Article(id=1203753460303901153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309517, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701532800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-03, revisedDate=1729526400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789593, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789593, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789593, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789593, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=842, endPage=849, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753461272785417, articleId=1203753460303901153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Short-term Prediction of Air Traffic Flow Based on EMD-LSTM of Differential Processing, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid development of China's civil aviation, the air traffic flow in terminal areas is experiencing a consistent and significant increase. The accurate forecast of short-term air traffic flow is of great significance for the efficient implementation of air traffic flow management. To enhance the accuracy of short-term air traffic flow forecast, a model combining EMD (empirical mode decomposition) and LSTM (long short-term memory) based on data differential processing was proposed. Firstly, the model performed empirical mode decomposition on short-term air traffic flow sequences. Secondly, to improve prediction accuracy, data difference was utilized to stabilize the time series. Finally, the processed sequences were input into the LSTM network model for prediction, and the final short-term traffic prediction value was obtained through data reconstruction. Experimental verification was conducted using the data from Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport. The results demonstrate that the model achieves a significant improvement in prediction accuracy, as indicated by the typical indexes RSME, MAE, and R2, which are 0.29, 0.08, and 96.40%, respectively. This approach outperforms other methods and provides valuable reference for short-term air traffic flow prediction.

, correspAuthors=Qiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui ZHOU, Shuang QIU, Shuang-jie MENG, Ming LI, Qiang ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753463915197101, articleId=1203753460303901153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于差分处理的EMD-LSTM短时空中交通流量预测, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着中国民航的飞速发展,终端区空中交通流量与日俱增,短时空中交通流量预测对于精准实施空中交通流量管理具有重要意义。为提高短时空中交通流量预测的准确性,提出了基于数据差分处理(data differential processing)的经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM) 相结合的短时空中交通流量预测模型。首先,该模型对短时空中交通流量序列进行经验模态分解;其次,为了提高预测精度,运用数据差分对时间序列进行平稳化处理;最后,将平稳处理后的序列分别输入LSTM网络模型进行预测,经过数据重构,得到最终的短时流量预测值。利用郑州新郑国际机场数据进行了实验验证,结果表明,该模型预测精度和拟合程度的典型指标RSME、MAE、R2分别为0.29%,0.08%、96.40%,相较于其他方法,预测精度大幅度提高,可以为短时空中交通流量预测提供有益参考。

, correspAuthors=张强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张强(1986—),男,汉族,四川邻水人,博士,教授。研究方向:通信导航监视、多源信号处理及无人机反制。E-mail:
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周睿(1979—),男,汉族,四川双流人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:天文导航及图像处理、交通运输。E-mail:

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周睿(1979—),男,汉族,四川双流人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:天文导航及图像处理、交通运输。E-mail:

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周睿(1979—),男,汉族,四川双流人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:天文导航及图像处理、交通运输。E-mail:

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It为当前时刻的输入门;Ft为当前时刻的遗忘门;Ot为当前时刻的输出门; H t - 1Ht分别为前一时刻和当前时刻隐藏状态;t为当前时刻的输入;Gt为当前时刻的候选记忆单元;Ct-1Ct分别为前一时刻和当前时刻的记忆单元;Yt为输出

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Initial sequence ADF test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间序列 T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
5 min航班流量 -2.240 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 0.192 08
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162778051516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460303901153, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始序列ADF检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间序列 T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
5 min航班流量 -2.240 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 0.192 08
), ArticleFig(id=1203787163986011080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460303901153, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ADF test of IMF

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时间
序列
T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
IMF2 -11.908 -3.438 05 -2.864 93 -2.568 58 5.392×10-22
IMF3 -10.002 -3.438 02 -2.864 93 -2.568 57 1.876×10-17
IMF4 -6.996 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 7.546×10-10
IMF5 -6.123 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 8.758×10-8
IMF6 -3.715 -3.438 14 -2.864 99 -2.568 61 3.909×10-3
IMF7 -1.374 -3.438 14 -2.864 99 -2.568 61 5.945×10-1
RES -11.919 -3.438 12 -2.864 97 -2.568 60 7.059×10-1
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164107645903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460303901153, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本征模函数ADF检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
序列
T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
IMF2 -11.908 -3.438 05 -2.864 93 -2.568 58 5.392×10-22
IMF3 -10.002 -3.438 02 -2.864 93 -2.568 57 1.876×10-17
IMF4 -6.996 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 7.546×10-10
IMF5 -6.123 -3.438 08 -2.864 95 -2.568 59 8.758×10-8
IMF6 -3.715 -3.438 14 -2.864 99 -2.568 61 3.909×10-3
IMF7 -1.374 -3.438 14 -2.864 99 -2.568 61 5.945×10-1
RES -11.919 -3.438 12 -2.864 97 -2.568 60 7.059×10-1
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164233475028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460303901153, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ADF test of differential sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
序列
T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
dIMF2 -11.011 -3.438 13 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 1.942×10-25
dIMF3 -13.602 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 8.840×10-20
dIMF4 -10.950 -3.438 13 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 1.227×10-17
dIMF5 -10.076 -3.438 06 -2.864 95 -2.568 58 2.696×10-9
dIMF6 -6.767 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 3.164×10-3
dIMF7 -3.776 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 5.090×10-22
d残差 -3.297 -3.438 12 -2.864 97 -2.568 60 1.499×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1203787164363498461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460303901153, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

