2 31 1-1-4-1
7 2 12 1-6-4-2 17 3 23 1-3-4-1 27 3 21 1-4-2-1
8 1 12 1-5-6-1 18 1 12 1-5-6-2 28 2 32 1-1-3-1
9 2 21 1-6-2-2 19 3 31 1-3-1-2 29 1 24 1-5-3-4
10 2 23 1-1-6-1 20 1 23 1-5-3-2 30 2 12 1-6-4-1
), ArticleFig(id=1207400974302417797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

部分出口箱具体箱位结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位 编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位 编号 船舶号 优先级 箱位
1 2 14 1-6-3-4 11 2 13 1-6-3-1 21 1 11 2-9-5-1
2 1 21 1-5-4-2 12 1 24 1-5-2-1 22 2 11 1-6-5-1
3 3 13 1-9-1-1 13 3 33 1-2-3-2 23 2 24 1-1-5-1
4 3 24 1-3-3-2 14 1 33 1-5-1-2 24 2 32 1-1-2-1
5 2 11 1-6-5-2 15 2 13 1-6-4-4 25 2 11 1-6-6-1
6 3 32 1-2-5-1 16 2 21 1-6-2-3 26 2 31 1-1-4-1
7 2 12 1-6-4-2 17 3 23 1-3-4-1 27 3 21 1-4-2-1
8 1 12 1-5-6-1 18 1 12 1-5-6-2 28 2 32 1-1-3-1
9 2 21 1-6-2-2 19 3 31 1-3-1-2 29 1 24 1-5-3-4
10 2 23 1-1-6-1 20 1 23 1-5-3-2 30 2 12 1-6-4-1
), ArticleFig(id=1207400974382109579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison results of different scale algorithms

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编号 I-N-J-B-R-H IAGA GA SA
F 运行时间/s F G1/% 运行时间/s F G2/% 运行时间/s
1 1-200-4-8-5-4 68.91 40.00 75.46 9.50 45.71 77.84 12.96 41.76
2 1-300-4-8-5-4 105.23 40.78 118.38 12.50 46.20 120.13 14.16 42.23
3 2-300-4-8-5-4 131.13 63.52 145.67 11.09 80.97 148.44 13.20 66.08
4 2-500-4-10-5-4 270.68 123.60 298.18 10.16 153.76 307.26 13.51 132.41
5 3-500-6-10-6-4 268.46 126.23 299.40 11.52 159.59 301.28 12.23 135.23
6 2-800-6-10-6-4 379.32 163.99 398.93 5.17 207.17 406.86 7.26 178.65
7 3-800-6-20-6-4 436.67 152.53 467.53 7.07 200.97 493.10 12.92 165.34
8 2-1000-6-20-6-4 611.62 192.22 670.42 9.61 268.96 709.27 15.97 216.55
9 3-1000-8-20-6-4 808.95 257.24 911.50 12.68 311.60 923.30 14.14 282.23
10 3-1500-8-20-6-4 1 012.17 273.33 1 114.75 10.13 360.38 1 120.51 10.70 302.84
), ArticleFig(id=1207400974474384271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630772179568, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同规模算法对比结果

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编号 I-N-J-B-R-H IAGA GA SA
F 运行时间/s F G1/% 运行时间/s F G2/% 运行时间/s
1 1-200-4-8-5-4 68.91 40.00 75.46 9.50 45.71 77.84 12.96 41.76
2 1-300-4-8-5-4 105.23 40.78 118.38 12.50 46.20 120.13 14.16 42.23
3 2-300-4-8-5-4 131.13 63.52 145.67 11.09 80.97 148.44 13.20 66.08
4 2-500-4-10-5-4 270.68 123.60 298.18 10.16 153.76 307.26 13.51 132.41
5 3-500-6-10-6-4 268.46 126.23 299.40 11.52 159.59 301.28 12.23 135.23
6 2-800-6-10-6-4 379.32 163.99 398.93 5.17 207.17 406.86 7.26 178.65
7 3-800-6-20-6-4 436.67 152.53 467.53 7.07 200.97 493.10 12.92 165.34
8 2-1000-6-20-6-4 611.62 192.22 670.42 9.61 268.96 709.27 15.97 216.55
9 3-1000-8-20-6-4 808.95 257.24 911.50 12.68 311.60 923.30 14.14 282.23
10 3-1500-8-20-6-4 1 012.17 273.33 1 114.75 10.13 360.38 1 120.51 10.70 302.84
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考虑装船效率的U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配
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曹梦洁 1 , 苌道方 1, * , 温富荣 2 , 邓明浩 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(17): 7380-7389
