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In response to the low detection accuracy and high model complexity of existing road damage detection algorithms in complex environments, a lightweight road damage detection algorithm named LDC-YOLOv5 (lightweight deformable convolution YOLOv5) was proposed based on YOLOv5.To address the complexity of real road surface damages, a lightweight feature extraction module was designed using Deformable Conv (deformable convolution) and Depthwise Conv (depthwise convolution) to replace the C3 module in the original network backbone, enabling convolutional kernels to focus on irregular crack damages and enhancing feature extraction for damage detection. To reduce algorithm complexity in the feature fusion stage, a lightweight feature fusion module was constructed using GhostConv to replace the C3 module in the original network neck, lowering network parameters and complexity. Additionally, to prevent missed detections caused by uneven lighting and shadow obstruction, a lightweight attention mechanism, TripletAttention, was introduced in the backbone network to improve the algorithm's understanding of damage information and context. Experiments conducted on the IEEE open dataset RDD2022 and the Kaggle open dataset Road Damage demonstrate that, compared to YOLOv5s, the proposed LDC-YOLOv5 achieves a 1.4% and 4.2% improvement in mAP50 on the two datasets, respectively, with only 67.6% of the model parameters of YOLOv5s.
, correspAuthors=Zi-qiang CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-xin KONG, Zi-qiang CHEN, Liang-nian JIN, Yan-ying JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753468281467055, articleId=1203753463323800184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=融合可变形卷积的轻量级路面病害检测算法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对现有的路面病害检测算法在复杂环境下检测精度低、模型复杂度高的问题,在YOLOv5基础上,提出了一种融合可变形卷积的轻量级路面病害检测算法(lightweight deformable convolution YOLOv5,LDC-YOLOv5)。首先,针对真实路面病害复杂不规整的特点,使用可变形卷积(Deformable Conv)和深度卷积(Depthwise Conv),设计了一种轻量级特征提取模块,代替原网络主干部分的C3模块,使卷积核聚焦在无规则裂缝病害上,增强病害特征提取能力。其次,针对特征融合阶段出现算法复杂度过高的问题,使用轻量级卷积GhostConv,构建一种轻量级特征融合模块,代替原网络颈部网络部分的C3模块,降低网络参数和复杂度;为避免真实路面出现光照不均,出现阴影遮挡路面病害目标而造成的病害漏检的情况,在主干网络部分,引入轻量级注意力机制TripletAttention,增强算法对病害信息上下文之间的理解能力。最后在IEEE公开数据集RDD2022和Kaggle公开数据集Road Damage上进行测试,实验结果表明,与YOLOv5s相比,mAP50在两个数据集上分别提升了1.4%和4.2%,且模型参数量仅为YOLOv5s的67.6%。
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, authorsList=孔令鑫, 陈紫强, 晋良念, 蒋艳英)}, authors=[Author(id=1203787154905346520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1013653819@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203787155052147177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, authorId=1203787154905346520, language=EN, stringName=Ling-xin KONG, firstName=Ling-xin, middleName=null, lastName=KONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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1 桂林电子科技大学信息与通信学院, 桂林 541004
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孔令鑫(1999—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习和图像处理。E-mail:1013653819@qq.com。
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孔令鑫(1999—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:深度学习和图像处理。E-mail:1013653819@qq.com。
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1 School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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1 School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China
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1 桂林电子科技大学信息与通信学院, 桂林 541004
2 广西无线宽带通信与信号处理重点实验室, 桂林 541004
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1, 2, 3, address=
1 School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2 Guangxi Key Laboratory of Wireless Wideband Communication and Signal Processing, Guilin 541004, China
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1 桂林电子科技大学信息与通信学院, 桂林 541004
2 广西无线宽带通信与信号处理重点实验室, 桂林 541004
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Schematic diagram of a deformable convolution, figureFileSmall=fyijB9DAzLoRttpe9ormFg==, figureFileBig=+YOBXd2mOdBb9Eu7LT97FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159519081310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
可变形卷积示意图, figureFileSmall=fyijB9DAzLoRttpe9ormFg==, figureFileBig=+YOBXd2mOdBb9Eu7LT97FA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159636521834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Comparison of conventional convolution and deformable convolution heat map, figureFileSmall=Cjklxo7rBB2aEa93r5zS0A==, figureFileBig=jYEBJJHyOALIvsyxVzj1yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159795905401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
