Article(id=1203753463080526014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308898, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1729440000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926790256, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926790256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926790256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926790256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=502, endPage=512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753464003272983, articleId=1203753463080526014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Hydrochemical Characteristics of Pavement Runoff in Karst Areas, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pavement runoff could enter the karst aquifer system through sinkholes, karst windows, karst pools in karst areas, which could influence the karst water environment quality. Consequently, it is necessary to study the hydrochemical environment characteristics of pavement runoff in karst areas. Pavement runoff of Yaji, Qingshuiqiao and Baizhujing were sampled, characteristics of hydrochemical compounds and their influencing factors, hydrochemical environment quality were analyzed using multiple statistical method, Nemerow index method and comprehensive pollution index method. External influencing factor has small influences on the common hydrochemical ions, while has great influences on these trace elements. The compounds influencing the water environment of pavement runoff were nutrient compounds (NH3-N, TP, CODMn), landscape compound (suspended solids) and metal compounds (Mn, Hg and TFe) by analyzing the concentrations of hydrochemical compounds of pavement runoff. These compounds have close relationships with pavement behaviors, surrounding vegetations, traffic flow and came from fuel, lube, slop oil, gasoline, worn tyre and vegetations. Four main factors with the cumulative variance contribution rate of 97.99% were extracted from the monitoring dataset using the factor analysis method. It could be known from the four main factors that carbonates weathering was the main source of hydrochemical compounds of pavement runoff, the second was the particles of atmospheric and pavement influencing the SS of pavement runoff, the third was the human activities including pavement behaviors and protective measures of surrounding vegetations. Hydrochemical environment quality of Qingshuiqiao, Yaji and Baizhujing decreased in turn by using the Nemerow index method and comprehensive pollution index method. Hydrochemical environment quality of Baizhujing were poorest, which had potential risks for the water ecological environment, the pavement runoff could be reused for the surrounding vegetations through reasonable measurements. The results could not only provide scientific instructions for the treatment measures of pavement runoff, but also provide scientific evidences for the reasonable exploitation and utilization of karst water resources.

, correspAuthors=Yong-li GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi LUO, Ze-chang ZHOU, Fen HUANG, Jie MA, Shi-long ZHU, Yong-li GUO, Fu-xiang CHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753466477912592, articleId=1203753463080526014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=岩溶区路面径流水化学环境特征, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩溶区路面径流极易经落水洞、天窗、溶潭等进入岩溶含水系统,影响水环境质量,威胁人类健康,很有必要开展路面径流水化学环境特征研究。收集了丫吉、清水桥和白竹境公路路面径流,利用多元统计方法、内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法分析路面径流水化学组分来源特征及其影响因素,以及水化学环境质量。路面径流水化学组分相关性分析可知,外界环境因素对路面径流中常规水化学离子的影响较小,而对微量元素的影响程度较高。对比地表水水质标准和饮用水水质标准,可知影响公路路面径流水环境的指标为NH3-N、TP、CODMn、SS、Mn、Hg和TFe,与路面状况、周围植被和车流等因素密切相关,来源于燃料、润滑油、废油、汽油、轮胎磨损和植被维护等。利用主因子分析法提取4个主因子的累计方差贡献率高达97.99%,综合分析4个主因子的表征含义,碳酸盐岩风化产物是公路路面径流水化学组分的主要来源;其次是大气和路面颗粒物是影响路面径流感官指标的主要因素;最后是人类活动的影响,包括公路运行状况、周边农作物和植被等养护。利用内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法的评估结果,可知清水桥、丫吉和白竹境路面径流水化学环境质量状况依次降低,白竹境路面径流水化学环境质量普遍较差,对周围水生态环境具有潜在风险。以上研究结果可为路面径流处理措施提供科学指导,为岩溶水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=郭永丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 郭永丽(1989—),女,汉族,河南太康人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩溶水文地质环境。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=38wJYTxjwBZWUdc4r0hTjg==, magXml=h/ts7Y7eOh2RoqjpDPoBnw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BdxRjyZz3zKIFDp1WzIQSA==, pdfFileSize=4998674, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9lOCGcyzkoKmQRCWkwAhvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FwFzbfQRNx6I8MAasXFtmQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

罗祺(1987—)男,汉族,湖南桃江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩溶水文地质工程。E-mail:

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2 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 桂林 541004, bio={"content":"

罗祺(1987—)男,汉族,湖南桃江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩溶水文地质工程。E-mail:

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罗祺(1987—)男,汉族,湖南桃江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩溶水文地质工程。E-mail:

