Article(id=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402505, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1712505600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-08, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789721, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789721, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789721, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789721, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=542, endPage=552, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462652711503, articleId=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Visualization Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery by the Synergy of Cations and Surfactants, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The enhancement of oil recovery by altering the salinity and ion composition of injected water has become a focal point of numerous studies. However, there is relatively less attention given to techniques combining surfactants with the quality injected water. To investigate the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on recovery efficiency, micro-scale displacement experiments were conducted to simulate the displacement process, along with experiments measuring interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus at the oil-water interface. Results from the micro-scale displacement experiments show that 10 000 mg/L NaCl solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2 solution exhibite the best oil recovery efficiencies, reaching 64.51% and 59.27% respectively. After adding surfactants, the efficiency improved further with 10 000 mg/L NaCl +0.2% dodecyl dimethyl ammonium betaine solution and 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2% hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution achieving the highest recovery rates at 87.28% and 80.92% respectively. Results from the interfacial tension and viscoelasticity modulus experiments indicated that when anionic and nonionic surfactants were added to NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, the interfacial tension reached the magnitude of 10-1 (m·N)/m. However, with the addition of amphoteric and cationic surfactants, the interfacial tension decreased to the magnitude of 10-2~10-3 (m·N)/m, accompanied by a significant decrease in viscoelasticity modulus. This study explores the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of different cations and surfactants on the displacement process, considering factors such as interfacial tension, viscoelasticity modulus, and wettability, and microscale oil displacement behaviors thus providing a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between multiple factors and recovery efficiency.
, correspAuthors=Ya-fei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fen HE, Ya-fei LIU, Wen-jing FANG, Chen-yue LING, Yan-jun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753467593601112, articleId=1203753460836577779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=阳离子协同表面活性剂提高采收率可视化实验, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
通过改变注入水矿化度和离子组成提高石油采收率已经成为许多研究的焦点。然而,针对表面活性剂和注入水水质相结合的提高采收率技术相对较少。因此通过微模型模拟驱替过程进行微观驱油实验,结合油水间界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验研究不同阳离子和表面活性剂协同作用对采收率的影响。微观驱油实验结果表明:10 000 mg/L NaCl溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2溶液的驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到64.51%和59.27%;加入表面活性剂后,10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2%十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱溶液和50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液驱油效率最好,采收率分别达到了87.28%和80.92%。界面张力和黏弹性模量测定实验结果表明:NaCl溶液和CaCl2溶液加入阴离子与非离子表面活性剂后,界面张力在10-1(m·N)/m数量级,而加入两性离子和阳离子表面活性剂后,界面张力下降至10-2~10-3(m·N)/m数量级,黏弹性模量也出现大幅度下降。最终从油水界面张力、黏弹性模量以及润湿性以及微观驱油过程综合探讨不同阳离子协同表面活性剂对驱油过程的影响机理,综合分析多因素与采收率之间的关系。
, correspAuthors=刘娅菲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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, authorsList=何芬, 刘娅菲, 房文静, 凌陈月, 张衍君)}, authors=[Author(id=1203787149482107779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=22212010094@stumail.xsyu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1203787149586965388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, authorId=1203787149482107779, language=EN, stringName=Fen HE, firstName=Fen, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 西安石油大学石油工程学院, 西安 710000, bio={"content":"
何芬(2000—),女,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:提高采收率。E-mail:22212010094@stumail.xsyu.edu.cn。
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何芬(2000—),女,汉族,安徽安庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:提高采收率。E-mail:22212010094@stumail.xsyu.edu.cn。
