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Acoustic wave is one of the important means to realize the fast and accurate transmission of downhole information. The drill string serving as information transmission channel has obvious periodic pipe structure characteristics. In order to study the frequency spectrum quality of drill string channel in actual working conditions, a multilevel evaluation method of acoustic frequency spectrum based on improved radar chart was provided. The influence of axial tension stress on the frequency spectrum characteristics of acoustic wave in pipe structure was studied and analyzed by the method, and the criteria for judging the frequency spectrum characteristics were established. Practice shows that, the existence of tensile stress has a significant impact on the acoustic frequency spectrum and passband characteristics. With the increase of tensile stress, the evaluation index of frequency spectrum characteristic increases first and then decreases, and there exists a peak point with the best frequency spectrum characteristic. This method can comprehensively reflect the influence of different factors on the frequency spectrum characteristics of acoustic wave in drill string channel, and comprehensively evaluate the distortion degree of frequency spectrum characteristics from the multiple perspectives. It provides a basis for optimizing carrier frequency and designing the installation position of repeater when dealing with multi-factors interference in the field application of downhole information acoustic transmission technology.

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声波是实现井下信息快速准确传输的重要手段之一,钻杆等周期性管结构的声波频率响应表现出通带与阻带交替出现的梳状滤波特征。为分析实际工况中钻柱信道频谱质量,提出了基于改进雷达图法的声波频谱多级评价方法,利用该方法分析研究了轴向拉应力对管结构中声波频谱特性的影响,并建立了判别标准。实践表明:拉应力的存在对声波频谱及频谱中通带特性影响显著,随拉应力增加,频谱特性评价指标先增后减,存在频谱特性最优的峰值点。该方法能够较为全面地反映不同影响因素对钻柱信道中声波频谱特性的影响,从多角度对频谱特性的畸变程度进行了全面评价,对井下信息声传输技术现场应用过程中应对多因素干扰时的载波频率优选及中继器安装位置设计提供依据。

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闫炎(1993—),男,汉族,辽宁盘锦人,博士后,高级工程师。研究方向:井下系统、信息与控制工程。E-mail:

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闫炎(1993—),男,汉族,辽宁盘锦人,博士后,高级工程师。研究方向:井下系统、信息与控制工程。E-mail:

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闫炎(1993—),男,汉族,辽宁盘锦人,博士后,高级工程师。研究方向:井下系统、信息与控制工程。E-mail:

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Modern Defence Technology, 2016, 44(1): 192-198., articleTitle=Elements of generating combat abilities based on improved radar chart evaluation method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204841091519456040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=58, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=刘永旺, 管志川, 都振川, journalName=中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘永旺, 管志川, 都振川, 等. 周期性螺纹连接管结构中声波的频谱特性测试[J]. 中国石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 39(2): 58-62., articleTitle=周期性螺纹连接管结构中声波的频谱特性测试, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204841091611730729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=58, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Liu Yongwang, Guan Zhichuan, Du Zhenchuan, journalName=Journal of China University of Petroleum(Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Yongwang, Guan Zhichuan, Du Zhenchuan, et al. Spectrum characteristics testing of acoustic propagation in drill-string with periodic thread connections[J]. 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uv为声波传入、传出的位移;d为结构周期长度;a为截面积;ρ为密度;c为声速;下标1和2分别表示钻杆和接箍

