Article(id=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789721, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789721, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789721, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789721, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=542, endPage=552, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462652711503, articleId=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Visualization Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery by the Synergy of Cations and Surfactants, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The enhancement of oil recovery by altering the salinity and ion composition of injected water has become a focal point of numerous studies. However, there is relatively less attention given to techniques combining surfactants with the quality injected water. To investigate the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on recovery efficiency, micro-scale displacement experiments were conducted to simulate the displacement process, along with experiments measuring interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus at the oil-water interface. Results from the micro-scale displacement experiments show that 10 000 mg/L NaCl solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2 solution exhibite the best oil recovery efficiencies, reaching 64.51% and 59.27% respectively. After adding surfactants, the efficiency improved further with 10 000 mg/L NaCl +0.2% dodecyl dimethyl ammonium betaine solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2% hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution achieving the highest recovery rates at 87.28% and 80.92% respectively. Results from the interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus experiments indicated that when anionic and nonionic surfactants were added to NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, the interfacial tension reached the magnitude of 10-1 (m·N)/m. However, with the addition of amphoteric and cationic surfactants, the interfacial tension decreased to the magnitude of 10-2~10-3 (m·N)/m, accompanied by a significant decrease in viscoelasticity modulus. This study explores the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on the displacement process, considering factors such as interfacial tension, viscoelasticity modulus, and wettability, and microscale oil displacement behaviors thus providing a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between multiple factors and recovery efficiency.

, correspAuthors=Ya-fei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fen HE, Ya-fei LIU, Wen-jing FANG, Chen-yue LING, Yan-jun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753467593601112, articleId=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=阳离子协同表面活性剂提高采收率可视化实验, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过改变注入水矿化度和离子组成提高石油采收率已经成为许多研究的焦点。然而,针对表面活性剂和注入水水质相结合的提高采收率技术相对较少。因此通过微模型模拟驱替过程进行微观驱油实验,结合油水间界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验研究不同阳离子和表面活性剂协同作用对采收率的影响。微观驱油实验结果表明:10 000 mg/L NaCl溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2溶液的驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到64.51%和59.27%;加入表面活性剂后,10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2%十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到了87.28%和80.92%。界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验结果表明:NaCl溶液和CaCl2溶液加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂后,界面张力在10-1(m·N)/m数量级,而加入两性离子和阳离子表面活性剂后,界面张力下降至10-2~10-3(m·N)/m数量级,黏弹性模量也出现大幅度下降。最终从油水界面张力、黏弹性模量以及润湿性以及微观驱油过程综合探讨不同阳离子协同表面活性剂对驱油过程的影响机理,综合分析多因素与采收率之间的关系。

, correspAuthors=刘娅菲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘娅菲(1990—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:提高采收率、微流控技术应用、界面现象、微观渗流。E-mail:
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何芬(2000—),女,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:提高采收率。E-mail:

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何芬(2000—),女,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:提高采收率。E-mail:

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1为驱替泵;2为微流控芯片;3为高速摄像机;4为倒置显微镜;5为计算机;6为废液收集

, figureFileSmall=xU5ClF4JrL4sHJeeBiveWA==, figureFileBig=JMDFvC/xWoyS8XI7Qd/+vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155140223345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sinusoidal curve of time-interfacial tension-surface area-rotational speed, figureFileSmall=1YvnjClX48/spGUbMt7MXQ==, figureFileBig=mc/MbIizit5mBHsvUptB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155240886658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=时间-界面张力-表面积-转速的正弦关系曲线示意图, figureFileSmall=1YvnjClX48/spGUbMt7MXQ==, figureFileBig=mc/MbIizit5mBHsvUptB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155362521493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Water flooding recovery with different salinity solutions, figureFileSmall=wpVbzPHKUi+7yrHCQ/hrhg==, 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Composition of formation water

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矿化度/
(mg·L-1)
NaCl/wt% CaCl2/wt% MgCl2/wt% KCl/wt%
50 000 80 10 7 3
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地层水组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿化度/
(mg·L-1)
NaCl/wt% CaCl2/wt% MgCl2/wt% KCl/wt%
50 000 80 10 7 3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159095452359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Crude oil composition table

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沥青质/% 饱和分/% 芳香分/% 胶质/%
7.2 54.58 16.15 16.53
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原油组分表

