Article(id=1203753463927775504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308931, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699891200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-14, revisedDate=1729440000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926790458, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926790458, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926790458, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926790458, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=657, endPage=666, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753464825356635, articleId=1203753463927775504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Small Target Ship Remote Sensing Image Detection Based on Improved YOLOv5s, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Ship targets in remote sensing images have multi-scale characteristics, changeable backgrounds, and complex meteorological characteristics, which lead to low accuracy, false detection, and missed detection of small target ships. In response to the above situation, an improved small-target ship detection model based on YOLOv5s was proposed. First, in order to solve the problems of scale changes and background variability in ship detection, the ASFF(adaptive spatial feature fusion) module was introduced. Secondly, in order to reduce the calculation amount and parameter amount of the detection network, the BoTNet attention mechanism was introduced, and then in order to improve the overall network to improve the detection accuracy, the EIoU border loss function was used, and finally the Slim-neck network was introduced to ensure the overall lightweight of the network. Experiments show that on the main data set LEVIR-Ship, compared with the benchmark YOLOv5s, mAP@0.5 increased by 7.1% to 81.3%, the number of parameters is reduced by 0.44 M, the calculation amount is reduced by 0.6GFLOPs, and the weight was reduced by 0.9 M. The proposed method performs better in various key indicators and achieves high-precision small target ship detection in complex environments. Comparative experiments are conducted on the verification data set McShips. The experiments show that the proposed method still performs better, verifying the universal applicability of the proposed method.
, correspAuthors=Xiao-ling XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-ang LI, Xiao-ling XIAO, Shao-fa ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753467954307782, articleId=1203753463927775504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进的YOLOv5s小目标船舶遥感图像检测, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
遥感图像中船舶目标具有多尺度特性、背景多变及气象复杂等特点,导致小目标船舶检测存在精度低,出现误检,漏检等情况。针对上述情况,提出了一种基于YOLOv5s的小目标船舶检测改进模型。首先,为解决船舶检测中尺度变化和背景多变问题,引入了适应空间特征融合(adaptive structure feature fusion,ASFF)模块,其次,为减少检测网络的计算量和参数量引入了BoTNet注意力机制,然后为提升网络整体的检测精确度,使用了EIoU边框损失函数,最后为保证网络整体的轻量化引入了Slim-neck颈部网络。实验显示,在主要数据集LEVIR-Ship上,相较于基准YOLOv5s,mAP@0.5提升了7.1%达到了81.3%,参数量降低了0.44 M,计算量降低了0.6GFLOPs,权重降低了0.9 M。本文方法在各项关键指标中表现更为优秀,实现了复杂环境下高精度的小目标船舶检测。在验证数据集McShips上进行对比实验。实验表明,本文方法依然表现更为优秀,验证了所提方法具有普适性。
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李志昂(2000—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习。E-mail:2022710688@yangtzeu.edu.cn。
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李志昂(2000—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习。E-mail:2022710688@yangtzeu.edu.cn。
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YOLOv5s network main structure diagram, figureFileSmall=8r0uMuMeT8rLs7N41Na8gQ==, figureFileBig=LYMtnFWGZTuhgL7/AH3DEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147313652514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
YOLOv5s的网络主体结构图 Input 为输入图像;Backbone为网络主干;Neck为颈部网络;Head为检测头;CBS为由卷积层+批量归一化+SiLU激活函数组成的模块;CSP1_x为Cross Stage Partial(CSP)连接的第1个子模块中的第x个部分;SPPF为一种空间金字塔池化结构;Upsample为上采样;CSP2为cross stage partial(CSP)连接的第2个子模块;Concat为拼接模块;Conv为卷积层;Detect为不同尺度的检测头
, figureFileSmall=8r0uMuMeT8rLs7N41Na8gQ==, figureFileBig=LYMtnFWGZTuhgL7/AH3DEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147431093039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure diagram of YOLOv5s submodule, figureFileSmall=Lss8yNVTWe5JmQrsOjIRLA==, figureFileBig=9ecpJ/I10K3Xu5isTnVdog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147590476602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
YOLOv5s子模块的结构图 MaxPool为最大池化层;Cancat为相加模块;Resunit为残差单元;Conv为卷积层;BN为批量归一化;SiLU为一种激活函数
