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Article(id=1203753462254252600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308646, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699113600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-05, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926790059, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926790059, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926790059, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926790059, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=780, endPage=787, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753463072141925, articleId=1203753462254252600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Tread Damage Law Caused by Different Coaxial Sequence Wheel Diameter Difference in Heavy-Haul Locomotive, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of coaxial wheel partial wear of HX high-power electric locomotive in China, the locomotive dynamics model was established based on the dynamics software SIMPACK, and the damage function prediction method based on wear number was used to analyze the influence of different coaxial sequence, wheel diameter difference, curve radius and other conditions on wheel tread damage. The results show that when there is wheel diameter difference in one axle or multiple axles, the influence on tread damage of 2-axle and 3-axle wheels is greater, and the influence on 1-axle wheels is less. For different values of wheel diameter difference, with the increase of wheel diameter difference, the impact of rolling contact fatigue degree on the right wheel tread of 1-axle is small, and the wear degree of the left wheel tread increases. The damage degree of wheel on both sides of 2-axle is reduced; the cracks of 3-axle left wheel are accentuated. Under left curve condition and R400 condition, wheel diameter difference has greater influence on the wear and rolling contact fatigue of each axle. Under right curve condition and R800 condition, wheel diameter difference has more influence on the wear and rolling contact fatigue of each axle. Compared with right curve condition, wheel diameter difference has more influence on wheel tread damage under left curve condition. Compared with curve radius, wheel diameter difference has less influence on wheel tread damage.

, correspAuthors=Guang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Su-xia ZHOU, Guang LI, Yu-duo SUN, Jun-yan WANG, Xin-yue BA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753468977721608, articleId=1203753462254252600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=重载机车不同轴序轮径差造成的踏面损伤规律, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对和谐型大功率电力机车同轴车轮产生偏磨的问题,基于动力学软件SIMPACK建立机车动力学模型,利用基于磨耗数的损伤函数预测方法分析不同轴序、轮径差、曲线半径等工况对车轮踏面损伤的影响。结果表明:单个轴位或者多个轴位存在轮径差时,对2轴和3轴车轮踏面损伤影响较大,对1轴影响较小。对于不同数值轮径差,随着轮径差的增加,1轴右侧车轮踏面滚动接触疲劳损伤程度影响较小,左侧车轮踏面磨耗程度增加;2轴两侧车轮损伤程度降低;3轴左侧车轮剥离加重。左曲线工况下,R400工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大;右曲线工况下,R800工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大,左曲线和右曲线相比,左曲线工况下,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤影响更大。在曲线工况下,与曲线半径相比,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响较小。

, correspAuthors=李光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李光(1997—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:车辆动力学和轮轨关系。E-mail:。
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周素霞(1971—),女,汉族,河南浚县人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构的疲劳与断裂、金属材料的微观损伤、车辆系统动力学。E-mail:。

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周素霞(1971—),女,汉族,河南浚县人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构的疲劳与断裂、金属材料的微观损伤、车辆系统动力学。E-mail:。

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周素霞(1971—),女,汉族,河南浚县人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构的疲劳与断裂、金属材料的微观损伤、车辆系统动力学。E-mail:。

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Wheel diameter difference parameters

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类别 左侧车轮
轮径/mm		 右侧车轮
轮径/mm		 轮径差/mm
新轮轮径 1 250 1 250 0
镟修标准 1 250 1 249 1
运用标准 1 250 1 248 2
超限工况 1 250 1 247 3
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轮径差参数

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类别 左侧车轮
轮径/mm		 右侧车轮
轮径/mm		 轮径差/mm
新轮轮径 1 250 1 250 0
镟修标准 1 250 1 249 1
运用标准 1 250 1 248 2
超限工况 1 250 1 247 3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159795905400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753462254252600, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulated line parameters

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线路 速度/
(km·h-1)		 超高/mm 曲线半
径/m		 缓和曲
线/m		 曲线全
长/m
1 70 110 400 300 700
2 70 80 800 300 700
3 70 60 2 000 300 700
4 70 110 -400 300 700
5 70 80 -800 300 700
6 70 60 -2 000 300 700
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仿真线路参数