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沥青质/% 饱和分/% 芳香分/% 胶质/%
7.2 54.58 16.15 16.53
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159380665050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition of displacement fluid

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序号 名称 组成
1 LS NaCl 5 000 mg/L NaCl
2 MS NaCl 1 0000 mg/L NaCl
3 HS NaCl 50 000 mg/L NaCl
4 LS CaCl2 5 000 mg/L CaCl2
5 MS CaCl2 10 000 mg/L CaCl2
6 HS CaCl2 50 000 mg/L CaCl2
7 MS NaCl+SDS 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%SDS
8 MS NaCl+BS-12 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%BS-12
9 MS NaCl+CTAB 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%CTAB
10 MS NaCl+Tween 80 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%Tween 80
11 HS CaCl2+SDS 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%SDS
12 HS CaCl2+BS-12 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%BS-12
13 HS CaCl2+CTAB 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%CTAB
14 HS CaCl2+Tween 80 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%Tween 80
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159523271398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

驱替液组成

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序号 名称 组成
1 LS NaCl 5 000 mg/L NaCl
2 MS NaCl 1 0000 mg/L NaCl
3 HS NaCl 50 000 mg/L NaCl
4 LS CaCl2 5 000 mg/L CaCl2
5 MS CaCl2 10 000 mg/L CaCl2
6 HS CaCl2 50 000 mg/L CaCl2
7 MS NaCl+SDS 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%SDS
8 MS NaCl+BS-12 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%BS-12
9 MS NaCl+CTAB 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%CTAB
10 MS NaCl+Tween 80 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%Tween 80
11 HS CaCl2+SDS 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%SDS
12 HS CaCl2+BS-12 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%BS-12
13 HS CaCl2+CTAB 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%CTAB
14 HS CaCl2+Tween 80 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%Tween 80
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阳离子协同表面活性剂提高采收率可视化实验
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何芬 1 , 刘娅菲 1, 2, * , 房文静 1 , 凌陈月 1 , 张衍君 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(2): 542-552
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(2): 542-552
阳离子协同表面活性剂提高采收率可视化实验
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何芬1 , 刘娅菲1, 2, * , 房文静1, 凌陈月1, 张衍君1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710000
  • 2 陕西省油气田特种增产技术重点实验室, 西安 710000
  • 何芬(2000—),女,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:提高采收率。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘娅菲(1990—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:提高采收率、微流控技术应用、界面现象、微观渗流。E-mail:
Visualization Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery by the Synergy of Cations and Surfactants
Fen HE1 , Ya-fei LIU1, 2, * , Wen-jing FANG1, Chen-yue LING1, Yan-jun ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710000, China
  • 2 Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs, Xi'an 710000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505
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通过改变注入水矿化度和离子组成提高石油采收率已经成为许多研究的焦点。然而,针对表面活性剂和注入水水质相结合的提高采收率技术相对较少。因此通过微模型模拟驱替过程进行微观驱油实验,结合油水间界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验研究不同阳离子和表面活性剂协同作用对采收率的影响。微观驱油实验结果表明:10 000 mg/L NaCl溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2溶液的驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到64.51%和59.27%;加入表面活性剂后,10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2%十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到了87.28%和80.92%。界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验结果表明:NaCl溶液和CaCl2溶液加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂后,界面张力在10-1(m·N)/m数量级,而加入两性离子和阳离子表面活性剂后,界面张力下降至10-2~10-3(m·N)/m数量级,黏弹性模量也出现大幅度下降。最终从油水界面张力、黏弹性模量以及润湿性以及微观驱油过程综合探讨不同阳离子协同表面活性剂对驱油过程的影响机理,综合分析多因素与采收率之间的关系。