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23(3): 603-615., articleTitle=How the influence of different salts on interfacial properties of surfactant-oil-water systems at optimum formulation matches the Hofmeister series ranking, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203787159770735352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, awardId=52174028, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52174028), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787159934313218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, awardId=51934005, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(51934005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787160085308172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, awardId=2023KJXX-051, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2023KJXX-051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203787148110570340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203787148114764647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, companyId=1203787148110570340, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2 陕西省油气田特种增产技术重点实验室, 西安 710000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203787154586575153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Molecular structure formula of SDS、 BS-12、 CTAB and Tween 80 surfactants, figureFileSmall=DGstUlHQkO0XcfWiCIzZ8w==, figureFileBig=ILjkkD4mofumB//jphy3NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154737570108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
SDS、BS-12、CTAB和Tween 80表面活性剂的分子结构式, figureFileSmall=DGstUlHQkO0XcfWiCIzZ8w==, figureFileBig=ILjkkD4mofumB//jphy3NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787154892759372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Schematic of the displacement device, figureFileSmall=xU5ClF4JrL4sHJeeBiveWA==, figureFileBig=JMDFvC/xWoyS8XI7Qd/+vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155018588511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
驱替装置示意图 1为驱替泵;2为微流控芯片;3为高速摄像机;4为倒置显微镜;5为计算机;6为废液收集
, figureFileSmall=xU5ClF4JrL4sHJeeBiveWA==, figureFileBig=JMDFvC/xWoyS8XI7Qd/+vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155140223345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Sinusoidal curve of time-interfacial tension-surface area-rotational speed, figureFileSmall=1YvnjClX48/spGUbMt7MXQ==, figureFileBig=mc/MbIizit5mBHsvUptB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155240886658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
时间-界面张力-表面积-转速的正弦关系曲线示意图, figureFileSmall=1YvnjClX48/spGUbMt7MXQ==, figureFileBig=mc/MbIizit5mBHsvUptB4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155362521493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Water flooding recovery with different salinity solutions, figureFileSmall=wpVbzPHKUi+7yrHCQ/hrhg==, figureFileBig=YDjEMbIAVpQKAr34klEOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155488350630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同矿化度水驱采收率, figureFileSmall=wpVbzPHKUi+7yrHCQ/hrhg==, figureFileBig=YDjEMbIAVpQKAr34klEOwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155593208242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Displacement recovery using MS NaCl and HS CaCl2 with four surfactants, figureFileSmall=0SpEyOFGN6IJqGFMvG6CmQ==, figureFileBig=aNZ/iWzqUbWYOHmsos2I7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155752591814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
MS NaCl和HS CaCl2与4种表面活性剂复配后驱替采收率, figureFileSmall=0SpEyOFGN6IJqGFMvG6CmQ==, figureFileBig=aNZ/iWzqUbWYOHmsos2I7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155882615249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Relationship between remaining oil saturation and displacement time in LS, MS, HS NaCl and CaCl2 in high permeability area and low permeability area, figureFileSmall=dHEgKhaEnQa8qKtte8iB4A==, figureFileBig=nZUMNzvQ3Yvgs/Nt44FZXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155995861471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
LS、MS和HS NaCl以及CaCl2在高渗区域与低渗区域内剩余油饱和度与驱替时间的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=dHEgKhaEnQa8qKtte8iB4A==, figureFileBig=nZUMNzvQ3Yvgs/Nt44FZXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156146856429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Relationship between remaining oil saturation and displacement time in MS NaCl with four surfactants in high permeability area and low permeability area, figureFileSmall=uCQ1CeiKjdZX+sJMfpCJDg==, figureFileBig=IoJiNechY1TUDtkimmbM2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156281074175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
MS NaCl加4种表面活性剂在高渗区域与低渗区域内剩余油饱和度与驱替时间的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=uCQ1CeiKjdZX+sJMfpCJDg==, figureFileBig=IoJiNechY1TUDtkimmbM2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156448846351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Relationship between remaining oil saturation and displacement time in HS CaCl2 with four surfactants in high permeability area and low permeability area, figureFileSmall=pjq9UiNTXBRTCXj3H3ccmg==, figureFileBig=AsWLQt1U64Lab/VMJrX5mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156608229917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
HS CaCl2加4种表面活性剂在高渗区域与低渗区域内剩余油饱和度与驱替时间的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=pjq9UiNTXBRTCXj3H3ccmg==, figureFileBig=AsWLQt1U64Lab/VMJrX5mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156750836264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Interfacial tension between crude oil and different brine with four kinds of surfactants, figureFileSmall=CHLxySOCo3JyawfAikc1mQ==, figureFileBig=wi8IzpS0n98MXuluVhTiVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156872471087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同盐水与4种表面活性剂复配后与原油间界面张力, figureFileSmall=CHLxySOCo3JyawfAikc1mQ==, figureFileBig=wi8IzpS0n98MXuluVhTiVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156977328697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Viscoelasticity between crude oil and different brine with four kinds of surfactants, figureFileSmall=pNHtXNSfymOrSPVWtRIgVA==, figureFileBig=NBW9zoYWn/VLDIR60W+D6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787157065409097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
