Article(id=1203753461918708258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700582400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-22, revisedDate=1729440000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789979, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789979, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=816, endPage=824, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462895981145, articleId=1203753461918708258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimization Model for Vehicle Scheduling in Horizontal Shifting Mechanical Parking Garage Based on PSO-OBL Algorithm, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the bottleneck issues in vehicle access efficiency for horizontal shifting mechanical parking garages, an access vehicle scheduling optimization model based on the PSO-OBL algorithm was proposed. The model aims to shorten vehicle access operation time and reduce user average waiting time by precisely controlling vehicle access strategies and time management. To enhance the optimization performance and convergence rate of the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm, an innovative approach incorporating inter-particle collaboration and information exchange mechanisms was embedded into the algorithm framework, along with the integration of an opposition-based learning mechanism for efficient problem-solving. Experimental data indicates that, compared to the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm, the PSO-OBL algorithm achieves significant improvements in customer average waiting time, average service time, average queue length, and average energy consumption. The findings of this study are expected to provide theoretical support and practical reference for optimizing access efficiency in horizontal shifting mechanical parking garages.

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针对平面移动类立体车库在车辆存取效率方面的瓶颈问题,提出了一种基于PSO-OBL算法的存取车辆调度优化模型。该模型旨在通过精确调控车辆存取策略和时间管理,缩短车辆存取运行时间及用户平均等待时间。为提升传统粒子群算法的寻优效能和收敛速率,将粒子间相互协作与信息交流机制融入算法框架,并结合反向学习机制以实现问题的高效求解。实验数据表明,与传统粒子群算法相比,PSO-OBL算法在顾客平均等待时间、平均服务时间、平均等待队长以及平均运行能耗等方面均实现了显著提升,研究结果将为平面移动类立体车库的存取效率提供优化理论支持和实践参考。

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曾超(1987—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:停车规划与管理。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461918708258, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=PSO-OBL算法)], refs=[Reference(id=1204841085399966416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461918708258, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=公安部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=公安部. 