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(17): 7380-7389
考虑装船效率的U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配
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曹梦洁1 , 苌道方1, * , 温富荣2, 邓明浩2
作者信息
  • 1 上海海事大学物流工程学院, 上海 201306
  • 2 广西钦州保税港区盛港码头有限公司, 钦州 535000
  • 曹梦洁(2000—),女,汉族,江苏南通人,硕士研究生。研究方向:自动化码头优化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苌道方(1978—),男,汉族,河南封丘人,博士,教授。研究方向:港航物流仿真与监控、虚拟现实与模拟系统开发等。E-mail:
Considering the Loading Efficiency of the Storage Space Allocation of Export Container in U-shaped Automated Terminal
Meng-jie CAO1 , Dao-fang CHANG1, * , Fu-rong WEN2, Ming-hao DENG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Guangxi Qinzhou Bonded Port Zone Shenggang Wharf Co., Ltd., Qinzhou 535000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406393
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集装箱码头堆场作为海陆两侧作业区的枢纽,箱位分配方案将直接影响码头整体的运行效率。为了合理分配U型自动化码头堆场空间资源以提高集装箱装船效率,将共用一条智能导引运输车(intelligent guided vehicle, IGV)车道的两个箱区组成一组箱区组。从降低车道拥挤的角度,考虑箱区组内相邻作业区域高低工作量等约束,以最小化总装船作业时间和平衡箱区组集装箱数量为目标,构建第一阶段出口箱堆存区域分配模型,并且引入免疫补偿机制和Metropolis准则,设计了一种改进的自适应遗传算法。基于第一阶段分配结果,建立贝位间优先级降序均衡堆存策略以保障场桥连续性作业,构建第二阶段箱位分配模型,并设计启发式算法以求解。通过设计大规模案例实验表明,算法能够给予有效的出口箱堆存区域划分和箱位分配方案,同时经过不同规模的对比实验验证了算法的性能,表明算法具有更快的收敛速度,对目标值优化达到10%,进而提高了U型自动化码头整体作业效率。

U型自动化码头  /  箱位分配  /  堆存策略  /  两阶段优化模型  /  改进的自适应遗传算法

Container terminal yard as the hub of the operation area on both land and sea sides, the space allocation will directly affect the overall operation efficiency of the terminal. In order to reasonably allocate the space of U-shaped yard to improve the efficiency of container loading, two blocks sharing one intelligent guided vehicle(IGV) lane were formed into a group. From the perspective of reducing lane congestion, considering the constraints of high and low workloads of adjacent operation areas within the block groups, and with the goal of minimizing the total loading operation time and balancing the number of containers in the block groups, the first stage of the export container allocation model was constructed, and an immunity compensation mechanism and Metropolis criterion were introduced. And an improved adaptive genetic algorithm was designed by introducing immune compensation mechanism and Metropolis criterion. Based on the allocation results of the first stage, a priority descending balanced stockpiling strategy was established to ensure the continuous operation of the yard crane, and the second stage of the container allocation model was constructed, and a heuristic algorithm was designed to solve the problem. The design of large-scale case experiments shows that the algorithm is able to give effective export container stockpiling area delineation and container space allocation scheme, and the performance of the algorithm is verified by different scale comparison experiments, which shows that the algorithm has a faster convergence speed and is able to optimize 10% of the target value, which improves the overall operational efficiency of the U-shaped automated terminal.

