Article(id=1203753464749863689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402185, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711468800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-27, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926790654, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926790654, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926790654, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926790654, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=621, endPage=629, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753465693582190, articleId=1203753464749863689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Coordinated Optimization of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Analytical Target Cascading Method, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing penetration of distributed power sources in the distribution network, active distribution has become the mainstream direction of the power grid in the future. Microgrids and active stations that are slightly smaller than their scale will gradually increase. Whether these subsystems can be used as energy to schedule becomes the key to improving the economy and stability of power grid operation. Therefore, aiming at the overall optimal scheduling of microgrid and active station area with distributed power supply, a scheduling model solution method based on improved target cascade method was proposed, which mainly takes the optimal benefits generated by different stakeholders as the final scheduling target, and adopts the opportunity constraint description for the processing of uncertain factors of wind and solar. The upper layer is the distribution network and the optimal target of the distribution network, and the lower layer is the microgrid and active station area with the ability to participate in the scheduling. Based on the modeling of distribution network and microgrid, the improved target cascade method was introduced, and the interactive power was used as a shared variable to equivalent the generator and virtual load, so as to realize the decoupling and independent optimization of the upper and lower layers. The comparison of the experimental results shows that the target cascade method with the balance coefficient can obtain better results in the number of iterations, convergence performance, anti-interference performance and overall economic evaluation.

, correspAuthors=Zhong-dong YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ke-yan LIU, Dong-li JIA, Zhao LI, Ya-huai YANG, Wei-kang GU, Zhong-dong YIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753470915490304, articleId=1203753464749863689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进目标级联法的主动配电网协调优化, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着配电网中分布式电源的渗透率不断加大,主动配电已经成为电网未来的主流方向,微电网与比其规模稍小的有源台区会逐渐增多,这些子系统能否被当作能源来调度成为提高电网运行经济性和稳定性的关键。为此,针对含有分布式电源的微电网与有源台区整体优化调度,提出了一种基于改进的目标级联法的调度模型求解方法,主要以不同的利益主体产生最优的效益为最终调度目标,对于风光类不确定性因素的处理采用机会约束描述。上层为配网以及配网最优目标,下层为具有参与调度能力的微网和有源台区;在配电网与微网建模的基础上,引入改进的目标级联法,将交互功率作为共享变量进行发电机与虚拟负荷的等效从而实现上下层的解耦独立优化。实验结果对比表明,引入平衡系数的目标级联法在迭代次数、收敛性能、抗干扰性能以及整体经济性评估上能够得到更优的结果。

, correspAuthors=尹忠东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
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刘科研(1978—),男,汉族,河南荥阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。 研究方向:配电网数模混合仿真,分布式电源配电网调控,配电网大数据。E-mail:

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刘科研(1978—),男,汉族,河南荥阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。 研究方向:配电网数模混合仿真,分布式电源配电网调控,配电网大数据。E-mail:

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刘科研(1978—),男,汉族,河南荥阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。 研究方向:配电网数模混合仿真,分布式电源配电网调控,配电网大数据。E-mail:

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η i j μ i j分别为第i层对j之间的解耦功率;Layer1和Layer2分别表示第一层和第二层

, figureFileSmall=7JKRWNErI2OkI7zjFS2rvw==, figureFileBig=g88K9lN41dQ9JRcrAQUtxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787151298240558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structure decoupling, figureFileSmall=GibGQXGFH+mjm+5WMukeZA==, figureFileBig=Fhz7ezG+sQ8HTBhSw5F2Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787151436652607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图3, caption=结构解耦, figureFileSmall=GibGQXGFH+mjm+5WMukeZA==, figureFileBig=Fhz7ezG+sQ8HTBhSw5F2Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787151776391254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Flow chart based on improved ATC, figureFileSmall=/b/9PptLb9yoa0jKouZClw==, figureFileBig=i4piHEWgk/LfYMrXEodK9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787151935774822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于改进ATC的算法流程图, figureFileSmall=/b/9PptLb9yoa0jKouZClw==, figureFileBig=i4piHEWgk/LfYMrXEodK9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152090964088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Improved IEEE33 node structure diagram, figureFileSmall=dHOMwIRVS95+/Lle6wOjyQ==, figureFileBig=W1WpAvdn1q/DCyfj4m/PiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152191627399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图5, caption=改进IEEE33节点结构图