全国机动车保有量达4.35亿辆驾驶人达5.23亿人新能源汽车保有量超过2 000万辆[EB/OL][2024-01-11]. https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202401/content_6925362.htm., articleTitle=全国机动车保有量达4.35亿辆驾驶人达5.23亿人新能源汽车保有量超过2 000万辆, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204841085496435409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461918708258, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, 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Comparison of experimental simulation data between PSO-OBL algorithm and PSO algorithm

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算法 顾客平均等
待时间/min
顾客平均服
务时间/min
顾客平均排
队长度/个
平均运行
能耗/kJ
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PSO-OBL 2.84 1.41 3.90 1 331.68
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PSO-OBL算法与PSO算法实验仿真数据对比

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算法 顾客平均等
待时间/min
顾客平均服
务时间/min
顾客平均排
队长度/个
平均运行
能耗/kJ
PSO 4.08 2.09 5.09 1 687.92
PSO-OBL 2.84 1.41 3.90 1 331.68
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Partial initialization particle table

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执行次序 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zix 0 0 1 0 1 1
Ziy 26 33 4 46 9 7
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部分初始化粒子表

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执行次序 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zix 0 0 1 0 1 1
Ziy 26 33 4 46 9 7
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基于PSO-OBL算法的平面移动类立体车库车辆调度优化模型
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曾超 1, 2 , 杨子涵 1 , 崔子豪 3 , 于立 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(2): 816-824
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(2): 816-824
基于PSO-OBL算法的平面移动类立体车库车辆调度优化模型
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曾超1, 2 , 杨子涵1, 崔子豪3, 于立2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3WA, UK
  • 3 浙江大学城乡规划设计研究院有限公司, 杭州 310023
  • 曾超(1987—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:停车规划与管理。E-mail:

Optimization Model for Vehicle Scheduling in Horizontal Shifting Mechanical Parking Garage Based on PSO-OBL Algorithm
Chao ZENG1, 2 , Zi-han YANG1, Zi-hao CUI3, Li YU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3WA, UK
  • 3 Zhejiang University Urban Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310023, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309202
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针对平面移动类立体车库在车辆存取效率方面的瓶颈问题,提出了一种基于PSO-OBL算法的存取车辆调度优化模型。该模型旨在通过精确调控车辆存取策略和时间管理,缩短车辆存取运行时间及用户平均等待时间。为提升传统粒子群算法的寻优效能和收敛速率,将粒子间相互协作与信息交流机制融入算法框架,并结合反向学习机制以实现问题的高效求解。实验数据表明,与传统粒子群算法相比,PSO-OBL算法在顾客平均等待时间、平均服务时间、平均等待队长以及平均运行能耗等方面均实现了显著提升,研究结果将为平面移动类立体车库的存取效率提供优化理论支持和实践参考。

