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Machine learning models, widely applied in landslide susceptibility assessment due to their powerful feature extraction capabilities, are continuously evolving in their algorithms to address the common issue of low accuracy. The GCNN (group convolutional neural network) model was introduced into landslide susceptibility assessment, and its results were compared with those of various common machine learning models to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of these models in this field. Taking Hebei Province as the research area, 16 influencing factors were selected from three aspects: triggering factors, pregnant disaster environment, and susceptible bodies. GCNN model and other common machine learning models—CNN (convolutional neural network), Logistic (logistic regression), RF (random forest), and SVM (support vector machine)—were constructed to build corresponding susceptibility assessment models. The research area is divided into four categories of landslide susceptibility zones, and the accuracy of the zoning is comprehensively evaluated. The study indicates that compared with the other four machine learning models, the GCNN model achieves higher scores in various confusion matrix indicators and is more suitable for landslide susceptibility zoning. The resulting zoning of landslide susceptibility is consistent with the actual occurrence of landslide points, indicating a more accurate delineation of landslide-prone areas.

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机器学习模型因其强大的特征提取能力被广泛应用于滑坡易发性评价,在应用中其算法在不断改进。为解决常见机器学习模型中精度不高的问题,将分组卷积神经网络模型(group convolutional neural network,GCNN)引入滑坡易发性评价,并与多种常见机器学习模型结果进行对比分析,综合评估不同机器学习模型在滑坡易发性评价的适应性。以河北省为研究区,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体这个3个方面出发,共选取16个影响因子,选择GCNN模型和目前常见的机器学习模型——卷积神经网络模型(convolutional neural network,CNN)、逻辑回归模型(Logistic)、随机森林算法模型(random forest, RF)和支持向量机模型(support vector machine,SVM)构建出相应的易发性评价模型,将研究区划分为4类滑坡易发性区域,并对区划的精确性进行综合评价。研究表明,与其他4种机器学习模型相比,GCNN模型在各混淆矩阵指标下拥有更高评分,更适合进行滑坡易发性区划,得到的滑坡易发区划结果与实际发生滑坡点的一致性较好,划分的滑坡灾害易发区更加准确。

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王洁(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水利工程。E-mail:

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王洁(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水利工程。E-mail:

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王洁(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水利工程。E-mail:

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Engineering Geology, 2024, 331: 107446., articleTitle=LiteTransNet: an interpretable approach for landslide displacement prediction using transformer model with attention mechanism, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203787154729185730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, awardId=2024007, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省水利科技项目(2024007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787154846626257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, awardId=19275408D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省省级科技计划(19275408D), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787154959872480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, awardId=41671022, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(41671022), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787155085701614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, 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caption=Results of multicollinearity analysis, figureFileSmall=ZKAH7agS4cHDlTxggVepLw==, figureFileBig=b8aoHBfHjOlhxAOrZPu/JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152116134177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=图4, caption=多重共分析结果, figureFileSmall=ZKAH7agS4cHDlTxggVepLw==, figureFileBig=b8aoHBfHjOlhxAOrZPu/JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152237769009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Results of confusion matrix, figureFileSmall=qLgUVDPvDqsY6/axa7nXKg==, figureFileBig=RwvMubyKWBoDs2SrNbT+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152363598141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=图5, caption=混淆矩阵结果