HV Network为配电网;G为发电机组;MG为微电网

, figureFileSmall=dHOMwIRVS95+/Lle6wOjyQ==, figureFileBig=W1WpAvdn1q/DCyfj4m/PiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152367788188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The influence of confidence coefficient on cost, figureFileSmall=O63ItTyzuV1XOJ13xx4o0w==, figureFileBig=sk5l+JfjwIX70xfMEihTJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152489423016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图6, caption=置信系数与成本相关性, figureFileSmall=O63ItTyzuV1XOJ13xx4o0w==, figureFileBig=sk5l+JfjwIX70xfMEihTJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152590086324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison of the number of iterations of the two algorithms, figureFileSmall=OLeupPjX4DdQuaQ759H+PQ==, figureFileBig=BedqElTKb7sdx4H9CXllOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787153772880078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图7, caption=两种算法迭代次数对比, figureFileSmall=OLeupPjX4DdQuaQ759H+PQ==, figureFileBig=BedqElTKb7sdx4H9CXllOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787153932263646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of the number of iterations of the two algorithms, figureFileSmall=eseaJ14h8Iy8SrUGwUOLaQ==, figureFileBig=jsIphf38y/uciwRmA9emcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154070675698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图8, caption=两种算法迭代次数对比, figureFileSmall=eseaJ14h8Iy8SrUGwUOLaQ==, figureFileBig=jsIphf38y/uciwRmA9emcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154171339009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Results of household microgrid scheduling, figureFileSmall=79xmG9S1p8rkn7xflT7E7g==, figureFileBig=Tudh0WwRodGqKMwZMwB1rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154284585227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图9, caption=家庭微网调度结果, figureFileSmall=79xmG9S1p8rkn7xflT7E7g==, figureFileBig=Tudh0WwRodGqKMwZMwB1rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154439774495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Results of commercial microgrid scheduling, figureFileSmall=hioK1Mzbqn88iEeZ6T3e/A==, figureFileBig=P8lqAalM2AO7d2dh8zeZNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154611740979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图10, caption=商业微网调度结果, figureFileSmall=hioK1Mzbqn88iEeZ6T3e/A==, figureFileBig=P8lqAalM2AO7d2dh8zeZNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154737570107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Results of industrial microgrid scheduling, figureFileSmall=+W4B7XE8eoTHKszC3gnikQ==, figureFileBig=ZCpKDAYT4aqKyLtWb34SNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154855010627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图11, caption=工业微网调度结果, figureFileSmall=+W4B7XE8eoTHKszC3gnikQ==, figureFileBig=ZCpKDAYT4aqKyLtWb34SNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154997616986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Decoupling power iteration results, figureFileSmall=BblI31dQtf7JxItDcUto1A==, figureFileBig=Wp2Xakx4dlCe4jxuJVYCzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155119251822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=图12, caption=解耦功率迭代结果, figureFileSmall=BblI31dQtf7JxItDcUto1A==, figureFileBig=Wp2Xakx4dlCe4jxuJVYCzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155211526525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microgrid and distribution network parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 机组 Pmin/
kW
Pmax/
kW
a b c
配网 G1 200 2 000 0.000 4 0.25 40
G2 100 1 500 0.000 6 0.20 40
G3 0 1 500 0.000 8 0.15 30
MG1 DG1 0 1 500 0.000 3 0.30 40
DG2 100 1 500 0.000 5 0.21 30
MG2 DG1 0 1 500 0.000 4 0.27 70
DG2 100 1 500 0.000 6 0.18 32
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155354132883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微网与配电网参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 机组 Pmin/
kW
Pmax/
kW
a b c
配网 G1 200 2 000 0.000 4 0.25 40
G2 100 1 500 0.000 6 0.20 40
G3 0 1 500 0.000 8 0.15 30
MG1 DG1 0 1 500 0.000 3 0.30 40
DG2 100 1 500 0.000 5 0.21 30