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caption=桂林岩溶及采样点分布图, figureFileSmall=biJCt0h9lAxWU5RZ0gxGRg==, figureFileBig=MwytoGf/lgQ/OkFiQkdtaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158428557969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463080526014, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ratios of common anions and cations of pavement runoff, figureFileSmall=qXBxHZqe4rMEs/4vw+qlCA==, figureFileBig=7EQofLSM677CQCcSc50wdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158608913053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463080526014, language=CN, label=图2, caption=路面径流常规阴阳离子占比, figureFileSmall=qXBxHZqe4rMEs/4vw+qlCA==, figureFileBig=7EQofLSM677CQCcSc50wdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158717964960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463080526014, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlations among hydrochemical compounds, figureFileSmall=cIiQmy3EM88BpehYEZRwMA==, figureFileBig=RVIeCJlj7pGz9jwb2d8WmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158860571313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753463080526014, language=CN, label=图3, caption=水化学组分相关关系图

k为斜率;R2为拟合程度

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Classifications of hydrochemical compounds of pavement runoff

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类型 标准值 丫吉 清水桥北 清水桥南 白竹境东 白竹境西 白竹境南 白竹境北
DO/(mg·L-1) I I I I I I I
CODMn/(mg·L-1) V IV IV V V V V
SS/(mg·L-1) 20
NH3-N/(mg·L-1) III I III III II V II
Cl-/(mg·L-1) 250
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$/(mg·L-1) 250
NO3-N/(mg·L-1) 10
F-/(mg·L-1) I I I I I I I
TP/(μg·L-1) III I I V V V II
Cu/(μg·L-1) I I I II II I I
Pb/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Zn/(μg·L-1) I I I II II II II
Cr/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Cd/(μg·L-1) I I I I II I I
Mn/(μg·L-1) 100
As/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Hg/(μg·L-1) III I I I IV IV I
TFe/(μg·L-1) 0.3
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公路路径径流水化学组分分类特征

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类型 标准值 丫吉 清水桥北 清水桥南 白竹境东 白竹境西 白竹境南 白竹境北
DO/(mg·L-1) I I I I I I I
CODMn/(mg·L-1) V IV IV V V V V
SS/(mg·L-1) 20
NH3-N/(mg·L-1) III I III III II V II
Cl-/(mg·L-1) 250
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$/(mg·L-1) 250
NO3-N/(mg·L-1) 10
F-/(mg·L-1) I I I I I I I
TP/(μg·L-1) III I I V V V II
Cu/(μg·L-1) I I I II II I I
Pb/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Zn/(μg·L-1) I I I II II II II
Cr/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Cd/(μg·L-1) I I I I II I I
Mn/(μg·L-1) 100
As/(μg·L-1) I I I I I I I
Hg/(μg·L-1) III I I I IV IV I
TFe/(μg·L-1) 0.3
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The statistical table of correlations among hydrochemical compounds

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路面径流水化学组分相关性统计

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Rotated factor pattern of four extracted factors after varimax rotation

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项目 F1 F2 F3 F4
Ba 0.98
$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$ 0.97
SS 0.96
Mn 0.94
Mg2+ 0.92
TFe 0.92
TP 0.92
TDS 0.91
$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$ 0.90
Hg 0.90
Ca2+ 0.89
Sr 0.88
K+ 0.81 0.52
Cr 0.79 0.56
CODMn 0.77 0.55
pH 0.76
F- 0.74 0.54
As 0.69 0.55
Na+ 0.95
Cl- 0.89
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ 0.83 0.55
Ni 0.83
Cu 0.79 0.53
Pb 0.93
Al 0.92
Cd 0.91
Zn 0.88
Co 0.84
$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$ 0.87
DO 0.66
贡献率/% 54.17 22.35 16.87 4.60
累计贡献率/% 54.17 76.52 93.39 97.99
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水化学组分方差极大旋转因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 F1 F2 F3 F4
Ba 0.98
$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$ 0.97
SS 0.96
Mn 0.94
Mg2+ 0.92
TFe 0.92
TP 0.92
TDS 0.91
$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$ 0.90
Hg 0.90
Ca2+ 0.89
Sr 0.88
K+ 0.81 0.52
Cr 0.79 0.56
CODMn 0.77 0.55
pH 0.76
F- 0.74 0.54
As 0.69 0.55
Na+ 0.95
Cl- 0.89
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ 0.83 0.55
Ni 0.83
Cu 0.79 0.53
Pb 0.93
Al 0.92
Cd 0.91
Zn 0.88
Co 0.84
$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$ 0.87
DO 0.66
贡献率/% 54.17 22.35 16.87 4.60
累计贡献率/% 54.17 76.52 93.39 97.99
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Pollution index of each compound (Zi) and comprehensive pollution index (P) and Nemerow index (K) of pavement runoff