停车规划与管理  /  机械式立体车库  /  平面移动类立体车库  /  存取调度优化  /  PSO-OBL算法

To address the bottleneck issues in vehicle access efficiency for horizontal shifting mechanical parking garages, an access vehicle scheduling optimization model based on the PSO-OBL algorithm was proposed. The model aims to shorten vehicle access operation time and reduce user average waiting time by precisely controlling vehicle access strategies and time management. To enhance the optimization performance and convergence rate of the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm, an innovative approach incorporating inter-particle collaboration and information exchange mechanisms was embedded into the algorithm framework, along with the integration of an opposition-based learning mechanism for efficient problem-solving. Experimental data indicates that, compared to the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm, the PSO-OBL algorithm achieves significant improvements in customer average waiting time, average service time, average queue length, and average energy consumption. The findings of this study are expected to provide theoretical support and practical reference for optimizing access efficiency in horizontal shifting mechanical parking garages.

parking planning and management  /  mechanical parking garage  /  horizontal shifting mechanical parking garage  /  access scheduling optimization  /  PSO-OBL algorithm
曾超, 杨子涵, 崔子豪, 于立. 基于PSO-OBL算法的平面移动类立体车库车辆调度优化模型. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 816 -824 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309202
Chao ZENG, Zi-han YANG, Zi-hao CUI, Li YU. Optimization Model for Vehicle Scheduling in Horizontal Shifting Mechanical Parking Garage Based on PSO-OBL Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 816 -824 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309202
随着城市机动车保有量的不断增加,停车供需矛盾日益严峻。公安部数据表明,截至2023年年底,全国机动车保有量达4.35×108辆,其中汽车3.36×108[1]。中国机动车总量及增量均居世界首位。在当前情况下,建设立体车库已经成为解决停车难、提高停车空间利用率的主要措施之一。作为一种全自动智能停车设备,平面移动类立体车库具有空间利用率高、占地面积小以及适应性强等优势。然而,在建设和运营过程中,仍存在设备配置不合理、存取策略不佳导致的存取车时间较长等问题,易导致用户体验不佳。因此,优化车辆的存取路径和车辆调度策略对于提高停车资源的利用效率具有重要的学术意义和实际应用价值[2]
近年来,机械式立体停车设施发展速度加快,该领域也吸引了相关学者们的关注,对机械立体车库的结构、存取车策略等方向进行研究优化,提高机械立体车库运行效率。
在结构方面,宁方华等[3]提出一种具有缓存池的立体车库,利用立体车库底层空间设计子母车缓存池存车方案,通过缓存池的连续搬运工作提高存取车效率,显著提高存车效率,同时降低顾客等待时间,提高用户存车体验;Li等[4]提出了一种具有多个缓存车位的自动立体化车库,并设计了两种调度策略,分别用于提高车库效率和减少客户的加工时间消耗,并为提高设备的整体工作性能提供了组合调度建议;丁述勇等[5]基于多巷道式立体车库设计一种带有承载板的运输机构并采用取车优先和交叉排队存取策略来降低能耗和提高存取效率;孟杰等[6]根据植物结构特征建立了生物模型,从仿生学角度将植物结构应用于立体车库,验证了仿生立体车库抵抗外界激励的能力更强,结构更加稳定;李瑛等[7] 研究了井筒式地下立体车库的结构计算与监测数据,评估了不同结构计算方法的精度;洪晴岚等[8]采用改进的模拟退火粒子群算法对立体车库结构优化模型进行优化,在保证刚度、强度性能的前提下,实现减重4.26%。