MG2 DG1 0 1 500 0.000 4 0.27 70
DG2 100 1 500 0.000 6 0.18 32
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155458990498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of computational efficiency among centralized, traditional ATC and improved ATC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算结果 IEEE33节点连接子微网数量
2 4 6 8 12 16
耗时/s 集中式 2.8 6.4 16.4 29.9 69.8 180.8
传统ATC 7.6 15 20.1 29.2 42.2 59.8
改进ATC 4.6 9.6 12.8 15.6 22.6 31.4
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155584819633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

集中式、传统ATC、改进ATC计算效率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算结果 IEEE33节点连接子微网数量
2 4 6 8 12 16
耗时/s 集中式 2.8 6.4 16.4 29.9 69.8 180.8
传统ATC 7.6 15 20.1 29.2 42.2 59.8
改进ATC 4.6 9.6 12.8 15.6 22.6 31.4
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155735814594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Ten groups of small initial value iteration number difference comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 类型 偏小的10次初值取样次数
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
迭代次
数差
传统ATC 3 4 6 5 5 4 4 6 4 3
改进ATC 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 0
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155878420945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464749863689, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

10组偏小初值迭代次数差对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 类型 偏小的10次初值取样次数
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
迭代次
数差
传统ATC 3 4 6 5 5 4 4 6 4 3
改进ATC 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 1 0
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基于改进目标级联法的主动配电网协调优化
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刘科研 1 , 贾东梨 1 , 李昭 1 , 杨雅淮 2 , 谷伟康 2 , 尹忠东 2, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(2): 621-629
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(2): 621-629
基于改进目标级联法的主动配电网协调优化
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刘科研1 , 贾东梨1, 李昭1, 杨雅淮2, 谷伟康2, 尹忠东2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
  • 2 北京科力源能源技术有限公司, 北京 102206
  • 刘科研(1978—),男,汉族,河南荥阳人,博士,教授级高级工程师。 研究方向:配电网数模混合仿真,分布式电源配电网调控,配电网大数据。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
Coordinated Optimization of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Analytical Target Cascading Method
Ke-yan LIU1 , Dong-li JIA1, Zhao LI1, Ya-huai YANG2, Wei-kang GU2, Zhong-dong YIN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192,China
  • 2 Beijing Keli Energy Technology, Beijing 102206,China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402185
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随着配电网中分布式电源的渗透率不断加大,主动配电已经成为电网未来的主流方向,微电网与比其规模稍小的有源台区会逐渐增多,这些子系统能否被当作能源来调度成为提高电网运行经济性和稳定性的关键。为此,针对含有分布式电源的微电网与有源台区整体优化调度,提出了一种基于改进的目标级联法的调度模型求解方法,主要以不同的利益主体产生最优的效益为最终调度目标,对于风光类不确定性因素的处理采用机会约束描述。上层为配网以及配网最优目标,下层为具有参与调度能力的微网和有源台区;在配电网与微网建模的基础上,引入改进的目标级联法,将交互功率作为共享变量进行发电机与虚拟负荷的等效从而实现上下层的解耦独立优化。实验结果对比表明,引入平衡系数的目标级联法在迭代次数、收敛性能、抗干扰性能以及整体经济性评估上能够得到更优的结果。

主动配电网  /  微电网  /  目标级联法  /  有源台区

With the increasing penetration of distributed power sources in the distribution network, active distribution has become the mainstream direction of the power grid in the future. Microgrids and active stations that are slightly smaller than their scale will gradually increase. Whether these subsystems can be used as energy to schedule becomes the key to improving the economy and stability of power grid operation. Therefore, aiming at the overall optimal scheduling of microgrid and active station area with distributed power supply, a scheduling model solution method based on improved target cascade method was proposed, which mainly takes the optimal benefits generated by different stakeholders as the final scheduling target, and adopts the opportunity constraint description for the processing of uncertain factors of wind and solar. The upper layer is the distribution network and the optimal target of the distribution network, and the lower layer is the microgrid and active station area with the ability to participate in the scheduling. Based on the modeling of distribution network and microgrid, the improved target cascade method was introduced, and the interactive power was used as a shared variable to equivalent the generator and virtual load, so as to realize the decoupling and independent optimization of the upper and lower layers. The comparison of the experimental results shows that the target cascade method with the balance coefficient can obtain better results in the number of iterations, convergence performance, anti-interference performance and overall economic evaluation.

