Article(id=1203753460874321961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714233600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-28, revisedDate=1730908800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789730, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789730, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=582, endPage=591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753461566382149, articleId=1203753460874321961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Flow Field Analysis in Motorcycle Engine Cooling Water Jacket and Its Structure Optimization, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An analysis was conducted on the circulating flow process of coolant in the cooling water jacket of motorcycle single cylinder engines, twin cylinder engines, and four cylinder engines. The analysis of coolant flow velocity and water jacket wall heat transfer coefficient were conducted. Based on the analysis of the circulating flow path of coolant, the optimization of the cooling water jacket structure was studied. The results show that the coolant flow rate on the exhaust side and nose bridge area of a single cylinder engine is relatively low, and there is a zero flow rate area in the nose bridge area. The distribution of coolant flow rate in the two cylinders of a twin cylinder engine is uneven, and the coolant flow rate in the middle area of the connection between the two cylinders is relatively low. There is also an issue of uneven coolant flow rate in each cylinder of a four cylinder engine. By analyzing the flow path of coolant circulation, the flow direction and function of the coolant on the water holes on each cylinder gasket are clarified. Based on the design criteria that require key cooling in high-temperature areas, the layout of the water holes on the cylinder gasket and the local flow area of the water jacket are optimized for three types of engine cooling water jackets. After optimization, the coolant flow rate in the high-temperature areas such as the exhaust side and nose bridge area of the three types of engine cooling water jackets reached the requirement of not less than 1.5 m/s, and the difference in coolant flow rate between each cylinder is reduced. Through engine thermal balance verification, the optimization of the cooling water jacket structure for three types of engines can effectively reduce the temperature of the cylinder head spark plug gasket and reduce the temperature difference between the spark plug gaskets of each cylinder, verifying the effectiveness of the water jacket structure optimization design.

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对摩托车单缸发动机、双缸发动机及四缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液循环流动过程进行了分析,研究了水套内冷却液流速及水套壁面换热系数分布,基于冷却液循环流动路径分析进行了冷却水套结构优化。结果表明:单缸发动机排气侧及鼻梁区冷却液流速较低,鼻梁区存在零流速区域;双缸发动机两缸冷却液流速分布不均匀,两缸间衔接处中间区域冷却液流速较低;四缸发动机各缸也存在冷却液流速不均匀的问题。通过冷却液循环流动路径分析明确了各缸垫上水孔冷却液的流动方向及其作用,结合高温区域需重点冷却的设计准则对3种类型发动机冷却水套的缸垫上水孔布局、水套局部流通面积进行了优化,优化后3种类型发动机冷却水套排气侧及鼻梁区等高温区域的冷却液流速都达到流速不低于1.5 m/s的要求,各缸冷却液流速差异减小。经发动机热平衡验证,3种类型发动机冷却水套结构优化都可有效降低缸头火花塞垫片温度及减小各缸火花塞垫片温度的差异,验证了水套结构优化方案的有效性。

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* 袁越锦(1975—),男,汉族,湖南汉寿人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:热能利用与干燥技术。E-mail:
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谭礼斌(1991—),男,重庆人,博士,讲师。研究方向:热能工程及流体力学。E-mail:

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keyword=冷却水套), Keyword(id=1203787159577801573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=冷却液流速), Keyword(id=1203787159674270573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=结构优化)], refs=[Reference(id=1203787166657786064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=11, pageStart=27, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=赖晨光, 唐琳, 谭礼斌, journalName=重庆理工大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=赖晨光, 唐琳, 谭礼斌, 等. 某摩托车流场数值模拟及结构优化[J]. 