, figureFileSmall=OsULtoLs70+Fn7zLjI4qrg==, figureFileBig=Xgwfk4LZi4/qGpRTwXieCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085110559433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Frequency-transmission coefficient relationship curve, figureFileSmall=Syzt67znEfetxWCILsMWYQ==, figureFileBig=/uLrO0wpiN8Wnj+NzJJ6bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085198639819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图2, caption=频率-透射系数曲线, figureFileSmall=Syzt67znEfetxWCILsMWYQ==, figureFileBig=/uLrO0wpiN8Wnj+NzJJ6bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085253165773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Principle diagram of NC-OFDM, figureFileSmall=7fv1sxqru5BZZQKVD7gfeA==, figureFileBig=wGRTZLIJk/mU0eN13KXhAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085320274638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图3, caption=非连续正交频分复用技术原理图

N为个数

, figureFileSmall=7fv1sxqru5BZZQKVD7gfeA==, figureFileBig=wGRTZLIJk/mU0eN13KXhAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085399966415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sketch map of selection of spectrum passband evaluation index, figureFileSmall=trydozOY8wh1XqQnmyb7iw==, figureFileBig=NWlLB4i0S0i2a37JwvG8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085496435408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图4, caption=频谱通带评价指标选取示意图, figureFileSmall=trydozOY8wh1XqQnmyb7iw==, figureFileBig=NWlLB4i0S0i2a37JwvG8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085571932881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flow chart of evaluation method, figureFileSmall=A3nhxuX+2RJ84Yf+ignyQw==, figureFileBig=b/MF+QrzhnDIJdjUsKDtMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085647430354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图5, caption=评价方法流程图, figureFileSmall=A3nhxuX+2RJ84Yf+ignyQw==, figureFileBig=b/MF+QrzhnDIJdjUsKDtMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085743899348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Spectrum comparison of acoustic waves in drill strings with the minimum and maximum axial tension stresses, figureFileSmall=gcfw47okMe6+22J26u6AoQ==, figureFileBig=0+QK/NvdpmnGp0bkZCZz3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085831979733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同拉应力钻柱中声波频谱对比图, figureFileSmall=gcfw47okMe6+22J26u6AoQ==, figureFileBig=0+QK/NvdpmnGp0bkZCZz3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841085911671511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Multilevel evaluation radar chart, figureFileSmall=NPmTPBjtHz6D8fY95/eXPw==, figureFileBig=XvAWXCP64NC6gu35xtNqYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841086008140504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=图7, caption=多级评价雷达图, figureFileSmall=NPmTPBjtHz6D8fY95/eXPw==, figureFileBig=XvAWXCP64NC6gu35xtNqYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204841086075249370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Periodic pipeline parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 d/m ρ/(kg·m-3) c/(m·s-1) a/cm2
管体 9.14 7 870 5 050 24.52
接箍 0.46 7 870 5 050 130.0
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086163329756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