在存取车策略方面,李建国等[9]通过收集和分析立体车库的实际顾客到达、离去和车辆停留时间数据,建立了运行时间模型,为立体车库的运行效率提升和调度策略设计提供参考;王小农等[10]提出了一种基于多色集合理论和果蝇算法的平面移动式立体车库车位分配决策模型,以改善自动化立体车库中顾客排队的队长过长和出入库效率低的问题,提高了操作效率;李建国等[11]使用模拟退火算法优化立体车库车位分配,并针对立体车库特征对传统模拟退火算法进行改进;贺云鹏等[12]以排队论原理建立了立体车库的排队模型,考虑层、列布局对整体运行效率的影响,提出了一种改进的遗传算法对立体车库运行效率进行优化;Song等[13]提出一种基于分配的启发式算法解决大规模存储检索请求的序列排序问题;Singbal等[14]提出了一种基于三阶段设计方法的策略,用于在存储和运输过程中选择最优的方案。李建国等[15] 使用蜻蜓算法优化反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络模型以预测车辆停留时间,基于预测结果进行车位区域选择,利用禁忌搜索算法确定最优车位,有效减少顾客等待时间,提高了立体车库整体作业效率。
在路径行走时间模型研究中,Wang等[16]以车道深度为基础,建立了适用于移动式货架机器人系统单/多深度布局的预期行程时间模型;Liu等[17]建立了基于分体式自动存取系统中每个专用升降机、每种工作类型的两个连续行走时间模型;Lerher等[18]考虑到升降机同时进行水平和垂直运动的情况,建立了单/双指令循环行程的时间模型;李博文等[19]和贺云鹏等[20]分别利用遗传优化的集束搜索算法和改进的遗传算法来优化堆垛机的运行路径以及提升立体车库的运行效率。
在路径检索优化算法方面,陈桂兰等[21]提出了一种改进的混合粒子群算法,并将其应用于立体车库存取路径的时间模型;赵剑英等[22]深入研究搬运器在位置转移过程中的服务时间,构建基于多条件约束的最短服务时间调度模型,有效提升了平面移动式立体车库的整体运行效率;曾超等[2]设计了一种改进Dijkstra算法的存取车辆运行路径优化模型,有效缩短存取车辆运行时间和用户平均等待时间;余腾伟等[23] 提出了一种融合人工势场法和快速扩展随机树的算法,实现了移动机器人在动态环境下的稳定路径规划;Serpen等[24]基于嵌套分区和遗传算法,提出了一种优化车库搬运机器人调度和路径规划的方法;常立丹等[25]针对立体车库堆垛机内部路径过长导致顾客平均等待时间过长和车库运行效率低下等问题,提出了改进的集束搜索算法来优化堆垛机的运行路径以确定立体车库的库位布局。
目前,立体车库存取效率的研究受限于仓储设备领域,且局限于巷道堆垛类应用中,路径检索算法呈现出差异性和局限性。虽然遗传算法、广度优先搜索、Dijkstra、A*、粒子群算法和蚁群算法等被广泛用于路径检索优化,但传统粒子群算法收敛速度慢,且存在全局搜索能力较低,易陷入局部最优的问题。
鉴于此,现提出一种基于反向学习的粒子群优化算法,旨在克服传统算法的局限,通过提升搜索过程的动态性和效率,以车辆平均排队队长和等待时间为评价指标,有效优化立体车库的存取效率。通过仿真分析证实该算法的有效性。
平面移动类立体车库由钢结构框架、出入口设施(I/O)、升降装置、搬运台车、搬运器(或载车板)、电气控制系统、监控系统、安全防护装置等[26]组成,其结构示意图如图1所示。
设平面移动类立体车库为xz层2排,其中层高为h,机械停车位长度为a,宽度为b,巷道长度为c,宽度为d,有n个I/O口(Input/Output Point),m个搬运器服务于车库。如图2所示,该平面移动类立体车库为10列4层2排,升降装置位于车库中的一排,且每一层有1个搬运器和1个搬运台车,故该车库可停放车位为76个。
为了便于研究又不失一般性,对系统进行如下假设:①每个机械停车位的大小相等;②车辆的出入口在立体车库的第1列第1层;③假定升降装置、动力单元匀速运行,忽略其控制器、变频器等控制系统反应时间;④存车指令和取车指令的数目是相等的;⑤使用随机存储策略,每个存车或者取车指令发生的概率是相等的。
基于平面移动类立体车库结构模型及以上假设,建立存取车辆路径的时间数学模型。
平面移动类立体车库中车辆的存取动作为三维合成运动,分别是搬运台车在x方向的水平运动、搬运器在y方向的水平运动和升降装置在z方向的升降运动,其运动速度分别为vxvyvzxy方向上二维运动的存取车时间t(x, y)的数学表达式为
t ( x , y ) = t x + t y
式(1)中:txty分别为待存取车辆在xy方向的移动路径时间。
假设升降装置初始状态位于出入口层,因此单车存取车时间t(x, y, z)为
t ( x , y , z ) = m a x { t x , t z } + t y
式(2)中:tz为升降装置z方向的升降运动时间。
平面移动类立体车库的存取车效率由系统存取车辆路径时间长短决定,将某一时间段系统内搬运器,搬运台车及升降装置协同运行执行存取车命令的总时间 t ( x , y , z )除以存取车辆次数n得到的平均时间 t -定义为目标函数,即
t - = t ( x , y , z ) n
设单指令操作命令下车辆存或取一次所需时间为Fc,双指令操作命令下连续存或取n辆车所需时间为Fq,交叉存取n辆车所需时间为Fo,因为搬运台车与升降装置采用并行策略,txtz的大小关系不确定,分别研究搬运装置存车优先、取车优先、原地待命三种待命点位策略下存取车路径时间模型,因此平面移动类立体车库存取车路径存在6种情况,其数学模型如下。
存车优先待命点位策略要求搬运装置每完成一次存取车指令后均移动至空闲的升降装置出口进行等待。
