Article(id=1207343630252090020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404427, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718208000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782752812, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782752812, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782752812, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782752812, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7252, endPage=7259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343631367774894, articleId=1207343630252090020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Design and Optimization of Rope Hook Recovery System for Small Fixed Wing UAV Based on Admittance Control, columnId=1207343631124505261, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the field of unmanned systems, heterogeneous cross-domain collaboration is recognized as an effective solution to current bottlenecks, integrating functional redundancy and complementary capabilities across different platforms. However, traditional rope-hook recovery systems, due to their high stiffness, result in significant instantaneous impact forces during aircraft hooking, which leads to undesired landing attitudes and an inability to land precisely. Furthermore, these systems are less flexible and have slower response times compared to robotic arms in achieving altitude tracking. To address these challenges, admittance control for robotic arm compliance was introduced, with the goal of enhancing landing stability, preventing structural damage caused by excessive lateral forces, and ensuring stability. In addition, the roll compensation process was optimized through a combination of short-time Fourier transform-fast Fourier transform(STFT-FFT) prediction algorithms and active disturbance rejection control, leading to smoother and more stable compensation responses. Simulation tests confirmed the effectiveness of the admittance control strategy and the optimization of the compensation response algorithm, resulting in improvements in both landing stability and system flexibility. This research presents novel methods for unmanned aircraft recovery and offers valuable insights for the development of future unmanned systems.

, correspAuthors=Yan-jie LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng ZHANG, Yan-jie LI, Ming-xi ZHANG, Peng LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343635662742306, articleId=1207343630252090020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于导纳控制的小型固定翼无人机绳钩回收系统设计及优化, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在无人装备领域,异构跨域协同作为一种解决现有瓶颈问题的有效策略,通过整合不同平台的功能冗余性和能力互补性,实现了各要素单元的高效一体化运用,推动了无人系统应用新模态的发展。然而,传统的绳钩回收系统因其高刚度特性,在回收过程中飞机钩上阻拦索时会产生较大的瞬时冲击力,导致无人机降落姿态不理想,无法保证平稳落到期望位置。此外,该系统缺乏灵活性,在实现高度跟随时响应不如机械臂迅速。为此,引入了导纳方法实现机械臂的柔顺控制,旨在提高无人机回收的平稳性,并防止因关节所受横向力过大导致的结构损坏,确保机械臂结构的稳定性。同时,结合短时傅里叶变换-快速傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform-fast Fourier transform, STFT-FFT)预测算法与自抗扰控制方法,优化了横滚补偿过程,实现了更加平滑稳定的补偿响应。通过仿真测试平台的验证,证实了绳钩回收系统的导纳控制策略及补偿响应优化算法的有效性。

, correspAuthors=李艳杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智能机器人控制。E-mail:
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张猛(1998—),男,汉族,辽宁阜新人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能机器人控制。E-mail:

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1为柔性关节机械臂;2为阻尼绳;3为降落保护垫;4为船舶

, figureFileSmall=2CWWXSKPeVCHC8j8n07p6w==, figureFileBig=rRCAlxWm/TLCOULCF1ADWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964156395925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Attitude compensation mechanism, figureFileSmall=5wsA/9S9Z/J+jEjfXPp5Hg==, figureFileBig=2VZoC0ZihKlFTuZmFbQGxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964252864924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=CN, label=图2, caption=姿态补偿机制, figureFileSmall=5wsA/9S9Z/J+jEjfXPp5Hg==, figureFileBig=2VZoC0ZihKlFTuZmFbQGxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964366111142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Admittance control block diagram, figureFileSmall=X6KFH+I484uZMNyHF022WQ==, figureFileBig=IpTx67n0tYGOvGm6VrMEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964449997230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=CN, label=图3, caption=导纳控制框图, figureFileSmall=X6KFH+I484uZMNyHF022WQ==, figureFileBig=IpTx67n0tYGOvGm6VrMEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964529689013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Adaptive