, figureFileSmall=Lss8yNVTWe5JmQrsOjIRLA==, figureFileBig=9ecpJ/I10K3Xu5isTnVdog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147703722817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Diagram of the structural differences between BoTNet and ResNet, figureFileSmall=Qd7WLH+ehe7aqG3Y5I8CtA==, figureFileBig=eVO2b4J1jufX8/Igomm1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147808580428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
BoTNet与ResNet结构差异图, figureFileSmall=Qd7WLH+ehe7aqG3Y5I8CtA==, figureFileBig=eVO2b4J1jufX8/Igomm1dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787147917632340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Standard convolution and depthwise separable convolution, figureFileSmall=8Xt7Z+yekvEPE4/8dndztA==, figureFileBig=xHR98oNkk2j9f7HWXv0akA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787148018295644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
标准卷积和深度可分离卷积 3 channel Input为彩色图像的3通道输入;Filters为滤波器;Maps为输出的特征图
, figureFileSmall=8Xt7Z+yekvEPE4/8dndztA==, figureFileBig=xHR98oNkk2j9f7HWXv0akA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787148114764646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Slim-neck composition structure diagram, figureFileSmall=90xGH8/37hZmIiTgiTZrGg==, figureFileBig=cZZ+f+VFGg1d4I6gNQQMzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149310141300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
Slim-neck的组成结构图 Conv为标准卷积; input为输入;c1 channels为有c1个通道;c2 channels为有c2个通道;output为输出
, figureFileSmall=90xGH8/37hZmIiTgiTZrGg==, figureFileBig=cZZ+f+VFGg1d4I6gNQQMzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149435970429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
ASFF structure diagram, figureFileSmall=HVekEXjN2rUvUIFMtaVi3w==, figureFileBig=lzq3jf8SnOfCI7T/YbnWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149561799562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
ASFF结构图 Origin img为原始图片;Level为特征图的级别;stride为步长;Predict为预测结果
, figureFileSmall=HVekEXjN2rUvUIFMtaVi3w==, figureFileBig=lzq3jf8SnOfCI7T/YbnWjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149679240088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Improved YOLOv5s structure diagram, figureFileSmall=Zrjt+gRYEueizO23ZZIjmA==, figureFileBig=NofZfmQc8Yo2vX8MVF2qfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149826040741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
改进后的YOLOv5s结构图, figureFileSmall=Zrjt+gRYEueizO23ZZIjmA==, figureFileBig=NofZfmQc8Yo2vX8MVF2qfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787149956064177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Attention mechanism average accuracy mean comparison chart, figureFileSmall=bFomL9gQlZiZD+KlAbeA9g==, figureFileBig=JN7MILWSBij6tpQVQ3gL7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150060921787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
注意力机制平均精度均值对比图, figureFileSmall=bFomL9gQlZiZD+KlAbeA9g==, figureFileBig=JN7MILWSBij6tpQVQ3gL7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150224499662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Average accuracy mean comparison chart, figureFileSmall=kgSVSV2/5fwA6gfjvjjIzg==, figureFileBig=kYj/sCoy4PftJhXD1Abtjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150346134491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
平均精度均值对比图, figureFileSmall=kgSVSV2/5fwA6gfjvjjIzg==, figureFileBig=kYj/sCoy4PftJhXD1Abtjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150442603495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Marine environment example test comparison chart at night, figureFileSmall=q/cx20IbY8fPsuO4NWZGiA==, figureFileBig=rUiQTVnyFRy66a5fCwQAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150601987057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
黑夜下的海洋环境实例测试对比图, figureFileSmall=q/cx20IbY8fPsuO4NWZGiA==, figureFileBig=rUiQTVnyFRy66a5fCwQAOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150706844665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison chart of test examples of marine environment under cloud cover, figureFileSmall=04ndJvyI5Q+tvFD9R+PYbA==, figureFileBig=Jcf2zn6kgITssH9qzwM5NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150803312643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
云层遮挡下的海洋环境实例测试对比图, figureFileSmall=04ndJvyI5Q+tvFD9R+PYbA==, figureFileBig=Jcf2zn6kgITssH9qzwM5NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787150966890515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Key parameter table
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数名称 | 初始值 | 参数名称 | 初始值 |
| 图像大小 | 640×640 | IoU阈值 | 0.2 |
| 初始学习率 | 0.01 | 色调 | 0.015 |
| 优化函数 | Adam(1×10-2) | 饱和度 | 0.7 |
| 学习率动量 | 0.937 | 亮度 | 0.4 |
| 权重衰减系数 | 0.000 5 | Mosaic概率 | 1.0 |
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关键参数表