active distribution network  /  microgrid  /  analytical target cascading  /  active station area
刘科研, 贾东梨, 李昭, 杨雅淮, 谷伟康, 尹忠东. 基于改进目标级联法的主动配电网协调优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 621 -629 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402185
Ke-yan LIU, Dong-li JIA, Zhao LI, Ya-huai YANG, Wei-kang GU, Zhong-dong YIN. Coordinated Optimization of Active Distribution Network Based on Improved Analytical Target Cascading Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 621 -629 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402185
随着电力系统的深入改革,在众多有源台区和微电网(microgrid,MG)中,分布式电源和负荷组成了有机整体,建立可再生分布式电源发展新机制是趋势所在。MG是分布式发电的有效管理形式,对电力系统的环保型和经济型有重大意义[1]。随着分布式能源的高比例渗透,能否对数量巨大的有源台区和微网进行优化调度是提高整体运行稳定性和经济性的关键,更是建立更加智能的主动配电网的关键[2-3]。主动配电系统是通过灵活的网络拓扑结构来管理潮流,以便对局部MG的可调度资源进行主动控制和管理的配电系,这种模式有良好的发展前前景并且对配电网的经济调度带来了新的挑战[4-5]
有分布式能源渗透微的网是配电网的终端,虽然单个微网的分布式能源有限,但是大量微网必然会对调度产生不可忽略的影响[6]。另外,主动配电系统是未来智能电网、智能配电网中的重要组成部分,合理调度有源台区和微网是主动配电网的重要一环[7]
目前,在主动配电网中对于微电网的调度主要采用非线性优化模型,主要有集中式建模研究方法和分布式建模研究方法两种[8-9]。对于集中式的调度方法,还存在缺陷:在集中式的建模调度中,采用的整数规划、序列二次规划等整体求解的方法。这类整体求解的方法也反映出了集中优化调度的最大特点,即数据逐级集中、调度指令逐级下发。但是,对于整个庞大的配电系统来说,单点故障、通信延迟、响应速度不够快。大量数据的集中和散发导致系统的计算负担极大,更难以体现微网单元的自治能力和不同利益主体的利益诉求[10]
在中国主动配电网的调度中,分布式调度的方法已被广泛应用,因为分布式调度在调度的响应速度计算效率和经济评估上相较集中式有明显的优势,近些年来分布式的优化调度受到了广泛关注,文献[11]采用增强精英保留遗传算法将多个MG划分为多个边界可动态调整的微网群;文献[12]用改进的交替方向乘子法来实现多个微电网的分布优化调度方案;文献[13]针对孤岛微网群,采用基于对偶分解法的分布式优化调度模型实现了微网群的优化管理;文献[14]针对微电网群的调度优化提出了一种基于分布式牛顿法的分布式调度方法,相比集中协调,满足了主动配电网对经济型、可靠性的要求。虽然分布式求解的方法优于集中式求解,但是上述方法也不能充分发挥下层子系统的分散自主决策能力,从而导致并不能实并行求解。
针对以上文献中方法的不足,现提出改进的目标级联分析法(analytical target cascading, ATC)。以此为理论基础,建立一种含多个子微网的主动配电、系统自治的优化模型。模型细化下层微网与上层配电网对于最优调度的博弈[15],对于新能源的随机性采用机会约束规划来处理[16]。通过联络线功率对上下层单位进行解耦。通过仿真与实际算例表明,在主动配电网的优化调度中该方法在计算效率、收敛性、经济调度上是非常理想的。在传统目标级联法的基础上引入平衡系数,完善算法的性能,在一对多的终端博弈中极大减少迭代次数和迭代时间以及最低的经济成本,为未来智能电网中终端MG和有源台区经济调度提供很好的解决办法。能够充分发挥大量微电网子系统的自治能力与自我决策能力,并行求解并且提高计算效率;大大减少系统的计算负担,增强系统的经济性、可靠性与稳定性。
m i n J A L L = J G + J E S S - J S E L L
式(1)中:JALL为配网总经济成本;JG为配网发电机组发电总成本;JESS为储能成本;JSELL为向子微网送电收益。
J G = t = 1 T i = 1 n [ a i P G i 2 (t) + b i P G i (t) + c i ]
式(2)中: n为机组数量; T为调度时段(周期); P G i为在 t时段第 i台机组的出力; a i b i c i为机组对应的经济成本系数。
J E S S = t = 1 N t j = 1 N E S S { Φ [ P j , i n (t) + P j , o u t (t) ] }
式(3)中: N t为时段数;Φ为储能的成本系数; P j , i n (t) P j , o u t (t) 分别为充电功率和放电功率。
J S E L L = t = 1 T j = 1 m λ (t) P j l o a d (t)