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 丫吉 清水桥北 清水桥南 白竹境东 白竹境西 白竹境南 白竹境北
DO 0.76 0.52 0.57 0.53 0.55 0.67 0.53
CODMn 7.42 1.66 1.16 6.16 6.42 7.30 3.77
SS 0.98 0.66 1.08 3.22 0.80 7.78 0.82
NH3-N 0.82 0.14 0.84 0.57 0.55 16.77 0.51
Cl- 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.06 0.04 0.02
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.19 0.01 0.07
NO3-N 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.67 0.68 0.00 0.10
F- 0.28 0.26 0.12 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.32
TP 0.84 0.10 0.10 1.61 1.98 3.32 0.31
Cu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00
Pb 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01
Zn 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.23 0.03 0.01
Cr 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05
Cd 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.43 0.10 0.03
Mn 2.73 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.09 13.52 0.17
As 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.15 0.08
Hg 0.93 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.86 0.70
TFe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
P 0.84 0.23 0.27 0.82 0.74 2.83 0.42
级别 极差 一般
K 5.28 1.19 0.84 4.40 4.57 12.02 2.68
级别 极差 极差 一般
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各水质指标污染指数Zi及公路路面径流综合污染指数P和内梅罗指数K

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 丫吉 清水桥北 清水桥南 白竹境东 白竹境西 白竹境南 白竹境北
DO 0.76 0.52 0.57 0.53 0.55 0.67 0.53
CODMn 7.42 1.66 1.16 6.16 6.42 7.30 3.77
SS 0.98 0.66 1.08 3.22 0.80 7.78 0.82
NH3-N 0.82 0.14 0.84 0.57 0.55 16.77 0.51
Cl- 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.06 0.04 0.02
$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$ 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.18 0.19 0.01 0.07
NO3-N 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.67 0.68 0.00 0.10
F- 0.28 0.26 0.12 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.32
TP 0.84 0.10 0.10 1.61 1.98 3.32 0.31
Cu 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00
Pb 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01
Zn 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.23 0.03 0.01
Cr 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05
Cd 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.43 0.10 0.03
Mn 2.73 0.00 0.01 0.33 0.09 13.52 0.17
As 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.15 0.08
Hg 0.93 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.86 0.70
TFe 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
P 0.84 0.23 0.27 0.82 0.74 2.83 0.42
级别 极差 一般
K 5.28 1.19 0.84 4.40 4.57 12.02 2.68
级别 极差 极差 一般
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岩溶区路面径流水化学环境特征
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罗祺 1, 2 , 周泽昶 3 , 黄芬 2, 4 , 马杰 2, 4 , 朱士龙 2, 4 , 郭永丽 2, 4, * , 池福祥 2, 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(2): 502-512
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(2): 502-512
岩溶区路面径流水化学环境特征
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罗祺1, 2 , 周泽昶3, 黄芬2, 4, 马杰2, 4, 朱士龙2, 4, 郭永丽2, 4, * , 池福祥2, 4
作者信息
  • 1 广西新发展交通集团, 南宁 530029
  • 2 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 桂林 541004
  • 3 广西交通设计集团有限公司, 南宁 530011
  • 4 广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 平果 531406
  • 罗祺(1987—)男,汉族,湖南桃江人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:岩溶水文地质工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 郭永丽(1989—),女,汉族,河南太康人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩溶水文地质环境。E-mail:
Hydrochemical Characteristics of Pavement Runoff in Karst Areas
Qi LUO1, 2 , Ze-chang ZHOU3, Fen HUANG2, 4, Jie MA2, 4, Shi-long ZHU2, 4, Yong-li GUO2, 4, * , Fu-xiang CHI2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 Guangxi Xinfazhan Communication Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530029, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR and GZAR, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS/International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO/National Center for International Research on Karst Dynamic System and Global Change, Guilin 541004, China
  • 3 Guangxi Communications Design Group Co., Ltd.,Nanning 530011, China
  • 4 Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531406, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308898
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岩溶区路面径流极易经落水洞、天窗、溶潭等进入岩溶含水系统,影响水环境质量,威胁人类健康,很有必要开展路面径流水化学环境特征研究。收集了丫吉、清水桥和白竹境公路路面径流,利用多元统计方法、内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法分析路面径流水化学组分来源特征及其影响因素,以及水化学环境质量。路面径流水化学组分相关性分析可知,外界环境因素对路面径流中常规水化学离子的影响较小,而对微量元素的影响程度较高。对比地表水水质标准和饮用水水质标准,可知影响公路路面径流水环境的指标为NH3-N、TP、CODMn、SS、Mn、Hg和TFe,与路面状况、周围植被和车流等因素密切相关,来源于燃料、润滑油、废油、汽油、轮胎磨损和植被维护等。利用主因子分析法提取4个主因子的累计方差贡献率高达97.99%,综合分析4个主因子的表征含义,碳酸盐岩风化产物是公路路面径流水化学组分的主要来源;其次是大气和路面颗粒物是影响路面径流感官指标的主要因素;最后是人类活动的影响,包括公路运行状况、周边农作物和植被等养护。利用内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法的评估结果,可知清水桥、丫吉和白竹境路面径流水化学环境质量状况依次降低,白竹境路面径流水化学环境质量普遍较差,对周围水生态环境具有潜在风险。以上研究结果可为路面径流处理措施提供科学指导,为岩溶水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。

