Article(id=1203753460631056877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710950400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-21, revisedDate=1730390400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789672, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789672, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789672, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=630, endPage=639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753461105013246, articleId=1203753460631056877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Multi-time Scale Voltage Optimization Control Based on MPC Wind Solar Distribution Network, columnId=1156262733675876713, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the voltage fluctuations caused by the integration of renewable energy into the distribution network, a voltage coordinated control method based on MPC (model predictive control) was proposed to ensure safe operation. Aiming at the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic output, the AP-K-Medoids clustering algorithm was proposed to generate and reduce output scenarios, and a model was established with the optimization objective of minimizing system network loss. Adopting multi time scale voltage control through the integration of on load voltage regulating transformers, capacitor banks, static reactive power compensators, wind solar reactive power output, and energy storage charging and discharging coordination. Long term scale optimization control solves the output of each device in the system through multi-step rolling optimization, with wind solar output and load demand prediction as the premise. On the basis of short-term and long-term rolling optimization, the increment of output is solved. The optimization control model is a non convex and nonlinear model, which utilizes a second-order cone programming model to solve nonlinear problems. Using an improved IEEE33 node distribution network system for case analysis, the research results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed voltage optimization control strategy.

, correspAuthors=Yi-qiang YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-xiong ZHANG, Yi-qiang YANG, Wan XU, Yan XIA, Ke LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753464275907286, articleId=1203753460631056877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于MPC含风-光配电网的多时间尺度电压优化控制, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决可再生能源并入配电网对系统引起的电压波动,基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)提出电压协调控制方法保证安全运行。针对风电光伏出力不确定性提出AP-K-Medoids聚类算法对出力场景进行生成与削减,以系统网损最小为优化目标建立模型。采用接入有载调压变压器、电容器组、静止无功补偿器、风-光无功出力及储能充、放电协调多时间尺度电压控制。长时间尺度优化控制通过多时步滚动优化求解系统各装置出力,以风-光出力及负荷需求预测为前提;而短时间以长时间为基础滚动优化求解出力的增量。优化控制模型是非凸、非线性的模型,利用二阶锥规划模型处理非线性问题实现求解。采用改进的IEEE33节点配电网系统进行算例分析,研究结果证明所提电压优化控制策略的可行性。