U-shaped automated terminal  /  storage space allocation  /  storage strategy  /  two-stage optimization model  /  improved adaptive genetic algorithm
曹梦洁, 苌道方, 温富荣, 邓明浩. 考虑装船效率的U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7380 -7389 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406393
Meng-jie CAO, Dao-fang CHANG, Fu-rong WEN, Ming-hao DENG. Considering the Loading Efficiency of the Storage Space Allocation of Export Container in U-shaped Automated Terminal[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7380 -7389 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406393
近年来,随着全球货运贸易快速发展以及船舶大型化进程不断加快,集装箱吞吐量呈现出逐年递增的趋势。然而,经济效益的提升也对码头装卸设备、堆场设施等提出了更高的要求,堆场空间资源与码头作业效率之间的矛盾也日益突出,如何科学高效地确定集装箱堆存位置是目前自动化码头领域的热点研究问题之一。
箱位分配问题按照目前已有研究尺度可以区分为箱区或贝位分配和具体箱位分配。在箱区或贝位分配方面,Jiang等[1]以成本最小化建立场桥调度和集装箱分配模型,提出了一种基于场桥作业路径的分支定界方法,得到集装箱贝位分配结果。武慧荣等[2]在滚动计划的基础上实现集装箱港口“船舶-堆场-列车”混堆堆场箱区均衡分配。梁承姬等[3]从时间和空间维度共同优化,提出基于网络流的禁忌搜索算法以均衡单箱区同一时段中进出口箱数量。Yu等[4]构建基于堆栈的贝位共享分配模型,以平衡运输距离和箱区间的分配分散性。Feng等[5]在考虑运输等待时间下为到达堆场集装箱提供堆存空间分配方案,以减少集卡运输拥堵的情况。朱瑾等[6]考虑场桥作业均衡和效率,建立进口集装箱箱位分配与场桥调度协同优化模型,并设计了分时段平衡策略以解决堆存问题。在具体箱位分配方面,Chang等[7]研究了海铁联运集装箱存储问题,以负载均衡和最小化堆栈高度建立两阶段模型求解集装箱堆存的具体箱位。Yu等[8]以运输设备等待时间最小为目标建立模型,并设计了一种模拟嵌入式遗传算法。黄子钊等[9]针对出口箱堆存问题设计了一种基于强化学习的超启发式算法。郑云峰等[10]基于已知的出口箱堆存任务,设计了一种全区域内搜索的遗传算法对单一箱区内的具体堆存箱位进行求解。此外,部分学者对船舶或外集卡到港时间不确定下如何进行箱位分配的问题进行研究。Gharehgozli等[11]针对船舶到港不确定性设计了一种共享堆存策略,利用模拟退火算法解决单一箱区集装箱具体堆存位置问题。范厚明等[12]考虑同一时间段预约集卡到达顺序不确定以及场桥安全距离约束,设计嵌入变邻域搜索的文化基因算法求解集成优化模型。尹延冬等[13]设计基于邻域搜索的启发式算法求解失约箱的落箱位置。余明珠等[14]考虑多种不确定因素,运用基于仿真优化的遗传算法求得多箱区贝位分配量,并提出贝位具体落位策略。
在堆场运作过程中,不同布局的自动化集装箱码头存在差异,目前传统的自动化码头堆场采用垂直布局,即外集卡和自动导引运输车(automated guided vehicle, AGV)停靠在堆场箱区的两端,随后场桥需要在两端进行长距离往返移动进行提放箱作业,为了减少该布局存在的能耗高、效率低等不足,U型堆场布局被作为新型工艺提出并应用。U型自动化码头布局主要具有内外交通分流、侧边多点装卸的工艺特点[15]。在堆场布局上实现内外运输车辆的物理分隔,相邻箱区共用一条I型智能导引运输车(intelligent guided vehicle, IGV)车道和U型外集卡车道,IGV和外集卡可以直接到达堆场目标贝位进行作业,并且外集卡作业完成后无须倒车离开。在装卸方面,场桥可以在车道两侧和IGV或者外集卡进行点对点装卸作业,减少了场桥能耗。
U型堆场布局综合了端部作业工艺及传统平行工艺的主要优点,目前国内外部分学者们对其展开研究。丁一等[16]建立U型自动化码头仿真模型,验证了U型布局下各装卸设备作业能力有所提升。Li等[17]对平行布局、垂直布局和U型布局建立基于agent的仿真模型,对3种类型布局的能耗和总成本进行了评估。王飞等[18]考虑了集装箱多种作业标记,设计嵌入惩罚机制的分类协同启发式算法解决U型堆场调度问题。