路面径流  /  水化学组分  /  水化学环境  /  水环境质量

Pavement runoff could enter the karst aquifer system through sinkholes, karst windows, karst pools in karst areas, which could influence the karst water environment quality. Consequently, it is necessary to study the hydrochemical environment characteristics of pavement runoff in karst areas. Pavement runoff of Yaji, Qingshuiqiao and Baizhujing were sampled, characteristics of hydrochemical compounds and their influencing factors, hydrochemical environment quality were analyzed using multiple statistical method, Nemerow index method and comprehensive pollution index method. External influencing factor has small influences on the common hydrochemical ions, while has great influences on these trace elements. The compounds influencing the water environment of pavement runoff were nutrient compounds (NH3-N, TP, CODMn), landscape compound (suspended solids) and metal compounds (Mn, Hg and TFe) by analyzing the concentrations of hydrochemical compounds of pavement runoff. These compounds have close relationships with pavement behaviors, surrounding vegetations, traffic flow and came from fuel, lube, slop oil, gasoline, worn tyre and vegetations. Four main factors with the cumulative variance contribution rate of 97.99% were extracted from the monitoring dataset using the factor analysis method. It could be known from the four main factors that carbonates weathering was the main source of hydrochemical compounds of pavement runoff, the second was the particles of atmospheric and pavement influencing the SS of pavement runoff, the third was the human activities including pavement behaviors and protective measures of surrounding vegetations. Hydrochemical environment quality of Qingshuiqiao, Yaji and Baizhujing decreased in turn by using the Nemerow index method and comprehensive pollution index method. Hydrochemical environment quality of Baizhujing were poorest, which had potential risks for the water ecological environment, the pavement runoff could be reused for the surrounding vegetations through reasonable measurements. The results could not only provide scientific instructions for the treatment measures of pavement runoff, but also provide scientific evidences for the reasonable exploitation and utilization of karst water resources.