阳离子  /  表面活性剂  /  界面性质  /  微模型  /  提高采收率

The enhancement of oil recovery by altering the salinity and ion composition of injected water has become a focal point of numerous studies. However, there is relatively less attention given to techniques combining surfactants with the quality injected water. To investigate the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on recovery efficiency, micro-scale displacement experiments were conducted to simulate the displacement process, along with experiments measuring interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus at the oil-water interface. Results from the micro-scale displacement experiments show that 10 000 mg/L NaCl solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2 solution exhibite the best oil recovery efficiencies, reaching 64.51% and 59.27% respectively. After adding surfactants, the efficiency improved further with 10 000 mg/L NaCl +0.2% dodecyl dimethyl ammonium betaine solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2% hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution achieving the highest recovery rates at 87.28% and 80.92% respectively. Results from the interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus experiments indicated that when anionic and nonionic surfactants were added to NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, the interfacial tension reached the magnitude of 10-1 (m·N)/m. However, with the addition of amphoteric and cationic surfactants, the interfacial tension decreased to the magnitude of 10-2~10-3 (m·N)/m, accompanied by a significant decrease in viscoelasticity modulus. This study explores the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on the displacement process, considering factors such as interfacial tension, viscoelasticity modulus, and wettability, and microscale oil displacement behaviors thus providing a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between multiple factors and recovery efficiency.