周期性钻柱结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 d/m ρ/(kg·m-3) c/(m·s-1) a/cm2
管体 9.14 7 870 5 050 24.52
接箍 0.46 7 870 5 050 130.0
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086255604446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Multilevel evaluation indicator for spectrum characteristic evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标 二级指标 三级指标
频谱特性 K 第1通带特性K1 通带下限频率 K 1 f L
通带上限频率 K 1 f U
通带宽度 K 1 W
通带内峰值 K 1 P
通带内峰值对应频率 K 1 f P
通带能量 K 1 E
i通带特性Ki 通带下限频率 K i f L
通带上限频率 K i f U
通带宽度 K i W
通带内峰值 K i P
通带内峰值对应频率 K i f P
通带能量 K i E
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086331101919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

频谱特性评价多级评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标 二级指标 三级指标
频谱特性 K 第1通带特性K1 通带下限频率 K 1 f L
通带上限频率 K 1 f U
通带宽度 K 1 W
通带内峰值 K 1 P
通带内峰值对应频率 K 1 f P
通带能量 K 1 E
i通带特性Ki 通带下限频率 K i f L
通带上限频率 K i f U
通带宽度 K i W
通带内峰值 K i P
通带内峰值对应频率 K i f P
通带能量 K i E
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086427570913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standardized data of passband evaluation indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
三级指标 权重 0
MPa
17
MPa
33
MPa
50
MPa
67
MPa
84
MPa
100
MPa
117
MPa
134
MPa
150
MPa
167
MPa
通带1 K 1 f L 1/6 1 0.996 0 1.385 0 1.354 0 1.150 0 1.192 0 1.181 0 1.172 0 1.150 0 1.158 0 1.088 0
K 1 f U 1/6 1 0.966 0 0.930 0 0.969 0 0.962 0 0.974 0 0.989 0 0.989 0 0.987 0 0.987 0 1.004 0
K 1 W 1/6 1 0.948 0 1.077 0 0.119 0 1.014 0 1.050 0 1.067 0 1.063 0 1.050 0 1.055 0 1.046 0
K 1 P 1/6 1 0.924 8 0.912 6 0.906 1 0.764 7 0.550 0 0.654 6 0.570 2 0.558 1 0.499 0 0.538 9
K 1 f P 1/6 1 0.901 9 0.941 7 0.951 5 0.932 0 0.922 3 0.825 2 0.826 2 0.872 8 0.523 3 0.215 6
K 1 E 1/6 1 0.594 2 0.543 5 0.512 5 0.468 0 0.490 7 0.507 9 0.503 3 0.467 7 0.435 9 0.404 0
通带2 K 2 f L 1/6 1 1.090 0 1.112 0 1.090 0 1.097 0 1.094 0 1.071 0 0.960 0 0.940 0 0.962 0 0.962 0
K 2 f U 1/6 1 0.962 0 0.955 0 0.959 0 1.043 0 0.959 0 1.019 0 1.024 0 1.006 0 1.022 0 1.113 0
K 2 W 1/6 1 1.036 0 1.050 0 1.031 0 1.243 0 1.033 0 1.148 0 0.999 0 0.928 0 0.999 0 1.221 0
K 2 P 1/6 1 0.858 5 0.294 9 0.233 8 0.590 5 0.530 9 0.426 7 0.345 0 0.124 0 0.313 0 0.277 0
K 2 f P 1/6 1 0.924 7 0.908 1 0.803 3 0.958 6 0.891 2 0.897 9 0.891 2 0.887 8 0.884 0 0.881 0
K 2 E 1/6 1 1.668 9 1.894 7 2.092 9 2.357 9 2.228 3 2.363 3 2.359 5 2.295 6 2.272 4 2.337 7
通带3 K 3 f L 1/6 1 1.102 9 1.103 5 1.073 1 1.043 5 1.130 2 1.066 7 1.072 3 1.059 8 1.063 3 0.958 3
K 3 f U 1/6 1 1.110 0 1.160 0 1.170 0 1.150 0 1.150 0 1.160 0 1.150 0 1.160 0 1.170 0 1.180 0
K 3 W 1/6 1 2.194 0 2.483 0 2.425 0 2.122 0 2.58 2.330 0 2.284 0 2.265 0 2.342 0 1.871 0
K 3 P 1/6 1 0.650 0 0.122 0 0.226 0 0.816 6 0.938 5 0.843 8 0.949 1 0.942 0 0.808 3 0.802 4
K 3 f P 1/6 1 0.942 0 0.932 1 0.882 3 0.872 5 0.882 3 0.954 2 0.916 1 0.906 0 0.902 2 0.874 3
K 3 E 1/6 1 3.961 7 4.694 9 3.379 0 2.362 2 2.227 2 1.931 7 2.089 1 1.833 9 1.622 2 1.348 2
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086565982947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同拉应力下钻柱中声波频谱三级评价指标标准化数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
三级指标 权重 0
MPa
17
MPa
33
MPa
50
MPa
67
MPa
84
MPa
100
MPa
117
MPa
134
MPa
150
MPa
167
MPa
通带1 K 1 f L 1/6 1 0.996 0 1.385 0 1.354 0 1.150 0 1.192 0 1.181 0 1.172 0 1.150 0 1.158 0 1.088 0
K 1 f U 1/6 1 0.966 0 0.930 0 0.969 0 0.962 0 0.974 0 0.989 0 0.989 0 0.987 0 0.987 0 1.004 0