pavement runoff  /  hydrochemical compounds  /  hydrochemical environment  /  water environment quality
罗祺, 周泽昶, 黄芬, 马杰, 朱士龙, 郭永丽, 池福祥. 岩溶区路面径流水化学环境特征. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 502 -512 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308898
Qi LUO, Ze-chang ZHOU, Fen HUANG, Jie MA, Shi-long ZHU, Yong-li GUO, Fu-xiang CHI. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Pavement Runoff in Karst Areas[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 502 -512 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308898
《国家乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》提及道路“户户通”。随着区域协调发展战略、交通强国战略和乡村振兴的实施,公路修建伸向岩溶山区。公路修建过程中不可避免地出现高填深挖和弃碴弃土等现象,破坏自然的山体植被状态。公路运行过程中,沥青路面、轮胎磨损颗粒、汽车围起的排放、燃料或润滑油的泄露、大气降尘、路面杂物等,在降水的冲刷下形成路面径流,携带的路面累积的物质进入含水系统,影响周围的水生态环境[1-4]。中国西南岩溶区降水量大,雨热同期,具有“土在楼上、水在楼下”的二元结构,落水洞、天窗、溶洞等地表岩溶形态较发育[5]。岩溶区土层薄,植被覆盖率低,公路路面径流可直接通过落水洞等进入岩溶管道,岩溶管道水与地表水具有相似的水文特征[6],水流速度大,自净能力差,直接威胁岩溶区居民的用水安全。公路网络的建设,为人类带来交通便利的同时,也带来了车辆尾气排放、扬尘、轮胎磨损和油类物质泄露等问题,与之相关的路面径流污染问题开始显现[7-8],成为影响水生态环境的主要原因之一[9]。路面径流水化学环境特征及影响机制,引起中外学者的广泛关注,已发展成一个独立的研究领域[10],包括路面径流污染组分及水化学环境特征[11]、路面径流水化学离子浓度变化的动力学过程[12-14]和路面径流模型[15]等。西南岩溶区公路的修建,改变了原有的地质空间结构特征、水环境和水循环系统,水化学和水资源量发生改变。受控于西南岩溶区特殊的地质环境条件,石山地区旱涝灾害频发,开展西南岩溶区路面径流水化学环境特征及其进入岩溶含水系统的概念模式研究,可指导管理者如何防治公路路面径流污染以及如何合理利用公路路面径流资源,为实现人类命运共同体提供科技支撑。
岩溶区公路路面径流极易进入岩溶含水系统中,影响岩溶地下水环境质量,进而影响人类身体健康。基于水化学组分天然示踪剂的特征,可揭示水化学组分的来源特征及其影响因素[16-18]。水环境质量评估常用的方法有单因子评价法、模糊综合评价法、主成分分析法、内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法[19-27]。其中内梅罗指数法和综合污染指数法可全面、客观地判别水环境质量的优点[28]。开展西南岩溶区路面径流水化学组分来源及其影响因素、以及水化学环境质量特征研究;结合岩溶区地质背景条件,建立公路路面径流进入岩溶含水系统的概念模式图,可为水环境管理和治理决策提供科学依据。
现选取广西桂林岩溶区丫吉、清水桥和白竹境公路路面径流,分析路面径流水化学组分特征、来源及其影响因素、评估路面径流水环境质量,为岩溶区水资源环境可持续发展提供科学指导。
本次研究选取桂林市岩溶区的主要公路为例,采集路面径流样品(图1),分析其水化学组分特征和水环境质量状况。旱季降水量小,雨水稀释和冲刷能力弱,旱季的路面径流更能揭示水化学组分来源特征。2022年10月和11月,在丫吉公路旁边、清水桥南、清水桥北、白竹境东、白竹境西、白竹境南和白竹境北采集路面径流样品,利用两次取样检测数据的平均值进行分析。野外利用便携式水质分析仪器(法国PONSEL)现场测定水环境参数,包括水温(T)、pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(Eh)和溶解氧(DO)。野外现场利用便携式硬度计和碱度计(德国Merck)现场测定Ca2+和$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$。坡面径流取样点利用4个500 mL聚乙烯瓶采集地下水样品,测试阴离子和阳离子,其中阳离子的取样瓶加入1∶1 HNO3。阴离子和阳离子等的检测仪器为IRIS Intrepid Ⅱ XSP全谱直读等离子体光谱仪、883离子色谱仪、T6新悦可见分光光度计和iCAP Q 等离子质谱仪等。主要测试指标为K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$、$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$、$\mathrm{CO}_3^{2-}$、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$、SiO2、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd、Mn、As、Hg和Sr。
(1)相关性分析。非参数检验法更适用于非正态分布的数据分析,其中最常用的是Kendall检验;文中利用SPSS软件中的Kendall的tau-b(K)双侧检验分析水化学指标的相关性,相关系数的正负值表示水化学指标间的相关性,正值表示正相关,负值表示负相关。