cation  /  surfactant  /  interfacial properties  /  micro model  /  enhance oil recovery
何芬, 刘娅菲, 房文静, 凌陈月, 张衍君. 阳离子协同表面活性剂提高采收率可视化实验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 542 -552 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505
Fen HE, Ya-fei LIU, Wen-jing FANG, Chen-yue LING, Yan-jun ZHANG. Visualization Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery by the Synergy of Cations and Surfactants[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 542 -552 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505
中国大部分油田已进入开发中后期,提高采收率技术的应用必不可少,常见的提高采收率技术包括单一聚合物驱、表面活性剂驱及各类复合驱等,但成本相对较高且对环境存在一定影响。低矿化度水驱作为一种有效可行且环境友好的提高采收率方法,具有良好的应用前景。该技术最早在20世纪60年代提出,研究发现注入低矿化度水能够有效提高原油采收率[1-2]。随后大量学者对该技术展开研究并提出多种机理解释包括润湿性的改变[3-7]、黏土的膨胀与运移[8-9]、双电层扩散[10-11]、多离子交换等[12]。但有研究发现低矿化度水驱仅在特定条件下才能提高采收效率且效果并不显著。因此,为进一步提高低矿化度水驱效率,前期研究发现表面活性剂和低矿化度水驱相结合,能够发挥表面活性剂驱油优势[13-18],协同进一步提高采收效率。
相关学者对表面活性剂协同低矿化度水驱提高采收率展开了各类研究。刘楠楠等[19]利用胜利油田的天然岩心开展驱替实验,实验结果表明低矿化度水和两性表面活性剂月桂酰胺丙基羟磺酸甜菜碱(lauramidopropyl hydroxy sulfonate betaine, LHSB)溶液能够大幅度提高原油采收效率。李婷等[20]利用砂岩岩心进行驱替实验,实验结果表明,表面活性剂协同低矿化度水驱能有效发挥协同优势,0.1wt%NaCl和0.4wt%十二烷基苯磺酸钠阴离子表面活性剂按7∶3质量配比,驱油效率最高。栗原君等[21]利用延长天然岩心进行驱油实验,结果表明低矿化度水加后续低矿化度表面活性剂驱的组合方式可使采收率达到最高,低矿化度表面活性剂溶液能够有效改善岩心润湿性。蒲万芬等[22]利用人造岩心在不同转注时机下进行低矿化度表面活性剂驱油实验,选用能在低矿化度环境下获得超低油水界面张力的阴离子表面活性剂KPS,实验结果表明,转注时间越早,采收率越高。
尽管岩心能够较好地复制岩石物理性质,但无法直观地看到岩心内部驱替过程中油水间的相互作用。因此,为深入了解流体-流体和流体-岩石相互作用对多孔介质中的多相流的影响,微观可视化模型被应用到此类研究中。王秀宇等[23]利用聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)和玻璃薄片研究了不同类型的表面活性剂对渗吸采出程度的影响,实验结果表明表面活性剂降低了流体的界面张力,减小黏附功和附加阻力,从而提高渗吸采出程度。Shang等[24]研究了表面活性剂/复合碱驱体系在非裂缝性多孔介质中的微观驱油机理,该流体体系可以降低油水界面张力,软化油水界面膜、增强原油乳化,从而提高采收率。Yu等[25]结合岩心驱油实验和微流控实验,利用29 000 mg/L NaCl和10 000 mg/L的合成表面活性剂AAPES,其形成的原位微乳液可以剥离附着在亲油表面上的重油。董沅武等[26]采用岩心驱油实验和微观可视模拟技术研究低界面张力黏弹流体微观驱油机理,实验结果表明低界面张力黏弹流体的注入可对驱油剖面进行有效调整,增加原油动用程度。Javadi等[27]通过微流控实验,使用不同离子强度的盐水溶液,在不含表面活性剂的情况下,降低盐水盐度,发现基质表面从油湿向水湿转变,而存在表面活性剂时,在海水的盐度下,表面活性剂在盐水/盐水界面相互作用最强。
柴汝宽等[28]将岩心驱替实验和界面张力测定实验相结合,发现水溶液中离子类型对油水界面相互作用强度依次为Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+,随着溶液中Mg2+、Ca2+和Na+浓度的增加,油水界面张力先减小后增大。Yousef等[29]通过界面张力测定实验发现增加水溶液中离子浓度会引起界面张力的上升。Xu[30]发现增加水溶液中离子浓度造成油水界面张力降低。Moeini等[31]研究发现随着溶液中离子浓度的增大,油水界面张力先减小后增加,存在能够使得界面张力达到最低的最优离子浓度。