variable admittance control block diagram, figureFileSmall=RbHID3/WKFFl5hPrlLxcVQ==, figureFileBig=/fFN0ZeZdp4kNB0D3eGw+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964600992191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=CN, label=图4, caption=自适应变导纳控制框图, figureFileSmall=RbHID3/WKFFl5hPrlLxcVQ==, figureFileBig=/fFN0ZeZdp4kNB0D3eGw+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964689072580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Overall structure of STFT, figureFileSmall=1Os+iSCX8VYUAMoMVdBQrQ==, figureFileBig=sXFkUU14UbsfhWyxJSOdtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964768764363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=CN, label=图5, caption=STFT总体结构, figureFileSmall=1Os+iSCX8VYUAMoMVdBQrQ==, figureFileBig=sXFkUU14UbsfhWyxJSOdtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964840067537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Description of ship coordinates, figureFileSmall=ao56ahmfGeK8nFktc5IXVQ==, figureFileBig=LRdtvdwyrkin2NGp+bjYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400964923953623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343630252090020, language=CN, label=图6, caption=船舶坐标描述图, figureFileSmall=ao56ahmfGeK8nFktc5IXVQ==, figureFileBig=LRdtvdwyrkin2NGp+bjYLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400965012034014, 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基于导纳控制的小型固定翼无人机绳钩回收系统设计及优化
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张猛 1, 2 , 李艳杰 1, * , 张洺溪 2 , 李鹏 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(17): 7252-7259
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(17): 7252-7259
基于导纳控制的小型固定翼无人机绳钩回收系统设计及优化
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张猛1, 2 , 李艳杰1, * , 张洺溪2, 李鹏2
作者信息
  • 1 沈阳理工大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110159
  • 2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所, 沈阳 110016
  • 张猛(1998—),男,汉族,辽宁阜新人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能机器人控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智能机器人控制。E-mail:
Design and Optimization of Rope Hook Recovery System for Small Fixed Wing UAV Based on Admittance Control
Meng ZHANG1, 2 , Yan-jie LI1, * , Ming-xi ZHANG2, Peng LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China
  • 2 Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404427
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在无人装备领域,异构跨域协同作为一种解决现有瓶颈问题的有效策略,通过整合不同平台的功能冗余性和能力互补性,实现了各要素单元的高效一体化运用,推动了无人系统应用新模态的发展。然而,传统的绳钩回收系统因其高刚度特性,在回收过程中飞机钩上阻拦索时会产生较大的瞬时冲击力,导致无人机降落姿态不理想,无法保证平稳落到期望位置。此外,该系统缺乏灵活性,在实现高度跟随时响应不如机械臂迅速。为此,引入了导纳方法实现机械臂的柔顺控制,旨在提高无人机回收的平稳性,并防止因关节所受横向力过大导致的结构损坏,确保机械臂结构的稳定性。同时,结合短时傅里叶变换-快速傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform-fast Fourier transform, STFT-FFT)预测算法与自抗扰控制方法,优化了横滚补偿过程,实现了更加平滑稳定的补偿响应。通过仿真测试平台的验证,证实了绳钩回收系统的导纳控制策略及补偿响应优化算法的有效性。

固定翼无人机  /  绳钩回收  /  导纳控制  /  自抗扰控制

In the field of unmanned systems, heterogeneous cross-domain collaboration is recognized as an effective solution to current bottlenecks, integrating functional redundancy and complementary capabilities across different platforms. However, traditional rope-hook recovery systems, due to their high stiffness, result in significant instantaneous impact forces during aircraft hooking, which leads to undesired landing attitudes and an inability to land precisely. Furthermore, these systems are less flexible and have slower response times compared to robotic arms in achieving altitude tracking. To address these challenges, admittance control for robotic arm compliance was introduced, with the goal of enhancing landing stability, preventing structural damage caused by excessive lateral forces, and ensuring stability. In addition, the roll compensation process was optimized through a combination of short-time Fourier transform-fast Fourier transform(STFT-FFT) prediction algorithms and active disturbance rejection control, leading to smoother and more stable compensation responses. Simulation tests confirmed the effectiveness of the admittance control strategy and the optimization of the compensation response algorithm, resulting in improvements in both landing stability and system flexibility. This research presents novel methods for unmanned aircraft recovery and offers valuable insights for the development of future unmanned systems.