(2)主因子分析法。主因子分析法将具有错综复杂关系的变量归结/降维到几个综合因子[29-30],分析变量之间的相关关系及内在联系,解译变量的来源及其影响因素。利用SPSS软件中的R形因子分析路面径流水化学组分的主要影响因素。
各个水质指标污染指数是与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅲ类标准进行对比。
Z i = C i C 0 Z D O = C 0 C i
式(1)中:Zi为水质i指标的污染指数;ZDO为DO指标的污染指数;Ci为水质i指标的实测值;C0为水质i指标的标准浓度值。
(1)内梅罗指数法。内梅罗指数法兼顾水质污染指数的最高值和平均值,计算过程简洁,可全面和准确地评估水化学环境特征。计算公式为
K = m a x 2 ( Z i ) + Z i 2 - 2
式(2)中:K为内梅罗指数;maxZi为最大污染指数; Z - i 2为平均污染指数。
根据K值划分为5个等级:优(K<1),良(1≤K<2),一般(2≤K<3),差(3≤K<5),极差(K≥5)。
(2)综合污染指数法。综合污染指数是各个水质指标污染指数的算术平均值,指示水体环境状况[22]。综合污染指数法计算公式为
P = 1 n i = 1 n P i
式(3)中:P为水体综合污染指数;n为污染指数的个数。
根据P值划分6个等级:优(P≤0.20),良(0.20<P≤0.40),一般(0.40<P≤0.70),差(0.70<P≤1.00),很差(1.00<P≤2.00),极差(P≥2.00)。
路面径流常规离子占阴阳离子总量百分比,如图2所示,可知Ca2+和$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$分别是主要的阳离子和阴离子,占阳离子总量和阴离子总量的平均百分比分别为70.89%和76.89%。岩溶区以碳酸盐岩为主,矿物组分主要为CaCO3和CaMg(CO3)2。路面径流Ca2+和$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$浓度最高,指示岩溶区路面累积物中碳酸盐岩风化灰尘占比最大,是路面径流组分的主要来源。
对照中国地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)[31]划定的基本项目标准限值和集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值,悬浮物(SS)对照值选取《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》(GB/T 18921—2019)[32]中观赏性景观环境用水的标准限值(20 mg/L)。根据采集的公路路面径流水化学组分浓度值划分如表1所示,影响公路路面径流水环境指标为营养状态指标(NH3-N、TP、CODMn(高锰酸盐指数)、景观指标(SS)和重金属指标(Mn、Hg和TFe)。水环境营养状态指标CODMn、NH3-N和TP是地表河流常见的污染物[22-33],岩溶区路面径流污染组分与地表水流相似。路面径流pH处于6~9,满足GB 3838—2002的要求。
公路路面径流来源于降水及其对路面的冲刷,路面径流的水化学组分来源于降水、大气降尘和路面累积物。本文研究中选择的丫吉公路、清水桥和白竹境水库空气质量优良,且降水背景占路面径流水化学组分的权重较小。路面累积物是路面径流组分的主要来源。NH3-N和TP组分主要来源于公路两边植物施肥等,Mn、Hg和TFe金属主要来源于汽车尾气、轮胎磨损、燃料或润滑油的泄露。本次采集的路面径流点CODMn全部超标,浓度范围为6.94~44.53 mg/L,Ⅳ-Ⅴ类,污染最严重。CODMn是反映水体受还原物质污染程度的参数,是指示有机质浓度的重要指标[34],表明路面累积物中燃料、润滑油、废油、汽油等物质对水生态环境的影响最大。TP的超标率位列第二,表明公路两边植被等的维护也会威胁周围的水生态环境。丫吉路面径流CODMn、Mn和TFe超标,清水桥路面径流CODMn超标,白竹境路面径流NH3-N、TP、CODMn、Mn、Hg和TFe超标。岩溶区路面径流水化学环境与路面状况、周围植被、车流等因素密切相关,受到燃料、润滑油、废油等泄露以及汽油等不充分燃烧的影响最大。
除$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$外,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$、Cl-、$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$、$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$和F-间均具有明显的正相关(表2),表明常规水化学离子具有相似的来源,主要来源于岩石矿物风化溶解。Cl-为保守型离子,与Na+成显著正相关[图3(a)],且相关系数高达1.00(表2),表明外界环境因素对路面径流中常规水化学离子的影响较小。Mg、Ca、Sr和Ba同为化学元素周期表中ⅡA族元素,存在类质同象,Sr和Ba富集在含Ca和Mg矿物中;Ca和Mg均是碳酸盐岩的重要化学成分,在碳酸盐岩溶解过程中,Sr、Ba与Ca、Mg具有相似的地球化学行为[35]。以Ca2+和Sr为例,Ca2+和Sr散点图的斜率值为1.00,拟合程度R2=0.98[图3(b)]。因此,微量元素Sr、Ba与Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和Na+均具有明显的正相关性(表2)。微量元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Mn、As)之间不具有明显的相关性,表明外界环境因素对微量元素的影响程度较高。