可以看出盐离子类型和组成以及不同表面活性剂的加入对油水界面性质的影响还尚未明晰,不同实验条件下界面性质测定结果存在着较大的差异。本文研究选取两种地层水中常见盐离子Na+和Ca2+,取3种矿化度:5 000、10 000、50 000 mg/L,进行微观驱油实验,在优选出的两种盐溶液中分别加入4类表面活性剂进行微观驱油实验,同时测定其与原油间界面张力和黏弹性模量,研究不同矿化度水驱以及不同盐水复配表面活性剂驱的提高采收率机理,将微观尺度驱替实验与宏观测定实验相结合,提出不同阳离子协同表面活性剂驱油机理,为低成本、高效率、环境友好的提高采收率技术应用提供实验和机理参考。
实验所用的材料包括:聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS)、地层水、原油、盐水(两种盐离子:Na+和Ca2+)、十二烷基硫酸钠(阴离子型)(sodium solfate,SDS)、十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(两性离子型)(dodecyl dimethyl betaine, BS-12)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(阳离子型)(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB)、吐温80(非离子型)(tween 80),分子结构如图1所示。地层水组成、原油组分和驱替液组成如表1~表3所示。
实验所用仪器包括:旋转液滴张力仪(北京盛维基业科技有限公司)、等离子清洗机(成都铭恒科技发展有限公司)、微量驱替泵(型号:LSP02-2A)、倒置生物显微镜(BDS400)、高速摄像机(型号:VTP23)、计算机、天平(Entris©II BCE)。
实验装置主要由驱替装置、微流控芯片、图形采集系统3部分组成。如图2所示,驱替装置是由驱替泵组成,用于向芯片中注入地层水、原油和驱替液;图形采集系统由倒置显微镜、高速摄像机、计算机构成,用于实时捕获图像,对实验结果进行记录分析;微流控芯片内刻蚀具有高低渗透率对比的规则孔隙网络结构,图2展示了微模型孔隙结构图,其中不同大小圆圈代表岩石骨架,其余区域则为孔隙,通过改变圆圈大小及排列密度形成两个具有不同渗透率的区域。
实验首先利用LS(5 000 mg/L矿化度水)、MS(10 000 mg/L矿化度水)和HS(50 000 mg/L矿化度水) NaCl和CaCl2溶液进行初步驱替实验,分析最终采收率,优选出采收率最高的NaCl和CaCl2溶液;随后将优选出的盐溶液加入不同表面活性剂后,进行新的驱替实验。
准备好装有地层水、原油以及驱替液的注射器,利用导管连接注射器与PDMS芯片,将注射器安装在驱替泵上,PDMS芯片固定至显微镜下。首先,将提前配制好的地层水以5 μL/min的速度注入PDMS芯片直到饱和度不再变化,以建立初始含水饱和度;然后以2 μL/min的速度注入原油驱替地层水直到含油饱和度不再变化,建立初始含油饱和度;最后以2 μL/min的速度注入驱替液,模拟驱替过程。在显微镜下观察油水两相流动过程,并通过高速摄像机拍摄,待含油饱和度不再变化时停止驱替。改变驱替液,重复上述实验步骤。
为定量研究不同驱替液的驱油效果,将高速摄像机捕捉到的图片用ImageJ软件进行二值化处理和分析,计算芯片内的剩余油饱和度,得到不同驱替液的采收率。
将所测溶液注入玻璃管中,再通过微量进样器将油滴注入所测溶液中。在30 ℃,转速为5 000 r/min的条件下,采用旋转液滴张力仪测定不同溶液与原油之间的界面张力。为确保测量的准确性,多次测量各溶液与原油之间的界面张力,并取其平均值。
黏弹性模量(E*)主要由两部分组成:弹性模量(E')和黏性模量(E″)。在旋转液滴张力仪测量过程中,可得到如图3所示的正弦函数关系图。通过Young-Laplace方程对油滴的界面张力进行计算,得到表面积A、时间t与界面张力的相关性。利用三角函数与指数函数之间的关系,可以得到E*的关系式为
E * = Δ γ Δ A / A 0
式(1)中:Δγ为界面张力的振幅,(m·N)/m;ΔA为表面积的振幅,mm2;A0为表面积的平均值,mm2
首先分别采用5 000、10 000、50 000 mg/L的 NaCl和CaCl2溶液进行驱替。实验结果如图4所示,对于含Na+的溶液,MS NaCl采收率相对最高,达到64.51%;对于含Ca2+溶液,HS CaCl2采收率相对最高,达到59.27%。因此,优选出MS NaCl和HS CaCl2后续与不同表面活性剂形成复配溶液。
在优选出的两种盐水中分别加入4类表面活性剂包括阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型,即SDS、CTAB、BS-12和Tween 80,质量分数均为0.2%。驱替实验结果如图5所示,含有NaCl 的复配溶液中MS NaCl+BS-12采收率最高,达到87.28%;含有CaCl2的复配溶液中HS CaCl2+CTAB采收率最高,达到80.92%。与表面活性剂复配后采收率出现明显变化,且不同表面活性剂对采收率的影响较大。