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线路 速度/
(km·h-1)		 超高/mm 曲线半
径/m		 缓和曲
线/m		 曲线全
长/m
1 70 110 400 300 700
2 70 80 800 300 700
3 70 60 2 000 300 700
4 70 110 -400 300 700
5 70 80 -800 300 700
6 70 60 -2 000 300 700
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Main parameters of locomotive model

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参数名称 数值
车体质量/kg 79 778
轮对质量/kg 3 730
构架质量/kg 8 532
轮径/mm 1 250
轴距/mm 2 250+2 000
一系纵向刚度/(N·m-1) 2.2×107
一系垂向刚度/(N·m-1) 2.4×106
二系横向刚度/(N·m-1) 2×105
二系纵向刚度/(N·m-1) 2×105
二系垂向刚度/(N·m-1) 6×105
轴重/t 23
最高设计速度/(km·h-1) 120
), ArticleFig(id=1203787160223724437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753462254252600, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机车模型主要参数

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参数名称 数值
车体质量/kg 79 778
轮对质量/kg 3 730
构架质量/kg 8 532
轮径/mm 1 250
轴距/mm 2 250+2 000
一系纵向刚度/(N·m-1) 2.2×107
一系垂向刚度/(N·m-1) 2.4×106
二系横向刚度/(N·m-1) 2×105
二系纵向刚度/(N·m-1) 2×105
二系垂向刚度/(N·m-1) 6×105
轴重/t 23
最高设计速度/(km·h-1) 120
), ArticleFig(id=1203787160404079520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753462254252600, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Key parameters of ER7 wheel steel

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参数名称 参数值
裂纹起始值/N 19.37
裂纹萌生速率/(r·N-1) 3.7×10-6
磨耗起始值/N 100
磨耗速率/(r·N-1) -5.4×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1203787160605406127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753462254252600, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ER7车轮钢关键参数

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参数名称 参数值
裂纹起始值/N 19.37
裂纹萌生速率/(r·N-1) 3.7×10-6
磨耗起始值/N 100
磨耗速率/(r·N-1) -5.4×10-6
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重载机车不同轴序轮径差造成的踏面损伤规律
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周素霞 1, 2 , 李光 1, 2, * , 孙宇铎 3 , 王君艳 1, 2 , 巴馨悦 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(2): 780-787
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(2): 780-787
重载机车不同轴序轮径差造成的踏面损伤规律
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周素霞1, 2 , 李光1, 2, * , 孙宇铎3, 王君艳1, 2, 巴馨悦1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 100044
  • 2 北京建筑大学城市轨道交通车辆服役性能保障北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 3 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司金属及化学研究所, 北京 100081

    • 周素霞(1971—),女,汉族,河南浚县人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构的疲劳与断裂、金属材料的微观损伤、车辆系统动力学。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

* 李光(1997—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:车辆动力学和轮轨关系。E-mail:。
Tread Damage Law Caused by Different Coaxial Sequence Wheel Diameter Difference in Heavy-Haul Locomotive
Su-xia ZHOU1, 2 , Guang LI1, 2, * , Yu-duo SUN3, Jun-yan WANG1, 2, Xin-yue BA1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical-Electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Service Performance of Vehicles, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3 China Academy of Railway Sciences, Metal & Chemistry Research Institude, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308646
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针对和谐型大功率电力机车同轴车轮产生偏磨的问题,基于动力学软件SIMPACK建立机车动力学模型,利用基于磨耗数的损伤函数预测方法分析不同轴序、轮径差、曲线半径等工况对车轮踏面损伤的影响。结果表明:单个轴位或者多个轴位存在轮径差时,对2轴和3轴车轮踏面损伤影响较大,对1轴影响较小。对于不同数值轮径差,随着轮径差的增加,1轴右侧车轮踏面滚动接触疲劳损伤程度影响较小,左侧车轮踏面磨耗程度增加;2轴两侧车轮损伤程度降低;3轴左侧车轮剥离加重。左曲线工况下,R400工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大;右曲线工况下,R800工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大,左曲线和右曲线相比,左曲线工况下,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤影响更大。在曲线工况下,与曲线半径相比,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响较小。