K 1 W 1/6 1 0.948 0 1.077 0 0.119 0 1.014 0 1.050 0 1.067 0 1.063 0 1.050 0 1.055 0 1.046 0
K 1 P 1/6 1 0.924 8 0.912 6 0.906 1 0.764 7 0.550 0 0.654 6 0.570 2 0.558 1 0.499 0 0.538 9
K 1 f P 1/6 1 0.901 9 0.941 7 0.951 5 0.932 0 0.922 3 0.825 2 0.826 2 0.872 8 0.523 3 0.215 6
K 1 E 1/6 1 0.594 2 0.543 5 0.512 5 0.468 0 0.490 7 0.507 9 0.503 3 0.467 7 0.435 9 0.404 0
通带2 K 2 f L 1/6 1 1.090 0 1.112 0 1.090 0 1.097 0 1.094 0 1.071 0 0.960 0 0.940 0 0.962 0 0.962 0
K 2 f U 1/6 1 0.962 0 0.955 0 0.959 0 1.043 0 0.959 0 1.019 0 1.024 0 1.006 0 1.022 0 1.113 0
K 2 W 1/6 1 1.036 0 1.050 0 1.031 0 1.243 0 1.033 0 1.148 0 0.999 0 0.928 0 0.999 0 1.221 0
K 2 P 1/6 1 0.858 5 0.294 9 0.233 8 0.590 5 0.530 9 0.426 7 0.345 0 0.124 0 0.313 0 0.277 0
K 2 f P 1/6 1 0.924 7 0.908 1 0.803 3 0.958 6 0.891 2 0.897 9 0.891 2 0.887 8 0.884 0 0.881 0
K 2 E 1/6 1 1.668 9 1.894 7 2.092 9 2.357 9 2.228 3 2.363 3 2.359 5 2.295 6 2.272 4 2.337 7
通带3 K 3 f L 1/6 1 1.102 9 1.103 5 1.073 1 1.043 5 1.130 2 1.066 7 1.072 3 1.059 8 1.063 3 0.958 3
K 3 f U 1/6 1 1.110 0 1.160 0 1.170 0 1.150 0 1.150 0 1.160 0 1.150 0 1.160 0 1.170 0 1.180 0
K 3 W 1/6 1 2.194 0 2.483 0 2.425 0 2.122 0 2.58 2.330 0 2.284 0 2.265 0 2.342 0 1.871 0
K 3 P 1/6 1 0.650 0 0.122 0 0.226 0 0.816 6 0.938 5 0.843 8 0.949 1 0.942 0 0.808 3 0.802 4
K 3 f P 1/6 1 0.942 0 0.932 1 0.882 3 0.872 5 0.882 3 0.954 2 0.916 1 0.906 0 0.902 2 0.874 3
K 3 E 1/6 1 3.961 7 4.694 9 3.379 0 2.362 2 2.227 2 1.931 7 2.089 1 1.833 9 1.622 2 1.348 2
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086666646245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Standardized data of spectrum evaluation indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级
指标
权重 0
MPa
17
MPa
33
MPa
50
MPa
67
MPa
84
MPa
100
MPa
117
MPa
134
MPa
150
MPa
167
MPa
K 1 0.595 6 1 0.893 6 0.980 6 0.845 9 0.894 9 0.881 7 0.886 1 0.871 3 0.865 7 0.803 1 0.754 2
K 2 0.272 2 1 1.106 3 1.085 1 1.101 7 1.272 7 1.179 9 1.223 1 1.173 0 1.118 0 1.148 0 1.208 0
K 3 0.132 2 1 1.827 3 2.004 5 1.682 5 1.457 5 1.554 1 1.433 1 1.462 3 1.406 5 1.367 7 1.199 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086746338023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同拉应力下钻柱中声波频谱二级评价指标标准化数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
二级
指标
权重 0
MPa
17
MPa
33
MPa
50
MPa
67
MPa
84
MPa
100
MPa
117
MPa
134
MPa
150
MPa
167
MPa
K 1 0.595 6 1 0.893 6 0.980 6 0.845 9 0.894 9 0.881 7 0.886 1 0.871 3 0.865 7 0.803 1 0.754 2
K 2 0.272 2 1 1.106 3 1.085 1 1.101 7 1.272 7 1.179 9 1.223 1 1.173 0 1.118 0 1.148 0 1.208 0
K 3 0.132 2 1 1.827 3 2.004 5 1.682 5 1.457 5 1.554 1 1.433 1 1.462 3 1.406 5 1.367 7 1.199 5
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086842807017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comprehensive evaluation data of acoustic spectrum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力/
MPa
面积评价值 周长评价值 综合评价值
通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱 通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱 通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱
0 0.984 2 0.562 7 0.177 4 0.698 6 1.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0.992 1 0.750 1 0.421 2 0.835 9
17 0.794 8 0.709 3 0.717 5 0.875 4 0.988 7 0.970 8 0.825 4 0.961 2 0.886 5 0.829 8 0.769 6 0.917 3
33 1.000 0 0.727 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0.968 4 0.911 2 0.761 5 0.958 6 0.972 8 0.813 9 0.844 3 0.978 0