fixed-wing UAV  /  rope-hook recovery  /  admittance control  /  active disturbance rejection control
张猛, 李艳杰, 张洺溪, 李鹏. 基于导纳控制的小型固定翼无人机绳钩回收系统设计及优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7252 -7259 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404427
Meng ZHANG, Yan-jie LI, Ming-xi ZHANG, Peng LI. Design and Optimization of Rope Hook Recovery System for Small Fixed Wing UAV Based on Admittance Control[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7252 -7259 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404427
异构跨域协同[1]主要解决无人装备在通信协议、信息交换和任务协同方面存在的难题,为无人装备的发展和应用提供了重要的支持和保障,也是未来无人战争的主要作战模式。这一理念在过去几年中得到了美国军方部门和科研界的高度关注。所谓异构跨域协同,是指在空中、地面和海上等多个领域中,不同类型无人装备通过网络连接实现的系统整合。通过异构跨域协同,能够发挥各种无人装备的独特优势,弥补单一系统的局限性,从而大幅度增强任务执行的效能。美国发布的机器人技术路线图以及无人系统发展路线图[2]中阐述了跨域协作的战略意义。欧洲的机器人技术路线图[3]同样将跨域协作视为未来十年的一个关键发展方向。异构跨领域平台协同已成为智能无人装备发展的必然趋势。在异构跨领域协作系统的应用中,科学家和工程技术人员需应对众多技术难题。现基于固定翼无人机和无人船[4]的系统相结合构成的多域融合操作,旨在解决固定翼无人机在面对复杂环境(如海面风速变化、水面舰艇的运动干扰等因素)时,其着陆回收过程面临的技术难题。
无人机回收的整个过程就是引导无人机平稳、安全、准确地落在舰船后甲板上。为了实现这一目标,需要借助高效的回收系统。在无人机回收的技术领域中,主要的回收方法包括碰撞网回收、降落伞回收[5]以及绳钩回收。其中,绳钩回收因其所占空间较小且能够适应多变的环境条件,因此在机载固定翼无人机的回收中得到了广泛应用。例如, DARPA公司推出的SideArm系统[6],通过高精度飞行控制,将无人机上端挂钩与滑轨上的绳索相接,达到回收目的。
除此之外,扫描鹰无人机采用了天钩回收系统[7],该系统通过在吊杆上垂直悬挂拦阻绳,来捕捉无人机翼尖上的锁钩,从而完成回收。天钩回收系统因其结构简洁及收放灵活而备受瞩目,无论是陆基地面、车辆,还是海基船舶、岛礁等狭窄的回收环境,该系统都能轻松应对,展现出其广泛的应用潜力。
然而,由于传统的回收网和回收绳机构的结构刚性大、灵活性低,且无法有效处理反力,对回收系统的鲁棒性产生了不良影响,容易导致飞机钩绳后易发生侧翻,机翼和螺旋桨受损。
在此境况下,机载无人机回收系统无论是采用碰撞网还是绳钩方式,都难以保证无人机稳定地降落在回收平台上,需要对回收机构的结构和回收策略提出更高要求。
现提出一种基于导纳方法的柔性关节机械臂与短时傅里叶变换-快速傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform-fast Fourier transform, STFT-FFT)及自抗扰控制[8]相结合的回收策略,构建小型固定翼无人机的绳钩回收系统,旨在提高回收过程的稳定性和安全性。
小型固定翼无人机回收系统主要由柔性关节机械臂、阻尼绳和降落保护垫构成,如图1所示,无人机自右向左飞行,在通过船尾时,被回收至降落保护垫上。姿态补偿机制则包括预测模块、控制器模块、执行模块和人机交互模块,如图2所示。
柔性关节机械臂由两个臂杆和一个柔性关节组成,通过导纳控制,使机械臂顺应外力,提升回收过程的平滑性与稳定性。
阻尼绳通过滑轮引导,与绕线轮连接,展现出良好的弹性和阻尼特性。在无人机接近船舶的过程中,利用动态差分全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)和船舶惯性测量仪(inertial measuring instrument,IMU)精确获取无人机与回收绳的相对位姿信息。预测算法根据实时获取的相对姿态数据预测目标位置,并通过自抗扰控制算法调整回收机构,实现绳索相对姿态的有效补偿。
为确保试验的顺利进行,借助人机交互手段对船舶工控计算机的运行状态进行实时监测。在无人机的回收过程中,一旦无人机姿态发生变动或受到海潮波动的干扰,绳钩系统能够迅速响应,根据无人机的实时飞行状态进行适应性调整,维持稳定的拦阻姿态。通过与无人机的协同工作,确保无人机的尾钩能够精确捕捉拦阻索,从而迅速降低无人机的速度,最终使其平稳降落在保护垫上。
传统的绳钩回收系统因其高刚度特性,在回收过程中飞机钩上阻拦索时,往往会产生显著的瞬时冲击力。这种冲击力易导致无人机降落姿态的不稳定,难以确保无人机能够平稳地降落到预定的期望位置。为了克服这一问题,现采用导纳控制[9]策略,通过精确控制机械臂的运动轨迹,使其紧密跟随期望的轨迹。这种策略使得机械臂能够主动顺应外部力的变化,从而显著提高回收过程的平滑性和稳定性,确保无人机能够安全、准确地完成回收任务。
导纳控制机制的核心在于通过实时测量的外力信息,实现对机械臂位置的精准调节。
导纳控制框图如图3所示。在机械臂执行回收任务的过程中,一旦受到外力作用,其双臂将自动进行轨迹调整以顺应外力,通过导纳控制器,生成一个新的期望位置,其表达式为