重庆理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 35(11): 27-34., articleTitle=某摩托车流场数值模拟及结构优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203787166745866453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, 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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(16): 6897-6907., articleTitle=Cooling system analysis and resistance component selection design of a 40 kW generator unit, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203787166439682244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, awardId=51876109, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51876109), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203787156759229086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787156767617695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, companyId=1203787156759229086, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787156776006304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, companyId=1203787156759229086, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 陕西科技大学机电工程学院, 西安 710021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1203787156918612652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787156922806957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, companyId=1203787156918612652, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 643020, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787156927001262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, companyId=1203787156918612652, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 643020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203787159963677576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Introduction diagram of motorcycles and power sources components, figureFileSmall=qyPNJe4bLW374D8uo67ELg==, figureFileBig=c5puDIiT/Q8exh1cEVHWxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160102089615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=摩托车及其动力源部件的简介图, figureFileSmall=qyPNJe4bLW374D8uo67ELg==, figureFileBig=c5puDIiT/Q8exh1cEVHWxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160261473180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Circulating flow path of coolant in the engine cooling system, figureFileSmall=CpV+xq/eoT9DLjF5OqH4FA==, figureFileBig=ydpGDQ32D0H4NHiZLOzMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160429245348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=发动机冷却系统的冷却液循环流动路径, figureFileSmall=CpV+xq/eoT9DLjF5OqH4FA==, figureFileBig=ydpGDQ32D0H4NHiZLOzMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160601211821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Physical model of motorcycle engine cooling water jackets, figureFileSmall=+NzISSWCBKhTE86LhdNwHA==, figureFileBig=anY11jU0wkmiD/7TaRCBKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160714458035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=摩托车发动机冷却水套物理模型

Pout为出口测点的压力;Tout为出口测点的温度;Gasket Holes为缸垫过水孔;Block water Jacket为缸体水套

, figureFileSmall=+NzISSWCBKhTE86LhdNwHA==, figureFileBig=anY11jU0wkmiD/7TaRCBKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160823509949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Mesh models for motorcycle engine cooling water jackets, figureFileSmall=SaNLqRaxqGQCavtgQC1blA==, figureFileBig=CvVLfsIrQUZRVUFxv9c36A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787160982893512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=摩托车发动机冷却水套网格模型, figureFileSmall=SaNLqRaxqGQCavtgQC1blA==, figureFileBig=CvVLfsIrQUZRVUFxv9c36A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161117111245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Grid independence test results, figureFileSmall=6ziuamua/mUoyso+HTYc2g==, figureFileBig=3YikjeaQ8rBSACu7hyB/pw==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Coolant streamline distribution of single-cylinder engine water jacket, figureFileSmall=Ws1q4oGyjNuin+sprho9uQ==, figureFileBig=yoHKrg5IRYUhhn9DumnpJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161712702457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液流线分布, figureFileSmall=Ws1q4oGyjNuin+sprho9uQ==, figureFileBig=yoHKrg5IRYUhhn9DumnpJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161834337278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Coolant streamline distribution of two-cylinder cooling water jacket, figureFileSmall=xVybJRSNA2WuOCqvpfeCvw==, figureFileBig=75On++yhdw5k+/iZiNyXfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787162006302726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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ArticleFig(id=1203787165990891695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同发动机转速下四缸发动机缸头火花塞垫片温度对比, figureFileSmall=XKO82bt9YAZ589+uKefrbQ==, figureFileBig=qUkD+8+GZA8beECT1/Fq2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787166087360694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The basic parameters for the three type engines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 单缸发动