为进一步研究不同驱替液在不同渗透率区域的驱替效果,对单一水驱实验与优选出的盐水和表面活性剂复配体系驱替实验中高低渗区域含油饱和度变化进行分析。图6展示了单一水驱时,高低渗区域含油饱和度随时间变化的关系。可以看出单一水驱时高渗区域的驱替效果远好于低渗区域。对于高渗区域而言,不同盐离子对驱替效果的影响不大,但在低渗区域内NaCl溶液的驱替效果要优于CaCl2溶液。不同盐水中加入表面活性剂后,高低渗区域内含油饱和度出现了明显的变化。
图7为MS NaCl复配4种表面活性剂后高低渗区域含油饱和度随时间变化的关系。加入SDS、BS-12与CTAB后高渗区域内驱替效果大幅度提升,但加入Tween 80后驱替效果与单一NaCl驱替效果相当。低渗区域内,MS NaCl+SDS和MS NaCl+BS-12对低渗区域的效果明显好于MS NaCl+CTAB和MS NaCl+Tween 80,从曲线斜率也可以看出,MS NaCl+SDS和MS NaCl+BS-12驱替效率也优于其他两组。图8为HS CaCl2复配4种表面活性剂后高低渗区域含油饱和度随时间变化的关系。与NaCl复配溶液不同的是,高渗区域内,HS CaCl2+CTAB驱替效果较好,其余3组效果均一般,与单一CaCl2溶液驱替效果相当。低渗区域内,HS CaCl2+Tween 80驱替效果相对较好,优于其他3组,但总体而言加入表面活性剂后低渗区域内驱替效率有较为明显的提升。对比低渗区域内NaCl与CaCl2复配溶液,CaCl2复配体系整体驱替效果略优于NaCl复配体系。
利用旋转液滴张力仪测定不同驱替液与原油间的界面张力和黏弹性模量。如图9图10所示,优选的盐水中加入表面活性剂后,界面张力与黏弹性模量均在较低的数量级,并且不同类型表面活性剂对油水界面性质的影响不同。从图9可知,加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂后,界面张力在10-1(m·N)/m数量级,而加入两性离子和阳离子表面活性剂后,界面张力下降至10-2~10-3(m·N)/m数量级。同时,水相阳离子组成对于界面张力影响不同。当HS CaCl2溶液与阳离子和非离子表面活性剂复配时,测定界面张力值远低于这两种表面活性剂与MS NaCl复配时的值,而当HS CaCl2溶液与两性离子表面活性剂复配时,测定界面张力值远高于该表面活性剂与MS NaCl复配时的值。
阴离子表面活性剂与两种盐水溶液复配后界面张力值差距不大。不同表面活性剂与不同盐离子复配后界面张力差别较大,这是由于不同水相离子类型和含量对于不同表面活性剂在界面活性、排布等影响不同。表面活性剂与盐溶液结合后,油水界面活性大幅度增加,同时临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration, CMC)一般会出现不同程度的降低,尤其是离子型表面活性剂,因此界面张力也会大幅度降低。不同盐溶液与两性离子和阳离子型表面活性剂复配后界面张力较低主要是由于实验所用的表面活性剂浓度远高于其CMC,而实验所用SDS浓度略低于其CMC,因此测定的界面张力相对较高。而实验所用Tween 80的浓度也远高于其CMC,但测定界面张力相对较高,主要由于加入电解质对非离子型表面活性剂的界面性质影响相对较小,并且相同的质量浓度下,Tween 80的摩尔质量最低,因此其界面张力相对较高。
界面黏弹性模量也与表面活性剂类型和水相离子组成密切相关。如图10所示,首先两种盐溶液与阴离子和非离子型表面活性剂复配后的界面黏弹性模量远高于与两性离子和阳离子型表面活性剂复配的结果,同时MS NaCl组的黏弹性模量大多高于HS CaCl2溶液组。油水界面的黏弹性模量取决于原油中的极性分子与水相中离子的相互作用形成界面膜对抗破坏并恢复形变的能力,当盐溶液中加入表面活性剂后,表面活性剂与原油中极性分子在界面竞争吸附导致原有界面膜结构被破坏,同时当表面活性剂与盐溶液同时存在时,表面活性剂分子能够更深入油相,而体相与界面的扩散交换加剧,使得盐溶液与表面活性剂复配后的界面黏弹性模量较低。不同盐溶液与不同表面活性剂结合后,油水间界面活动差距变大。BS-12与CTAB这两种表面活性剂的CMC较低,而实验所用的溶液浓度远远大于这两种表面活性剂的CMC,同时与盐溶液复配后进一步降低了其CMC值,通常认为界面黏弹性模量随离子型表面活性剂浓度的升高而先升高至最高点后再降低,对于CTAB和甜菜碱型表面活性剂其黏弹性模量转折点一般远低于溶液的CMC,因此本实验溶液浓度下测得的黏弹性模量较低[32-33]。与BS-12和CTAB不同的是,Tween 80溶液浓度也远高于CMC,但其聚氧乙烯基团能够减少表面活性剂在界面的扩散交换,使其界面黏弹性模量相对较高[34]。实验所用表面活性剂浓度与SDS的CMC接近,此时界面表面活性剂浓度相对较高,由于较多表面活性剂分子在界面与原油极性组分相互作用形成较为紧密的界面膜,使得界面黏弹性模量相对较高。而不同盐溶液与SDS复配后界面黏弹性模量差距较大的结果与Hofmeister序列理论相一致。相比于Ca2+,SDS表面活性剂的头部基团更易于Na+形成较为紧密的离子对,从而有利于形成更为稳定的界面膜,因此黏弹性模量更高[35]