50 0.783 3 0.773 7 0.610 5 0.791 7 0.899 0 0.882 6 0.822 5 0.964 8 0.839 2 0.826 4 0.708 6 0.874 0
67 0.811 7 1.000 0 0.411 6 0.838 5 0.971 0 0.911 4 0.915 4 0.979 1 0.887 8 0.954 7 0.613 9 0.906 2
84 0.798 2 0.865 1 0.469 4 0.812 6 0.958 5 0.905 5 0.912 7 0.975 9 0.874 7 0.885 0 0.654 5 0.890 5
100 0.8003 0.945 0 0.392 2 0.801 9 0.965 7 0.890 7 0.928 7 0.980 7 0.879 1 0.917 4 0.603 6 0.886 9
117 0.777 9 0.886 1 0.407 8 0.776 2 0.960 5 0.873 7 0.930 0 0.979 3 0.864 4 0.879 9 0.615 9 0.871 9
134 0.769 5 0.828 1 0.374 6 0.733 2 0.958 6 0.849 2 0.936 6 0.982 4 0.858 8 0.838 6 0.592 3 0.848 8
150 0.679 2 0.845 0 0.357 3 0.692 7 0.934 5 0.877 5 0.928 7 0.976 3 0.796 7 0.861 1 0.576 0 0.822 5
167 0.621 0 0.935 2 0.267 2 0.647 8 0.901 5 0.878 0 0.955 2 0.973 1 0.748 2 0.906 2 0.505 2 0.794 0
), ArticleFig(id=1204841086926693098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同拉应力下钻柱中声波频谱综合评价数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力/
MPa
面积评价值 周长评价值 综合评价值
通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱 通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱 通带1 通带2 通带3 频谱
0 0.984 2 0.562 7 0.177 4 0.698 6 1.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0.992 1 0.750 1 0.421 2 0.835 9
17 0.794 8 0.709 3 0.717 5 0.875 4 0.988 7 0.970 8 0.825 4 0.961 2 0.886 5 0.829 8 0.769 6 0.917 3
33 1.000 0 0.727 0 1.000 0 1.000 0 0.968 4 0.911 2 0.761 5 0.958 6 0.972 8 0.813 9 0.844 3 0.978 0
50 0.783 3 0.773 7 0.610 5 0.791 7 0.899 0 0.882 6 0.822 5 0.964 8 0.839 2 0.826 4 0.708 6 0.874 0
67 0.811 7 1.000 0 0.411 6 0.838 5 0.971 0 0.911 4 0.915 4 0.979 1 0.887 8 0.954 7 0.613 9 0.906 2
84 0.798 2 0.865 1 0.469 4 0.812 6 0.958 5 0.905 5 0.912 7 0.975 9 0.874 7 0.885 0 0.654 5 0.890 5
100 0.8003 0.945 0 0.392 2 0.801 9 0.965 7 0.890 7 0.928 7 0.980 7 0.879 1 0.917 4 0.603 6 0.886 9
117 0.777 9 0.886 1 0.407 8 0.776 2 0.960 5 0.873 7 0.930 0 0.979 3 0.864 4 0.879 9 0.615 9 0.871 9
134 0.769 5 0.828 1 0.374 6 0.733 2 0.958 6 0.849 2 0.936 6 0.982 4 0.858 8 0.838 6 0.592 3 0.848 8
150 0.679 2 0.845 0 0.357 3 0.692 7 0.934 5 0.877 5 0.928 7 0.976 3 0.796 7 0.861 1 0.576 0 0.822 5
167 0.621 0 0.935 2 0.267 2 0.647 8 0.901 5 0.878 0 0.955 2 0.973 1 0.748 2 0.906 2 0.505 2 0.794 0
), ArticleFig(id=1204841087010579178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comprehensive evaluation results of acoustic spectrum under different stresses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 评价函数值波动范围
Δf≥+4%f0
+2%f0≤Δf<+4%f0
0≤Δf<+2%f0
合格 -2%f0≤Δf<0
不合格 -4%f0≤Δf<-2%f0
Δf<-4%f0
), ArticleFig(id=1204841087090270955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753461406998588, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同拉应力下钻柱中声波频谱综合评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 评价函数值波动范围
Δf≥+4%f0
+2%f0≤Δf<+4%f0
0≤Δf<+2%f0
合格 -2%f0≤Δf<0
不合格 -4%f0≤Δf<-2%f0
Δf<-4%f0
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基于改进雷达图法的周期性管结构中声波频谱多级评价方法
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闫炎 1, 2 , 韩礼红 1 , 刘永红 2 , 管志川 3 , 王庆 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(2): 521-529
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(2): 521-529
基于改进雷达图法的周期性管结构中声波频谱多级评价方法
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闫炎1, 2 , 韩礼红1, 刘永红2, 管志川3, 王庆4
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油集团工程材料研究院有限公司油气钻采输送装备全国重点实验室, 西安 710077
  • 2 中国石油大学(华东)机电工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 3 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580