${F}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}}={M}_{\mathrm{d}}({\stackrel{··}{x}}_{\mathrm{r}}-\stackrel{··}{x})+{N}_{\mathrm{d}}({\stackrel{·}{x}}_{\mathrm{r}}-\stackrel{·}{x})+{K}_{\mathrm{d}}({x}_{\mathrm{r}}-x)$
式(1)中:Fex为机械臂与环境间的实际作用力;xr${\stackrel{·}{x}}_{\mathrm{r}}$${\stackrel{··}{x}}_{\mathrm{r}}$分别为参考的位置、速度、加速度;x为实际位置;$\stackrel{·}{x}$$\stackrel{··}{x}$分别为实际位置的速度、加速度,在导纳控制中,如果位置控制没有误差,那么实际位置也是期望位置;MdNdKd分别为惯性特性、阻尼特性和刚度特性,通过调节这3个参数从而改变机械臂的动力学属性。
首先,基于实际作用力Fex和调节机械臂的动力学特性参数(MdNdKd),控制系统外环计算出为实现期望导纳模型所需的位置修正量Δx,随后将参考位置xr和实际位置x以及修正量Δx一同输入内环位置控制器,以确保实际位置紧密跟踪期望位置,通过这一过程,可获得机械臂与环境接触力的期望导纳模型。
导纳控制器输出的位置信息需要经过位置控制器转化为力信息,力信息再经过逆动力学计算,得到相应的位置信息,并转换为关节力矩以驱动机械臂运动,同时该位置信息将反馈至内环的位置控制器。最终,实现机械臂运动中的“刚中带柔”特性。
综合考虑非确定环境因素[10]与动态性能需求,设计了自适应变导纳系数方法[11],该方法通过自适应动态调整阻尼系数的方式来增强系统的鲁棒性。
首先,定义接触力误差函数,表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{\Delta }f={f}_{\mathrm{r}}-{f}_{\mathrm{e}}\\ {f}_{\mathrm{e}}={k}_{\mathrm{e}}({x}_{\mathrm{c}}-{x}_{\mathrm{e}})\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:Δf为接触力误差;fe为接触环境模型;fr为期望力; ke为接触环境刚度参数;xcxe为位置参数。
为解决接触力误差问题,采用自适应变导纳系数方法,并将导纳控制表示为
$\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)=\stackrel{··}{me}\left(t\right)+\stackrel{·}{ne}\left(t\right)+ke\left(t\right)$
式(3)中:m为质量系数;n为阻尼系数;k为刚度系数;e(t)为机械臂的实际位置与参考轨迹之间的位置误差,e(t)=xc(t)-${x}_{\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)\mathrm{ }\stackrel{·}{e}\left(t\right)={\stackrel{·}{x}}_{\mathrm{c}}\left(t\right)-{\stackrel{·}{x}}_{\mathrm{e}}\left(t\right)$
假设质量与刚度为常数,利用变阻尼的方式构建导纳模型,其变化规律为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}n\left(t\right)={n}_{0}\left(t\right)-\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }n\left(t\right)}{\eta +\stackrel{·}{e}\left(t\right)}\\ \mathrm{\Delta }n\left(t\right)={n}_{\mathrm{p}}\Delta f\left(t\right)+{n}_{\mathrm{d}}\Delta \stackrel{·}{f}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
将式(3)代入式(4)中可得自适应变导纳模型为
$\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(t\right)=\stackrel{··}{me}\left(t\right)+{n}_{0}\stackrel{·}{e}\left(t\right)+ke\left(t\right)-{n}_{\mathrm{p}}\Delta f\left(t\right)-{n}_{\mathrm{d}}\Delta \stackrel{·}{f}\left(t\right)$
式中:Δ$\stackrel{·}{f}$(t)为接触力误差的导数;n0为阻尼系数基础值;np为力误差比例放大系数;nd为力误差微分调整系数;为确保分母不为0,增加η=1×10-7。阻尼系数大小由npnd两系数决定,因此这些系数与导纳控制系统的稳定性密切相关,需要确定合理的取值范围。
对式(5)进行拉氏变换,得
Δf(s)(1+np+nds)=(ms2+n0s+k)e(s)
式(6)中:e(s)=xc(s)-xe(s),进一步与式(3)联立可得
fe(s)(ms2+n0s+k)=(1+np+nds)keΔf(s)
最后将Δf(s)=fr(s)-fe(s)代入上述公式中,可以推导出接触力误差与系统期望力之间的转换关系为