常规卷积与可变形卷积热力图对比图, figureFileSmall=Cjklxo7rBB2aEa93r5zS0A==, figureFileBig=jYEBJJHyOALIvsyxVzj1yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159942706054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparison of deep convolution and conventional convolutional structures, figureFileSmall=hZsBbdkoWCL/vyf6Uoe5zQ==, figureFileBig=8lUHl+SJMMl5PBkP1OUmvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160081118093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
深度卷积和常规卷积结构对比图, figureFileSmall=hZsBbdkoWCL/vyf6Uoe5zQ==, figureFileBig=8lUHl+SJMMl5PBkP1OUmvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160244695960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
DW_DCN module structure diagram, figureFileSmall=4DUjQentVNonF1D98oAJLg==, figureFileBig=BMVyXe4Fg07zpweYUgrg+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160416662435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
DW_DCN模块结构图, figureFileSmall=4DUjQentVNonF1D98oAJLg==, figureFileBig=BMVyXe4Fg07zpweYUgrg+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160609600429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
C3_Ghost module structure diagram, figureFileSmall=TgabYiIibQr126PNIUJEng==, figureFileBig=DrrQZrEM2HN8vbRgiYjB7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160739623860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
C3_Ghost模块结构图, figureFileSmall=TgabYiIibQr126PNIUJEng==, figureFileBig=DrrQZrEM2HN8vbRgiYjB7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160844481474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
TripletAttention module structure diagram, figureFileSmall=TG73o1bocpw/3lWrHmt7jw==, figureFileBig=o6U9DUcmiNdJ7Q8Z9YvjUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160978699205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
TripletAttention模块结构图, figureFileSmall=TG73o1bocpw/3lWrHmt7jw==, figureFileBig=o6U9DUcmiNdJ7Q8Z9YvjUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161112916942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Training results with different final learning rates, figureFileSmall=h8E5w77bNOWB/F9oiDt9mg==, figureFileBig=cVqLNxriNfxkPrk3EoDNpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161238746070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同最终学习率训练结果, figureFileSmall=h8E5w77bNOWB/F9oiDt9mg==, figureFileBig=cVqLNxriNfxkPrk3EoDNpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161347797989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Detection results of various algorithms on RDD2022 datasets, figureFileSmall=Qtx4RXgzJ1aN/i1XnYACwA==, figureFileBig=wDXYbC3QT93PBRTZ6ohXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161469432810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
各类算法在RDD2022数据集上的检测结果, figureFileSmall=Qtx4RXgzJ1aN/i1XnYACwA==, figureFileBig=wDXYbC3QT93PBRTZ6ohXDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161586873327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Detection results of various algorithms on Road Damage dataset, figureFileSmall=27TxoI8u2Qp0PTwxmjBZ4g==, figureFileBig=djXOck0mdeRvB1U+flTsMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161725285371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
各类算法在Road Damage数据集上的检测结果, figureFileSmall=27TxoI8u2Qp0PTwxmjBZ4g==, figureFileBig=djXOck0mdeRvB1U+flTsMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161846919168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Actual data test results, figureFileSmall=IaKOyfxZiCn6LFcaNuI8kw==, figureFileBig=64W1qXk/EIsp/2cgN3hZpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787162010497032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
实际数据检测结果, figureFileSmall=IaKOyfxZiCn6LFcaNuI8kw==, figureFileBig=64W1qXk/EIsp/2cgN3hZpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787162165686290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Ablation experimental results of LDC-YOLOv5 algorithm on dataset RDD2022
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| DW_DCN | C3_Ghost | 三重注 意力 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| | | 54.3 | 49.6 | 63.7 | 49.1 | 54.2 | 26.4 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 196 |
| √ | | | 54.7 | 51.4 | 65.4 | 48.8 | 55.1 | 26.9 | 5.54 | 9.6 | 238 |
| √ | √ | | 54.2 | 50.5 | 65.8 | 50.0 | 55.1 | 27.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 239 |
| √ | √ | √ | 54.2 | 51.4 | 67.3 | 49.6 | 55.6 | 27.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 232 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162312486936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
LDC-YOLOv5算法在数据集RDD2022上的消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| DW_DCN | C3_Ghost | 三重注 意力 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| | | 54.3 | 49.6 | 63.7 | 49.1 | 54.2 | 26.4 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 196 |