综上所述,目前大多数学者在传统自动化码头下将箱区贝位选择和贝内具体箱位选择分为两个独立问题研究或者采用两阶段方法求解,主要以均衡箱区作业量、减少水平运输距离以及降低翻箱量为目标构建模型,然而目前的研究缺少对U型布局下堆场箱位分配问题的探究。在面对新型码头堆场布局时,如果没有合理分配堆场的空间资源,装船作业仍会受到装卸设备运作不畅、交通堵塞以及翻箱操作等问题影响。因此,为顺应新型自动化码头布局的运作方式,在已有研究成果的基础上,现针对U型自动化码头下堆场布局特点,考虑相邻箱区作业车道拥堵、场桥装船作业连续性限制等关键因素,对U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配问题展开研究,旨在提供更加科学高效的堆存方案以减少因设备运作不畅和交通拥堵所带来的问题,并且提高装船时的作业效率。研究的成果不仅能够直接应用于实际的U型自动化码头,解决现有布局下的具体问题,而且具有较高的实用价值和应用前景。
为了保证在船舶抵港前出口集装箱按时到港以及抵港后能够有序装船,码头会进行集港准备、靠泊装船、整理作业3部分出口作业操作。
在船舶确定了靠港时间后,货主提供出口货物信息进行订舱。在船舶到港前,船公司提前将船图、舱单、出口信息等给予码头,码头整理相关出口资料并制定船舶靠泊计划、出口箱堆存计划、装船计划等,堆场根据堆存计划对出口箱分类堆放,将堆放信息反馈给中控室。随后外集卡在船舶到达之前将出口集装箱陆续运送至堆场指定箱区贝位,再由场桥将集装箱装卸至具体箱位中,待船舶到港后,IGV进入堆场箱区内进行提箱作业,如图1所示。
U型自动化码头堆场结构如图2所示,堆场被划分为多个箱区,共用一条IGV车道的两个箱区组成一个箱区组,每个箱区配置了两台场桥同时作业以提高装船效率,为避免场桥作业时相互干扰以及移动距离过长,采用分区域作业的方式将箱区分为两个作业区。每一个箱区内包含若干个贝、栈、层,集装箱堆存的具体箱位由箱区编号、贝位、栈列、层数共同决定,如箱位(8,3,2,1)表示该集装箱堆存在8号箱区3贝2栈1层。由于在U型自动化码头堆场中相邻的两个箱区共用一条IGV车道,如果仅考虑水平运输距离最短等因素选择堆存区域,容易导致部分箱区工作量繁忙,从而造成IGV车道交通堵塞的情况,此外,在堆场侧边多点交互的作业方式下,仅仅以“长途箱压短途箱、重箱压轻箱子”策略考虑单个贝位内堆存情况,容易降低场桥作业的连续性,增加场桥的能耗。
针对U型自动化码头堆场布局特点,以出口箱为研究对象,将箱位分配划分为两个阶段进行优化。首先,在已知船舶的出口集装箱箱量下,基于贝位仅堆存同一船舶集装箱的分配方式以最小化装船时间以及均衡箱区组作业量为目标构建模型,为船舶划分其对应的堆存区域,同时引入高低工作量负荷约束以减少箱区组内存在IGV拥堵的情况;其次,根据堆存区域分布和集装箱优先级,构建各船舶不同优先级的集装箱在各区域内均衡为目标的模型,提出贝位间优先级降序堆存策略以保障场桥能够连续性作业,如图3所示,从而得到集装箱具体堆存箱位。
主要研究U型堆场出口箱箱位分配问题,为了建立合理的优化模型,提出以下假设。
(1)所有出口箱都为20尺,其中20尺=6.058 m×2.438 m×2.591 m≈ 38.3 m3
(2)船舶作业泊位、出口箱数量及属性信息(所属船舶、目的港、重量等级)已知。
(3)每个贝位都需要预留H-1个翻箱位,H为层数。
(4)IGV数量充足,不会造成场桥等待。
(5)出口箱和进口箱分开堆存,出口箱堆存在近海侧箱区。
(6)各个箱区布局相同,每个箱区配备两台场桥,场桥分区域进行作业。
为了便于说明,使用的参数和变量定义如表1所示。
为解决U型自动化码头出口箱箱位分配问题,首先构建第一阶段模型以贝位为分配单元为各船舶分配最优的出口箱堆存区域,采用相邻作业区域之间高低工作量负荷约束等以减少箱区组内IGV车道拥堵的情况,并且最小化装船时间以及均衡箱区组工作量;然后构建第二阶段出口箱具体箱位分配模型,通过建立优先级降序堆存策略,以保障场桥能够在贝位间连续作业,降低作业时间和能耗。
目标函数:
minF1=λf1+(1-λ)ωf2
f1=TIGV+TQC
${{T}_{IGV}}=\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{i=1}{\overset{I}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jb,i}}{{Q}_{jb}}\frac{{{d}_{{{S}_{i}}j}}+b{{d}_{bay}}}{{{v}_{IGV}}}$
${{T}_{QC}}={{t}_{bay}}\underset{i=1}{\overset{I}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{e=1}{\overset{E}{\mathop \sum }}\,[\max (b{{x}_{jb}}_{,i}{{z}_{jb}}_{,e})-\min (b{{x}_{jb}}_{,i}{{z}_{jb}}_{,e})]$
${{f}_{2}}=\underset{t=1}{\overset{T}{\mathop \sum }}\,[\underset{j,j'\int J}{\mathop{\max }}\,(\left| {{Q}_{j,t}}-{{Q}_{j',t}}{{z}_{j,j'}} \right|)-\min (\left| {{Q}_{j,t}}-{{Q}_{j',t}}{{z}_{j,j'}} \right|)]$
约束:
$\underset{i=1}{\overset{I}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jb,i}}\le 1$
$\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jb,i}}{{Q}_{jb}}\ge {{N}_{i}}$