轮径差  /  重载机车  /  损伤函数  /  踏面损伤

Aiming at the problem of coaxial wheel partial wear of HX high-power electric locomotive in China, the locomotive dynamics model was established based on the dynamics software SIMPACK, and the damage function prediction method based on wear number was used to analyze the influence of different coaxial sequence, wheel diameter difference, curve radius and other conditions on wheel tread damage. The results show that when there is wheel diameter difference in one axle or multiple axles, the influence on tread damage of 2-axle and 3-axle wheels is greater, and the influence on 1-axle wheels is less. For different values of wheel diameter difference, with the increase of wheel diameter difference, the impact of rolling contact fatigue degree on the right wheel tread of 1-axle is small, and the wear degree of the left wheel tread increases. The damage degree of wheel on both sides of 2-axle is reduced; the cracks of 3-axle left wheel are accentuated. Under left curve condition and R400 condition, wheel diameter difference has greater influence on the wear and rolling contact fatigue of each axle. Under right curve condition and R800 condition, wheel diameter difference has more influence on the wear and rolling contact fatigue of each axle. Compared with right curve condition, wheel diameter difference has more influence on wheel tread damage under left curve condition. Compared with curve radius, wheel diameter difference has less influence on wheel tread damage.

wheel diameter difference  /  heavy-haul locomotive  /  damage function  /  tread damage
周素霞, 李光, 孙宇铎, 王君艳, 巴馨悦. 重载机车不同轴序轮径差造成的踏面损伤规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 780 -787 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308646
Su-xia ZHOU, Guang LI, Yu-duo SUN, Jun-yan WANG, Xin-yue BA. Tread Damage Law Caused by Different Coaxial Sequence Wheel Diameter Difference in Heavy-Haul Locomotive[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 780 -787 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308646
正文