$\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }f\left(s\right)}{{f}_{\mathrm{r}}\left(s\right)}=\frac{m{s}^{2}+{n}_{0}+k}{m{s}^{2}+({n}_{d}{k}_{\mathrm{e}}+{n}_{0})s+{k}_{\mathrm{e}}{n}_{p}+{k}_{\mathrm{e}}+k}$
运用赫尔维茨稳定判据,对其特征方程进行了深入的稳定性分析。为确保系统的稳定运行,将这些系数排成行列式,使其系数主行列式和主对角线上的子行列式的值都为正,因此,增益系数的取值应满足条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{n}_{\mathrm{d}}>\frac{{n}_{0}}{-{k}_{\mathrm{e}}}\\ {n}_{\mathrm{p}}>-\frac{k}{{k}_{\mathrm{e}}}-1\end{array}\right.$
在满足上述条件的情况下,自适应变导纳系数能够保持稳定的运行状态。自适应变导纳控制方法的控制框图如图4所示。
采用STFT与FFT的融合方法,即先将信号分割成多个窗口,在每个窗口上分别应用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)来计算频谱,再将这些窗口中的频谱信息进行合并,从而获得完整的频谱信息。这种方法不仅有效地保留了信号的时频特性,而且提高了计算效率,从而达到更优的分析效果。
海波作为复杂的常见自然现象,受多种因素影响,而船舶在海浪作用下的波动运动并非是无序,其特性与船舶动力学及海况紧密相关。这使得海浪的短期预测成为可能。船舶在海面的起伏运动可视为不同周期谐波的叠加,其表达式为
$\begin{array}{c} w(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left[A_{i} \sin \left(2 \pi f_{i} t+\varphi_{i}\right)\right]+\sigma(t), \\ i=1,2, \cdots, N, t_{0} \leqslant t \leqslant T \end{array}$
式(10)中:Aifiϕi分别为谐波的幅值、频率和相位;σ(t)为干扰信号的补偿值;T为信号重复的时间间隔。
通过短时傅里叶变换对信号进行分段处理,各段间隔为信号长度的1/4~1/3。随后,将每段信号进行FFT变换,并将结果拼接,以获取频谱图。总体结构如图5所示。
进一步利用快速傅里叶变换,基于滤波后的时域信号,可以得到输入信号的幅值、频率与相位;峰值检波器用于识别主要的N次谐波及相对应的幅值、频率和相位。为提升预测精度,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器,该滤波器能够用实时更新各频率的谐波参数,通过不断更新状态估计并比较实测值与估计值,实现最优状态估计,并准确预测时间Tpre前后的干扰信号。相关的常微分方程如下。
${x}_{\sigma }={A}_{i}x=\left[\begin{array}{ll}-(2\mathrm{\pi }{f}_{i}{)}^{2}& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]x$
$\boldsymbol{x}=\boldsymbol{x}_{a, i}=\boldsymbol{A}_{i}\binom{\sin \varphi_{i}}{2 \pi f_{i} \cos \varphi_{i}}$
wi=Cix=[1 0]x, i=1,2,…,N
式中:t0tt0T,式(14)为初始条件。将N个简谐波求和,将初始补偿值纳入系统状态方程中得到式(15)和式(16)。
xσ=Ax
$x\left({t}_{0}\right)=\mathrm{ }[{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots,{x}_{N},\sigma {\left(t\right)]}^{\mathrm{T}}$
w(t)=Cx=[C1 C2CN 1]
扩展卡尔曼滤波器用于预测振幅和相位,预估谐波状态,如式(17)、式(18)所示。
${\hat{\mathit{x}}}_{\mathrm{\sigma }}=\mathit{A}\hat{\mathit{x}}+(\mathit{w}-\hat{\mathit{w}})\mathrm{ }$
$\hat{\mathit{w}}=C\hat{\mathit{x}}$
接着,对不同频率的谐波参数进行估计,如式(19)、式(20)所示。
$\begin{array}{l} \hat{x}_{\mathrm{b}, i}(t)=A_{\mathrm{Mv}, i} \sin \left(2 \pi f_{\mathrm{FFT}, i}+\varphi_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}\right) \\ \hat{x}_{\mathrm{c}, i}(t)=2 \pi A_{\mathrm{Mv}, i} \cos \left(2 \pi f_{\mathrm{FFT}, i}+\varphi_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}\right) \end{array}$
式(19)中:
fMv,i=fFFT,i