${{Q}_{je}}_{,t}=\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,({{x}_{jb,i}}{{x}_{i,t}}{{z}_{jb}}_{,e}{{Q}_{jb}})$
${{H}_{lower}}+({{L}_{lower}}-{{H}_{lower}})(1-{{y}_{je}}_{,t})\le {{Q}_{je}}_{,t}\le {{L}_{upper}}+({{H}_{upper}}-{{L}_{upper}}){{y}_{je}}_{,t}$
yj1,tyj2,t≤1
yje,tyj'e,tzj,j'≤1
${{x}_{jb,i}},{{x}_{i,t}},{{y}_{je}}_{,t},{{z}_{j}}_{,j'},{{z}_{jb}}_{,e}\in \{0,1\}$
式(1)~式(5)为目标函数表达式,即最小化装船作业时间以及均衡箱区组作业量,TIGV为作业每个集装箱时IGV从堆存贝位到停船泊位之间的水平运输时间,TQC为装船时各个箱区场桥在贝位之间移动的时间,即使得同一船舶的集装箱能够在同一作业区域内中集中堆放。式(6)表示基于贝位分配策略下箱区内的每个贝位至多只能分配给一艘船舶;式(7)表示所有箱区内为船舶i分配的贝位空间容量需要满足船舶的出口箱数量; 式(8)、式(9)表示同一时段堆场内任意作业区域的工作量只能处于高工作量状态或者低工作量状态;式(10)、式(11)表示高低工作量约束,即同一箱区的两个作业区域不能同时为高工作量以及共用一条IGV车道的箱区组内相邻的两个作业区域不能同时为高工作量,以避免车道拥挤影响装船作业效率;式(12)表示决策变量取值范围。
目标函数:
$\min {{F}_{2}}=\underset{i=1}{\overset{I}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{e=1}{\overset{E}{\mathop \sum }}\,\sum\limits_{\sigma \in {{\sigma }_{i}}}{\left| Q_{je,i,\sigma }^{'}-{{{\bar{Q}}}_{i,\sigma }} \right|}$
$Q_{je,i,\sigma }^{'}={{Q}_{je}}_{,i,\sigma }\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jb,i}}{{Q}_{jb}}{{z}_{jb,e}}$
${{\bar{Q}}_{i,\sigma }}={{Q}_{\sigma }}_{,i}/\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jb,i}}{{Q}_{jb}}$
约束:
$\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{r=1}{\overset{R}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{h=1}{\overset{H}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jbrh,n}}=1$
$\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jbrh,n}}\le 1$
$\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jbrh,n}}\le \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{x}_{jbr\left( h-1 \right),n}},2\le h\le H$
$\underset{j=1}{\overset{J}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{b=1}{\overset{B}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{r=1}{\overset{R}{\mathop \sum }}\,\underset{h=1}{\overset{H}{\mathop \sum }}\,({{x}_{jbrh,n}}{{x}_{n,i}}{{x}_{jb,i}})=1$
$\begin{matrix} \underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{\mathop \sum }}\,\left( {{\sigma }_{n}}{{x}_{jbrh,n}} \right)-\underset{n=1}{\overset{N}{\mathop \sum }}\,\left[ {{\sigma }_{n}}{{x}_{jbr\left( h-1 \right),n}} \right]\ge 0, \ \ 2\le h\le H \\ \end{matrix}$
$\sigma _{jbr}^{\max }-\sigma _{jb\left( r-1 \right)}^{\min }\ge 0,2\le r\le R$