  • 4 中国石油集团工程技术研究院有限公司, 北京 102206
  • 闫炎(1993—),男,汉族,辽宁盘锦人,博士后,高级工程师。研究方向:井下系统、信息与控制工程。E-mail:

Multilevel Evaluation Method of Acoustic Frequency Spectrum in Periodic Pipe Structure Based on Improved Radar Chart Method
Yan YAN1, 2 , Li-hong HAN1, Yong-hong LIU2, Zhi-chuan GUAN3, Qing WANG4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi'an 710077, China
  • 2 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 4 CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Co., Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402628
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声波是实现井下信息快速准确传输的重要手段之一,钻杆等周期性管结构的声波频率响应表现出通带与阻带交替出现的梳状滤波特征。为分析实际工况中钻柱信道频谱质量,提出了基于改进雷达图法的声波频谱多级评价方法,利用该方法分析研究了轴向拉应力对管结构中声波频谱特性的影响,并建立了判别标准。实践表明:拉应力的存在对声波频谱及频谱中通带特性影响显著,随拉应力增加,频谱特性评价指标先增后减,存在频谱特性最优的峰值点。该方法能够较为全面地反映不同影响因素对钻柱信道中声波频谱特性的影响,从多角度对频谱特性的畸变程度进行了全面评价,对井下信息声传输技术现场应用过程中应对多因素干扰时的载波频率优选及中继器安装位置设计提供依据。

井下信息  /  声传播  /  频谱特性  /  综合评价  /  雷达图  /  拉应力

Acoustic wave is one of the important means to realize the fast and accurate transmission of downhole information. The drill string serving as information transmission channel has obvious periodic pipe structure characteristics. In order to study the frequency spectrum quality of drill string channel in actual working conditions, a multilevel evaluation method of acoustic frequency spectrum based on improved radar chart was provided. The influence of axial tension stress on the frequency spectrum characteristics of acoustic wave in pipe structure was studied and analyzed by the method, and the criteria for judging the frequency spectrum characteristics were established. Practice shows that, the existence of tensile stress has a significant impact on the acoustic frequency spectrum and passband characteristics. With the increase of tensile stress, the evaluation index of frequency spectrum characteristic increases first and then decreases, and there exists a peak point with the best frequency spectrum characteristic. This method can comprehensively reflect the influence of different factors on the frequency spectrum characteristics of acoustic wave in drill string channel, and comprehensively evaluate the distortion degree of frequency spectrum characteristics from the multiple perspectives. It provides a basis for optimizing carrier frequency and designing the installation position of repeater when dealing with multi-factors interference in the field application of downhole information acoustic transmission technology.

downhole information  /  acoustic propagation  /  frequency spectrum characteristic  /  comprehensive evaluation  /  radar chart  /  tensile stress
闫炎, 韩礼红, 刘永红, 管志川, 王庆. 基于改进雷达图法的周期性管结构中声波频谱多级评价方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 521 -529 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402628
Yan YAN, Li-hong HAN, Yong-hong LIU, Zhi-chuan GUAN, Qing WANG. Multilevel Evaluation Method of Acoustic Frequency Spectrum in Periodic Pipe Structure Based on Improved Radar Chart Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 521 -529 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402628
随着井下工况的日益复杂和水平井、定向井等对井眼轨迹控制精度要求的不断提高,因此以垂直钻井、旋转导向和随钻测井为代表的智能化钻井设备广泛应用。井下信息的准确高速传输是保障复杂工况中多风险共存背景下安全高效钻井作业的关键之一。常规的井下信息传输方式多为无线传输,包括泥浆脉冲传输、电磁波传输和声波传输等。其中,泥浆脉冲传输依靠钻井液脉冲进行信息传输,其传输速率较低,最大仅10 bit/s,且在使用空气或泡沫等特种钻井液时,泥浆脉冲失去了传输介质,难以应用。此外,随着无风险钻井和智能化钻井概念和应用的深入,井下信息的种类和体量越来越大,这就对信息传输的速率提出了更高的要求。