总溶解性固体(total dissolved solids,TDS),指水体中全部溶质总量,包括无机物和有机物。TDS与常规水化学离子和微量元素(Sr、Ba)具有明显的正相关性(表2),与Ca2+和Sr线性拟合程度分别为0.97和0.94[图3(c)图3(d)],表明公路路面径流溶解物质主要来源于岩溶区岩石矿物风化产物累积。CODMn是路面径流中主要的水环境污染指标,水环境系统中水化学组分相互制约而成一体,CODMn与常规水化学离子也具有明显地正相关性(表2)。CODMn值越高,水体中还原物质含量越高,消耗氧化性离子能力越强。$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$是水体中典型的氧化性离子,极易被还原物质消耗,甚至消耗殆尽,生成还原性离子(NH3-N)。路面径流中,$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$浓度较低,NH3-N值较高且具有超标的现象(表1)。CODMn与NH3-N具有明显地正相关性,而与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$无相关性(表2)。
本次研究利用R形因子分析法得出水化学组分相关矩阵的KMO检验值为0.879(>0.50),Bartlett球形检验统P为0(<0.01),表明主因子分析法可用于解析路面径流水化学组分来源特征及其影响因素。利用SPSS软件中的因子分析功能,基于特征值大于1,提取4个主因子,累计方差贡献率高达97.99%,可表征97.99%的路面径流水化学信息。因子载荷是变量与公共因子间的相关系数,绝对值越大,代表性越强。水化学因子载荷矩阵方差旋转可获得更清晰的因子载荷矩阵(表3)。
1)主因子F1
主因子F1的方差贡献率为54.17%,包括金属元素(Ba、Mn、TFe、Hg、Sr、Cr、As)、水化学离子($\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$、Mg2+、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$、Ca2+、K+、F-)、SS、营养物质(TP)、TDS、CODMn和pH。
岩溶区公路周边岩性多为灰岩和白云岩,Ba、Sr、Ca和Mg属同族元素,碳酸盐岩(CaxMg1-xCO3)风化产物在降水冲刷形成水流过程中,Ba和Sr也随之进入路面径流中。$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$和Ca2+是岩溶区水流主要的阴离子和阳离子,且与TDS具有显著正相关。pH与$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$的含量密切相关,$\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$越高,pH越大。降水过程中,雨水会携带大气灰尘和漂浮物以及冲刷路面沉积物等,形成的路面径流颗粒物较多,SS感官指标(0.96)对水化学环境具有较大影响。F1中的Mn、TFe、Hg、Cr、As、F-和CODMn主要是受到公路运行过程中的轮胎磨损、油类泄露、化学物质使用等因素的影响。F1包含$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$和TP,表明公路周围农作物和植被的养护,对路面径流水化学环境的影响较大。
综上,主因子F1表征影响路面径流水化学组分的过程/因素包括碳酸岩风化产物溶于雨水、降水携带大气颗粒物和冲刷路面沉积物、公路周围农作物和植被等的养护以及公路运行状况等。
2)主因子F2
主因子F2的方差贡献率为22.35%。F2因子中Na+、Cl-和$\mathrm{SO}_4^{2-}$均为常规水化学离子,主要来源于碳酸盐风化产物的溶解;Ni和Cu微量元素也是岩石矿物中常见的金属元素。因此,主因子F2表征的是岩溶区碳酸岩风化产物溶于雨水形成路面径流的过程。
3)主因子F3
主因子F3的方差贡献率为16.87%,F3因子中Pb、Al、Cd、Zn和Co微量元素来源于地壳中岩石矿物风化产物。因此,主因子F3表征的也是岩溶区碳酸岩风化产物溶于雨水形成路面径流的过程。
4)主因子F4
主因子F4的方差贡献率为4.60%,F4因子中$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$表征的是人类活动的影响,DO是衡量水体自净能力的指标。因此,主因子F4表征是人类活动对路面径流水化学环境的影响。
综上分析4个主因子组分及其表征意义可知,碳酸盐岩风化产物是公路路面径流水化学组分的主要来源;其次是大气和路面颗粒物是影响路面径流感官指标的主要因素;最后是人类活动的影响,包括公路运行状况、周边农作物和植被等的养护。
本次研究利用水环境质量评价方法评估路面径流回收利用的可行性,为开发路面径流回收技术提供科学指导。综合污染指数法和内梅罗指数法均可全面和准确地评估水环境质量,公路路面径流水环境质量评估结果如表4所示。两种评价结果相一致,表明路面径流水环境质量评估结果具有可靠性。
表4可知,清水桥路面径流水环境质量为优或良,具有较大的回收再利用价值,采取适当措施,可为岩溶区干旱等自然灾害问题提供后备水源。丫吉路面径流水环境质量差或极差,指示丫吉路面径流水化学环境状况对周围环境的影响较大,采取适当措施,回收再利用,可为周围畜牧养殖提供后备水源。白竹境路面径流水环境质量一般、差或极差,表明白竹境路面径流影响因素复杂多样,且对周围环境的影响最大,采取适当措施,回收再利用,可为周围植被、农作物等提供水源。