${{z}_{jb}}_{,e}{{x}_{jb,i}}\sigma _{jbr}^{\min }-{{z}_{jb}}_{,e}{{x}_{jb',i}}\sigma _{jbr}^{\max }\ge 0,b<b'$
${{x}_{jbrh,n}},{{x}_{n,i}},{{z}_{jb}}_{,e}\in \{0,1\}$
式(13)~式(15)为目标函数表达式,即均衡各船舶下不同优先级的集装箱在每个作业区域的堆存量,Q'je,i,σ为在箱区j作业区域e中船舶i优先级为σ的集装箱堆存占比率,${\overline{Q}}_{i,\sigma }$为均衡作业量占比率;式(16)、式(17)表示箱位唯一性,即每个集装箱只能堆存在一个箱位中,且一个箱位至多堆存一个集装箱;式(18)表示同一堆栈下集装箱不能出现悬空堆放的情况;式(19)表示船舶i的集装箱只能堆存在船舶i所分配到的箱区贝位内;式(20)表示同一堆栈中优先级大的集装箱要在优先级小的集装箱之上,以减少翻箱操作;式(21)、式(22)表示贝位间优先级降序堆存策略,即同一箱区区域内同一船舶的集装箱优先级随着贝位编号和堆栈编号的增加而减小,以此保障场桥作业的连续性,减少场桥在装船作业时在堆场内来回移动;式(23)表示决策变量取值范围。
多船舶下出口箱多箱区堆存区域分配问题属于NP-hard问题,现有的大部分研究均采用遗传算法进行求解,遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)具有全局搜索能力强以及适应性强等特点,即能够适用于求解多种类型的问题并在较短时间内找到全局下最优解[19],但同时该算法也存在容易陷入局部解和过早收敛等劣势,因此在传统遗传算法的基础上提出改进的自适应遗传算法(improved adaptive genetic algorithm, IAGA),通过引入免疫补偿机制,根据个体浓度调节适应度值以保障个体的多样性,同时在对新子代筛选时采取模拟退火算法(simulate anneal, SA)中的Metropolis准则,使得个体的适应度值能够趋向于增长趋势,避免早收敛的弊端[20],算法框架图如图4所示。
采用基于贝位分配的方式,使用实数编码构建JB列的染色体矩阵,具体如图5所示。图中展示了一个染色体(J=2,B=4),其中x11=1表示1号箱区的第1个贝位被分配个船舶1,x25=0表示该位置未被分配给任何船舶。
针对种群个体开展交叉、变异等操作之前,将每个个体的适应度值作为判断其优劣程度的指标,从而决定其遗传概率。以总装船作业时间最短以及箱区组作业量均衡为优化目标,构建目标函数的倒数作为适应度函数,即
f(xi)=1/F1(xi)
如果种群个体具有高适应度,在其具有高浓度时减小适应度值可以防止早期陷入局部解,反之可以通过提高适应度值以提高被选择的可能性[21]。种群X={x1,x2,…,xm}中个体xi的浓度为相似个体数与种群规模的比值ci,其中s(xi,xj)为xixj的浓度相似情况,δ为相似度阈值,随后根据浓度对xi的适应度函数进行修正,其中ξλ为随机变量。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{c}_{i}=\sum _{j=1}^{X}s({x}_{i},{x}_{j})/m\\ s({x}_{i},{x}_{j})=\left\{\begin{array}{l}1, \left|f\left({x}_{i}\right)-f\left({x}_{j}\right)\right|\le \delta \\ 0, \left|f\left({x}_{i}\right)-f\left({x}_{j}\right)\right|>\delta \end{array}\right.\end{array}\right.$
${{f}_{new}}({{x}_{i}})=\xi {{c}_{i}}\left| 1-\frac{f\left( {{x}_{i}} \right)}{\max \left[ f\left( X \right) \right]} \right|f({{x}_{i}})+\lambda \frac{f\left( {{x}_{i}} \right)}{\max \left[ f\left( X \right) \right]}f({{x}_{i}}),\xi,\lambda \in (0,1)$
1)种群选择
种群选择是指按照一定的规则将个体遗传至下一代群体中,一般情况下,适应度越高的个体,其遗传概率越高。采用“轮盘赌”的方式选择更为优质的种群个体,当种群规模为X={x1,x2,…,xm}时,每个个体被选中的概率为
$p({x}_{i})={f}_{new}({x}_{i})/{\displaystyle \sum }_{i=1}^{X}{f}_{new}\left({x}_{i}\right)$
2)自适应交叉与变异概率
传统的遗传算法将交叉概率和变异概率设置为一个固定值,极大程度上造成了算法收敛过早或者收敛速度下降等弊端,因此采用徐力等[22]提出的自适应调整交叉和变异概率的方法,其调整公式为