百分比分别为混淆矩阵中真阳性、假阴性、假阳性和真阴性的计算概率结果

, figureFileSmall=qLgUVDPvDqsY6/axa7nXKg==, figureFileBig=RwvMubyKWBoDs2SrNbT+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787152531370319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Evaluation results of landslide susceptibility in Hebei Province, figureFileSmall=sWwpcJCYhCLBD8PBep332A==, figureFileBig=C0SOE6QSo0JdZR9kh8FkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787153697386843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=图6, caption=河北省滑坡易发性评价结果, figureFileSmall=sWwpcJCYhCLBD8PBep332A==, figureFileBig=C0SOE6QSo0JdZR9kh8FkyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787153844187499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The density distribution of landslide points in each model, figureFileSmall=FGJASwtcsN417cqBqi6rZg==, figureFileBig=qjCEkLfO3KtbPPGHCqAZkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787153928073592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各个模型的滑坡点密度分布, figureFileSmall=FGJASwtcsN417cqBqi6rZg==, figureFileBig=qjCEkLfO3KtbPPGHCqAZkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154129400194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Confusion matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混淆矩阵 预测值
正例(+) 反例(-)
真实值 正例(+) 真阳性 假阴性
TP FN
反例(-) 假阳性 真阴性
FP TN
), ArticleFig(id=1203787154246840718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混淆矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混淆矩阵 预测值
正例(+) 反例(-)
真实值 正例(+) 真阳性 假阴性
TP FN
反例(-) 假阳性 真阴性
FP TN
), ArticleFig(id=1203787154330726807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of model evaluation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本集划分 评价指标 Logistic SVM CNN RF GCNN
训练集 精确率 0.784 8 0.614 2 0.810 2 0.819 8 0.839 8
召回率 0.586 5 0.458 9 0.616 1 0.612 6 0.627 7
整体准确率 0.947 4 0.924 2 0.952 2 0.952 3 0.955 1
F1分数 0.671 3 0.525 3 0.708 6 0.701 0 0.718 6
Kappa系数 0.643 2 0.485 5 0.674 8 0.675 7 0.694 8
检验集 精确率 0.788 6 0.631 5 0.821 1 0.821 4 0.847 6
召回率 0.597 5 0.464 3 0.636 1 0.618 3 0.639 0
整体准确率 0.960 8 0.937 8 0.962 8 0.956 6 0.964 1
F1分数 0.682 1 0.536 9 0.711 1 0.707 6 0.719 3
Kappa系数 0.671 6 0.495 7 0.686 9 0.678 1 0.695 9
), ArticleFig(id=1203787154469138856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753464519176941, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型评价结果对比

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样本集划分 评价指标 Logistic SVM CNN RF GCNN
训练集 精确率 0.784 8 0.614 2 0.810 2 0.819 8 0.839 8
召回率 0.586 5 0.458 9 0.616 1 0.612 6 0.627 7
整体准确率 0.947 4 0.924 2 0.952 2 0.952 3 0.955 1
F1分数 0.671 3 0.525 3 0.708 6 0.701 0 0.718 6
Kappa系数 0.643 2 0.485 5 0.674 8 0.675 7 0.694 8
检验集 精确率 0.788 6 0.631 5 0.821 1 0.821 4 0.847 6
召回率 0.597 5 0.464 3 0.636 1 0.618 3 0.639 0
整体准确率 0.960 8 0.937 8 0.962 8 0.956 6 0.964 1
F1分数 0.682 1 0.536 9 0.711 1 0.707 6 0.719 3
Kappa系数 0.671 6 0.495 7 0.686 9 0.678 1 0.695 9
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基于不同机器学习模型的滑坡易发性分析及适应性评估
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王洁 1, 2 , 林诚杰 1, 2 , 梁峰铭 1, 2 , 季静静 1, 2 , 谈松林 1, 2 , 刘宇 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(2): 513-520
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(2): 513-520
基于不同机器学习模型的滑坡易发性分析及适应性评估
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王洁1, 2 , 林诚杰1, 2, 梁峰铭1, 2, 季静静1, 2, 谈松林1, 2, 刘宇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 南京信息工程大学水文与水资源工程学院, 南京 210044
  • 2 水利部水文气象灾害机理与预警重点实验室, 南京 210044
  • 王洁(1984—),男,汉族,山东诸城人,博士,副教授。研究方向:水利工程。E-mail:

Landslide Susceptibility Analysis and Adaptability Evaluation Based on Different Machine Learning Models
Jie WANG1, 2 , Cheng-jie LIN1, 2, Feng-ming LIANG1, 2, Jing-jing JI1, 2, Song-lin TAN1, 2, Yu LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Hydrological and Meteorological Disaster Mechanisms and Early Warning of the Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210044, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402810
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机器学习模型因其强大的特征提取能力被广泛应用于滑坡易发性评价,在应用中其算法在不断改进。为解决常见机器学习模型中精度不高的问题,将分组卷积神经网络模型(group convolutional neural network,GCNN)引入滑坡易发性评价,并与多种常见机器学习模型结果进行对比分析,综合评估不同机器学习模型在滑坡易发性评价的适应性。以河北省为研究区,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体这个3个方面出发,共选取16个影响因子,选择GCNN模型和目前常见的机器学习模型——卷积神经网络模型(convolutional neural network,CNN)、逻辑回归模型(Logistic)、随机森林算法模型(random forest, RF)和支持向量机模型(support vector machine,SVM)构建出相应的易发性评价模型,将研究区划分为4类滑坡易发性区域,并对区划的精确性进行综合评价。研究表明,与其他4种机器学习模型相比,GCNN模型在各混淆矩阵指标下拥有更高评分,更适合进行滑坡易发性区划,得到的滑坡易发区划结果与实际发生滑坡点的一致性较好,划分的滑坡灾害易发区更加准确。