式(4)中: λ为实时电价; m为下层参与优化调度微网数量; P j l o a d (t) 为时段 t从配网传向下层子微网 j的功率。
(1)功率平衡约束。
i = 1 n P G i (t) + j = 1 N E S S [ P j , i n (t) - P j , o u t (t) ] = P D N l o a d (t) + j = 1 m P j l o a d (t)
式(5)中: P D N l o a d(t)为配电网承担的除微网外的负荷。
(2)功率上下限约束。
P G i , m i n P G i (t) P G i , m a x P m i n l o a d P j l o a d (t) P m a x l o a d
(3)常规爬坡约束。
P G i ( t - 1 ) - P G i (t) r d i Δ T P G i (t) - P G i ( t - 1 ) r u i Δ T
(4)上层配电网备用约束。
i = 1 n P G i , m a x - j = 1 m P j l o a d (t) - P D N l o a d (t) R D N (t)
式(8)中: R D N (t) 为热备用约束功率; P G i , m a x为上层配网第 i台机组的最大发电功率; r d i r u i分别为机组向下和向上的爬坡功率;ΔT为一个运行时段。
m i n J M G i = J G i + J b u y + J E S S
式(9)中:JMGi为第 i个子微网总经济成本; J G i为发电成本;Jbuy为子微网向上层购电成本;JESS为子微网电池储能成本。
J G i = t = 1 T i = 1 n j [ a j - i P G j - i 2 (t) + b j - i P G j - i (t) + c j - i ]
式(10)中:T为调度时段(周期); n j为机组数量; P G j - i (t) t时段子微网 j中第 i台机组的发电功率; a j - i b j - i c j - i为对应机组的成本系数。
(1)功率平衡约束。
j = 1 n j P G j - i (t) + P p v (t) + P p w (t) + P j l o a d (t) - P j - i , i n (t) = P M G , j l o a d - P j - i , o u t (t)
式(11)中: P M G , j l o a d为微网承担的负荷; P j - i , o u t (t) P j - i , i n (t) 分别为 t时段电池发电功率与充电功率; P p v (t) P p w (t) 分别为t时段光伏和风力的出力功率。
(2)分布式电源出力上下限约束。
P G j - i m i n P G j - i (t) P G j - i m a x
(3)与上层配网联络线功率约束。
P m i n l o a d P j l o a d (t) P m a x l o a d
(4)蓄电池充放电约束。
S O C m i n S O C (t) S O C m a x P i n , m i n P i n (t) P i n , m a x P o u t , m i n P o u t (t) P o u t , m a x
式(14)中:SOCmin和SOCmax分别为蓄电池的最小和最大容量; P i n , m i n P i n , m a x分别为蓄电池充电的最大最小功率; P o u t , m i n P o u t , m a x分别为蓄电池放电的最小和最大功率。
ATC法最早大多用于飞机等大型器械设计和生产车间优化设计领域[17-18],图1所示为分布式的思想迭代求解多级优化问题,优势在于这种方法可以对多级问题并行求解。在ATC方法的应用中,按照设计目标分流为整体系统——大部件——小原件,各级的信息可以与上一级不断交互,各个部件的设计独立求解,迭代优化,直到满足设计目标为止。
这种思想很好契合配电网分支下多个子微网主动参与调度使得微网与配电网都获得较优的经济目标这一问题。如图2第一层是配电系统、第二层是MG这种多级结构相对应。
本文探讨的MG主动参与配电网优化调度如图2所示。为方便讨论,第一层为配电网优化,第二层用3个微电网展开讨论,整体优化运行建模可表示为
m i n f ( x i j ) = f 11 ( x 11 ) + j = 1 3 f 2 j ( x 2 j ) h ( x i j ) = 0 g ( x i j ) 0
式(15)中: f 11 ( x 11 ) f 2 j ( x 2 j )分别为配电网和各MG子问题的目标函数; h ( x i j )为等式约束; g ( x i j )为不等式约束。
各个子微网在整个优化模型中处于下层,配电系统位于上层,由配电系统传向子微网的变量为目标变量 η i j,由各个子单位反馈回配电系统的变量为响应变量 μ i j。其中值得注意的是,目标变量和响应变量本质上代表配网与子微网之间的共享变量。
c i j = η i j - μ i j = 0
式(16)中: c i j为第 i层第 j个主体一致性约束变量。
本文研究选取耦合变量为联络线路功率,为了更好的数值特性用增广拉格朗日罚函数形式,表示为
π ( c i j ) = λ T c i j + | | ω ° c i j | | 2 2