| √ | | | 54.7 | 51.4 | 65.4 | 48.8 | 55.1 | 26.9 | 5.54 | 9.6 | 238 |
| √ | √ | | 54.2 | 50.5 | 65.8 | 50.0 | 55.1 | 27.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 239 |
| √ | √ | √ | 54.2 | 51.4 | 67.3 | 49.6 | 55.6 | 27.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 232 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162488647714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Compare the experimental results RDD2022 the algorithms on the dataset
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | F1/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| SSD | 44.7 | 37.6 | 77.7 | 39.6 | 49.7 | 24.0 | 41.7 | 14.8 | 25.0 | 103 |
| YOLOv3-tiny | 42.9 | 39.2 | 49.2 | 37.4 | 42.2 | 17.8 | 46.6 | 8.68 | 12.9 | 285 |
| YOLOv5s | 54.3 | 49.6 | 63.7 | 49.1 | 54.2 | 26.4 | 56.0 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 196 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 51.3 | 43.6 | 63.7 | 43.6 | 50.5 | 23.3 | 52.7 | 6.23 | 13.9 | 200 |
| PP-PicoDet-l | 52.6 | 54.1 | 60.9 | 46.0 | 53.4 | 25.8 | 55.8 | 3.30 | 8.91 | 238 |
| LDC-YOLOv5 | 54.2 | 51.4 | 67.3 | 49.6 | 55.6 | 27.2 | 57.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 232 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162627059753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
RDD2022数据集上的算法对比实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | F1/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| SSD | 44.7 | 37.6 | 77.7 | 39.6 | 49.7 | 24.0 | 41.7 | 14.8 | 25.0 | 103 |
| YOLOv3-tiny | 42.9 | 39.2 | 49.2 | 37.4 | 42.2 | 17.8 | 46.6 | 8.68 | 12.9 | 285 |
| YOLOv5s | 54.3 | 49.6 | 63.7 | 49.1 | 54.2 | 26.4 | 56.0 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 196 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 51.3 | 43.6 | 63.7 | 43.6 | 50.5 | 23.3 | 52.7 | 6.23 | 13.9 | 200 |
| PP-PicoDet-l | 52.6 | 54.1 | 60.9 | 46.0 | 53.4 | 25.8 | 55.8 | 3.30 | 8.91 | 238 |
| LDC-YOLOv5 | 54.2 | 51.4 | 67.3 | 49.6 | 55.6 | 27.2 | 57.2 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 232 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162807414835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
The experimental results of the algorithm on the Road Damage dataset are compared
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | F1/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| SSD | 60.6 | 14.1 | 58.8 | 45.4 | 44.7 | 21.0 | 40.2 | 14.8 | 25.0 | 99 |
| YOLOv3-tiny | 53.5 | 42.4 | 69.1 | 65.0 | 57.5 | 23.1 | 60.4 | 8.68 | 12.9 | 285 |
| YOLOv5s | 60.2 | 49.1 | 65.4 | 73.9 | 62.1 | 28.9 | 63.0 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 178 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 66.5 | 34.9 | 67.5 | 71.2 | 60.0 | 26.6 | 60.6 | 6.23 | 13.9 | 179 |
| PP-PicoDet-l | 59.3 | 42.7 | 51.2 | 75.2 | 57.2 | 23.0 | 60.0 | 3.30 | 8.91 | 223 |
| LDC-YOLOv5 | 64.6 | 53.1 | 70.9 | 76.7 | 66.3 | 30.6 | 66.9 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 200 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164006985788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
Road Damage数据集上的算法对比实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 类别AP/% | mAP 50/% | mAP (50~95)/% | F1/% | 参数量/106 | GFLOPs | FPS |
| D00 | D10 | D20 | D40 |
| SSD | 60.6 | 14.1 | 58.8 | 45.4 | 44.7 | 21.0 | 40.2 | 14.8 | 25.0 | 99 |
| YOLOv3-tiny | 53.5 | 42.4 | 69.1 | 65.0 | 57.5 | 23.1 | 60.4 | 8.68 | 12.9 | 285 |
| YOLOv5s | 60.2 | 49.1 | 65.4 | 73.9 | 62.1 | 28.9 | 63.0 | 7.02 | 15.8 | 178 |
| YOLOv7-tiny | 66.5 | 34.9 | 67.5 | 71.2 | 60.0 | 26.6 | 60.6 | 6.23 | 13.9 | 179 |
| PP-PicoDet-l | 59.3 | 42.7 | 51.2 | 75.2 | 57.2 | 23.0 | 60.0 | 3.30 | 8.91 | 223 |
| LDC-YOLOv5 | 64.6 | 53.1 | 70.9 | 76.7 | 66.3 | 30.6 | 66.9 | 4.75 | 8.0 | 200 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164141203524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
LDC-YOLOv5 robustness verification results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 标准差 | mAP50/% |
| YOLOv5s | LDC-YOLOv5 |
| 0.0 | 62.1 | 66.3 |
| 0.2 | 62.0 | 66.1 |
| 0.4 | 61.8 | 66.3 |
| 0.6 | 62.3 | 65.5 |
| 0.8 | 62.1 | 65.4 |
| 1.0 | 62.1 | 65.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164296392785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463323800184, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
LDC-YOLOv5鲁棒性验证结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 标准差 | mAP50/% |
| YOLOv5s | LDC-YOLOv5 |
| 0.0 | 62.1 | 66.3 |
| 0.2 | 62.0 | 66.1 |
| 0.4 | 61.8 | 66.3 |
| 0.6 | 62.3 | 65.5 |
| 0.8 | 62.1 | 65.4 |
| 1.0 | 62.1 | 65.4 |
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