机器学习  /  分组卷积神经网络模型  /  适应性评价  /  滑坡易发性评价

Machine learning models, widely applied in landslide susceptibility assessment due to their powerful feature extraction capabilities, are continuously evolving in their algorithms to address the common issue of low accuracy. The GCNN (group convolutional neural network) model was introduced into landslide susceptibility assessment, and its results were compared with those of various common machine learning models to comprehensively evaluate the adaptability of these models in this field. Taking Hebei Province as the research area, 16 influencing factors were selected from three aspects: triggering factors, pregnant disaster environment, and susceptible bodies. GCNN model and other common machine learning models—CNN (convolutional neural network), Logistic (logistic regression), RF (random forest), and SVM (support vector machine)—were constructed to build corresponding susceptibility assessment models. The research area is divided into four categories of landslide susceptibility zones, and the accuracy of the zoning is comprehensively evaluated. The study indicates that compared with the other four machine learning models, the GCNN model achieves higher scores in various confusion matrix indicators and is more suitable for landslide susceptibility zoning. The resulting zoning of landslide susceptibility is consistent with the actual occurrence of landslide points, indicating a more accurate delineation of landslide-prone areas.

machine learning  /  group convolutional neural network model  /  adaptability evaluation  /  evaluation of landslide susceptibilit
王洁, 林诚杰, 梁峰铭, 季静静, 谈松林, 刘宇. 基于不同机器学习模型的滑坡易发性分析及适应性评估. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 513 -520 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402810
Jie WANG, Cheng-jie LIN, Feng-ming LIANG, Jing-jing JI, Song-lin TAN, Yu LIU. Landslide Susceptibility Analysis and Adaptability Evaluation Based on Different Machine Learning Models[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 513 -520 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402810
滑坡是一种破坏性极强的复合型水文气象灾害,可以直接破坏各类水利工程设施,引发河流与水库淤积,造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失[1]。因此,滑坡的早期识别和预防至关重要。通过选择适当的模型和数据,滑坡易发性评价能评估在相似环境下未知滑坡发生的概率,揭示与不同影响因子之间的紧密联系,为决策者提供强有力的可视化技术支持[2]。滑坡易发性评价的挑战在于滑坡的复杂性以及受多种因素影响,其中部分因素还在不断变化。尽管遥感和地理信息技术为此提供了数据支持,但确定可靠的评价模型仍然是一项艰巨任务。