(1)由于存车优先策略,系统存一次车辆时可直接从升降装置至搬运台车进行装载,此时tx<tz,故假设系统存一次车辆所需时间为Fc,其表达式为
F c = t ( x , y ) + t z = t r + h z v z + 2 S x v x + 4 a v y
式(4)中:Sx为搬运台车运动距离;hz为升降装置的升降高度;t为在入口等待的驾驶员进入停放在升降装置上的汽车并开出设备入口外的时间;tr为在人口等待的驾驶员进入停放在升降装置上的汽车并开出设备入口外的时间。
连续存n辆车所需时间为Fcc,假设存车为连续不间断状态时,第n次车辆存车升降装置运动时间均小于搬运装置返回空闲升降装置出口时间,其表达式为
F c c = t ( x , y , z ) = 2 i = 1 n S x i v x + 4 n a v y + h z v z + t r
(2)系统取一次车辆时,搬运装置需先从升降装置出口处移动至待取车位,故此时存在以下两种情况。
tx<tz,即 2 S x v x < h z v z时,假设系统取一次车辆所需时间为Fq,其表达式为
F q = 4 a v y + 2 h z v z + t r
此时连续取n辆车所需时间为Fqq,其表达式为
F q q = 4 n a v y + n h z v z + n t r
txtz,即 2 S x v x h z v z时,假设系统取一次车辆所需时间为F'q,其表达式与存一次车辆所需时间相同,即F'q=Fc;此时连续取n辆车所需时间为F'qq,其表达式为
F ' q q = 2 i = 1 n S x i v x + 4 n a v y + n h z v z + n t r
取车优先待命点位策略要求搬运装置每完成一次存取车指令后均移动至巷道中点处进行等待。
(1)由于取车优先策略,系统存一次车辆时搬运装置需从巷道中点移动至升降装置出入口。故假设系统存一次车辆所需时间为Fc1,其表达式为
F c 1 = h z v z + S x v x + 4 a v y + t r , c 2 v x < h z v z c + 2 S x v x + 4 a v y + t r , c 2 v x h z v z
连续存n辆车所需时间为FC1,其表达式为
F C 1 = i = 1 n S x i - c 2 v x + i = 1 n S x i v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r ,                         c 2 v x < h z v z n c 2 v x + i = 1 n S x i v x + 4 n a v y + n t r ,   c 2 v x h z v z
(2)系统取一次车辆时,搬运装置直接从巷道中点处移动至待取车位,假设系统取一次车辆所需时间为Fq1,其表达式为
Fq1= 2 h z v z + 4 a v y + t r , S x - c 2 + S x v x < h z v z S x - c 2 + S x v x + h z v z + 4 a v y + t r , S x - c 2 + S x v x h z v z
连续取n辆车所需时间为FQ1,其表达式为
F Q 1 = 2 n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r ,       S x - c 2 + S x v x < h z v z i = 1 n S x i - c 2 + S x i v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r ,                       S x - c 2 + S x v x h z v z
原地待命待命位策略要求搬运装置每完成一次存取车指令后直接在原地进行等待。
(1)假设系统存一次车辆所需时间为Fc2,其表达式为
F c 2 = S x i v x + h z v z + 4 a v y + t r , S x i - 1 v x < h z v z S x i - 1 + S x v x + h z v z + 4 a v y + t r , S x i - 1 v x h z v z
连续存n辆车所需时间为FC2,其表达式为
F C 2 = i = 2 n S x i v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r , S x i - 1 v x < h z v z i = 2 n S x i - 1 + S x v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r , S x i - 1 v x h z v z
(2)假设系统取一次车辆所需时间为Fq2,其表达式为
F q 2 = 2 h z v z + 4 a v y + t r ,     S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x < h z v z S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x + h z v z + 4 a v y + t r ,                 S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x h z v z
连续取n辆车所需时间为FQ2,其表达式为
F Q 2 = i = 1 n S x i + 1 v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r ,   S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x < h z v z i = 1 n S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x + n h z v z + 4 n a v y + n t r ,                         S x i - S x i - 1 + S x i v x h z v z