, correspAuthors=杨毅强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨毅强(1980—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
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张令雄(1997—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:

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Photovoltaic cluster indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 K-Medoids算法 AP-K-Medoids算法
SS 25.825 9 0.329 1
DF 23 23
MS 1.122 9 0.014 3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155458994718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460631056877, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光伏聚类指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 K-Medoids算法 AP-K-Medoids算法
SS 25.825 9 0.329 1
DF 23 23
MS 1.122 9 0.014 3
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155568046635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460631056877, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Wind power cluster indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 K-Medoids算法 AP-K-Medoids算法
SS 45.277 7.027 5
DF 23 23
MS 1.968 6 0.305 5
), ArticleFig(id=1203787155719041589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460631056877, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风电聚类指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 K-Medoids算法 AP-K-Medoids算法
SS 45.277 7.027 5
DF 23 23
MS 1.968 6 0.305 5
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基于MPC含风-光配电网的多时间尺度电压优化控制
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张令雄 1, 2 , 杨毅强 1, 2, * , 徐万 1, 2 , 夏岩 1, 2 , 李珂 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(2): 630-639
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(2): 630-639
基于MPC含风-光配电网的多时间尺度电压优化控制
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张令雄1, 2 , 杨毅强1, 2, * , 徐万1, 2, 夏岩1, 2, 李珂3
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学自动化与信息工程学院, 宜宾 644000
  • 2 人工智能四川省重点实验室, 宜宾 644000
  • 3 四川省能源与多能互补微电网技术研究中心, 绵阳 621000
  • 张令雄(1997—),男,汉族,四川达州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨毅强(1980—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
Multi-time Scale Voltage Optimization Control Based on MPC Wind Solar Distribution Network
Ling-xiong ZHANG1, 2 , Yi-qiang YANG1, 2, * , Wan XU1, 2, Yan XIA1, 2, Ke LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation and Information Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
  • 2 Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 644000, China
  • 3 Sichuan Hydrogen Energy and Multi-energy Complementary Microgrid Engineering Technology Research Center, Mianyang 621000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402032