$\varphi_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}=\varphi \arctan \left[\frac{\hat{x}_{\mathrm{b}, i}(T)}{\hat{x}_{\mathrm{c}, i}(T)}\right]-2 \pi f_{\mathrm{FFT}, i} T $
$A_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}=\frac{\hat{x}_{a, i}(T)}{\sin \left(2 \pi f_{\mathrm{FFT}, i} T+\varphi_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}\right)}$
最后,将预估的不同频率谐波叠加,作为预估时间Tpre后的信号,表达式为
$\begin{aligned} T_{\mathrm{pre}}(t)= & {\left[\sum_{i=1}^{N} A_{\mathrm{Mv}, i} \sin \left(2 \pi f_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}+\varphi_{\mathrm{Mv}, i}\right)\right]+\sigma(t) } \\ & \left(i=1,2, \cdots, N ; T \leqslant t \leqslant T_{\mathrm{pre}}\right) \end{aligned}$
由于补偿值σ(t)无法预测,t时刻的常数可通过式(24)计算,表达式为
$\sigma(t)=\hat{x}_{2 N+1}(T), T \leqslant t \leqslant T_{\mathrm{pre}}$
短时傅里叶变换借助窗函数,将整体时域流程划分为多个等时长的小片段,每个小片段均被视为局部平稳过程。接着,针对这些小片段执行快速傅里叶变换,以实现精确的时频分析。
然后在T0时刻,确定目标点M0,M0图6C坐标系下的坐标为${\left[\begin{array}{lll}{X}_{{M}_{0}}^{C}& {Y}_{{M}_{0}}^{C}& {Z}_{{M}_{0}}^{C}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}}$,当船因波浪晃动时,M0在大地坐标系D中的坐标为${\left[\begin{array}{lll}{X}_{{M}_{0}}^{D}& {Y}_{{M}_{0}}^{D}& {Z}_{{M}_{0}}^{D}\end{array}\right]}^{\mathrm{T}}$。坐标变换关系可表示为
$\begin{array}{l} {\left[\begin{array}{lll} X_{M_{0}}^{D} & Y_{M_{0}}^{D} & Z_{M_{0}}^{D} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}=} \\ \quad\left[\begin{array}{ccc} \mathrm{c} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta & \mathrm{c} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta-\mathrm{s} \alpha \mathrm{c} \theta & \mathrm{c} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta+\mathrm{s} \alpha \mathrm{c} \theta \\ \mathrm{~s} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta & \mathrm{c} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta+\mathrm{s} \alpha \mathrm{c} \theta & \mathrm{c} \alpha \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta-\mathrm{s} \alpha \mathrm{c} \theta \\ -\mathrm{s} \beta & \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta & \mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{~s} \theta \end{array}\right] \\ {\left[\begin{array}{lll} X_{M_{0}}^{C} & Y_{M_{0}}^{C} & Z_{M_{0}}^{C} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}} \end{array}$
式(25)中:α为船舶航向角;β为船舶横摇角;θ为船舶俯仰角;c、s分别为cos、sin运算。
无人机在回收过程中会产生气动干扰,同时船舶也会受到海浪的影响产生晃动。为确保无人机成功回收,系绳两端的控制点MRML需满足以下条件为
${Z}_{{M}_{\mathrm{R}}}^{D}={Z}_{{M}_{\mathrm{L}}}^{D}={Z}_{{M}_{0}}^{D}+\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_{\mathrm{f}}$
可以推导出机械臂在Y轴方向的总位移应满足式(27)和式(29)。