在平面移动类立体车库车辆排队存放过程中,用户到达入口的时间间隔与车辆停放所需的服务时间是离散、随机的,近似服从负指数分布。车辆存放初期车库尚存较多空车位,服务容量较大,考虑红线退让、出入口与道路间距、红线退让等实际情况,可认为该类立体车库的排队长度在有效服务时间内无限制。平面移动车库的排队过程可以表示为顾客源输入由排队机构与服务窗构成的服务系统,并在服务完成后输出的过程。
平面移动类立体车库设有一个道闸作为总入口,默认为只有一个排队等候队列,进入道闸的车辆通过相互独立的n台升降装置完成存取车作业,顾客单个到达,相继到达时间间隔服从参数为λ的负指数分布,每个服务台的服务时间相互独立,且服从参数为μ的负指数分布。定义系统服务强度ρn=λ/(),当ρn<1时系统处于稳定服务状态;令状态N(i)为车辆达到数,其中0≤i<n
n-i辆车前来停车即可无须排队可直接服务,该状态下有i台升降装置处于工作中,其余n-i台升降装置处于空闲状态;当in时,其余i-n辆车需要排队等待服务,排队规则为不同存取车策略下的先来先服务(first-come-first-serve, FCFS)规则。其计算式为
i = 0 n - 1 P i = i = 0 n - 1 ρ i P 0 i ! = i = 0 n - 1 i i ρ n i P 0 i ! , 0 i < n i = n P i = i = n ρ i P 0 n ! n i - n = i = n n n ρ n i P 0 n ! , i n
式(17)中:P i表示排队系统中队长为i辆车的概率;P0为空闲概率。
P 0 = i = 0 n - 1 ρ i i ! + ρ n n ! 1 1 - ρ / n - 1
in时,平均排队队长Lq
L q = ρ n + 1 P 0 n ! n ( 1 - ρ / n ) 2
车辆需排队等候的概率pp
p p = 1 - i = 0 n - 1 P i
车辆需排队等候的时间Tq
T q = L q λ = ρ n + 1 P 0 n ! n λ ( 1 - ρ / n ) 2
粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)是根据鸟群搜索食物时的种群觅食行为而研究出的一种演化方法。该方法由Kennedy等[27]首次提出,他们模拟鸟群觅食的行为特征并应用于实际优化问题。粒子群算法中将群体中的个体称为粒子,其可在搜索空间中改变搜索的速度和位置,与遗传算法相比,粒子群算法无需交叉及变异的操作,而需通过附近粒子的信息动态调整其在搜索空间内的速度和位置。搜索过程中每个粒子的位置代表待优化问题的一个候选解,以粒子的位置、速度和适应度值为指标表征粒子的优劣程度。由于粒子群中每个粒子间具有记录历史位置的能力,且粒子间可实现信息共享功能,通过个体和种群信息最优进行迭代求解待优化问题的最佳粒子位置。
为了改进传统粒子群算法收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优的问题,提出了一种基于反向学习策略的粒子群优化算法以优化平面移动类立体车库的车辆存取调度。区别于传统粒子群算法,改进之后的PSO-OBL算法首先将反向学习应用至个体历史最优Pbest而不是种群X。其次,通过将反向学习的信息融入PSO算法的迭代过程中,可以使粒子根据学习到的信息更加高效地搜索最优解空间,从而提高算法的效率和收敛速度。这种方法可以在不增加额外计算负担的情况下,有效地改进PSO算法的性能。在传统PSO算法及其改进算法中,粒子仅向最优个体学习,而粒子本身存在最差解,因此,在迭代机制中引入最差解的反向粒子Pwor作为新的学习因子,因此,PSO算法的速度进化方程变更为
v i j ( t + 1 ) = ω v i j + c 1 r 1 ( P b e s t i j - x i j ) + c 2 r 2 ( G b e s t j - x i j ) + c 3 r 3 ( P w o r - x i j )
式中: v i j为第i个粒子在第j维搜索空间中的速度;c1c2c3为加速系数;r1r2r3为[0,1]的随机数;t为当前迭代次数; ω为惯性权重。
由于Pwor并不总是引导粒子群向最优值靠近,因此,对反向点Pwor进行改进,公式为
P w o r = a + b - ( u 1 p w o r + u 2 p i ) , r i < p 0 ,
式(23)中:u1u2为[0,1]的随机数,且u1+u2=1;p为算法中转入反向学习算法的概率。
p = p m a x - t ( p m a x - p m i n ) T
式(24)中:pmaxpmin为概率p值的范围;T为当前的迭代次数。
综上所述,PSO-OBL算法的实现步骤简述为初始化算法参数,初始化种群并对粒子速度和位置初始化,初始化个体历史最优Pbest和全局最优Gbest,生成反向粒子,比较反向粒子的适应度值,更新每个粒子的位置和速度,形成全局最优解。具体算法步骤如下。
步骤1 初始化参数。设置参数包括平面移动类立体车库泊位规模N,粒子搜索空间维数D,最大迭代次数T,惯性权重ω,粒子的容许速度边界 [ v d m i n , v d m a x ],粒子的容许位置边界 [ x d m i n , x d m a x ]
步骤2 初始化种群。在平面移动类立体车库的车辆存取调度优化中,初始化粒子的速度和位置尤为重要。每个粒子代表一种车辆存取路径的潜在可行方案。为了确保粒子的位置与存取动作之间的对应关系,本文构造了一个2n维的搜索空间,其中n个存取指令调度问题对应着每个粒子的位置。这样,每个粒子的2n维向量被分别划分为表示存取指令和泊位位置n维向量ZixZiy。由于存取指令分为存车和取车两种动作,这里采用二进制编码,其中0代表取车指令,1代表存车指令。通过将车库存取指令、泊位位置和执行次序作为一组粒子,并以多组粒子形成初始化种群,表2所示为部分初始化粒子。