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为解决可再生能源并入配电网对系统引起的电压波动,基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)提出电压协调控制方法保证安全运行。针对风电光伏出力不确定性提出AP-K-Medoids聚类算法对出力场景进行生成与削减,以系统网损最小为优化目标建立模型。采用接入有载调压变压器、电容器组、静止无功补偿器、风-光无功出力及储能充、放电协调多时间尺度电压控制。长时间尺度优化控制通过多时步滚动优化求解系统各装置出力,以风-光出力及负荷需求预测为前提;而短时间以长时间为基础滚动优化求解出力的增量。优化控制模型是非凸、非线性的模型,利用二阶锥规划模型处理非线性问题实现求解。采用改进的IEEE33节点配电网系统进行算例分析,研究结果证明所提电压优化控制策略的可行性。

配电网  /  模型预测控制  /  聚类算法  /  电压控制  /  滚动优化  /  二阶锥规划

To address the voltage fluctuations caused by the integration of renewable energy into the distribution network, a voltage coordinated control method based on MPC (model predictive control) was proposed to ensure safe operation. Aiming at the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic output, the AP-K-Medoids clustering algorithm was proposed to generate and reduce output scenarios, and a model was established with the optimization objective of minimizing system network loss. Adopting multi time scale voltage control through the integration of on load voltage regulating transformers, capacitor banks, static reactive power compensators, wind solar reactive power output, and energy storage charging and discharging coordination. Long term scale optimization control solves the output of each device in the system through multi-step rolling optimization, with wind solar output and load demand prediction as the premise. On the basis of short-term and long-term rolling optimization, the increment of output is solved. The optimization control model is a non convex and nonlinear model, which utilizes a second-order cone programming model to solve nonlinear problems. Using an improved IEEE33 node distribution network system for case analysis, the research results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed voltage optimization control strategy.

distribution network  /  model predictive control  /  scene reduction  /  voltage control  /  rolling optimization  /  second-order cone programming
张令雄, 杨毅强, 徐万, 夏岩, 李珂. 基于MPC含风-光配电网的多时间尺度电压优化控制. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402032
Ling-xiong ZHANG, Yi-qiang YANG, Wan XU, Yan XIA, Ke LI. Multi-time Scale Voltage Optimization Control Based on MPC Wind Solar Distribution Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 630 -639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402032
随着社会对能源需求的日益增加,大量的可再生能源如风-光已集成到配电网系统中。风电出力的随机性和不确定性,并网造成电压频繁波动,给配电网系统电压控制带来了极大挑战。