中外进行滑坡易发性区划的方法主要涉及神经网络、支持向量机、随机森林、逻辑回归和频率比等方法,例如,李梦[3]利用CNN模型对陕西全省进行滑坡易发性分析,结果精度比同数据集下的支持向量机模型(support vector machine,SVM)和随机森林算法模型(random forest,RF)提升明显;邱维蓉等[4]通过对SVM、RF等4种模型进行滑坡易发性对比分析,得出RF模型优于其他3种模型;Cao等[5]采用Logistic和RF对川西山区的滑坡灾害易发性进行了评价,得出RF模型预测准确率高于Logistic模型。还有的学者对模型进行耦合分析,例如,马啸等[6]利用RF模型和FR模型进行耦合,得出耦合后的模型精度较优;Zhou[7]将随机森林与递归特征消除方法进行耦合,得出RFE-RF模型,结果表明该模型的精度优于单一的RF模型。综合来看,目前在滑坡易发性评价方面大多数研究使用的还是常见机器学习模型,而深度学习模型在这方面的应用较少。近年来,有学者提出了改进的卷积神经网络模型——分组卷积神经网络模型(group convolutional neural network,GCNN)[8],该模型在卷积操作时将输入的特征分成若干组,分别进行卷积操作,能有效地减少计算量和内存占用,提高模型的并行性能,已成功应用到遥感图形识别与处理等领域,但该模型对于滑坡易发性区划和评估方面应用效果如何尚未可知。随着耦合模型规模的增大,计算量和参数量往往会显著增加,从而降低整体效率[9]。因此,保障模型效率,选择精度高的机器学习算法是滑坡易发性评价实际应用中亟待解决的问题。
现以河北省为研究区域,基于分组卷积神经网络模型等5种机器学习模型,对本地区的滑坡易发性进行分区与评价,对比分析不同机器学习模型的评价结果和优缺点,评估GCNN模型的准确性和区划效果,探寻能提高河北省滑坡易发性评价精度的算法模型,对生态保护、水利工程规划、防灾减灾具有重要意义。
分组卷积神经网络模型(convolutional neural network,GCNN)是一种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的深度学习模型,最早由Kondor等[10]在2018年提出。常见的CNN模型在处理旋转、平移、缩放等几何变换问题时具有一定的局限性,当数据图像旋转一定角度时,常见CNN模型很可能无法正确地识别该图像。GCNN模型通过引入几何变换不变性来解决这个问题,该模型常常被用于处理具有复杂特征的数据,并能够在许多领域中取得出色的性能,例如,在地震预测中,研究者可以使用这种模型来预测一个区域的地震易发性;将该区域的地质和地形数据分成多个组,并将每个组的数据输入单独的神经网络中。这些神经网络将会学习如何识别与地震易发性相关的模式,并在最终输出中将它们相乘[11]
GCNN模型结构如图1所示。该模型由多个卷积层和池化层组成,其中每个卷积层都被分成多个子组,本文研究将选取的特征指标分为3个子组:孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体。每个子组内的卷积核只与同一子组内的输入进行卷积运算,这保证每个子组内的卷积核具有相同的特征,不同的子组可以学习不同的特征,这提高了模型的可扩展性和灵活性,并减少计算参数量。
为了对比评估GCNN的模拟效果与精度,本文研究引入多种常见机器学习算法进行对比验证。逻辑回归模型(Logistic)用于分类问题,通过线性组合输入特征来预测离散输出,使用逻辑函数进行分类预测[12];支持向量机模型(SVM)用于分类和回归问题,可处理线性可分和线性不可分的数据[13];随机森林算法模型(RF)通过多个决策树的组合来执行分类和回归任务[14],是一种集成学习算法;卷积神经网络模型(CNN)是一种专门用于处理具有网格结构数据的学习模型。它在计算机视觉领域中被广泛应用[15]
在机器学习领域中,归一化处理通常用于使数据更易于比较和处理,目的是消除不同特征之间的量纲差异,以便能够更好地进行特征比较和权重分配[16],归一化公式为
X * = X - X m i n X m a x - X m i n
式(1)中: X为需要归一化的数据;XminXmax分别为该数据集中最小值和最大值;X*为归一化后的数据,范围在0~1。
多重共线性指的是自变量之间存在高度线性相关性的情况,从而导致预测的结果相差较大,影响模型的准确性和可靠性[17]。通常使用方差膨胀因子(VIF)和容差(T)来评估多重共线性,确保这些因子之间具有独立性。计算公式为
V I F = 1 1 - A 2 = 1 T
式(2)中:A2为自变量回归到其他所有自变量上得到的决定系数,A2值越接近1即VIF值增大,表明该类变量与其他变量的相关性越大。当VIF>10且其倒数容差T<0.1时,指示存在多重共线性问题。
混淆矩阵是机器学习中常用的指标,用于总结模型的分类预测结果。它可以将模型预测结果与历史真实数据进行对比,以评价模型的学习结果[18-19]。混淆矩阵通常以表格的形式呈现,如表1所示。利用混淆矩阵,可以计算出以下指标。
(1)整体准确率(Accuracy)表示测试集中全部样本中被正确分类的比例。
Accuracy= T P + T N T P + F N + F P + T N
(2)精确率(Precision)表示测试集中实际为正的样本中被正确预测为正的比率。
Precision= T P T P + F P