式(17)中: π为罚函数项; λ ω均为算法系数向量;°为逐项相乘的计算。
第一层配网系统优化问题建模为
m i n f 11 ( x - 11 , η 11 , η 12 , η 13 ) + π ( c 11 , c 12 , c 13 ) h ( x - 11 , η 11 , η 12 , η 13 ) = 0 g ( x - 11 , η 11 , η 12 , η 13 ) 0
第二层3个子问题优化建模分别为
m i n f 21 ( x - 21 , η 21 , μ 11 ) + π ( c 21 , c 11 ) h ( x - 21 , η 21 , μ 11 ) = 0 g ( x - 21 , η 21 , μ 11 ) 0
m i n f 22 ( x - 22 , η 22 , μ 11 ) + π ( c 22 , c 11 ) h ( x - 22 , η 22 , μ 11 ) = 0 g ( x - 22 , η 22 , μ 11 ) 0
m i n f 23 ( x - 23 , η 23 , μ 11 ) + π ( c 23 , c 11 ) h ( x - 23 , η 23 , μ 11 ) = 0 g ( x - 23 , η 23 , μ 11 ) 0
在一般ATC求解的过程中,只有当下级子问题更新的响应变量 μ i j与上级子问题更新的目标变量 η i j满足收敛条件 η i j k - μ i j k ε则循环结束,否则将更新罚函数循环求解,系数向量和惩罚乘数向量根据式(22)迭代。
ω j k (t) = ω j k - 1 (t) + 2 γ j k - 1 (t) 2 [ η i j k - 1 (t) -         μ i j k - 1 (t) ] γ j k (t) = β γ j k - 1 (t)
式(22)中: ω j k γ j k分别为第k次迭代拉格朗日罚函数一次项与二次项的乘子; η i j k - 1为上层第k-1次迭代对下层的解耦功率; μ i j k - 1为下层第k-1次迭代对上层的解耦功率。
在实际中,MG的概念实际上非常模糊,包含多种机组,但是规模没有微网大的有源台区是大量存在的,有源台区比微网更加简便。因此,配网中存在大量的有源台区和子微网,每一个子微网或有源台区相当于一个子问题,需要大量的高次数的迭代计算,然而在迭代计算过程中,惩罚乘数的初值选取对ACT算法的迭代次数和收敛情况影响非常大,过大可能会导致算法不能收敛,过小又会导致计算效率过低,用时过长。
通过ATC处理的微电网主动参与优化调度,在每个子问题中都有设计模块和分析模块,设计模块中的成本函数对应着问题的最优性,分析模块中的罚函数对应着可行性,虽然最优性为目标,并且罚函数对优化结果有非常重要的影响。
为了保证迭代的效率性和收敛性,本文研究中运用比例的思想,引入平衡系数 α来消除由于惩罚乘数初值选择不当带来的影响[19]。引入平衡系数后使得目标函数转化为 m i n f i j ( x i j ) + α i j π i j ( c i j ),设置任意初值进行第一次迭代得到迭代结果后通过式(23)计算平衡系数。
α i j = i j f i j 1 ( x i j 1 ) i j π i j 1 ( η i j 1 - μ i j 1 )
式(23)中: f i j 1 π i j 1为第 i层第 j个主体第一次迭代的结果。
引入平衡系数的基本思想是在第二次迭代开始从两项之间取得平衡,来消除惩罚乘数初值带来的影响,当子问题数量大且迭代次数多时,平衡系数在每次迭代中的作用会非常明显。每次迭代过程通过一次平衡系数的计算,从而使目标函数收敛的速度加快。这样就很好地避免了因为初值选择不当带来的影响,也提高了实际情况中大量子问题迭代时的计算效率。
平衡系数的引入实际上是为了在每次迭代中合理地分配目标函数中罚函数项和成本函数项的权重:当惩罚乘数初值选择偏大时, f i j 1 π i j 1,根据式(23)计算出的平衡系数会小于1,从而降低罚函数项的权重,升高成本函数项权重;相反,当惩罚乘数初值选择偏小时, f i j 1 π i j 1,根据式(23)会计算出一个大于1的平衡系数,从而升高罚函数项的权重,降低成本函数项权重。通过引入平衡系数,很好地解决了惩罚乘数初值选择过大导致结果不能收敛的问题,解决了惩罚乘数初值选择过小导致迭代计算效率过低的问题。
解耦示意图如图3所示,解耦功率对第一层为虚拟负荷,从配网获得功率;解耦功率对第二层为虚拟发电机,作微网的电源。
在解耦过程中,取各时段联络线交换功率为共享变量,在 t时段,目标变量为 η i j , t k,响应变量为 μ i j , t k,由上层向下层传达的功率或由下层向上层响应的功率大小用 P t k L i j - L i j表示,其中解耦过程为
η 11 , t k = P t k L 11 - L 21 , μ 11 , t k = P t k L 21 - L 11 η 12 , t k = P t k L 11 - L 22 , μ 12 , t k = P t k L 22 - L 11 η 13 , t k = P t k L 11 - L 23 , μ 13 , t k = P t k L 23 - L 11
由此可得配电网的目标函数可以表示为