可再生能源的可变性以及不确定性导致电压波动,局部的电压控制策略既节省成本又容易实现[1-2]。针对大规模的风电并网,给系统造成电压波动,引入无功电压控制问题,是电力系统安全运行的关键挑战,国内外开展了广泛研究[3- 6]。应对风电出力的间歇性和随机性,文献[7]根据配电网负荷的不确定性,采用分时无功补偿方法对系统电压进行优化控制,建立网损最小和电压偏差为目标函数,通过优化算法对模型求解得出每一时段的无功出力情况。文献[8]提出主动配电网为应对风电出力的随机性,采用了多时间尺度电压优化协调控制方法。文献[9]提出一种随机算法通过协调可再生能源的有功和无功出力对配电网进行调压,二次规划的变量区分成不交叉的子集,一个子集对应一个问题,相比传统算法保证最优解。文献[10]还采用储能系统来存储过多的功率并解决电压问题。文献[11]分布式电源和储能系统组合来解决局部的电压波动问题。文献[12]提出一种配电网协调无功电压控制方法,通过建立无功电压模型,将非线性优化模型转化为混合整数二阶锥规划模型,实现对模型的高效求解。文献[13]采用模型预测控制以电动汽车作为无功补偿装置代替传统装置,将配电网电压稳定在范围内,分为两阶段进行将电压偏差降到最低,实现电压控制目标。文献[14]基于模型预测控制采用多时步滚动优化,实现配电网系统重要节点电压的平滑调节。文献[15]利用分布式电源及储能系统建立优化控制模型,提高并网水平、改善电压水平。文献[16]基于分布式模型预测控制含有可再生能源的电压控制,分析灵敏度模型建立配电网的控制模型,各调压装置约束转化为二次规划问题进行求解。
在实际的配电网中,电源与电源、负荷与电源之间在时空上具有很大的关联性。文献[17]中生成的风电出力场景具有相关性,该研究没有涉及其他分布式电源只含有风电场的相关研究。文献[18]分析风-光协调出力在日间的相关性,采用回溯搜索算法对配电网无功优化。因可再生能源出力的波动性,长时间尺度优化控制存在的误差较大并且预测精度下降,根据研究可知预测误差有随时间尺度增大而增大的特征。文献[19]提出分布式电源、配电网和储能协调控制方法,日前建立系统运行成本最小计划,日内采用滚动优化控制进行修正,考虑运行的经济性。文献[20]以慢时间尺度控制来纠正长时间尺度电压偏差,同时减少有载调压变压器、电容器组的动作次数,开发一种基于分支界定算法的求解器解决二次规划问题。以上的研究在可再生能源并入配电网系统后,忽略了风电光伏数据在控制过程中产生的影响,实际应考虑前期数据繁多造成的计算难度大问题,控制设备考虑不够全面以及未考虑节点的网损和功率变化。
综上,现提出模型预测控制算法对配电网在多时间尺度的电压协调控制,对风电光伏的出力数据采用提出的AP-K-Medoids聚类算法进行场景的生成与削减,处理后的数据用于长时间和短时间尺度优化控制,保证数据的实效性。长时间尺度以风电光伏出力以及负荷需求为基础,而短时间以长时间为前提求解增量,结合实际情况以系统网损最小为优化目标建立数学模型,综合考虑多设备进行协调控制电压,以达到优化后相比优化前网损降低以及节点电压波动小,同时对比优化前后节点的功率变化,反映提出控制策略的有效性,以达到优化控制的目的。
模型预测控制能够解决工程控制过程中构造、变量参数及环境具有不确定性、时变性、非线性,广泛应用各领域的工程过程控制中[21]。与传统的开环优化控制作比较,模型预测控制采用的是滚动优化控制策略,在控制过程中发出的指令是一次性下发。通过算法可求解模型预测控制,包含3个步骤是预测模型、滚动优化和反馈校正。其实现的过程是在某一时刻,预测配电网系统在未来某一时段内的状态,利用这一时刻得到的预测模型和测量值,即可对控制约束和目标函数进行求解,由此得到此刻和未来某一时段内的最优控制。在下一时刻,利用上一时刻优化控制后的数据重复优化过程。
以模型预测控制理论方法为基础,提出一种无功功率优化控制策略。结合几种调压装置进行无功调节,储能系统的充、放电功率及风-光进行有功、无功出力调节电压,将电压控制在合理范围内。
本文研究中将控制过程分为长时间尺度和短时间尺度优化控制,长时间和短时间控制分别是保障配电网系统在运行中的经济性和安全性,因不同时间尺度的目标函数不同,而模型预测控制的实现也是相互独立的,都以系统的网损最小为整个控制过程的优化目标。以风-光出力以及负荷需求的预测为基础,长时间尺度和短时间尺度分别以ΔT和Δt为时间间隔(ΔtT),分别是在未来MΔTNΔt时间段内,长时间尺度是对系统内各装置以及风-光有功和无功进行求解,而短时间尺度是求解出力的增量,对上一次优化控制的结果再滚动优化进行求解并对结果进行修正。以模型预测控制为基础的多时间尺度控制示意图如图1所示。
AP聚类算法是一种以数据点间信息传递为基础的无监督学习方法[22]。与其他算法比较,而聚类数目不需事先设定。AP算法是由相似度矩阵决定,实际相似度值 S ( i , k )组成了相似度矩阵,记相似度值 S ( i , k )为适应度,表示指标 i为数据点 k的聚类中心。数据点 i k之间的对数似然关系距离,即
S ( i , k ) = - l n x i - x k 2
AP聚类算法中,聚类的数目不需进行事先设置。在全局的相似度矩阵范围中,通过对每一数据点形成一个等效的值,该值记为 S ( k , k ),以对每个点 k本身相等性的支持为聚类中心,该相似度值被定义为偏好系数。适当的簇数由所有输入相似度的平均值定义,最小簇数定义为所有相似度的最小值,为了聚类的实际效果,可手动设定偏好系数。
K中心点聚类(K-Medoids)算法,其实质是提出一种新的质点选择方法,该算法采取的是绝对误差标准,和传统的相对误差标准有差异,用于衡量聚类簇中数据点紧密联系状态情况。每次选择的质点都是从其聚类方法的样本点中挑选,具体挑选的策略是选取能够显著提高各分类簇聚类质量的样本点作为新的质点,通过这种方式选择的质点使得每个簇内的样本更为紧密聚集在一起,提高了聚类的整体质量[23]
由于风-光其出力有很强的不确定性和波动性,为解决这一问题常采用场景分析法,通过缩减相似的场景以此来降低计算的复杂度,特别是同一区域或者相邻区域的风电和光伏出力在空间上具有一定的相关性,提出AP-K-Medoids聚类算法与单独K-Medoids算法对某一地区的风电和光伏数据进行处理并对出力场景进行生成和削减,场景削减结果如图2所示,各指标如表1表2所示。
根据图2可知,通过K-Medoids算法进行的场景生成和削减与AP-K-Medoids算法相比,后者对于相似场景的缩减效果更好,在相似簇中筛选出更具代表的簇,通过AP算法与K-Medoids算法结合后对场景的处理效果更好。风电和光伏的年出力数据由K-Medoids和AP-K-Medoids算法聚类,AP-K-Medoids聚类算法处理后的数据,其指标SS和MS的值相比于K-Medoids算法缩小数倍,以达到更好的聚类效果。
长时间尺度优化控制中,考虑静止无功补偿器等调压装置及风-光的无功出力、储能系统的充、放电功率作为整个控制过程的控制变量,而风-光出力及负荷需求预测信息数据为其输入变量,长时间尺度优化控制以配电网系统实际运行状态作为初始值,在规定时间段内求解有功、无功出力。
为满足运转的经济性以及较低的系统损耗,建立系统网损最小作为长时间尺度优化控制的优化目标函数,即