(3)召回率(Recall)表示预测为正的样本中实际为正的比率。
Recall= T P T P + F N
(4)F1分数(F1-score)表示精确率和召回率的调和平均数。
F 1 - s c o r e = 2 P r e c i s i o n R e c a l l P r e c i s i o n + R e c a l l
(5)Kappa系数表示预测结果与实际值整体的一致性,其取值范围为[-1,1],一般认为Kappa系数在0.6以上表示较好的一致性。
K a p p a = P i = 1 n X i i - i = 1 n ( X i + X + i ) P 2 - i = 1 n ( X i + X + i )
式(7)中:Xii为混淆矩阵中的第i行、第i列样本数;n为混淆矩阵的列数之和;P为用于准确性评价的样本总数;Xi+X+i分别为第i行、第i列样本总数。
河北省总面积18.8万km2(图2),占全国土地总面积的1.96%。地处华北平原,西部是太行山脉,东部面临渤海,北部为燕山。该地区季风现象显著,地质大致呈现西北向东南倾斜的趋势,从南北方向来看,具有南高北低的特点,从东西方向来看,西部稍高,东部、中部地势缓和。省内地形复杂,山高谷深,其中山地的面积大致在9×104 km2左右,占全省总面积的48.1%以上。由于受岩性、河流、构造等因素的控制和影响,该地区的地貌组合复杂,滑坡灾害频发。据统计在1980—2020年间,河北省全省内一共发生3 700多起地质灾害,其中滑坡灾害发生数量最多,占总数的40.8%左右。
灾害是由多个因素共同作用而形成的,其中孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体都扮演着重要角色。孕灾环境是影响致灾因子和承灾体的背景条件,可以促进、加剧或缓解灾害的发生。致灾因子是灾害发生的充分条件,对灾害的规模、频率和强度有一定的决定作用。承灾体是灾害发生和扩大的必要条件,对于同一次灾害,不同的承灾体受到的影响也是不同的[20]
为了成功建立滑坡易发性模型,需要选择适当的滑坡影响因子。通过借鉴中外相关文献,结合河北省滑坡灾害发生的实际情况,综合性和可操作性等这几个指标优选原则,从孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体这3个方面出发选取指标因子参与评价模型的构建。孕灾环境包括:土地利用、植被覆盖率、坡度、坡向、土壤侵蚀、土壤类型、距河流距离、县道密度、距断层距离、地形湿度指数、剖面曲率、高程和地层岩性;致灾因子包括:暴雨日数和夏季年平均降水量;承灾体为乡镇密度。总计选取16个指标因子。
基础数据获取方式为:①河北省地图来自标准地图服务系统,审图号为GS(2019)3333号;②坡向、曲率、坡度等衍射数据,主要提取于数值高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM),来源于地理空间数据云;③河北省96个雨量站降水量数据,来自河北省气象局;④土地利用、土壤侵蚀、乡镇密度等其他空间数据,来自资源环境科学与数据中心和联合国粮食及农业组织。
本文研究的样本数据涵盖了滑坡点和非滑坡点两类重要样本,旨在深入探讨和分析滑坡易发性区域的特征及其预测模型的效能。其中滑坡点数据主要来自EM-DAT国际灾害数据库、美国滑坡清单二期和河北省自然资源厅,根据历史滑坡灾害点的情况,共选取1980—2020年滑坡样本847个。为确保研究的广泛性和结果的可靠性,非滑坡点样本采用随机抽样的方法从研究区随机抽取,研究表明在进行易发性区划中,当滑坡点与非滑坡点的比例为 1∶5~1∶10时,敏感性分区的模型性能最佳[21]。经过多次实验,本研究选取滑坡点与非滑坡点的比例为1∶10,最终选取8 470个非滑坡点样本,所选滑坡点和非滑坡点的分布如图3所示。
本文研究包含一个9 317为样本数,16为特征数的二维数组X,以及一个由9 317个元素构成的一维数组Y。其中非滑坡点样本对应值为0,滑坡点样本对应值为1。之后对16个影响因子的值进行了归一化处理,将其限制在0~1,以此消除不同量纲的数据带来的影响。对于非数值类型的影响因子,在处理之前,先将其转换为数值类型。
通过对选取的16个滑坡因子进行多重共线性分析(图4)。其中所有因子均在可接受的阈值范围内,容差T最小(0.164)和方程膨胀因子VIF最大(6.114)的是断层距离,这表明16种因子之间不存在多重共线性问题,具有良好的独立性,可以用于机器学习模型的构建,这与赵占骜等[9]的结论相对一致。
将选取好的滑坡点样本和非滑坡点样本分别代入模型中进行训练和检验。其中滑坡样本集随机选取了600个点进行训练,247个点进行检验;非滑坡样本集随机选取了6 000个点进行训练,2 470个点进行检验,以0.5为阈值,小于阈值表示未发生滑坡,大于阈值表示发生滑坡[21],5种模型所得混淆矩阵划分结果如图5所示。模型的真阴性率均在90%以上,真阳性率均在60%以上,其中真阴性率和真阳性率最高的是GCNN模型,分别为96.41%和83.98%;最低的是SVM模型,分别为94.77%和61.42%。所有模型在真阳性率和真阴性率方面表现出色,说明它们对于处理未知数据的分类具有可靠性。然而,当面对各种复杂多变的滑坡和非滑坡样本时,各模型的性能存在差异。其中GCNN模型的分类效果最佳,学习能力最优秀。