基于此,以声波作为信息载体,利用钻柱作为传输通道的井下信息声波传输技术应运而生。其传输过程不依赖钻井液,不受地层性质的限制,并且具有传输设备结构简单、易于定向发射等优点,有望成为突破上述瓶颈的关键技术[1-3]。目前,部分声波传输系统已经开展了初步的应用,包括哈里伯顿公司研发的油井测试声波传输系统(acoustic telemetry system,ATS)和加拿大XACT公司研制的无线随钻测量系统,最大传输深度和速率可达3 600 m和33 bit/s,展现出良好的应用前景[4]。中国亦开展了相关研究,并取得了重大进展。振动波井下通信技术已在分层注水信息传输中进行了现场测试[5],地层出砂和丛式井防碰等领域也采用与声波传输相关的技术[6]
声波在周期性管结构中传播时,如果声载波频率选取不当,会造成声信号传输质量差、传输距离短甚至中断传输的问题。因此,井下信息的载波频率的选取及频谱中通带位置、宽度、幅值等通带特性决定了钻柱中声载波信号的传输质量与传输距离。前期研究[7]已经揭示,周期性管柱的结合方式、尺寸特性[8]、钻井流体阻尼[9]、地层阻尼[10-11]和噪声[12-13]等因素对声波频谱特性均存在影响,因此,对于实际工况下应用声波来传输井下信息前需要对钻柱中声波频谱通带特性进行评价。
现通过建立不同井下因素对钻柱中声波频谱特性影响的雷达图判别标准,分析实际钻井工况中钻柱中声波频谱特性的分析方法,优化声载波频率范围与声波中继器安装位置,保障信息传输质量,从而促进井下信息声波传输技术的应用。
井下信息声波传输技术是一种以声波作为信息载体,利用钻柱作为传输通道的井下通信技术。其主要实施过程:首先通过信息测量仪器对井下的井斜、方位等井下信息进行测量,再将测得的电信号传输至声信号发生装置,经由声波换能器将电信号转换成声信号传输至钻柱信道向上传输,声波经由钻柱中不同位置的中继器多次接收放大后到达井口,再通过地面的声信号接收端对声波信号进行检测与接收后转换成电信号,并进行信号的处理和分析,实现井下信息的声波传输。
井下声波传输信道主要由多节钻杆和接箍组成的周期性管结构串接而成,周期性钻柱结构理论分析模型如图1所示。结构中钻杆和接箍连接处的界面发生截面积突变,是声波传输过程中的关键位置。
其色散方程[14]
c o s k d = c o s ω d 1 c 1 c o s ω d 2 c 2 - 1 2 z 1 z 2 + z 2 z 1 × s i n ω d 1 c 1 s i n ω d 2 c 2
纵波的波动方程[14]
2 u x 2 = 1 c 2 2 u t 2
式(2)中:t为时间。
位移方程[14]
u = ( u t e j k x + u r e - j k x ) e j ω t
ω = 2 π f
式中:z为声阻抗,z=ρac;d1d2为钻杆和接箍的长度,m;d为结构的周期长度,d=d1+d2,m;a1a2为钻杆和接箍的截面积,m2;ρ1ρ2为密度,kg/m3;c1c2为声速,m/s;ω为角频率,ω=2πf,rad/s;f为频率,Hz;u为声波在钻柱中传输的位移,m;utur分别为入射波和反射波位移的法向分量,m;k为波数。
横截面上的轴向力为
F = - ρ a c 2 u x = - j k ρ a c 2 ( u t e j k x - u r e - j k x ) e j ω t
式(5)中:F为横截面上的轴向力,N;a为截面积,m2;c为纵波声速,m/s;ρ为密度,kg/m3
钻杆和接箍的界面上满足边界条件:位移的法向分量和法向作用力连续。假设钻柱两端为吸收边界,即忽略多重反射的影响,根据基于声透层理论建立的钻柱中声传播的频谱特性分析方程,利用传递矩阵法得出在不同界面处透射及反射系数的关系方程为
t N 0 = M 11 M 12 M 21 M 22 1 r
透射系数表示为
t N = M 11 - M 12 M 21 M 22
式(7)中:r为反射系数。
选用周期性钻柱结构参数(表1)进行计算,得到结果如图2所示。由图2可以看出,由钻杆经接箍串接而成的钻柱信道表现出独特的频谱特性,其频率响应表现为衰减较小的通频带与衰减大的阻频带交替出现的梳状滤波器特征。由该频谱特征可知,钻柱信道中可利用的频谱资源十分有限,频谱范围内虽然存在多个通带,但是通带内幅频特性存在严重起伏,通带内也存在衰减,且不同通带的特性差异明显。由此可见,钻柱信道是一种十分恶劣的无线信道。
从理论上分析只要在频谱中通带范围选择载波,就能实现钻柱信道中的声信号的有效传输。但在实际工况中,钻柱的结合方式、钻柱尺寸、钻柱内应力、钻柱弯曲、钻井液阻尼、噪声等各种钻柱内部及外部条件的变化均会导致信道特性发生变化,主要表现在对不同通带的位置、宽度以及通带内信号幅值的影响。非连续正交频分复用技术(NC-OFDM)是目前研究较为广泛的随钻数据数字调制技术,其基本原理如图3所示,该技术是在频谱中多个不连续的通带内选择载波区间,在每个载波区间内有包含导频信号在内的多个连续子载波。
从该技术原理可以看出利用钻柱传输载波信号的前提是信道频谱中的通带特性保持稳定,但是在现场应该过程中频谱特性受多种因素影响,因此对钻柱中声波频谱特性的评价是一个复杂的过程,需要进行多级、综合评价。
一旦通带的位置、宽度以及通带内信号幅值等通带特性变化会导致信号传输质量下降,严重的甚至中断传输过程。因此,在声传输技术的现场应用过程中,必须根据钻柱所处的实际工况利用测试信号对钻柱信道进行评价,根据评价结果对声载波频率等参数进行优选,同时合理选择中继器安装位置。
综上可知,钻柱信道频域特性是通带和阻带交替出现,声载波频率均从通带内选取,频谱特性是由频谱中的所有通带特性综合决定,因此须对频谱内不同通带特性进行评价后才能对频谱特性进行综合评价。通带特性是由通带内多个指标综合决定,频谱特性是由频谱内多个通带综合决定,因此对通带及频谱特性的评价是一个较为复杂的过程,需要进行多级、综合评价。
传统雷达图法基本原理是,首先根据指标个数n将单位圆平分为n个扇形,然后每个扇形区域作为指标对应域,以扇形半径为轴,将指标量化值标定在指标轴上,连接各点形成一个封闭多边形,即为评估对象的雷达图。最后将由雷达图的面积和周长构造的特征向量作为对象的评估结果[15]
传统雷达图虽直观形象、绘制简单,但是存在明显缺点:①没有考虑到不同评价指标之间的权重差异;②当指标排列不同时,绘制的雷达图形状不同,会导致评价结果的不唯一性。因此,本文研究基于改进了的雷达图进行评价。学者提出了改进的雷达图,其基本原理是,首先根据指标个数n将单位圆分为n个扇形,且以不同扇形的圆心角表示该评价指标所占据的权重,然后以扇形半径为轴,将指标量化值标准化后标定在对应指标轴上,以标定值为半径,以按权重确定的圆心角绘制圆弧得到雷达图,提取雷达图中扇形的面积和周长构造特征向量并进行后续的评价分析[16-18]
特征向量ui表示为ui=[Si Li]。设第i个待评方案雷达图面积为Si,周长为Li,指标个数为k,归一化的第j项指标值为nij,则特征向量提取过程为
S i = j = 1 k 1 k π n i j 2 L i = j = 1 k 2 k π n i j
Si大小表征了评价对象的总体优势的大小,Li的大小表征了评价对象各评价指标变化的均衡性,当面积一定,各指标相等时,圆周长最大,各指标变化最均衡。
根据上述特征向量的特性构造评价向量vi=[vi1 vi2],其定义为
v i 1 = S i S m v i 2 = L i 2 π S i π
式(9)中:Sm=max(S);vi1为面积评价值,其值越大表明评价对象综合水平越高;vi2为周长评价值,其数值越大表明评价对象的各指标变化均衡性越好,且vij∈[0,1]。由此可见,评价向量能同时考虑评价对象的整体变化程度及各指标的变化均衡程度。
根据评价向量采用几何平均数方法构造评价函数f(vi1,vi2),其定义为: f ( v i 1 , v i 2 ) = v i 1 v i 2