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中国幅员辽阔,资源丰富,但是资源分布不均匀,因此,重载运输对于中国的发展极其重要。随着重载机车的发展,载重量也逐渐增加,车轮踏面损伤日益凸显。根据现场调研某机务段实际线路情况发现,由于线路设置问题,当列车上行时,机车一侧发生偏磨,下行时,因机务段固有问题导致机车不能进行掉头,上行时的前转向架作为下行时的后转向架,上行时的后转向架作为下行时的前转向架行驶,导致上行和下行时同一侧车轮磨损严重,使得轮径差变大,加快车轮踏面损伤。
近年来很多学者针对不同车型研究了轮径差对车轮踏面损伤和机车动力学的影响。对于四轴车轮径差的研究,王红兵等[1]用FASTSIM算法建立局部轮轨接触模型,研究表明不同类型轮径差均会导致车轮踏面发生偏磨,其中等值同向轮径差最明显,单个轮对轮径差次之,等值反向轮径差最小;轮径差会导致轮对发生偏移且显著增大轮对横移量,从而使滚动接触疲劳区域扩大。Sui等[2]基于大量的现场测量和数值模拟,研究了轮径差对货车车轮踏面磨耗的影响。李欣等[3]分别利用SIMPACK软件和ABAQUS软件建立仿真模型,设置不同轨底坡和轮径差组合,分析其对地铁车辆动力学性能和轮轨接触特性的影响。Li等[4]研究了车轮磨耗、车轮失圆和轮径差损伤三种损伤耦合对车辆动力学性能的影响规律和特点,以及车轮磨耗耦合轮径差和车轮失圆耦合轮径差引起的车辆性能差异。Peng等[5]对货车同轴轮径差进行在线监测,建立了车辆轨道动力学模型,分析了同轴轮径差条件下钢轨横移响应。许磊等[6]对某动车组列车踏面磨耗进行跟踪测试,分析了轮径差对车辆动力学性能的影响。马贺等[7]建立货车-辙叉系统耦合动力学模型,分析了车轮以不同速度通过固定辙叉时对轮径差的影响。而对于六轴车轮径差的研究较少,针对六轴车轮径差的研究也主要集中在动力学方面。另一方面,车轮踏面损伤问题日益突出,有效地进行损伤预测分析就显得极其重要。目前广泛应用的车轮踏面损伤预测方法分别是安定图[8-9]和损伤函数模型[10-11],两种方法大多数情况下分析结果接近。其中,损伤函数考虑了磨耗损伤和滚动接触疲劳的竞争关系,能够有效预测车轮踏面损伤,因此被广泛应用。目前,通过损伤函数预测车轮踏面损伤的方法已经非常成熟。刘冉等[12]基于SIMPACK建立了车辆动力学模型,并运用损伤函数预测车轮廓形对I型滚动接触疲劳的影响。结果表明镟后8×104 km后LM廓形车轮的疲劳损伤峰值始终比LMA廓形高。Liu等[13]对CO-CO轴式机车进行现场调研、试验和数值模拟,发现不合适的电气补偿和弯道是导致该机车滚动接触疲劳的主要原因。雷振宇[14]基于SIMPACK动力学软件分别建立电力机车分析车轮廓形对车轮滚动接触疲劳的影响,结果表明不同廓形车轮在不同工况下的损伤规律不同。刘永峰等[15]基于多体动力学仿真软件SIMPACK建立机车动力学模型,利用损伤函数预测轨面有局部低黏着时车轮的裂纹萌生速率。Lü等[16]通过现场调研和数据仿真分析四轴机车轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响,结果表明踏面损伤主要发生在轮径小的一侧以及轮径差会加剧车轮踏面损伤。
针对重载机车轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的研究主要集中在对同一轴的影响,而机车作为一个整体,轮径差的存在势必会对其他轴位产生影响。为了研究这种影响的表现形式,现通过动力学软件SIMPACK建立机车动力学模型,利用基于磨耗数的损伤函数预测方法,分析不同轴序、不同轮径差大小和不同曲线半径等工况下轮径差对各轴位车轮踏面损伤的影响。
1 工况设置
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1.1 轮径差类型
转向架分为两轴转向架、三轴转向架以及多轴转向架。对于两轴转向架来说,轮径差只包含4种情况:等值同向轮径差、等值反向轮径差、前轮对轮径差以及后轮对轮径差[17]。对于六轴机车,如果考虑反向轮径差,那么组合就会多达几十种。而根据现场实际情况。对于同一个转向架,同向轮径差较为显著。以机车前进方向为基准,从前至后依次为1轴到6轴,如图1所示。因此,本文研究中仅考虑图2中的7种同轴同向轮径差。
1.2 轮径差设置
为阐明不同轮径差对机车车轮踏面损伤的影响。根据机车运行实际情况以及中国铁路镟修标准[18],分别分析镟修标准1 mm轮径差、运用标准2 mm轮径差以及超限工况[19]。轮径差参数如表1所示。
1.3 线路设置
依据实际线路,共有88个弯道曲线半径小于500 m(以下简称为R500),因此,设置最小曲线半径为400 m,机车在实际运行中的速度为60~80 km/h,本文研究中不考虑机车速度的影响,速度选择70 km/h。其中仿真模型采样频率为50 Hz。具体线路参数如表2所示。
2 模型的建立
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2.1 机车模型
按照国内和谐型电力机车实际参数,利用多体动力学软件SIMPACK建立机车动力学模型如图3所示,主要参数如表3所示。其中的机车模型主要包括6条轮对、2个构架、1个车体、6个电机、2个牵引杆以及一系和二系悬挂系统。部件均视为刚体,其中牵引杆仅设置摇头和点头自由度,电机仅设置点头自由度,其余刚体均具有6个自由度,机车共有64个自由度。