步骤3 初始化PbestGbest。求解种群 X = { X 1 , X 2 , , X N }中所有粒子的适应度,由于适应度函数与目标函数存在直接关系,即平面移动类立体车库系统n次存取车辆的总时间定义为目标函数,即
F ( t ) = i = 1 n t i
式(25)中:ti为个体所需时间。
F(t)越小,则意味着其为存取策略中的最优个体。根据粒子适应度计算,寻找粒子初始个体局部最优Pbest和全局最优Gbest
步骤4 将OBL应用到Pbest,然后从原Pbest和反向后的 P b e s t o p中依据适应值选择N个适应值最优的粒子来组成新的自身历史最优Pbest。首先随机生成[0,1]范围内的一个值,通过式计算算法转入反向学习算法的概率值p,若生成的随机值大于p则转至步骤5,否则进入反向学习过程。
通过基于交叉因子的反向学习机制计算该粒子的反向点。计算粒子i适应度和基于交叉因子的反向粒子适应度,比较反向粒子的适应度值是否优于粒子i的适应度值,选取最优粒子代替X,否则继续选用点X
步骤5 自适应惯性权重更新每个粒子的位置和速度,如式(26)~式(28)所示。
v i j ( t + 1 ) = ω v i j (t) + c 1 r 1 [ p b e s t i j (t) - x i j (t) ] + c 2 r 2 [ g b e s t j (t) - x i j (t) ]
x i j ( t + 1 ) = x i j (t) + v i j ( t + 1 )
式中: c 1 c 2为加速系数; r 1 r 2为分[0,1]的随机数;X为立体车库个体; ω为惯性权重。
采用自适应权重策略,惯性权重更新方法为
ω = ω m a x - t t m a x 2 ( ω m a x - ω m i n )
式(28)中: ω m a x为惯性权重最大值; ω m i n为惯性权重最小值; t m a x为最大迭代次数。
步骤6 如果满足结束条件,则将最优粒子位置作为最优解,否则跳转到步骤3继续优化。
步骤7 根据最优解得到最优的车辆存取路径调度策略。
以重庆市渝中区棉花街公共停车库2021年3月15日早高峰时段为例,该时段初已停放107辆车,且随机产生7条取车指令和7条存车指令,设定PSO-OBL算法最大迭代数为100,应用传统粒子群算法和PSO-OBL算法进行多次仿真实验分析,得到迭代曲线如图3所示。
通过迭代曲线图可知,当迭代次数为100次时,在收敛性方面,传统粒子群算法(PSO)的初期收敛速度较快,但随着迭代次数的增加,其搜索效率逐渐下降。而改进的PSO-OBL算法收敛精度比PSO算法更高,且收敛结果更好并最终得到最优解1 450 s。
为进一步验证引入反向学习的粒子群优化算法对车位分配策略的可行性和有效性,将PSO-OBL算法和PSO算法的评价指标结果进行对比分析,其实验仿真结果如图4表3所示。
图4表3表明PSO-OBL算法较PSO算法的收敛速度较快。粒子群算法虽搜索能力较强,但搜索过程起伏波动较大,搜索过程不够稳定,易陷入局部最优解,在多次仿真实验中顾客平均等待时间、平均服务时间、平均排队队长和运行能耗的均值分别为:4.08 min、2.09 min、5.09个、1 687.92 kJ。而本文提出的PSO-OBL算法通过改变粒子的飞行方向来增强种群的多样性,将全局最差粒子Pwor引入PSO算法的速度进化过程中,从而降低了待优化问题对参数的依赖性,提高了算法的通用性。此时顾客平均等待时间、平均服务时间、平均排队队长和平均运行能耗的均值分别为:2.84 min、1.41 min、3.90个、1 331.68 kJ。
提出了基于反向学习策略的粒子群优化算法以优化平面移动类立体车库的车辆存取调度,并通过实例进行验证。通过对车辆存取运行路径的分析,建立了车辆存取路径运行场景,为等候车位配置、存取调度优化策略等后续研究提供基础支撑,且构建了存车优先、取车优先、原地待命三种搬运器待命点位策略下车辆存取路径时间模型。在此基础上,对粒子群算法(PSO)进行了改进,将反向学习(OBL)引入粒子群算法,提出了基于PSO-OBL算法的车位分配优化方法。在车位分配过程中,将本文提出的PSO-OBL算法与传统粒子群算法优化效率进行对比分析,仿真结果表明PSO-OBL算法可以有效降低顾客平均等待时间、平均排队长度、平均服务时间和设备运行能耗,为实际平面移动类立体车库的存取与车位分配提供参考。
将以上研究工作在重庆市渝中区棉花街公共停车库中进行分析验证,结果表明上述模型在平面移动类立体车库上具有良好的适用性。具体而言,顾客平均等待时间、平均服务时间和平均运行能耗分别降低了30.41%、32.79%和21.11%,顾客平均排队长度减少了23.36%,从而有效提高了平面移动类立体车库的存取效率。
  • 国家留学基金(202208500105)
  • 中交长江建设集团发展有限公司机械式立体停车库运营风险分析及防范对策研究科研项目(E1240067)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309202
  • 接收时间:2023-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-22
  • 修回日期:2024-10-21
基金
国家留学基金(202208500105)
中交长江建设集团发展有限公司机械式立体停车库运营风险分析及防范对策研究科研项目(E1240067)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
    2 School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3WA, UK
    3 浙江大学城乡规划设计研究院有限公司, 杭州 310023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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