机参数
双缸发动
机参数
四缸发动
机参数
发动机类型 单缸直列式 双缸直列式 四缸直列式
排量/mL 300 500 660
冷却方式 水冷 水冷 水冷
缸径/mm 78 68 67
行程/mm 61.2 68 47
压缩比 11 11.5 11.6
最大功率/
(kW·r-1·min-1)
20 / 8 500 30 /10 000 66 /10 000
最大扭矩/
[(N·m)·r-1·min-1]
25 / 7 000 40/ 8 500 62/9 000
), ArticleFig(id=1203787166213189819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460874321961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3款发动机的基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 单缸发动
机参数
双缸发动
机参数
四缸发动
机参数
发动机类型 单缸直列式 双缸直列式 四缸直列式
排量/mL 300 500 660
冷却方式 水冷 水冷 水冷
缸径/mm 78 68 67
行程/mm 61.2 68 47
压缩比 11 11.5 11.6
最大功率/
(kW·r-1·min-1)
20 / 8 500 30 /10 000 66 /10 000
最大扭矩/
[(N·m)·r-1·min-1]
25 / 7 000 40/ 8 500 62/9 000
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摩托车发动机冷却水套流场分析及水套结构优化
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谭礼斌 1, 2 , 袁越锦 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(2): 582-591
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(2): 582-591
摩托车发动机冷却水套流场分析及水套结构优化
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谭礼斌1, 2 , 袁越锦1
作者信息
  • 1 陕西科技大学机电工程学院, 西安 710021
  • 2 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 643020
  • 谭礼斌(1991—),男,重庆人,博士,讲师。研究方向:热能工程及流体力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 袁越锦(1975—),男,汉族,湖南汉寿人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:热能利用与干燥技术。E-mail:
Flow Field Analysis in Motorcycle Engine Cooling Water Jacket and Its Structure Optimization
Li-bin TAN1, 2 , Yue-jin YUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 643020, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403170
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对摩托车单缸发动机、双缸发动机及四缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液循环流动过程进行了分析,研究了水套内冷却液流速及水套壁面换热系数分布,基于冷却液循环流动路径分析进行了冷却水套结构优化。结果表明:单缸发动机排气侧及鼻梁区冷却液流速较低,鼻梁区存在零流速区域;双缸发动机两缸冷却液流速分布不均匀,两缸间衔接处中间区域冷却液流速较低;四缸发动机各缸也存在冷却液流速不均匀的问题。通过冷却液循环流动路径分析明确了各缸垫上水孔冷却液的流动方向及其作用,结合高温区域需重点冷却的设计准则对3种类型发动机冷却水套的缸垫上水孔布局、水套局部流通面积进行了优化,优化后3种类型发动机冷却水套排气侧及鼻梁区等高温区域的冷却液流速都达到流速不低于1.5 m/s的要求,各缸冷却液流速差异减小。经发动机热平衡验证,3种类型发动机冷却水套结构优化都可有效降低缸头火花塞垫片温度及减小各缸火花塞垫片温度的差异,验证了水套结构优化方案的有效性。

摩托车发动机  /  冷却水套  /  冷却液流速  /  结构优化

An analysis was conducted on the circulating flow process of coolant in the cooling water jacket of motorcycle single cylinder engines, twin cylinder engines, and four cylinder engines. The analysis of coolant flow velocity and water jacket wall heat transfer coefficient were conducted. Based on the analysis of the circulating flow path of coolant, the optimization of the cooling water jacket structure was studied. The results show that the coolant flow rate on the exhaust side and nose bridge area of a single cylinder engine is relatively low, and there is a zero flow rate area in the nose bridge area. The distribution of coolant flow rate in the two cylinders of a twin cylinder engine is uneven, and the coolant flow rate in the middle area of the connection between the two cylinders is relatively low. There is also an issue of uneven coolant flow rate in each cylinder of a four cylinder engine. By analyzing the flow path of coolant circulation, the flow direction and function of the coolant on the water holes on each cylinder gasket are clarified. Based on the design criteria that require key cooling in high-temperature areas, the layout of the water holes on the cylinder gasket and the local flow area of the water jacket are optimized for three types of engine cooling water jackets. After optimization, the coolant flow rate in the high-temperature areas such as the exhaust side and nose bridge area of the three types of engine cooling water jackets reached the requirement of not less than 1.5 m/s, and the difference in coolant flow rate between each cylinder is reduced. Through engine thermal balance verification, the optimization of the cooling water jacket structure for three types of engines can effectively reduce the temperature of the cylinder head spark plug gasket and reduce the temperature difference between the spark plug gaskets of each cylinder, verifying the effectiveness of the water jacket structure optimization design.