${p}_{\mathrm{c}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{k}_{2}+{k}_{1}}{2}+\frac{{k}_{2}-{k}_{1}}{2}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}-{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}}{{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}}\frac{\pi }{2}\right),\\   {f}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}\ge {f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}\\ {k}_{2}, {f}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}<{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}\end{array}\right.$
${p}_{\mathrm{m}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{k}_{4}+{k}_{3}}{2}+\frac{{k}_{4}-{k}_{3}}{2}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}-{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}}{{f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}}\frac{\pi }{2}\right),\\   {f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}\ge {f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}\\ {k}_{4}, {f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}}<{f}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{g}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:fmax为种群中最大适应度值;favg为种群平均适应度值;fcross为交叉操作中两个交叉个体的适应度较大值;fmutation为变异操作中变异个体的适应度值;k1k2分别为交叉概率的最小值和最大值;k3k4分别为变异概率的最小值和最大值,k1k2k3k4取值区间为(0,1)。
对交叉和变异概率取值进行自适应调整的优势在于:当种群的多样性较大时,此时降低交叉与变异概率,可减小种群进化速度,提高搜索精度;当种群的多样性较小时,增大交叉与变异概率,从而提高种群进化速度,避免陷入局部最优解。
3)交叉操作
交叉操作是遗传算法中产生新个体的主要方式,会直接影响算法的整体优化能力。本文算法采用了两点交叉的方法,即随机生成两个数μ1μ2作为交叉起点和交叉终点,随后将两个父代个体在μ1μ2之间的基因进行交换,如图6所示。经过检验后,如果交叉得到的子代个体不符合约束条件,例如存在相邻箱区均为高工作量或分配的贝位总容量不满足总箱量等情况,则通过修正操作之后得到满足约束的子代染色体。
4)变异操作
在完成交叉操作后,新的个体会基于一定的变异概率让其中的某些基因值发生改变。常见的变异方法包括两点互换、相邻互换等,考虑到问题具有多重约束条件的限制,选取了更为适用问题的单点变异策略以减少不合格基因产生的概率。变异过程如图7所示,首先选择染色体中任意一点作为变异点,根据模型中的约束确定该集装箱基因值可变异范围,随后进行变异操作从而生成新值,最后对染色体个体进行检验,对不满足条件的染色体个体进行修正操作。
为了使算法具有逃脱局部极值和避免过早收敛的全局优化能力,将Metropolis准则引入子代种群个体筛选过程中,能够以一定的概率接受恶化解。如果子代与父代的适应度差值ΔE>0,则该子代一定会被接受;如果差值ΔE≤0,则该子代被接受的概率为exp(-ΔE/t),其中t为退火过程的控制参数,如果随机数σ>exp(-ΔE/t),那么该子代则被拒绝。
为了确保问题求解的质量,并且兼顾算法通用性和复杂性低的特性,设计了一种基于优先级降序均衡堆存策略的启发式算法,它能够在较短的时间内获得一个较好的结果。具体算法框架图如图8所示,算法步骤如下。
步骤1 根据出口箱的目的港和重量等级计算船舶i的各出口集装箱优先级,统计各优先级出口箱总量,并根据优先级进行降序排列,以优先级从大到小进行决策。
步骤2 计算船舶i优先级为σ的集装箱在各箱区作业区域均衡分配比率。
步骤3 依次选择箱位(j,b,r,h),如果该箱位被分配给船舶i且未被堆存集装箱,同时该作业区中优先级为σ的集装箱数量未达到分配比率,则在此箱位堆存船舶i优先级为σ的箱子,否则更新箱位。
步骤4 当优先级为σ的箱子被全部分配完成,则选择优先级σ'并循环步骤2、步骤3。
步骤5 当船舶i的集装箱全部被分配完成,则选择船舶i'的集装箱进行分配,循环步骤1~步骤4直至所有需决策的船舶集装箱分配完毕。