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| 参数名称 | 初始值 | 参数名称 | 初始值 |
| 图像大小 | 640×640 | IoU阈值 | 0.2 |
| 初始学习率 | 0.01 | 色调 | 0.015 |
| 优化函数 | Adam(1×10-2) | 饱和度 | 0.7 |
| 学习率动量 | 0.937 | 亮度 | 0.4 |
| 权重衰减系数 | 0.000 5 | Mosaic概率 | 1.0 |
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Attention mechanism comparison table
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| 名称 | mAP/% | 参数量/M | 计算量/G | 权重/M |
| SE | 73.9 | 7.05 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| CBAM | 77.5 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| SIMAM | 76.0 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| CA | 76.1 | 7.04 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| BoTNet | 77.2 | 6.69 | 15.4 | 13.8 |
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注意力机制对比表
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| 名称 | mAP/% | 参数量/M | 计算量/G | 权重/M |
| SE | 73.9 | 7.05 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| CBAM | 77.5 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| SIMAM | 76.0 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| CA | 76.1 | 7.04 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| BoTNet | 77.2 | 6.69 | 15.4 | 13.8 |
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Comparison of evaluation indicators of different networks
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| 网络 | 图片大小 | mAP/ % | 精准 率/% | 召回 率/% | 参数 量/M | 计算 量/G | 权重/ M |
| CenterNet | 512×512 | 69.7 | 100 | 10.0 | 32.67 | 70.2 | 124 |
| YOLOv3 | 416×416 | 75.9 | 81.4 | 70.9 | 61.50 | 154.5 | 123.4 |
| YOLOv4 | 416×416 | 68.4 | 75.9 | 65.0 | 9.12 | 20.8 | 35.4 |
| YOLOv5s | 640×640 | 74.2 | 81.2 | 71.9 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| YOLOv8s | 640×640 | 79.3 | 84.1 | 73.4 | 11.1 | 28.4 | 22.5 |
| 本文方法 | 640×640 | 81.3 | 81.2 | 76.8 | 6.57 | 15.2 | 13.6 |
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不同网络的评价指标对比
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| 网络 | 图片大小 | mAP/ % | 精准 率/% | 召回 率/% | 参数 量/M | 计算 量/G | 权重/ M |
| CenterNet | 512×512 | 69.7 | 100 | 10.0 | 32.67 | 70.2 | 124 |
| YOLOv3 | 416×416 | 75.9 | 81.4 | 70.9 | 61.50 | 154.5 | 123.4 |
| YOLOv4 | 416×416 | 68.4 | 75.9 | 65.0 | 9.12 | 20.8 | 35.4 |
| YOLOv5s | 640×640 | 74.2 | 81.2 | 71.9 | 7.01 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| YOLOv8s | 640×640 | 79.3 | 84.1 | 73.4 | 11.1 | 28.4 | 22.5 |
| 本文方法 | 640×640 | 81.3 | 81.2 | 76.8 | 6.57 | 15.2 | 13.6 |
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Ablation experiment results table
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| 改进名称 | ASFF | BotNet | EIoU | Slim-neck | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5/% | GFLOPs | 权重/M |
| YOLOv5s | × | × | × | × | 81.2 | 71.9 | 74.2 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| 改进1 | √ | × | × | × | 78.2 | 74.8 | 76.5 | 24.2 | 25.4 |
| 改进2 | √ | √ | × | × | 85.1 | 69.6 | 77.2 | 15.4 | 13.8 |
| 改进3 | √ | √ | √ | × | 83.6 | 73.4 | 80.8 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| 改进4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 81.2 | 76.8 | 81.3 | 15.2 | 13.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787152363593884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
消融实验结果表
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| 改进名称 | ASFF | BotNet | EIoU | Slim-neck | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5/% | GFLOPs | 权重/M |
| YOLOv5s | × | × | × | × | 81.2 | 71.9 | 74.2 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| 改进1 | √ | × | × | × | 78.2 | 74.8 | 76.5 | 24.2 | 25.4 |
| 改进2 | √ | √ | × | × | 85.1 | 69.6 | 77.2 | 15.4 | 13.8 |
| 改进3 | √ | √ | √ | × | 83.6 | 73.4 | 80.8 | 15.8 | 14.5 |
| 改进4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 81.2 | 76.8 | 81.3 | 15.2 | 13.6 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787152510394541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463927775504, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Compare experimental result tables on McShips
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| 网络 | mAP/% | 精准率/% | 召回率/% |
| YOLOv5s | 88.4 | 88.6 | 83.3 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 76.0 | 81.3 | 70.6 |
| YOLOv8s | 91.8 | 92.4 | 84.7 |
| 本文方法 | 92.3 | 92.4 | 87.4 |
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在McShips上对比实验结果表
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| 网络 | mAP/% | 精准率/% | 召回率/% |
| YOLOv5s | 88.4 | 88.6 | 83.3 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 76.0 | 81.3 | 70.6 |
| YOLOv8s | 91.8 | 92.4 | 84.7 |
| 本文方法 | 92.3 | 92.4 | 87.4 |
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