m i n F = m i n t = t 0 t 0 + M Δ T i = 1 n j c ( i ) r i j I ~ i j , t I ~ i j , t = f ( K i j , t , H c , i , t , P c h , i , t , P d i s , i , t , Q D G , i , t , Q S V C , i , t )
式(2)中: t 0为长时间尺度优化控制的起始时间;ΔT为长时间尺度优化控制的时间间隔; n为系统的节点数; M为控制步长; c ( i )为系统全部线路末节点组成的,是以 i为首节点; r i j为系统线路 i j之间电阻的值; I ~ i j , t为在t时刻,系统线路 i j之间电流平方值; K i j , t为变压器的挡位调节; H c , i , t为电容器组的挡位调节; P c h , i , t为储能装置的充电功率; P d i s , i , t为储能装置的放电功率; Q D G , i , t为风-光的无功出力; Q S V C , i , t为静止无功补偿器的无功出力。
(1)Distflow潮流方程约束。
k β ( j ) P j k , t = i a ( j ) P i j , t - I ~ i j , t r i j + P j , t k β ( j ) Q j k , t = i a ( j ) Q i j , t - I ~ i j , t x i j + Q j , t
k i j , t 2 U ~ j , t = U ~ i , t - 2 ( r i j P i j , t + x i j Q i j , t ) + ( r i j 2 + x i j 2 ) I ~ i j , t
I ~ i j , t = P i j , t 2 + Q i j , t 2 U ~ i , t
P j , t = P D G , j , t - P l o a d , j , t + P c h , j , t - P d i s , j , t Q j , t = Q D G , j , t + Q S V C , j , t + Q c , j , t - Q l o a d , j , t
I ~ i j , t = I i j , t 2 U ~ i , t = U i , t 2
式中: a ( j )是系统支路首节点组成的,是以 j为末节点; β ( j )是系统支路末节点组成的,以 j为首节点; P i j , t为在 t时刻节点 i流向节点 j的有功功率; Q i j , t为在 t时刻由节点 i流向节点 j的无功功率; P j , t为在 t时刻节点 j的有功功率的输入值; Q j , t为在 t时刻节点 j的无功功率的输入值; P D G , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j的风-光的有功功率; Q D G , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j处风-光的无功功率; P l o a d , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j的负荷有功功率; Q l o a d , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j的负荷无功功率; P c h , j , t为储能系统的充电功率; P d i s , j , t为储能系统的放电功率; Q S V C , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j静止无功补偿器的无功功率; Q c , j , t为在 t时刻节点 j电容器组的无功功率。
(2)有载调压变压器的出力约束。
k i j , t = k 0 + K i j , t Δ k i j
K i j m i n K i j , t K i j m a x
式中: k 0为调节变比; Δ k i j为有载调压变压器调节步长; K i j , t为在 t时刻可调节的挡位; K i j m a x为在 t时刻可调至的上限; K i j m i n为在 t时刻可调至的下限。
(3)电容器组的出力约束。
Q c , i , t = H i , t Δ Q c , i , t 0 H i , t H m a x
(4)静止无功补偿器的出力约束,即
Q S V C , i m i n Q S V C , i , t Q S V C , i m a x
式(11)中: Q S V C , i m a x Q S V C , i m i n分别为静止无功补偿器可调节无功出力的上、下限。
(5)风-光出力约束。
P D G , i , t = P D G , i , t p r e
Q D G , i , t m i n Q D G , i , t Q D G , i , t m a x
Q D G , i , t m a x = - Q D G , i , t m i n = S D G , i 2 - ( P D G , i , t p r e ) 2
式中: P D G , i , t p r e为在 t时刻节点 i处风-光伏有功功率出力的预测值; Q D G , i , t m a x Q D G , i , t m i n分别为在 t时刻节点 i处风-光伏无功功率出力的上、下限; S D G , i为在节点 i处风-光伏的容量。
(6)储能系统出力约束。
E S O C , i , t + P c h , i , t η c h Δ T - P d i s , i , t η d i s Δ T = E S O C , i , t + Δ T
20 % E S O C , i m a x E S O C , i , t 80 % E S O C , i m a x
0 P c h , i , t P c h , i , t m a x D c h , i , t 0 P d i s , i , t P d i s , i , t m a x D d i s , i , t D c h , i , t + D d i s , i , t 1