m i n f 11 + α 11 [ k = 1 N T λ 11 , t k ( P t k L 11 - L 21 - P t k L 21 - L 11 ) + k = 1 N T ω 11 , t k ( P t k L 11 - L 21 - P t k L 21 - L 11 ) 2 + k = 1 N T λ 12 , t k ( P t k L 11 - L 22 - P t k L 22 - L 11 ) + k = 1 N T ω 12 , t k ( P t k L 11 - L 22 - P t k L 22 - L 11 ) 2 + k = 1 N T λ 13 , t k ( P t k L 11 - L 23 - P t k L 23 - L 11 ) + k = 1 N T ω 13 , t ( P t k L 11 - L 23 - P t k L 23 - L 11 ) 2 ]
式(25)中: λ 11 , t k ω 11 , t k分别为罚函数的系数和惩罚乘数。
3个子微网的目标函数可以分别表示为
m i n f x 21 + α 21 [ k = 1 N T λ 21 , t k ( P t k L 21 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 21 ) + k = 1 N T ω 21 , t k ( P t k L 21 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 21 ) 2 ]
m i n f x 22 + α 22 [ k = 1 N T λ 22 , t k ( P t k L 22 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 22 ) + k = 1 N T ω 22 , t k ( P t k L 22 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 22 ) 2 ]
m i n f x 23 + α 23 [ k = 1 N T λ 23 , t k ( P t k L 23 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 23 ) + k = 1 N T ω 23 , t k ( P t k L 23 - L 11 - P t k L 11 - L 23 ) 2 ]
判断是否收敛主要从两方面考虑,即
f i j k + 1 - f i j k ε 1 η i j k - μ i j k ε 2
式(29)表示在第 k次得带中虚拟发电机和虚拟负荷的差值应该满足实际精度要求与检验配电网的整体效益是否达到实际要求。若以上二者不能同时满足,则需要通过式(22)得到新的罚函数乘子,继续计算。
文献[20]已经详细证明目标级联法在单循环策略下的收敛性是非常好的,基于引进平衡系数的ACT经济优化算法流程图如图4所示,具体步骤如下。
(1)确定耦合变量;设置参数初值: x 0 i j ¯ , k = 0 , α i j = 1 , η i j , t k 0 , μ i j , t k 0 , ω i j , t k 0
(2)各个微网子系统进行第一次迭代优化,根据模型求解自身最优,同时将获得的交互功率传递给下一级或者响应给上一级,并行求解后得到第一次迭代结果: η i j , t k 1 , μ i j , t k 1 , x 1 i j ¯
(3)根据第一次迭代结果更新平衡系数。
(4)各级子系统进行考虑平衡系数的优化,按照步骤(2)迭代求解,更新各变量值。
(5)判断是否收敛。每次迭代后的结果根据式(29)判断是否满足,若不满足则根据式(22)更新罚函数系数, k = k + 1,返回步骤(4)。
在IEEE33节点配网系统(图5)中,接入两个微网,每个微网的分布式电源均为5 MW,柴油机组两台,风电、光伏各一台,且含有蓄电池。调度周期设置为24 h,实时交易电价见文献[21],蓄电池充放电价格分别为0.4、0.6元/(kW·h),罚函数乘子设置为1.5,收敛精度设置为0.01,平衡系数设置为1。
两个微网以及配网中各机组参数和发电成本系数如表1所示。
清洁能源的不可确定性、预测性会让模型无法求解,同时,如果采用随机模拟的方法和本文方法结合计算效果又不理想。因此,本文研究采用机会约束来描述风光的不确定性,用概率来表示误差[22]。可用于模型计算的确定性形式可表示为
i = 1 n j [ P M G , j - i (t) + R M G , j - i (t) ] + P V (t) + P W (t) P M G , j l o a d (t) + P i n (t) - P o u t (t) - P j l o a d (t) + X - 1 ( θ ) ν P V 2 + ν P W 2 + ν l o a d 2
式(30)中: X - 1 ( θ )为标准正态分布下 θ分位点; ν P W ν P Vνload为风、光发电预测和负荷预测的标准差;PV(t)和PW(t)分别为光伏和风力t时段的功率。
子微网的总经济成本和置信水平 θ的选择有密切联系,风光方差分别取0.02和0.15时,置信水平和当预测误差被考虑在优化中时,当负荷和风光的波动方差分别取0.02和0.15时,在模型中总成本与置信水平 θ的选择有密切的联系,在两个子微网中经济成本随着置信系数升高而升高,如图6所示。