motorcycle engine  /  cooling water jacket  /  coolant flow velocity  /  structural optimization
谭礼斌, 袁越锦. 摩托车发动机冷却水套流场分析及水套结构优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 582 -591 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403170
Li-bin TAN, Yue-jin YUAN. Flow Field Analysis in Motorcycle Engine Cooling Water Jacket and Its Structure Optimization[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 582 -591 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403170
随着社会与科技的发展,人们也越来越追求高性能高动力性的摩托车[1]。摩托车高动力性主要来源于发动机的性能表现。冷却水套作为发动机冷却系统中重要部件之一,其冷却性能对发动机工作性能密切相关。目前,相关学者针对摩托车发动机冷却水套流场及温度场开展了一定的研究。如He等[2]研究了6缸四冲程水冷柴油发动机冷却水套内的冷却液分布特性并开展了流场优化研究,提出了解决流动死区的水套结构优化方案。Gholinia等[3]分析了16缸重型柴油机冷却水套中的传热系数(heat transfer coefficient,HTC)分布,并研究了冷却液沸腾过程对传热特性的影响。Yang等[4]对带水套的排气歧管进行了传热分析,表明流量分布与传热显著相关。Lien等[5]采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)研究了400cc四冲程单缸冷却水套内冷却液流动,并制作了透明水套模型样机验证仿真模型的可靠性。胡在双[6]对摩托车发动机冷却水套进行了流场评估及优化,提升了摩托车冷却系统的冷却性能。Lu等[7]采用一维和三维联合模拟的方法研究了分离冷却水套流量分配及压力分布情况,并结合热管理控制策略实现了发动机最佳工作温度的控制。韦韬[8]采用CFD数值模拟技术对拖拉机冷却系统进行了分析,获得冷却液流速、压力及传热系数分布,并通过提升冷却液流速达到了改善冷却系统散热性能的目的。侯献军等[9]对农用车发动机及散热器建立了系统耦合模型并开展了三维冷却系统工作过程的模拟分析,确定了水泵工作流量下散热器的工作性能及发动机燃烧室的最高温度。刘明健等[10]对冷却水套关键区域的流动及换热系数分布进行了分析,并对水套阻力和零流速区域开展了优化研究,改善了水套流动均匀性。冷却水套内冷却液流速及温度分析常用的方法是CFD三维流场数值模拟,与1D模拟和实验研究相比,冷却水套流场三维模拟可以获得更详细的冷却液流速信息,并可依据流场分析结果快速提出结构优化方案,为冷却水套性能评估及结构优化提供理论依据[11-15]
上述研究的局限性在于仅是通过冷却液流速分布、流量分配来进行水套结构的优化设计,较难快速获取发动机水套冷却性能提升的结构优化方案。为解决该问题,现以典型的摩托车单缸发动机、双缸发动机及四缸发动机为研究对象,开展冷却水套流场分析,提出基于冷却液流动路径分析的水套结构优化方法,对该3种类型发动机冷却水套结构进行优化并提出结构优化方案,改善冷却液流速分布及流速均匀性,提升冷却水套整体的冷却性能。研究结果可为摩托车发动机冷却水套冷却性能评估及优化提供理论依据。
图1为摩托车及其动力的简介图。摩托车主流产品分为燃油摩托车和电动摩托车。目前,市场上燃油摩托车的发动机类型以单缸发动机、双缸发动机、四缸发动机为主,也有少量摩托车采用六缸发动机。不同类型发动机工作时产生的热量不同。单缸发动机发热量与功率的比值为0.3~0.35;双缸发动机发热量与功率的比值为0.4~0.5;四缸发动机发热量与功率的比值为0.45~0.55。因此,为满足摩托车动力系统的冷却,不同类型的发动机需要不同的冷却系统布局和不同大小的冷却系统流量。