$ (\mathrm{s} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta+\mathrm{s} \theta) \frac{B}{2}-(\mathrm{s} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta-\mathrm{s} \theta) L+\mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta H_{R}= \\ \quad \Delta e+Z_{M_{0}}^{D} $
$ -(\mathrm{s} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta+\mathrm{s} \theta) \frac{B}{2}-(\mathrm{s} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta-\mathrm{s} \theta) L+\mathrm{c} \beta \mathrm{c} \theta H_{\mathrm{L}}= \\ \quad \Delta e+Z_{M_{0}}^{D} $
ΔeHf+ΔHs
式中:B为机械臂基座之间的距离; L为基座与船舶重心之间的纵向距离;Δe为系统受到的干扰,包括波浪和空气动力学的干扰;ΔHs为波浪引起的船舶高度变化;△Hf为空气动力学引起的飞机高度变化; MLMR分别为左右机械臂末端的目标位置。点M为飞机回收挂索的预期目标点。关节位移(AL1,AL2,AR1,AR2)。图6为船舶坐标描述的示意图。
在风扰环境下,回收装置的姿态控制易受到扰动的影响。因此,所采用的控制器必须具有很强的抗干扰性和快速响应特性。为此,采用自抗扰控制策略,通过估算系统总和扰动,并利用反馈补偿机制实现对扰动的有效补偿。其结构控制如图7所示。
对于扰动的补偿,设计了合理的过渡过程以及过渡变量,并提取微分。利用非线性反馈方法,得到一种非线性组合策略。通过设计“扩张状态观测器”来估计总扰动,并对其进行补偿,从而抑制扰动对系统性能的不利影响。在此过程中,MR=HR,ML=HL
接下来,建立了无人机绳勾回收模型,具体表达式如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{h}}_{1}={h}_{2}\\ {\stackrel{·}{h}}_{2}=f(h,\stackrel{·}{h},w)+{b}_{\mathrm{k}}u\\ y={h}_{1}\end{array}\right.$
式(30)中:h1=h;h2=$\stackrel{·}{h}$;f(·)为被控对象无人机绳钩回收系统收到的总扰动量;w为绕x轴的线速度;bk为放大倍数;u为系统控制输入量。
针对图6中的跟踪微分器,扩张状态观测器,误差反馈控制器分别进行设计。
1)跟踪微分器(TD)
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\stackrel{·}{h}}_{\mathrm{c}1}={h}_{\mathrm{c}2}\\ {h}_{\mathrm{c}2}=\mathrm{f}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}({h}_{\mathrm{c}1}-{h}_{\mathrm{c}},{h}_{\mathrm{c}2},{r}_{0},{h}_{0})\end{array}\right.$
式(31)中:fhan函数为自抗扰控制中的最速跟踪函数[12]HRHL作为输入信号,经过跟踪微分器处理后,可得到HRHL的跟踪信号hc1和跟踪信号的微分信号hc2,r0为快速因子,h0为滤波因子(在仿真试验中,通常与积分步长h取相同值)。
2)扩张状态观测器(ESO)
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}e\left(T\right)={z}_{\mathrm{h}1}\left(T\right)-{h}_{\mathrm{c}1}\left(T\right)\\ {z}_{\mathrm{h}1}(T+1)={z}_{\mathrm{h}1}\left(T\right)+h\left[{z}_{\mathrm{h}2}\right(T)-{\rho }_{1}e(T\left)\right]\\ {z}_{\mathrm{h}2}(T+1)={z}_{\mathrm{h}2}\left(T\right)+h\left\{{z}_{\mathrm{h}3}\right(T)-\\       {\rho }_{2}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\left[e\right(T),{\eta }_{1},\delta ]+{b}_{\mathrm{k}}{u}_{h}\left(T\right)\}\\ {z}_{\mathrm{h}3}(T+1)={z}_{\mathrm{h}3}\left(T\right)-h{\rho }_{3}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\left[e\right(T),{\eta }_{2},\delta ]\end{array}\right.$
式(32)中:ρ1ρ2ρ3为状态观测器的增益系数;η1η2为非线性因子;通过状态观测器调整参数可得状态量z1z2以及z3,z3表示无人机绳钩回收系统受到的总扰动;uh(T)为当前时刻施加到被控对象的控制输入量。式(32)表示无人机绳钩回收系统扩张状态观测器的离散形式。