不同盐水与4种表面活性剂复配后与原油间黏弹性模量, figureFileSmall=pNHtXNSfymOrSPVWtRIgVA==, figureFileBig=NBW9zoYWn/VLDIR60W+D6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787157828772429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Difference in wettability after water flooding with different salinity, figureFileSmall=MkP7Yjj4IkKU4ySRVYFRqw==, figureFileBig=1twEeCOLQ/90nLmXbQA9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787157950407263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同矿化度水驱后润湿性区别, figureFileSmall=MkP7Yjj4IkKU4ySRVYFRqw==, figureFileBig=1twEeCOLQ/90nLmXbQA9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158051070573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Difference in wettability after flooding using MS NaCl with four kinds of surfactants, figureFileSmall=e9U3KGOrGPr6RwKBaW/ikA==, figureFileBig=47yQKSpPNekHs9kjRP5FKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158172705399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
MS NaCl加入4种表面活性剂驱后润湿性区别, figureFileSmall=e9U3KGOrGPr6RwKBaW/ikA==, figureFileBig=47yQKSpPNekHs9kjRP5FKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158281757315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
Difference in wettability after flooding using HS CaCl2 with four kinds of surfactants, figureFileSmall=l09foNgd2yVklk8Z5L+s7Q==, figureFileBig=2sXPvIGXa1Hwh3g3Z50m+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158407586443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
HS CaCl2加入4种表面活性剂驱后润湿性区别, figureFileSmall=l09foNgd2yVklk8Z5L+s7Q==, figureFileBig=2sXPvIGXa1Hwh3g3Z50m+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158587941530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
Relationship among wettability-interfacial tension-viscoelasticity and oil recovery, figureFileSmall=97AzXz7ynZISHKYKoXa2qQ==, figureFileBig=NZG4IM7TtZ+XIsXBiRlnvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158722159265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
润湿性-界面张力-黏弹性模量与采收率之间关系图, figureFileSmall=97AzXz7ynZISHKYKoXa2qQ==, figureFileBig=NZG4IM7TtZ+XIsXBiRlnvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158860571312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Composition of formation water
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿化度/ (mg·L-1) | NaCl/wt% | CaCl2/wt% | MgCl2/wt% | KCl/wt% |
| 50 000 | 80 | 10 | 7 | 3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787158961234617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
地层水组成
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿化度/ (mg·L-1) | NaCl/wt% | CaCl2/wt% | MgCl2/wt% | KCl/wt% |
| 50 000 | 80 | 10 | 7 | 3 |
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Crude oil composition table
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| 沥青质/% | 饱和分/% | 芳香分/% | 胶质/% |
| 7.2 | 54.58 | 16.15 | 16.53 |
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原油组分表
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| 沥青质/% | 饱和分/% | 芳香分/% | 胶质/% |
| 7.2 | 54.58 | 16.15 | 16.53 |
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Composition of displacement fluid
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| 序号 | 名称 | 组成 |
| 1 | LS NaCl | 5 000 mg/L NaCl |
| 2 | MS NaCl | 1 0000 mg/L NaCl |
| 3 | HS NaCl | 50 000 mg/L NaCl |
| 4 | LS CaCl2 | 5 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 5 | MS CaCl2 | 10 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 6 | HS CaCl2 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 7 | MS NaCl+SDS | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%SDS |
| 8 | MS NaCl+BS-12 | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%BS-12 |
| 9 | MS NaCl+CTAB | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%CTAB |
| 10 | MS NaCl+Tween 80 | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%Tween 80 |
| 11 | HS CaCl2+SDS | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%SDS |
| 12 | HS CaCl2+BS-12 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%BS-12 |
| 13 | HS CaCl2+CTAB | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%CTAB |
| 14 | HS CaCl2+Tween 80 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%Tween 80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159523271398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460836577779, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
驱替液组成
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| 序号 | 名称 | 组成 |
| 1 | LS NaCl | 5 000 mg/L NaCl |
| 2 | MS NaCl | 1 0000 mg/L NaCl |
| 3 | HS NaCl | 50 000 mg/L NaCl |
| 4 | LS CaCl2 | 5 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 5 | MS CaCl2 | 10 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 6 | HS CaCl2 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2 |
| 7 | MS NaCl+SDS | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%SDS |
| 8 | MS NaCl+BS-12 | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%BS-12 |
| 9 | MS NaCl+CTAB | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%CTAB |
| 10 | MS NaCl+Tween 80 | 10 000 mg/L NaCl+0.2wt%Tween 80 |
| 11 | HS CaCl2+SDS | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%SDS |
| 12 | HS CaCl2+BS-12 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%BS-12 |
| 13 | HS CaCl2+CTAB | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%CTAB |
| 14 | HS CaCl2+Tween 80 | 50 000 mg/L CaCl2+0.2wt%Tween 80 |
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