图2为发动机冷却系统的冷却液循环流动路径。冷却液从水泵出水口流出后进入缸体水套、缸头水套,冷却液在冷却水套内部循环流动后,再从冷却水套出口进入节温器。节温器作为一种自动调温装置,根据系统水温高低调节流入散热器内冷却液流量的大小。当系统内水温低于主阀门开启温度时,主阀门处于完全关闭的状态,冷却液从节温器的另一出口流出进入油水交换器,在油水交换器内循环流动后流回水泵。当系统内水温逐渐升高至节温器主阀门开启温度,节温器主阀门开启,冷却液流入散热器,在散热器内部循环流动后流回水泵。冷却液在缸体水套、缸头水套中循环流动时,与发动机缸头及缸体等高温部件进行热量交换,实现对发动机缸头和缸体的冷却。因此,冷却水套内冷却液流速分布及其流速均匀性对发动机的冷却至关重要。
为全面评估摩托车发动机冷却水套内流速分布规律及建立摩托车发动机冷却水套结构优化方法,本文选取燃油摩托车常用的单缸发动机、双缸发动机及四缸发动机3种类型为研究对象,开展冷却水套流场分析及结构优化研究。表1为该三款发动机的基本参数。图3为3种类型摩托车发动机冷却水套的物理模型。图4为3种类型摩托车发动机冷却水套计算域的网格模型。网格都采用多面体网格和边界层网格进行划分,网格数量分别为400×104、350×104、400×104
发动机冷却水套内部的流动介质为冷却液,冷却液为质量分数50%的水和质量分数50%的乙二醇的混合溶液。冷却液介质95 ℃时的密度为1 027 kg/m3,动力黏度为7.6×10-4 Pa·s内。发动机内部冷却液的流动状态为湍流。建立摩托车发动机冷却水套内部冷却液流动控制方程时,做出如下假设:①冷却液流速较低,视为不可压缩流体,冷却液密度为常数,不随时间及介质温度变化;②冷却液流动状态为稳定的湍流,只模拟稳定工况。
基于上述模型假设,可建立冷却液流动控制方程为
u x + v y + w z = 0
d i v ( ρ u U ) = d i v ( μ g r a d u ) - p x + S u
d i v ( ρ v U ) = d i v ( μ g r a d v ) - p y + S v
d i v ( ρ w U ) = d i v ( μ g r a d w ) - p z + S w
c p ρ u T x + v T y + w T z = λ 2 T x 2 + 2 T y 2 + 2 T z 2 + μ φ d
式中:uvz分别为xyz方向的速度分量,m/s; U为速度矢量,m/s;ρ为冷却液的密度,kg/m3;SuSvSw分别为动量守恒方程中xyz方向上的广义源项;μ为冷却液的动力黏度,Pa·s;p为流体微元体上的压力,Pa;λ为冷却液的换热系数,W/(m2·K);Cp为冷却液的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);T为冷却液的温度,K;φd为能量耗散项,流速不高时一般可以忽略。
开展摩托车发动机冷却水套内部冷却液流动过程分析时选择Realizable k-ε湍流模型来模拟冷却液的湍流流动。对于不可压缩流体,Realizable k-ε湍流模型中的k方程和ε方程为
ρ ( u i k ) x i = x j μ + μ t P r k k x j + P k - ρ ε
ρ ( u i ε ) x i = x j μ + μ t P r ε ε x j + ρ C 1 S ε - ρ C 2 ε 2 k + v ε
式中:k为湍动能,m2/s2;ε为湍流耗散率,m2/s3; x ii方向的坐标分量,m; x jj方向的坐标分量,m; u ii方向的速度分量,m/s; μ t为湍流黏滞系数,Pa·s;Pk为速度梯度产生的湍动能项; P r k为与湍动能k对应的湍流普朗特数; P r ε为与湍流耗散率ε对应的湍流普朗特数; C 1 C 2为经验系数。
冷却水套入口边界为质量流量入口,质量流量根据体积流量换算而得;出口边界为压力出口,压力值为0,壁面为无滑移壁面边界。为获得冷却水套壁面换热系数分布,对缸头、缸体及缸垫上水孔的壁面设置固定的温度,分别为120、110、100 ℃,冷却介质温度为95 ℃。3种类型发动机冷却水套的入口流量边界如下:①单缸发动机冷却水套:15、25、35 L/min;②双缸发动机冷却水套:30 L/min;③四缸发动机冷却水套:90 L/min。
图5为网格无关性验证结果。随着网格数量的增加,压降值先逐渐增大后趋于稳定值。单缸发动机冷却水套网格数量4×106及以上、双缸发动机冷却水套网格数量3.5×106以及上、四缸发动机冷却水套网格数量4×106及以上都可获得与网格无关的预测值。