主要研究车轮踏面损伤,机车踏面使用中国标准踏面JM3廓形。钢轨踏面使用标准60 kg/m钢轨。轨道谱采用美国五级谱。
2.2 损伤函数预测模型
安定图是基于全滑假设的理论,没有考虑蠕滑率和磨耗的影响,而本文研究主要分析机车车轮踏面损伤的程度和损伤位置且不考虑摩擦系数的影响,对车轮踏面损伤进行定性分析,显然,损伤函数预测模型更符合本文需求。利用2.1节中机车模型仿真计算所得蠕滑率、蠕滑力等参数导入损伤函数预测模型中分析车轮踏面损伤情况。损伤函数预测模型将磨耗和滚动接触疲劳(rolling contact fatigue,RCF)的竞争关系分为4个区域,如图4所示。损伤程度为正则表示发生滚动接触疲劳;损伤程度为负则表示发生磨耗。其中,磨耗数公式[20]为
T γ = T x γ x + T y γ y
式(1)中:Tx、Ty和γx、γy分别为纵向、横向蠕滑力和纵向、横向蠕滑率。
机车车轮钢材料采用ER7钢,ER7钢抗拉强度小于ER8钢,裂纹起始值和裂纹萌生速率根据两种材料的抗拉强度进行线性修正,而ER7车轮钢和ER8车轮钢材料硬度相差不大,因此,磨耗起始值和磨耗速率仍使用ER8车轮钢数值[21]。ER7车轮钢损伤函数关键参数如表4所示。
3 仿真分析
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3.1 不同轴序轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响
针对图2中的4种工况,机车轮对设置镟修标准1 mm轮径差。图5为JM3踏面廓形示意图,图6、图7和图8为线路2条件下机车轮对前转向架三根轴的损伤预测结果。横坐标表示车轮踏面横向位置,纵坐标表示损伤程度。观察三根轴的损伤预测结果,1轴和2轴左侧车轮表现为磨耗损伤,右侧车轮表现为剥离;而3轴左侧车轮表现为剥离,右侧车轮既不会表现出磨耗也不会表现出剥离。可以看出1轴和2轴剥离主要发生在轮径小的一侧即右侧车轮。需要说明对于3轴右侧车轮踏面磨耗数小于裂纹扩展起始值,使得轮轨接触斑内的磨耗数因没有达到磨耗门槛值而无法预测出损伤,不至于影响裂纹生长而将其忽略,并不代表车轮表面不发生实质性的轻微损伤[22]。事实上,在车辆运行过程中车轮磨耗始终发生。
车辆作为整体系统,其中一个车轮轮径值产生变化势必会导致其他轮位损伤预测结果发生变化。由图6可见,1轴和3轴轮径差的存在导致一轴右侧车轮的裂纹有所减缓,加重右侧车轮的磨耗;而2轴车轮轮径差的存在会加重1轴右侧车轮裂纹,减缓左车轮的磨耗。其中,右侧车轮裂纹主要发生在车轮名义滚动圆正向15~28 mm,左侧车轮磨耗主要发生在车轮名义滚动圆正向25~35 mm。从图7中2轴损伤函数预测结果可以看出,1轴存在轮径差时,2轴右侧车轮裂纹和左侧车轮磨耗峰值均有所降低;2轴和3轴存在轮径差时,会加剧2轴右侧剥离程度的峰值,左侧车轮磨耗也更加严重。右侧车轮裂纹主要发生在名义滚动圆正向14~28 mm处,左侧车轮磨耗主要发生在车轮名义滚动圆正向23~34 mm处。从3轴损伤预测结果可以看出,4种工况3轴左侧车轮发生裂纹,而右侧车轮没有达到裂纹起始值。1轴和2轴轮径差均会增大损伤峰值;而3轴轮径差的存在会降低损伤峰值,但是会导致损伤横向分布位置向轮缘侧偏移,剥离主要发生在名义滚动圆附近。
仿真结果表明,前转向架同轴轮径差对后转向架车轮踏面损伤影响极小。
图9、图10和图11为图2(a)、图2(e)~图2(h) 5种工况的损伤预测结果。从图9可以看出,2个或者3个轴位存在轮径差时,均会导致1轴右侧车轮踏面损伤降低,左侧车轮在2轴、3轴轮径差工况下磨耗降低,其他轴位轮径差工况下,与无轮径差工况相比,磨耗均增加。图10为上述5种工况下,2轴车轮踏面损伤情况,从损伤函数预测结果可以看出,2个或者3个轴位存在轮径差时,2轴右侧车轮踏面裂纹和左侧车轮磨耗情况均加重。其中,3轴轮径差对2轴损伤情况影响最大。图11为3轴车轮踏面损伤函数预测结果,1轴和2轴同时存在轮径差会增大3轴左侧车轮踏面损伤,图2(f)、图2(g)和图2(h) 三种工况则会大幅降低3轴左侧车轮踏面损伤程度,右侧车轮则均未达到裂纹萌生门槛值。
综上,2轴和3轴车轮踏面损伤受轮径差影响较大,因此,在车轮日常运维中应当多关注2轴和3轴车轮。
3.2 不同轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响
图12、图13和图14为1轴车轮不同轮径差工况下前三轴机车车轮踏面的损伤预测结果。1轴右侧车轮踏面在2 mm轮径差工况下影响最大,1轴右侧车轮剥离随着轮径差的增大整体减轻,主要是由于磨耗抑制了剥离;左侧车轮踏面随着轮径差的增大磨耗逐渐增大,1轴轮径差的存在会进一步加剧轮径差。2轴右侧车轮踏面随着轮径差的增大踏面损伤逐渐减小;左侧车轮踏面磨耗也一样随着1轴轮径差的增大呈减小趋势。3轴车轮踏面损伤主要表现为左侧车轮的裂纹,随着轮径差的增大,损伤程度峰值也逐渐增大。