丫吉、清水桥和白竹境公路路面径流中CODMn污染指数普遍最高,CODMn指标比溶解氧、pH等水质指标变化更复杂[36],是影响水环境质量的重要指标。白竹境东-北属于同一路面径流不同采样点,水环境质量具有一定差别。白竹境南的CODMn、TP、Mn和Hg污染指数较白竹境东、白竹境西和白竹境北高,但白竹境南的NH3-N污染指数最高。CODMn与TP、Mn、Hg和NH3-N具有良好的正相关性,表明路面径流物质组分来源较单一且容易受到外界环境因素的影响。丫吉和白竹境路面径流水环境质量普遍较差,表明路面径流会对周围水生态环境造成威胁,需要采取有效措施防止路面径流随落水洞、天窗、溶潭等进入岩溶管道,污染岩溶水资源。因此,开展公路路面径流水化学环境特征研究,可针对超标组分特征,采取污染防治措施,防止其进入岩溶含水系统污染水资源;也可根据水化学环境质量特征,采取合理回收利用技术,储存后备水资源。
路面径流是降水时公路非渗透面的积水形成的径流水,含有相当数量的悬浮物、营养物和有机物等,未经处理可进入地表河流、水库、地下水井等,成为影响水环境恶化的污染源之一。路面径流污染研究工作相继开展,包括降水径流特征、雨水冲刷效应、径流模型和污染负荷等。
西南岩溶区地表和地下发育有不同岩溶形态,降水过程复杂多变,其携带的大气灰尘、颗粒物以及路面上的各类沉积物,在不采取措施的情景下,可直接经落水洞、天窗、溶潭、竖井等进入岩溶地下河系统中。岩溶水资源环境的影响因素复杂多样,结合西南岩溶区岩溶发育特征,文中构建岩溶区路面径流形成及其进入岩溶含水系统模式图(图4)。路面非渗透面对降水的截留,改变了原有的水文地质结构和水流路径,路面径流流入岩溶含水系统也会改变岩溶水的理化性质,影响岩溶水资源环境,给周围群众带来心理影响。因此,本文研究中开展岩溶区路面径流水化学环境质量评估,积极采取应对措施,不仅可消除人民群众的恐慌心理,也可为岩溶水资源合理开发利用提供科学指导。
广西峰丛洼地和峰林平原是世界上独特的岩溶地貌形态[37],各约占广西总面积的50%。因此,开展广西岩溶区路面径流研究具有独特性和代表性。所开展的路面径流水化学组分含量、来源及其影响因素研究,是西南岩溶区路面径流研究的初级阶段,可为之后路面径流模型以及污染物的迁移过程模拟奠定基础,也可为岩溶区路面径流收集与处置技术研发提供科学支撑。
利用多元统计方法分析路面径流水化学组分来源特征及其影响因素,结合水环境质量评价方法,综合评估路面径流水化学环境质量,得出如下结论。
(1)外界环境因素对路面径流中常规水化学离子的影响较小,而对微量元素具有较大影响。影响公路路面径流水环境的指标为NH3-N、TP、CODMn、SS、Mn、Hg和TFe,其中CODMn污染指数普遍最高,是主要的水环境污染指标。降水携带大气灰尘和漂浮物以及冲刷路面沉积物等,是SS感官指标影响水化学质量的主要原因。NH3-N和TP组分主要来源于公路两边植物施肥等,Mn、Hg和TFe金属主要来源于汽车尾气、轮胎磨损、燃料或润滑油的泄露。
(2)主因子分析法提取4个主因子可表征97.98%的路面径流水化学信息,综上分析4个主因子组分及其表征意义可知,碳酸盐岩风化产物是公路路面径流水化学组分的主要来源;其次是大气和路面颗粒物是影响路面径流感官指标的主要因素;最后是人类活动的影响,包括公路运行状况、周边农作物和植被等养护。
(3)清水桥路面径流水化学环境质量优/良,可为岩溶区干旱等自然灾害问题提供后备水源。丫吉路面径流水化学环境状况对周围环境的影响较大,可为周围畜牧养殖提供后备水源。白竹境路面径流对周围环境的影响最大,可为周围植被、农作物等提供水源。丫吉和白竹境路面径流水环境质量普遍较差,随落水洞、天窗、溶潭等进入岩溶管道,污染岩溶水资源,对周围水生态环境具有潜在风险。
  • 广西自然科学基金(2023GXNSFAA026473)
  • 广西自然科学基金(桂科AD21196001)
  • 广西自然科学基金(桂科AB22035010)
  • 广西交通运输行业重点科技项目(XFZ-KY-LYH-20200112)
  • 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费(2023019)
  • 中国地质调查项目(DD20230547)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42261144672)
  • 自然资源科技战略研究项目(2023-ZL-23)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308898
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2024-10-21
基金
广西自然科学基金(2023GXNSFAA026473)
广西自然科学基金(桂科AD21196001)
广西自然科学基金(桂科AB22035010)
广西交通运输行业重点科技项目(XFZ-KY-LYH-20200112)
中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费(2023019)
中国地质调查项目(DD20230547)
国家自然科学基金(42261144672)
自然资源科技战略研究项目(2023-ZL-23)
作者信息
    1 广西新发展交通集团, 南宁 530029
    2 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/自然资源部、广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心/岩溶动力系统与全球变化国际联合研究中心, 桂林 541004
    3 广西交通设计集团有限公司, 南宁 530011
    4 广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 平果 531406

通讯作者:

* 郭永丽(1989—),女,汉族,河南太康人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩溶水文地质环境。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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