图6为单缸发动机冷却水套压降模拟值与实验值对比。冷却水套压降模拟值与实验值的变化趋势一致,最大相对误差为7.9%。表明建立的冷却水套流场CFD仿真模型是有效的。双缸发动机冷却水套、四缸发动机冷却水套的计算域模型及网格模型构建方法与单缸发动机冷却水套一致,可说明本文构建的3款发动机冷却水套流场CFD分析模型是可靠的。
图7~图9分别为单缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液流线分布、双缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液流线分布、四缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液流线分布。单缸发动机冷却水套中流经缸垫上水孔3、缸垫上水孔4、缸垫上水孔5的冷却液直接从冷却水套出口流出。同时,该单缸发动机缸头排气鼻梁区冷却液流速较低且存在零流速区域。鼻梁区的冷却液平均流速约为0.7 m/s,低于1.5 m/s的冷却液流速设计要求。图8中的冷却液流速分布中不存在明显的零流速区域,两缸衔接处区域的冷却液流速略低。左缸、右缸的排气侧区域及鼻梁区域的冷却液流速存在较大差异,易导致两缸冷却不均匀,从而导致两缸的缸头火花塞垫片温度存在较大的差异。图9中气缸1、气缸2、气缸3和气缸4的冷却液流速分布不均匀。1缸鼻梁区域冷却液平均流速和4缸鼻梁区域冷却液平均流速达到了1.5 m/s,2缸鼻梁区域冷却液平均流速和3缸鼻梁区域冷却液平均流速约为1 m/s。冷却液流速不均匀将导致发动机4个气缸头火花塞垫片处温度(气缸温度)的显著差异。综上,为提升发动机冷却效果,该3款发动机冷却水套结构都需要优化,以提升高温区域冷却液流速、减小多缸机冷却液流速不均匀性及提升冷却液利用率。
为研究冷却液在冷却水套内流动情况,对每个缸垫上水孔的冷却液流动路径进行分析,并结合高温区域冷却液流速设计准则和冷却液流动路径分析结果对缸垫上水孔布局进行优化,实现对冷却液流动过程的调控。通过缸垫上水孔冷却液流动路径分析来优化缸垫上水孔布局的方法称为以流动路径分析调整上水孔布局的水套结构优化方法。图10为单缸发动机冷却水套的缸垫上水孔优化前后对比和缸头水套优化方案。各缸垫上水孔的流动路径分析及对应的优化点如下。
(1)删除上水孔5,上水孔3和上水孔4的流通面积分别调整为20 mm2和7 mm2,且形状从条形孔更改为圆形孔。调整上水孔3、4、5的目的是减少从出口直接流失的冷却液量。
(2)上水孔6和上水孔7主要用于冷却缸头水套进气侧下鼻梁区、上鼻梁区。发动机进气侧区域温度较低,不需较多冷却液进行冷却。因此,上水孔6和上水孔7的流通面积从初始的86 mm2减小到44 mm2
(3)上水孔1、2、8主要用于冷却缸头水套排气侧区域,流通面积保持86 mm2不变。
(4)对缸头水套鼻梁区尖锐突出区域进行削除,减少零流速区域的面积。
图11为缸垫上水孔的质量流量分布对比。优化后,上水孔1、2、7、8的冷却液流量明显增加,表明更多的冷却液流向缸头水套排气侧及鼻梁区域,有利于高温区域冷却。不同冷却液流量工况下,缸垫上水孔的质量流量分布趋势是一致的,表明冷却液在冷却水套内部的流动路径不会受流量工况变化的影响。
图12为单缸发动机冷却水套换热系数、平均换热系数及平均流速对比。在15、25、35 L/min流量工况下,原水套的壁面换热系数达到5 000 W/(m2·K)的区域面积较小。冷却水套工程设计中要求排气侧及鼻梁区等热负荷高的区域的换热系数分布要比较均匀,换热系数应不低于5 000 W/(m2·K)。水套结构优化后,冷却液流量15、25、35 L/min时水套换热系数分别提升了204%、206%、207%,平均换热系数得到了明显的改善,高热负荷区域的传热系数都达到5 000 W/(m2·K)。优化后的水套平均换热系数及各区域的平均流速在3种流量工况下都显著提高,表明该冷却水套的优化方案是有效的。
采用单缸发动机冷却水套结构优化中提出的以冷却液流动路径分析调整上水孔布局的水套结构优化方法对双缸发动机冷却水套、四缸发动机冷却水套结构进行了优化。图13为双缸发动机冷却水套上水孔布局方案对比。主要优化点如下。
(1)删除了原上水孔8,降低冷却液的流失率。
(2)上水孔布局优化方案中增加上水孔8、上水孔9,主要是通过上水孔8增加流入两缸连接处的冷却液流量,改善两缸冷却水套衔接处中间区域的冷却。增加上水孔9的目的是补偿排气侧下鼻梁区的流动。