3)误差反馈控制器(FC)
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{\mathrm{h}1}={h}_{\mathrm{c}1}\left(T\right)-{z}_{\mathrm{h}1}\\ {e}_{\mathrm{h}1}={h}_{\mathrm{c}2}\left(T\right)-{z}_{\mathrm{h}2}\\ {u}_{0}\left(T\right)={\rho }_{01}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{\mathrm{h}1},{\eta }_{01},{\delta }_{0})+{\rho }_{02}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}({e}_{\mathrm{h}2},{\eta }_{02},{\delta }_{0})\\ u\left(T\right)={u}_{0}\left(T\right)-{z}_{2}\left(T\right)/{b}_{\mathrm{k}}\end{array}\right.$
式(33)中:ρ01ρ02为非线性系数;η01η02为非线性因子;δ0为fal(·)函数中的滤波因子。根据参考文献可知[13-14],0<η01<1<η02。误差反馈控制器通过误差eh1eh2的非线性组合得到u0(T)的补偿,从而消除系统扰动对稳定性的影响,进而得到最终控制量u(T)。
构建无人机回收平台,包括无人机回收装置系统(含阻拦索张力控制装置,柔性关节机械臂)、用于回收的互联网系统、控制系统以及小型固定翼无人机。这款无人机采用后拉式的设计,其机身尾部的下方安装了一个单自由度的挂钩。无人机飞行方向与船舶前进方向相同,当无人机进入机械臂可随动调整的高度范围内时,机械臂开始自动调整姿态,以补偿无人机的高度变化。随后,无人机在经过船尾的机械臂时,其尾部的挂钩准确地钩上阻拦索,以良好的姿态落在缓冲垫上,最终回收成功。图8为实验装置图。
Pierson-Moskowitz谱作为一种描述波浪能量分布的频谱模型,适用于描述风生成的海浪模拟。在模拟中,采用该模型作为波的谱密度函数,表达式为
$S\left(w\right)=\frac{0.78}{{w}_{\mathrm{s}}^{5}}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{ }\left(-\frac{3.13}{{w}_{\mathrm{s}}^{4}{\xi }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
式(34)中:ξs为1/3波的平均高度;ws为每个谐波所对应的频率。
利用Adams软件建立仿真系统,如图9所示,左臂末端处的点受力近似为零,除了沿绳索轴线方向外,在其他方向上都没有运动趋势。这表明机械臂在补偿时很稳定,能够有效进行补偿运动。
图10则显示,在机械臂末端受力过程中,由于导纳控制器的作用,机械臂末端顺应接触力方向移动,其在X轴和Y轴方向上的受力较为显著,其他自由度上受力较小,因此所需要的位姿修正量也较小。Y轴方向上的最大力小于40 N,X轴方向上的最大力小于20 N,均在柔性关节机械臂的允许范围内,这表明无人机受到来自机械臂的阻力较小。由此可见,本文方法能使机械臂主动顺应外界接触力,增强回收系统的稳定性和安全性,并有效规避了因横向力过大导致的关节损伤风险。这一改进使无人机回收过程更为平稳。
此外,在船体遭受侧面海浪冲击时,通过机械臂的微调也能够维持回收绳姿态的稳定。在海上实验中,用这款重10 kg的小型固定翼无人机进行了回收测试,表现出稳定的回收性能,无人机平稳降落在缓冲垫上,回收一次成功。如图11所示。
实验结果表明,采用导纳控制技术的回收系统显著降低了机械臂柔性关节的力矩激增问题,提升了整体结构的可靠性。同时STFT-FFT及自抗扰控制相结合的回收策略也让机械臂在补偿无人机高度变化的过程更加稳定,使无人机能够平稳、准确地降落在回收平台上,并实现了一次成功。研究不仅验证了导纳控制及优化补偿在提升小型固定翼无人机自主回收稳定性和成功率方面的有效性,同时也对推动异构跨域协同的发展具有重要意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4704402)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404427
  • 接收时间:2024-06-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-13
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFB4704402)
作者信息
    1 沈阳理工大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110159
    2 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所, 沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

*李艳杰(1969—),女,汉族,辽宁北镇人,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智能机器人控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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