实验所用PDMS芯片本身亲水性较强,但注入原油后,由于原油内极性组分黏附于基质表面导致芯片润湿性改变,而不同盐水及其复配溶液驱替后,与原油相互作用不同,导致驱后芯片润湿性不尽相同。如图11所示,LS NaCl和HS NaCl溶液水驱后,水相与芯片表面的接触角大于90°,说明此时芯片表面更亲油;而MS NaCl溶液水驱时,水相与芯片表面的接触角基本小于90°,说明此时芯片表面亲水相对更强,这也与MS NaCl水驱后采收率相对更高的结果相一致。LS CaCl2和MS CaCl2溶液驱替后,水相与芯片界面的接触角接近或大于90°,说明此时芯片表面介于亲水和亲油之间;而HS CaCl2溶液驱替后,水相与芯片界面的接触角基本小于90°,说明此时芯片表面是亲水性相对更强。总体而言,单一水驱后芯片整体亲水性不强。
优选后的盐溶液与不同表面活性剂复配驱后芯片润湿性改变较大。MS NaCl与表面活性剂复配驱后固液界面性质如图12所示,整体而言加入表面活性剂后芯片亲水性更强。与SDS以及BS-12复配后,高渗区域内基质表面几乎没有油相附着,芯片亲水性较强。与CTAB复配后,有较小的油滴在基质表面附着,而与Tween 80复配后,能明显看出基质表面的油膜附着。在MS NaCl溶液中不同表面活性剂剥离油相以及保持芯片亲水能力排序大致为BS-12>SDS>CTAB>Tween 80。图13为HS CaCl2溶液与不同表面活性剂复配驱后的图片,与图12对比可以看出驱替后芯片亲水性相对较弱。与SDS、BS-12以及Tween 80复配后,仍有部分油相附着于基质,而与CTAB复配后,油相在基质的附着明显减少,亲水性更强,因此在HS CaCl2溶液中不同表面活性剂剥离油相以及保持芯片亲水能力排序大致为CTAB≈BS-12>SDS>Tween 80。
芯片润湿性主要取决于原油极性分子、表面活性剂分子以及盐离子在固体表面的相互作用。一般认为在中性pH条件下,芯片表面带负电荷,而原油中极性物质能够吸附在固体表面使得固体表面在饱和油后呈现较为亲油的状态。BS-12作为两性离子型表面活性剂,溶于水后带两种电荷,与原油极性分子相互吸引作用更强且在较高盐度下能维持较好的性能,因此其与两种盐溶液复配后都能保持较好的芯片亲水性。SDS在水中解离后能够与原油极性组分形成离子对将原油剥离芯片,同时SDS的头部基团相较Ca2+,与Na+能够形成更为紧密的离子对,从而更有利于原油剥离芯片。CTAB的长碳链与原油极性组分相互吸引从而改善芯片润湿性,在HS CaCl2条件下,固体表面吸引了较多Ca2+,减少了CTAB的吸附,因而亲水性较MS NaCl条件下更好。Tween 80改变芯片润湿性能力较差,主要因为与原油极性分子相互吸引作用较弱,但其具有较好的增溶能力,从图13能够看出油相的增溶。
宏观层面采收效率取决于微观尺度油水两相的相互作用,而油水两相的流动状态、分布等,与油水界面张力、黏弹性模量以及基质的润湿性有关。油相的附着和剥离与水相化学组成/原油极性组分/固体间的相互作用密切相关。
MS NaCl+BS-12组合采收率达到87.28%,实验过程中可以看出MS NaCl+BS-12溶液乳化能力较好,容易形成O/W乳状液,其与原油界面张力值极低,油相能够破裂成很小的油滴,较容易被水相携带和驱替,因而采收率较高。MS NaCl+SDS和原油黏弹性模量较大,能较好地保持油相的连续性,在驱替的过程中,可以形成较好的驱替前沿,波及效率高,最终采收率为83.6%,仅次于MS NaCl+BS-12组合。MS NaCl+CTAB溶液乳化能力强,形成了大量粒径很小的乳状液,且溶液CMC较低,能够观察到油相增溶现象,但该组合与原油间黏弹性模量较低,在低渗区域难以拖拽和携带油相,同时CTAB改善芯片亲水性能力相对较差,导致最终采收率相对较低。MS NaCl+Tween 80与原油间界面张力值较大,形成的连片状油较多,黏弹性模量相对较低,原油被乳化、增溶现象较少,同时芯片基质较多油膜附着,亲水性较差,因此采收率最低。
HS CaCl2复配表面活性剂驱后很难看到如同MS NaCl加入表面活性剂后形成的小油滴。HS CaCl2+SDS溶液进行驱替时,其与原油间界面张力相对较高,乳化能力较弱,较多束缚油堆积在孔喉处无法排出。HS CaCl2+BS-12溶液驱后,能明显看到基质的表面有油相附着,但是乳化能力较强,有部分小油滴生成。HS CaCl2+CTAB溶液驱后,芯片亲水性较好,图片中能看见形成了较多O/W乳状液,油相不易附着在基质表面,也较少卡在喉道处,有利于油的排出,从而提高采收率。HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液驱后,芯片亲水性相对较差,但由于其溶液浓度远高于CMC,胶束增溶能力强,最终采收率也较高。