(3)原水套上水孔1和上水孔2的流通面积减小20 mm2。目的是调整冷却液流动路径,让更多冷却液在缸体水套环绕一圈后从上水孔3流向缸头上鼻梁区,既有利于提升缸体水套冷却液流速,也能保证较多冷却液能流向缸头水套上鼻梁区,改善高温区域的冷却。
图14为四缸发动机冷却水套结构优化方案。主要优化点如下。
(1)调整了冷却液从气缸头水套进口流向气缸头鼻梁区域的3条通道的流通面积。
(2)缸头水套排气侧的下鼻梁区域增加了3个节流缺口,减少流入该区域的冷却液流量,允许更多的冷却液流向气缸头的上鼻梁区域,确保高温区域的冷却。
(3)缸体水套对称增加导流缺口,作用是整流减阻,提升缸体水套上部区域的流速。
图15为双缸发动机冷却水套优化后的冷却液流线分布。缸垫上水孔布局优化后,两缸冷却液流速均匀性得到明显改善,两缸间衔接处区域的冷却液流速也略有提升,说明该双缸发动机冷却水套结构优化方案可实现两缸间的均匀冷却。
图16为四缸发动机冷却水套结构优化后各截面的冷却液流速分布。优化后,缸体水套排气侧区域冷却液平均流速达到了1.5 m/s,满足冷却液流速设计要求;缸头水套各缸鼻梁区冷却液平均流速也都达到了1.5 m/s,冷却液流速均匀性得到明显改善,有利于实现各缸的均匀冷却。
为验证发动机冷却水套结构优化方案的有效性,对优化后的水套进行了样件制作并开展了发动机台架热平衡试验,测量不同发动机转速下的缸头火花塞垫片温度。图17为不同发动机转速下的单缸发动机缸头火花塞垫片处温度对比曲线。水套结构优化后,缸头火花塞垫片温度明显降低。发动机转速8 000 r/min时,水套优化结构下的火花塞垫片温度比水套原结构下的火花塞垫片温度降低了16 ℃,温度降幅为10.4%。
图18为双缸发动机冷却水套左缸火花塞垫片温度与右缸火花塞垫片温度差值对比。冷却水套原结构的左缸火花塞垫片温度与右缸火花塞垫片温度差值为6.5 ℃;冷却水套结构优化后,左缸火花塞垫片温度和右缸火花塞垫片温度差值降至2.5 ℃。两缸的缸头火花塞垫片温度差异减小,说明发动机左缸和右缸的冷却均匀性有所提升。
图19为不同发动机转速下四缸发动机各缸缸头火花塞垫片温度对比。4缸温度最高,其余3个缸的温度差异较小。4缸温度最高的原因是冷却液流速分布中4缸鼻梁区的冷却液流速最小。相同发动机转速下,缸温最大值与缸温最小值间的差异低于10 ℃。1缸、2缸、3缸、4缸的缸头火花塞垫片在极限工况下的最高温度为213 ℃。
对单缸发动机冷却水套、双缸发动机冷却水套及四缸发动机冷却水套内冷却液流动特性进行了分析,确定了单缸发动机冷却水套存在排气侧及鼻梁区冷却液流速较低、双缸发动机冷却水套存在两缸冷却液流速分布不均匀且两缸间衔接处冷却液流速较低、四缸发动机各缸鼻梁区冷却液流速存在较大差异的问题。通过水套结构优化使单缸发动机冷却水套排气侧及鼻梁区的冷却液流速满足流速不低于1.5 m/s的设计准则,形成了基于冷却液流动路径分析的水套结构优化方法。基于该方法对双缸发动机及四缸发动机冷却水套进行了优化,确定了其结构优化方案。优化后双缸发动机冷却水套及四缸发动机冷却水套各缸的冷却液流速均匀性得到明显改善。经发动机热平衡实验验证,3种类型冷却水套结构的优化方案都是有效的,可有效降低缸头火花塞垫片温度及各缸火花塞垫片温度的差异。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51876109)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403170
  • 接收时间:2024-04-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-07
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国家自然科学基金(51876109)
作者信息
    1 陕西科技大学机电工程学院, 西安 710021
    2 四川轻化工大学机械工程学院, 宜宾 643020

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* 袁越锦(1975—),男,汉族,湖南汉寿人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:热能利用与干燥技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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