式中: P c h , i , t为在 t时刻节点 i处储能系统的充电功率; P d i s , i , t为在 t时刻节点 i处储能系统的放电功率; η c h为储能系统的充电功率; η d i s为储能系统的放电效率; D c h , i , t D d i s , i , t为0~1的变量; P c h , i , t m a x为储能系统的最大充电功率; P d i s , i , t m a x为储能系统的最大放电功率;约束条件式(17)确保储能系统在运行过程中充、放电不会同时进行; E S O C , i m a x为储能系统充电的上限值,考虑到储能系统在配电网系统使用寿命问题,将其限定在20%~80%。
(7)支路容量约束。
I i j , t I i j m a x
式(18)中: I i j m a x为支路 i - j的电流幅值的上限值。
短时间尺度运行以长时间尺度优化方案为参考执行,借助实时更新的风-光出力以及负荷短期预测信息为基础,滚动优化系统中各调压装置的无功补偿量,抑制各馈线节点电压的波动,即提高配电网系统的稳定运行和电能质量。通过将长时间尺度的模型预测数据与实际值相比较,可知有着一定的误差,未达到精度需求,于是引入短时间尺度的模型预测优化控制以解决在长时间尺度出现的问题。以当前配电网系统的实际运行情况以及更短时间尺度下的预测信息,可对长时间尺度控制的结果进行逐步细化调整。由于有载调压变压器、电容器组的挡位调节速度缓慢,且抽头日投切速度与日投切次数有很大的限制,故在短时间尺度优化控制下不宜动作。短时间尺度的控制变量主要包含静止无功补偿器无功出力增量、储能系统充、放电功率增量以及风-光无功出力的增量。
因风-光出力及负荷需求的预测信息存在误差,并随着预测时间的延长而增大,为解决三者的随机性和波动性造成的电压不在正常范围内,同时确保系统的安全运行,为了短时间尺度与长时间尺度优化控制整体优化的统一性,建立配电网系统网损最小作为短时间尺度优化控制的优化目标函数。
m i n F = m i n t = t 0 t 0 + N Δ t i = 1 n j c ( i ) r i j I ~ i j , t I ~ i j , t = f ( P c h , j , t T 1 + Δ P c h , j , t , P d i s , j , t T 1 + Δ P d i s , j , t ,       Q D G , j , t T 1 + Δ Q D G , j , t , Q S V C , j , t T 1 + Δ Q S V C , j , t )
式(19)中:Δt为短时间尺度滚动优化控制的时间间隔; N为短时间尺度滚动优化控制的控制步长; P c h , j , t T 1为在 t时刻长时间尺度解出的储能系统充电功率的基准值; P d i s , j , t T 1为在 t时刻长时间尺度解出的储能系统放电功率的基准值; Q D G , j , t T 1为在 t时刻长时间尺度解出的风-光无功出力的基准值; Q S V C , j , t T 1是在 t时刻长时间尺度接触的静止无功补偿器无功出力的基准值; Δ P c h , j , t为在 t时刻短时间尺度储能系统充电功率; Δ P d i s , j , t为在 t时刻储能系统放电功率, Δ Q D G , j , t为在 t时刻风-光无功出力; Δ Q S V C , j , t为在 t时刻短时间尺度静止无功补偿器无功出力,其含义表示增量,在优化控制的过程中增量称为调整值。
(1)潮流约束为
P j , t = P D G , j , t - P l o a d , j , t +     ( P c h , j , t T 1 + Δ P c h , j , t ) - ( P d i s , j , t T 1 + Δ P d i s , j , t ) Q j , t = Q c , j , t - Q l o a d , j , t +     ( Q D G , j , t T 1 + Δ Q D G , j , t ) + ( Q S V C , j , t T 1 + Δ Q S V C , j , t ) ( 3 ) ~ ( 5 ) , ( 7 )
(2)其他约束为
Q D G , i , t m i n Q D G , i T 1 + Δ Q D G , i , t Q D G , i , t m a x Q S V C , i , t m i n Q S V C , i T 1 + Δ Q S V C , i , t Q S V C , i , t m a x 20 % E S O C , i m a x E S O C , i , t 80 % E S O C , i m a x 0 P c h , j , t T 1 + Δ P c h , j , t P c h , i , t m a x D c h , i , t 0 P d i s , j , t T 1 + Δ P d i s , j , t P d i s , i , t m a x D d i s , i , t D c h , i , t + D d i s , i , t 1 I i j , t I i j m a x
式(21)包括风-光伏的运行约束及各调压装置和支路容量的约束。
本文的优化问题求解不易,包括非凸和非线性问题,综合考虑将优化模型转化为二阶锥规划问题,其求解过程简单。
二阶锥规划标准形式[24-25]
m i n x i ( c T x | A x = b ) ,   x i K , i = 1,2 , , N
式(22)中: x R N为决策变量向量; b R M为线性等式的约束; c R N为目标函数的系数向量; A R M × N为线性等式的约束; K为式(23)和式(24)的旋转二阶锥或二阶锥。
旋转二阶锥为
K = x i R N | 2 x 1 x 2 i = 2 N x i 2 , x 1 , x 2 0
二阶锥为
K = x i R N | x 1 2 i = 2 N x i 2 , x 1 0
潮流约束中式(4)与式(5)为非线性方程,目标函数以及其他约束方程为线性方程,需对式(4)与式(5)进行线性化处理。对式(5)采用二阶锥规划方法[26]进行松弛处理,可改写为
U ~ i , t I ~ i j , t P i j , t 2 + Q i j , t 2
将式(25)改写为标准的二阶锥形式,即
U ~ i , t + I ~ i j , t [ 2 P i j , t   2 Q i j , t   I ~ i j , t - U ~ i , t ] T 2