微观驱油效率是油水间界面张力、黏弹性模量、芯片润湿性,以及乳化能力等性质的综合结果,并且液-液、液-固间作用机理复杂,单一作用并不能决定采收效率,分析界面张力、黏弹性模量和润湿性三个因素与最终采收率的关系,如图14所示,其中XYZ轴上的红、蓝和绿点均为球体的映射点,球体的大小代表采收率的高低,其中润湿性为估算的水相与芯片接触角。分析图14发现MS NaCl复配表面活性剂溶液对采收率影响最大的因素是润湿性,MS NaCl溶液中不同表面活性剂剥离油相以及保持芯片亲水能力排序大致为BS-12>SDS>CTAB>Tween 80,与采收率高低排序一致。在不考虑芯片润湿性的前提下,对比MS NaCl加入不同表面活性剂溶液,界面张力对采收率的影响大于黏弹性模量。而对于HS CaCl2复配表面活性剂溶液,润湿性对采收率影响不占主导地位。对比HS CaCl2加入不同表面活性剂溶液,大部分溶液中界面张力对采收率的影响大于黏弹性模量。而对于HS CaCl2+SDS溶液和HS CaCl2+BS-12溶液,黏弹性模量对采收率的影响大于界面张力。HS CaCl2+SDS溶液与原油间界面张力大于HS CaCl2+BS-12溶液,HS CaCl2+SDS溶液黏弹性模量更高,前者采收率高于后者;HS CaCl2+BS-12溶液与原油间界面张力小于HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液,但HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液黏弹性模量更高,前者采收率低于后者。当对比MS NaCl+Tween 80和HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液时,HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液界面张力低于MS NaCl+Tween 80溶液,MS NaCl+Tween 80溶液黏弹性模量高于HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液,两种溶液对芯片润湿性均最差,HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液采收率远高于MS NaCl+Tween 80溶液,是由于HS CaCl2+Tween 80溶液增溶能力强,而MS NaCl+Tween 80溶液乳化、增溶现象较少。
(1)LS、MS和HS NaCl与CaCl2溶液对原油的采收率相差不大,分别为60.53%、64.51%、61.70%、52.43%、58.68%、59.27%。MS NaCl和HS CaCl2分别与SDS、BS-12、CTAB以及Tween 80复配后采收率分别为83.60%、87.28%、66.77%、57.31%、64.09%、62.37%、80.92%、80.54%。
(2)不同类型的表面活性剂对油水界面性质的影响不同,两种盐溶液加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂后,表面张力在10-1(m·N)/m数量级,而加入两性离子和阳离子表面活性剂后,表面张力下降至10-2~10-3(m·N)/m数量级,界面黏弹性模量也出现大幅度下降。
(3)芯片润湿性主要取决于原油极性分子、表面活性剂分子以及盐离子在固体表面的相互作用。单一水驱后芯片整体亲水性不强,MS NaCl溶液中不同表面活性剂剥离油相以及保持芯片亲水能力排序大致为BS-12>SDS>CTAB>Tween 80,HS CaCl2溶液中不同表面活性剂剥离油相以及保持芯片亲水能力排序大致为CTAB≈BS-12>SDS>Tween 80。
(4)不同水相化学组成复配表面活性剂微观驱油效率是油水间界面张力、黏弹性模量、芯片润湿性,以及乳化能力等性质的综合结果。MS NaCl复配表面活性剂溶液芯片润湿性对采收率影响最大,对于大部分HS CaCl2复配表面活性剂溶液界面张力对采收率的影响大于黏弹性模量。
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-10-08
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174028)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51934005)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023KJXX-051)
作者信息
    1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710000
    2 陕西省油气田特种增产技术重点实验室, 西安 710000

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* 刘娅菲(1990—),女,汉族,陕西西安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:提高采收率、微流控技术应用、界面现象、微观渗流。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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