根据频谱通带的特性及信号调制原理[19],选取通带下限频率、通带上限频率、通带宽度、通带内峰值、峰值对应频率和通带能量6个指标作为频谱通带特性评价指标,认为上述6个评价指标具有相同权重,即雷达图中各指标轴间夹角均为60°,如图4所示。
其中通带上限与通带下限决定了通带的位置,其稳定性对载波频率选择与通带信号传输质量影响显著;通带宽度决定了载波频率可选频率范围,频分复用等编码方式对通带宽度有较高要求;通带内峰值及峰值对应频率反映通带内最优载波频率特性;通带能量由通带范围内曲线对x轴积分面积表示,通带能量大小决定了通带内信号的传输距离。虽然单项指标能反映出单方面通带特性,但是单项指标的优劣并不能反映通带的整体特性,需要对指标进行综合评价。对频谱中第i通带的评价指标数据标准化过程如下。
(1)通带下限频率。
K i f L = 1 - f i L Z - f i L S f i L S
式(10)中:fiLZ为实时通带下限频率值;fiLS为通带下限频率起始值; K i f L为通带下限频率标准化值。
(2)通带上限频率。
K i f U = 1 + f i U Z - f i U S f i L S
式(11)中:fiUZ为实时通带上限频率值;fiUS为通带上限频率起始值; K i f U为通带上限频率标准化值。
(3)通带宽度。
K i W = 1 + W i Z - W i S W i S
式(12)中:WiZ为实时通带宽度;WiS为通带宽度起始值;KiW为通带下限频率标准化值。
(4)通带内峰值。
K i P = 1 - P i Z - P i S P i S
式(13)中:PiZ为实时通带内峰值;PiS为通带内峰值起始值;KiP为通带内峰值标准化值。
(5)峰值对应频率。
K i f P = 1 - f i P Z - f i P S f i P S
式(14)中:fiPZ为实时通带内峰值对应频率;fiPS为通带峰值对应频率起始值; K i f P为通带内峰值对应频率标准化值。
(6)通带能量。
K i E = 1 + E i Z - E i S E i S
式(15)中:EiZ为实时通带能量;EiS为通带能量起始值;KiE为通带能量标准化值。
定义通带评价值为上述通带评价指标计算得到的评价函数值。如表1所示,假设频谱范围存在的n个通带,将n个通带特性值作为评价频谱特性的n个指标,且根据起始的各个通带的通带能量占比确定其权重值,依据权重值计算指标轴圆心角。其标准化过程为
K i = 1 + f i Z - f i S f i S
式(16)中:fiZ为实时第i个通带的评价函数值;fiS为第i个通带起始评价函数值;Ki为第i个通带评价函数值的标准化值。
基于改进雷达图的声波频谱特性多级评价方法流程如图5所示,首先获取钻柱中声波信号的时域数据,经过傅里叶变换得到声波频谱,通过确定频谱中的噪声幅值限进行通带划分,确定通带的数量,进而对各个通带的评价指标进行提取并进行数据的标准化处理,根据标准化处理的通带评价指标数据绘制改进的雷达图,根据雷达图计算各通带评价函数值来表征各通带的特性。根据得到各通带评价函数值一方面对各通带特性进行评价,另一方面提取频谱评价指标并进行数据标准化处理,根据标准化处理的频谱评价指标数据绘制改进的雷达图,根据雷达图计算频谱评价函数值来表征频谱特性,最后对频谱特性进行综合评价。
现场测试表明,钻柱受到的源于自重的轴向拉应力对声传播特性影响显著,据此,本文研究建立轴向拉应力对钻柱中声传播特性影响的试验装置。通过试验得到不同拉应力下的时域数据,采用雷达图评价方法对不同拉应力条件下钻柱中声传播特性进行评价。
图6所示为无应力状态及最大应力状态下的声波频谱对比,可见频谱范围内存在3个主要通带,不同拉应力下的通带评价指标(三级指标)标准化数据如表2所示。
利用改进雷达图法对表2中数据进行多级的特征向量、评价向量以及评价函数值的计算。其中三级评价过程是利用通带评价指标通过改进雷达图法计算各通带的评价向量及评价函数值,如图7(a)所示。二级评价过程是根据通带评价函数值提取频谱特性指标,标准化指标值如表3所示,并通过改进雷达图法计算频谱的评价向量及评价函数值。计算结果如表4所示。
表4可以看出:① 轴向应力对钻柱中声波频谱特性及频谱中通带特性存在显著影响;② 随应力增加,各通带特性评价指标的变化程度基本一致,第一通带特性在应力增加初期有明显降低,后期在波动中下降,第二通带特性在应力增加初期有明显增强,后期基本保持稳定,第三通带特性在应力增加初期有显著增强后急剧下降后保持稳定;③ 随拉应力增加,频谱特性评价指标变化程度基本一致,频谱特性先增后减,在33 MPa应力下频谱特性最强;④ 频谱特性的稳定程度决定了钻柱中声信题,号传输质量,因此根据评价结果按照评价函数值的波动程度对不同应力下的频谱特性进行分级,结果如表5所示。在现场应用时,该分级结果可以指导载波频率及中继器安装位置的选择,从而降低钻柱中应力对声信号带来的不利影响。
分析了周期性管结构中声波频谱特性及存在问指出了实际工况中频谱特性易受干扰是制约声波信号传输距离与传输质量的关键问题,从而建立了基于改进雷达图法的周期性管结构中声波频谱特性多级评价方法,并实例分析了不同轴向应力钻柱中声波频谱特性,建立了钻柱中声波频谱特性的雷达图法评价标准。
(1)井下信息声传输技术所利用的钻柱信道是一种十分恶劣的无线信道,其频率响应表现出通带与阻带交替出现的梳状滤波器特性,该信道特性易受实际工况中不同因素影响。对不同因素影响下的钻柱中声波频谱特性进行评价是保证信道质量的必要前提。
(2)本文研究建立的基于改进雷达图法的钻柱中声波频谱多级评价方法,选取上限频率、下限频率、带宽、峰值、峰值对应频率和能量作为通带评价指标,继而通过改进雷达图法对通带特性及频谱特性进行了三级评价,并通过评价结果建立了声波频谱特性的雷达图法评价标准。
(3)实例分析了不同轴向应力钻柱中声波频谱特性,发现不同应力条件下的声波频谱特性存在明显差异,并且随应力变化,频谱中各通带特性的变化程度亦存在差异。
(4)可以通过建立的声波频谱特性的雷达图法评价标准指导实际应用时的载波频率及中继器安装位置选择,从而降低井下各因素对钻柱中声信号带来的不利影响。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3711700)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划青年项目(2024JC-YBQN-0522)
  • 页岩气评价与开采四川省重点实验室资助项目(YSK2023004)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402628
  • 接收时间:2024-04-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-11
  • 修回日期:2024-11-06
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3711700)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划青年项目(2024JC-YBQN-0522)
页岩气评价与开采四川省重点实验室资助项目(YSK2023004)
作者信息
    1 中国石油集团工程材料研究院有限公司油气钻采输送装备全国重点实验室, 西安 710077
    2 中国石油大学(华东)机电工程学院, 青岛 266580
    3 中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院, 青岛 266580
    4 中国石油集团工程技术研究院有限公司, 北京 102206
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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