以钦州港U型自动化码头一期7号泊位和8号泊位改造工程完工后的日常运营数据作为实验数据基础,对某一决策时间段3 d后计划到港作业的3艘外贸船舶的出口集装箱进行箱位分配,船舶信息如表2所示,其待堆存1 960个出口集装箱,集装箱属性包含3个目的港,重量等级分为4级,集装箱重量越重其重量等级数值越大,部分出口箱具体数据如表3所示。
堆场规模基于钦州港第一期工程布局,共具有8个箱区,出口集装箱于进口集装箱分开堆存,每个箱区的外贸出口集装箱堆存区域规模设定为20×6×4(贝×栈×层),各贝位预留3个翻箱位,即最大存储容量为21个出口集装箱,贝位初始堆存情况为空。场桥移动一个贝位的时间为5 s,IGV水平运输速度为20 km/h,由于U型堆场中两个箱区共用同一IGV车道,所以泊位和箱区距离如表4所示,单个贝位的长度为7 m,目标函数中各系数数值设定为λ=0.6,ω=10。
算例在运行内存为8 GB的Windows 10系统环境下使用Python语言进行编程求解。算法参数设置为:迭代次数400,种群规模100,交叉概率最大值和最小值分别为0.8和0.6,变异概率最大值和最小值分别为0.1和0.01,免疫补偿机制相似度阈值0.2。随着算法不断地迭代,各代种群的最优目标函数变化情况如图9所示,在迭代至260代左右时趋于平缓,当算法终止后,得到权重下最优解的目标函数值为1 313.51。
不同作业时间段下各箱区组作业集装箱数量如图10所示,可见箱区组之间的作业量较为均衡。图11呈现了某一作业时间段下各箱区作业区域的高低工作量分布情况,可见同一箱区内的两个作业区域以及同一箱区组相邻的作业区域均不存在同时为高工作量的情况,可以减少共用一条IGV车道所产生拥堵的情况。
算例使用Python语言进行编程求解,基于第一阶段的区域分配结果得到箱位分配方案如表5所示。可以看出,出口箱箱位分配结果均符合箱位唯一性要求,即每个集装箱被分配至了不同的箱位进行堆存,不会出现一个箱位同时堆存多个集装箱的情形,并且所有集装箱都没有悬空放置的现象,例如7号集装箱堆存在箱位(1,6,4,2),其下方箱位(1,6,4,1)堆放了30号集装箱,且满足单个贝位内堆存同一所属船舶集装箱。
以箱区8作业区域1为例,其堆存船舶1的出口箱情况如图12所示。可以看出,单个堆栈内集装箱符合优先级大压优先级小的堆存策略,即能够达到零翻箱且相同优先级的箱位属于可互换箱位,贝位之间的优先级满足降序堆存策略,能够提高场桥装船时连续性作业。
为了验证提出的IAGA算法的性能,随机生成10组不同规模的算例,将IAGA算法与GA算法和SA算法进行对比,具体求解结果如表6所示,F为目标函数值,G1=(FGA-FIAGA)/FIAGA,G2同理。结果数值说明IAGA算法能够适用于不同规模的问题,并且与GA算法和SA算法相比能够求解的结果目标函数值更小,可知IAGA算法在不同规模下得出的出口箱堆存区域分配方案均能够有效提升船舶的装船效率,相较于GA算法和SA算法所提供的分配方案能够分别有平均9.94%以及12.70%的提升,从而使得此算法能够为改善码头整体作业效率提供支持。在运行时间方面,随着算例规模的增大,3种算法的求解时间均有所增加,但是在同一规模下IAGA算法相较之下使用的时间略少,即能够在合理时间范围内得到较优结果。综上,采用IAGA算法求解效果较优并且求解时间合理,这为IAGA在码头实际中运用提供了可能。
在对U型自动化码头和出口集装箱运输流程的分析下研究堆场箱位分配问题,主要完成以下3个方面的工作。
(1)构建两阶段模型,第一阶段考虑相邻箱区共用IGV车道拥堵的情况,基于箱区组作业区域高低工作量的约束下构建最小化总装船时间和平衡箱区组作业量为目标的堆存区域分配模型,第二阶段采取优先级降序均衡堆存策略构建箱位分配模型,以提高场桥作业连续性。
(2)基于传统的GA算法,增加了自适应交叉概率和变异概率,并引入免疫补偿机制和Metropolis准则,设计了一种改进的遗传算法以求解第一阶段模型,第二阶段通过设计了一种基于堆存策略的启发式算法以求解到多箱区下集装箱不同优先级均衡放置的箱位分配方案。
(3)设计了案例实验验证了算法的有效性,能够在短时间内得到符合条件的堆存区域分配结果以及箱位分配方案,并且通过算法对比实验,证明在不同规模的问题下改进的方法能够具有更优的性能。
研究结果能够对实际堆存问题提供一定的理论指导意义,提升码头整体工作效率,未来的研究可以进一步考虑外集卡集港时间不确定性下如何进行箱位分配。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406393
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
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    1 上海海事大学物流工程学院, 上海 201306
    2 广西钦州保税港区盛港码头有限公司, 钦州 535000

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*苌道方(1978—),男,汉族,河南封丘人,博士,教授。研究方向:港航物流仿真与监控、虚拟现实与模拟系统开发等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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