在长时间尺度模型中,其变量有连续和离散的,而在短时间尺度模型中,只有连续的变量。长时间的变量是经过二阶锥规划处理,将复杂的模型转变成混合整数的二阶锥模型,而短时间的变量是通过处理转变成二阶锥规划模型。
本文的仿真以新疆地区的实际风-光集群为例,如图3所示通过改进的IEEE33节点配电网系统进行仿真分析。在系统29节点接入电容组,调节的步长为50 kvar,调节区间是0~300 kvar;在系统32节点接入有载调压变压器,电压的可调节区间为[0.95,1.05], 共有12档可调节,调节步长为0.008 3(标幺值);在系统9节点接入无功补偿器,其无功功率补偿大小为[0,500]kvar;在系统8节点接入储能装置,其容量最大值为1 000 kW·h,储能在运行过程中的充放电效率为90%,充放电功率最大值为200 kW,储能的初始容量为500 kW·h;该配电网系统有两台光伏,分别在系统6,27节点接入容量为1 MW的光伏;一台风机在系统8节点接入容量为3 MW的风机。
在整个仿真过程中,长时间尺度和短时间尺度的时间间隔不同。长时间以1 h为时间间隔,短时间以15 min为时间间隔,并都是对未来24 h内的有功和无功出力求解;长时间是求解调压装置有功和无功出力,短时间控制是以长时间控制为基准,对控制的调压装置的有功、无功出力的增量求解,对上一时步通过预测模型求出的结果进行及时修正。本文研究中将优化控制模型转化成二阶锥规划模型,算例验证在MATLAB平台进行编程仿真,通过调用Yalmip、Cplex和Gurobi 10.0.1进行求解。
以新疆地区的风-光出力以及负荷需求的预测曲线如图4所示。在长时间尺度和短时间尺度滚动优化过程中添加随机序列,为验证本文所提出控制策略的时效性,整个过程控制方法如何应对风-光出力及负荷需求随机波动,其模型预测控制的输入量是模拟场景下光伏和风电及负荷需求在正常情况下受到的扰动量。
图5为电容器组无功出力调节情况,因电容器组的性能以及反应时间的约束,在长时间尺度优化控制过程中,在28时刻左右光照增强以及风机并网,无功出力大幅度增加为控制光伏和风电并网造成的电压波动。在短时间尺度优化控制下,补偿电容器组受动作次数的限制其出力均衡,整个动作过程长时间比短时间出力更多。
静止无功补偿器为容性,图6为补偿器无功出力的曲线变化情况,当风-光的出力突然达到峰值时,因分布式电源容量的约束,由于风-光最大的无功出力逐渐减少,则补偿器的无功出力明显增加,短时间尺度的出力比长时间尺度更为频繁波动明显,长时间尺度是大幅度调节,短时间尺度是小幅调控更为精准,当光伏和风电可产生的无功出力增加,其静止无功补偿器的无功出力会小幅减少。
图7给出了在长时间尺度和短时间尺度下的无功出力曲线波动情况,出力情况与风-光并入配电网系统的位置和容量有关,当配电网实际运行状态处于在风-光电出力水准比较低,而且系统负荷需求较高时,即风-光增加无功出力实施控制系统电压,以达到系统的安全运行条件。
优化前后配电网系统根节点有功、无功出力曲线如图8所示,优化后在一段时间内根节点有功出力相比于优化前大幅度减少,由于配电网系统运行的经济性对分布式电源有功出力进行削减降低成本,根节点的无功出力在优化前后相差无几,所提出的优化控制方法主要是无功出力。优化前后配电网系统节点电压对比的幅值图如图9所示,节点电压约束范围在[0.95,1.05]。可看出优化前后电压均在安全范围内,优化后的电压波动更小。
优化前后配电网系统短时间尺度优化控制的网损对比如图10所示,据图10可知,在0~25时刻由于光照强度可忽略光伏出力为 0,负荷需求相对较低,网损比其他时刻低,优化后网损相比优化前明显降低;在25~88时刻由于负荷需求增加,在76时刻之后光伏出力减小为0,故系统的网损较其他时刻高;在88~96时刻无光伏出力有风机出力,负荷需求小幅度减少,系统网损也降低,优化后的网损较优化前降低,验证了所提出的优化控制方法的有效性和实用性。
针对可再生能源并入电网引起的系统节点电压波动,通过模型预测控制算法在多时间尺度对配电网进行电压协调控制,得出以下结论。
(1)因风电和光伏出力的不确定性和未知性,对出力的相似场景进行削减,提出AP-K-Medoids与K-Medoids聚类算法进行对比,通过聚类后的场景图和相关指标分析,前者相比于后者其聚类效果更好,均值方差的平方和以及均方都缩小数倍。
(2)考虑长时间和短时间尺度控制,短时间尺度优化控制后的出力相比长时间尺度小幅减少,达到了短时间尺度在长时间尺度基础上进行精细控制的目的。
(3)考虑各控制设备协调作用下,根节点在0~40时刻优化控制后的有功出力相比于优化控制前大幅减少,减少约一半,无功出力没有明显变化。
(4)在短时间尺度控制过程中,对比进行模型预测控制前后系统网损变化,在0~40时刻优化后相比优化前网损减少,节点电压波动幅度减小,达到系统的安全经济运行。
  • 四川省科技厅项目(2022YFS0518)
  • 四川省氢能源与互补微电网工程技术研究中心开放基金(2024DWNY006)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402032
  • 接收时间:2024-03-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-21
  • 修回日期:2024-11-01
基金
四川省科技厅项目(2022YFS0518)
四川省氢能源与互补微电网工程技术研究中心开放基金(2024DWNY006)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学自动化与信息工程学院, 宜宾 644000
    2 人工智能四川省重点实验室, 宜宾 644000
    3 四川省能源与多能互补微电网技术研究中心, 绵阳 621000

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* 杨毅强(1980—),男,汉族,四川自贡人,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统稳定与控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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