整体来看,1轴轮径差对1轴和3轴右侧车轮踏面损伤影响较小,对其他轮位影响较大,其中3轴左侧车轮随着1轴轮径差的增大,损伤幅值增长最快。为避免轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响,在实际运行过程中提高车轮在运用过程的经济性,在检修时可以采取勤镟少镟的策略进行预防性镟修。
3.3 不同曲线半径轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响
为探究不同曲线半径工况下,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响,以1轴轮径差为例,图15、图16和图17为不同曲线半径工况通过表2中6种线路条件下前转向架三根轴仿真预测结果。其中,右R800表示右曲线,曲线半径为800 m。左曲线R400、R800、R2000三种工况下1轴左侧车轮表现为剥离,右侧车轮变现为磨耗;右曲线与左曲线呈现相反的趋势,右R800和右R2000工况下,1轴左侧车轮表现为磨耗,右侧车轮表现为剥离,由于轮径差的存在,R400工况下两侧车轮均表现为磨耗损伤;6种工况下,2轴车轮踏面在右曲线R400工况和右曲线R800工况与左曲线相比,损伤程度均增大;3轴车轮踏面在右曲线R400工况下损伤程度增大明显。由于1轴轮径差的存在,在左曲线R400工况下,1轴和2轴左侧车轮剥离程度增大,右侧车轮磨耗程度也增大,考虑到实际线路有88个弯道曲线半径小于500 m,1轴右侧车轮轮径差的存在会进一步加剧轮径差,3轴右侧车轮剥离增大,左侧车轮有所减轻。因此,左曲线工况下,R400工况下对车轮踏面损伤的影响最大;而对于右曲线,观察各轴位损伤程度变化,R800工况下,对各轴位损伤程度影响最大。
综合分析图15、图16和图17,不同轴位左右车轮在左曲线和右曲线工况下整体呈现相反的趋势,1轴车轮踏面损伤程度与曲线的方向关系不大,与曲线半径的大小关系较大;与左曲线工况相比,右曲线对2轴和3轴损伤影响更大。对比左曲线和右曲线各工况,左曲线工况下轮径差对各轴位磨耗和剥离影响更大。结合3.2节的分析,轮径差的增大会进一步增大轮径差对各轴位的影响。
4 结论
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利用SIMPACK建立和谐型电力机车动力学模型,设置不同轴序、不同轮径差差值和不同曲线半径等多种工况进行仿真计算,利用基于磨耗数的损伤函数建立滚动接触疲劳预测模型分析车轮踏面损伤情况,得出如下结论。
(1)单个轴位或者多个轴位存在轮径差时,对2轴和3轴车轮踏面损伤影响较大,对1轴影响较小。
(2)对于不同数值轮径差,随着轮径差的增加,1轴右侧车轮踏面滚动接触疲劳损伤程度影响较小,左侧车轮踏面磨耗程度增加;2轴两侧车轮损伤程度降低;3轴左侧车轮剥离加重。
(3)左曲线工况下,R400工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大;右曲线工况下,R800工况,轮径差对各轴位磨耗和滚动接触疲劳影响更大,左曲线和右曲线相比,左曲线工况下,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤影响更大。在曲线工况下,与曲线半径相比,轮径差对车轮踏面损伤的影响较小。
基金
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  • 北京市自然科学基金(L211007)
文献
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308646
  • 接收时间：2023-11-05
  • 首发时间：2025-12-05
  • 出版时间：2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-05
  • 修回日期：2024-10-18
基金
北京市自然科学基金(L211007)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 100044
    2 北京建筑大学城市轨道交通车辆服役性能保障北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
    3 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司金属及化学研究所, 北京 100081

通讯作者:

* 李光(1997—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,硕士研究生。研究方向:车辆动力学和轮轨关系。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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