表2列示了所有评价指标,这些指标是通过混淆矩阵计算得出的,结果显示在精确率、召回率、整体准确率、F1分数和Kappa系数下,GCNN模型的计算结果均为最优,比其他常见机器学习模型的计算效果好,而参数较多的CNN模型在各指标下均低于GCNN模型,这表明可能存在过拟合问题,即随着参数增加,模型效率降低。综合考虑模型训练和结果评价,GCNN模型避免了因参数增加导致模型效率、精度降低的问题,具有很好的应用潜力。
利用自然断点法将所得滑坡概率划分为4类滑坡易发性等级:低、中、较高和高易发区,对比分析不同机器模型在滑坡易发性空间分布方面的模拟性能。
图6可知,总体来看,河北省范围内滑坡灾害高易发区和较高易发区主要集中在邯郸、邢台、石家庄、保定的西北部和承德、秦皇岛市的东部,主要分布在断层带和山脉多的地区,以及道路和水系两侧;中易发区主要集中在张家口市的西北部地区;省内的大部分丘陵、中低山脉和平原地区都属于低易发区,结果与滑坡灾害分布点基本一致。
本文研究中精选了两个具有代表性的地区a和b作为分析对象,统计这些区域中历史上真实发生的滑坡事件数量,通过比较不同易发区内的滑坡点密度(即单位面积内滑坡发生的数量),得出不同模型各个易发区的滑坡点密度分布如图7所示。发现在滑坡事件较为稀少的区域a中,GCNN模型分区显示:低易发区面积比为15.21%,中易发区面积比为74.58%,较高易发区面积比为10.21%,滑坡点密度分别为0.06、0.04、0.02 个/km2,该模型成功将滑坡点聚集带划分为中易发区,而Logistic、CNN、RF模型倾向于将大部分区域划分为低易发区,SVM的划分结果则偏向于较高易发区。在滑坡事件频发的区域b中,GCNN模型分区显示:低易发区面积比为7.11%,中易发区面积比为2.05%,较高易发区面积比为20.45%,高易发区面积比为24.89%,滑坡点密度分别为0.025、0、0.71、0.88 个/km2,成功将滑坡点聚集带划分为较高易发区和高易发区,而其余模型却将滑坡发生少的区域划分成了较高易发区。GCNN模型对区域a、b的处理表现出了特别的优势,能够准确地将滑坡聚集带识别为中、高易发区,而Logistic、CNN、RF和SVM模型在低、高易发区域的辨识能力上可能存在一定的误差,结果具有一定的局限性,导致模拟结果与实际情况存在一定的偏差。
综合来看,GCNN在滑坡位置上刻画更加具体,在滑坡灾害低敏感和高敏感的区域均拥有更丰富的纹理特征。相比其他常见的机器学习模型,GCNN这种深度学习模型进行易发性评价有更佳的效果,更适用于滑坡的评估。
在河北省内将GCNN模型引入滑坡易发性分析,并与其他4种机器学习模型进行了评估,综合来看,新引入的GCNN模型精度最高,其他4种机器学习模型的不同指标精度略有不同,基本表现为RF、CNN、Logistic模型精度次之,SVM模型精度次于其他模型,得出如下结论。
(1)在河北省滑坡样本训练集内,对种机器学习模型进行了评估,结果表明GCNN模型的精确率为0.839 8,召回率为0.627 7,整体准确率为0.955 1,F1分数为0.718 6,Kappa系数为0.694 8;在河北省滑坡样本检验集内,GCNN模型的精确率为0.847 6,召回率为0.639 0,整体准确率为0.964 1,F1分数为0.719 3,Kappa系数为0.695 9,均高于其他所选模型,说明所采用的分组结构能有效地降低过拟合的问题,拥有最优秀的性能,泛化能力强。
(2)在模型生成的滑坡易发性图中,GCNN模型在识别历史滑坡点方面表现最准确。对于河北省区域a中的坡点聚集带,GCNN将其成功划分为中易发区;对于河北省区滑域b中的滑坡点聚集带,GCNN模型将其成功划分为较高易发区和高易发区。评估综合认为,该模型是一种有效的滑坡易发性评价方法,为深度学习在该领域的探索提供了新的可能性。
  • 江苏省水利科技项目(2024007)
  • 河北省省级科技计划(19275408D)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41671022)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41877158)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(KYCX23_1375)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402810
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-11-07
基金
江苏省水利科技项目(2024007)
河北省省级科技计划(19275408D)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41671022)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41877158)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(KYCX23_1375)
作者信息
    1 南京信息工程大学水文与水资源工程学院, 南京 210044
    2 水利部水文气象灾害机理与预警重点实验室, 南京 210044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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