由于实际情况限制,在IEEE33节点中分别接入2、4、6、8、12、16个微网,分别采用集中式建模方法、传统ATC方法与本文提出的方法进行调度求解。模型中的置信水平取60%,收敛精度为0.01,平衡系数取1。
图7所示,当微网数量较少时,集中式方法的计算效率甚至比ATC方法要高,迭代的次数和用时都比较少。当随着主动配电网中微网的数量逐渐增加,集中式的迭代时间耗时增速远远大于ATC法,可见随着微网数量的增加,分布式并行求解的优势非常明显;如表2所示,当微网的数量足够多时,迭代的次数也随之增多,传统的ATC方法与本文方法的差距逐渐显现,当微网数量达到8个时,改进的ATC比传统ATC的计算耗时节约50%。
以接入两微网为例,传统ATC算法经过6~7次迭代达到收敛;本文算法模型经过3~4次收敛即可达到收敛;再结合表2可知,随着微网的增多,两方法迭代次数的差距会逐渐增大。
为了验证不良惩罚乘数初值对算法的影响,本文研究以接入6个子微网为例对比传统ATC与改进ATC,随机抽取两组惩罚乘数初值,一组为10个偏大的惩罚乘数初值来对比收敛性,一组为10个偏小的惩罚乘数初值来对比迭代次数,验证不良初值对本文方法与传统ATC方法的迭代影响。通过图8取10组偏大初值取样可知,改进的ATC方法对于偏大的初值也能保持很好的收敛性,而在用传统ATC方法计算时大部分结果都发散;通过表3取10组偏小初值可知,虽然都能达到收敛,但是传统ATC迭代次数明显增多;通过对比充分证明了本文方法具有良好的抗干扰性。
为验证引入平衡系数的改进目标级联法在实际微网中的适用性,以浙江地区实际主动配电网为例,在配电网中分别有家庭日用型、工业型、商业型3种微电网,其容量配置和相关运行参数见文献[23]。各类型微网调度结果如图9~图11所示。
以商业型和家庭型微网为例,在01:00—06:00夜间时段,负荷处于低谷蓄电池处于充电柜状态,消纳风机产生的能源,且此时处于低电价时段;在18:00—20:00时段,当负荷处于高峰时,蓄电池放电以满足系统负荷要求,燃料电池一般不启动,只有在负荷高峰时启动用于满足经济调度。由调度结果可见,各电源出力与负荷调度结果非常接近预期,很好地满足了微网的经济运行要求,充分证明了算法的可行性。
在迭代过程中,配网与不同类型微网之间的联络线功率最后在模型中表示为虚拟发电机与虚拟负荷,如图12所示,虚拟发电机与虚拟负荷随着迭代的次数不断靠近直至收敛。
综上,结合图12,优化调度的结果与预期一致;虽然当微网数量较少时,集中式求解方法和传统ATC求解方法在计算效率上相差不多,但当优化模型的规模增大时,本文提出的改进目标级联法在迭代过程中平衡系数的引入效果非常明显,迭代的用时几乎近似于传统的ATC法的一半,此外,微网的概念相对于普通的小区还是有很大差别的,但未来随着越来越多的分布式能源引入智能小区,配网下类似于微网的台区会越来越多,本文方法对未来的这种趋势有很好的适用性。
本文提出的含有多微网的主动配电网经济优化调度模型,基于引入平衡系数的改进目标级联法进行求解,以微网和配网的经济最优和能量管理为目标,对多微网并行求解。分布求解的理念体现在配网与多微网通过将联络线功率等效为等效负荷和等效电源进行解耦,从而实现独立求解。和传统目标级联法相比,通过引入平衡系数,很好地解决了因为惩罚乘数初值选择不当而出现的一系列问题。通过改进的IEEE33节点系统和某实际配电网算例表明:首先,本文方法能够很好地满足实际要求,得到全局最优解;其次,由于对共享变量解耦合等效的存在,避免了大量数据的上下传送,保证了一定的通信私密性;最后,通过对比表明改进ATC有更快的收敛速度、计算效率和对初值选择不当的抗干扰性。随着系统中接入MG的数量的增加,以及比MG规模更小的有源台区的接入,分布式的调度方法应用越来越广泛,在未来的只能电网中调度末端子系统是必然的,一个主动配电网需要与大量的二级子单位进行迭代求解,本文提出的改进目标级联法优势会非常明显,为未来主动配电网面对大量可调度单位时的经济优化调度提供了有效的改进策略。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5400-202122147A-0-0-00)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402185
  • 接收时间:2024-03-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
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国家电网有限公司总部科技项目(5400-202122147A-0-0-00)
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    1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司, 北京 100192
    2 北京科力源能源技术有限公司, 北京 102206

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* 尹忠东(1968—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统分析与控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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