差分序列ADF检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间
序列
T 置信区间 P
1% 5% 10%
dIMF2 -11.011 -3.438 13 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 1.942×10-25
dIMF3 -13.602 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 8.840×10-20
dIMF4 -10.950 -3.438 13 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 1.227×10-17
dIMF5 -10.076 -3.438 06 -2.864 95 -2.568 58 2.696×10-9
dIMF6 -6.767 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 3.164×10-3
dIMF7 -3.776 -3.438 14 -2.864 98 -2.568 60 5.090×10-22
d残差 -3.297 -3.438 12 -2.864 97 -2.568 60 1.499×10-2
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基于差分处理的EMD-LSTM短时空中交通流量预测
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周睿 , 邱爽 , 孟双杰 , 李明 , 张强 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(2): 842-849
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(2): 842-849
基于差分处理的EMD-LSTM短时空中交通流量预测
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周睿 , 邱爽, 孟双杰, 李明, 张强*
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 周睿(1979—),男,汉族,四川双流人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:天文导航及图像处理、交通运输。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张强(1986—),男,汉族,四川邻水人,博士,教授。研究方向:通信导航监视、多源信号处理及无人机反制。E-mail:
Short-term Prediction of Air Traffic Flow Based on EMD-LSTM of Differential Processing
Rui ZHOU , Shuang QIU, Shuang-jie MENG, Ming LI, Qiang ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309517
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随着中国民航的飞速发展,终端区空中交通流量与日俱增,短时空中交通流量预测对于精准实施空中交通流量管理具有重要意义。为提高短时空中交通流量预测的准确性,提出了基于数据差分处理(data differential processing)的经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM) 相结合的短时空中交通流量预测模型。首先,该模型对短时空中交通流量序列进行经验模态分解;其次,为了提高预测精度,运用数据差分对时间序列进行平稳化处理;最后,将平稳处理后的序列分别输入LSTM网络模型进行预测,经过数据重构,得到最终的短时流量预测值。利用郑州新郑国际机场数据进行了实验验证,结果表明,该模型预测精度和拟合程度的典型指标RSME、MAE、R2分别为0.29%,0.08%、96.40%,相较于其他方法,预测精度大幅度提高,可以为短时空中交通流量预测提供有益参考。

空中交通流量管理  /  短时空中交通流量预测  /  经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)  /  数据差分处理(data differential processing)  /  长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)

With the rapid development of China's civil aviation, the air traffic flow in terminal areas is experiencing a consistent and significant increase. The accurate forecast of short-term air traffic flow is of great significance for the efficient implementation of air traffic flow management. To enhance the accuracy of short-term air traffic flow forecast, a model combining EMD (empirical mode decomposition) and LSTM (long short-term memory) based on data differential processing was proposed. Firstly, the model performed empirical mode decomposition on short-term air traffic flow sequences. Secondly, to improve prediction accuracy, data difference was utilized to stabilize the time series. Finally, the processed sequences were input into the LSTM network model for prediction, and the final short-term traffic prediction value was obtained through data reconstruction. Experimental verification was conducted using the data from Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport. The results demonstrate that the model achieves a significant improvement in prediction accuracy, as indicated by the typical indexes RSME, MAE, and R2, which are 0.29, 0.08, and 96.40%, respectively. This approach outperforms other methods and provides valuable reference for short-term air traffic flow prediction.

air traffic flow management  /  short-term air traffic flow forecast  /  EMD (empirical mode decomposition)  /  data differential processing  /  LSTM(long short-term memory)
周睿, 邱爽, 孟双杰, 李明, 张强. 基于差分处理的EMD-LSTM短时空中交通流量预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 842 -849 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309517
Rui ZHOU, Shuang QIU, Shuang-jie MENG, Ming LI, Qiang ZHANG. Short-term Prediction of Air Traffic Flow Based on EMD-LSTM of Differential Processing[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 842 -849 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309517
近年来,中国民航飞速发展,终端区空域流量不断增加,短时空中交通流量预测可以使空中交通管制部门对空中交通流量实施精准控制,帮助空中交通管制人员了解未来几分钟内可能存在的风险和危险因素,使工作人员能够迅速调整计划,优化航空运输系统管理,为航空运输系统提供重要的决策支持[1]
目前中外对于短时空中交通流量预测的方法主要有:基于机器学习、基于统计学模型、基于数据挖掘与计算机算法相结合的组合模型。在基于机器学习的空中交通流量预测中,常用的方法包括:支持向量机[2](support vector machine,SVM)模型、K近邻[3](K-nearest neighbors,K-NN)、神经网络模型[4-5]等。其中,王佳旭等[6]构建了基于长短期记忆网络和支持向量回归机的空中流量预测模型;乔健刚等[7]利用PSO算法中粒子位置的更新问题,将预测神经网络参数选取由静态惯性权重和学习权重转为动态权重问题,提升了模型的抗干扰能力和对交通流预测的精度;梁亚峰等[8]为了保留数据的特征,通过互补经验模态分解(complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)将数据分解为多模态特征数据,利用神经网络对多模态特征数据进行时间序列建模,该方法在局部特征预测上具有显著特征;然而Kama-rianaks等[9]证明仅利用机器学习的流量预测方法无法应对交通流等时序数据的复杂特性。在基于统计学模型的空中交通流预测中,主要包括线性和非线性两类[10],其中线性预测较为单一,适用于长期宏观预测;非线性预测方面,Packard等[11]将相空间重构理论应用到混沌时间序列的研究中;Zhang等[12]基于ELM非迭代算法,构建了疫情前后的空中交通预测体系,用于预测空域流量;但基于统计学模型的短时流量预测方法不能准确地描述交通流的随机性特征[13]。在基于数据挖掘与计算机算法相结合的组合模型研究中,全志伟[14]和尚然然[15]通过构建相似日聚类算法模型分析机场终端区流量特点,实现了机场飞行流量的预测;Gui等[16]挖掘ADS-B数据,提取有用信息映射到路线上,建立了基于航空大数据空中交通流量平台,预测和计数不同城市之间的空中交通流量;基于数据挖掘与计算机算法相结合的组合模型,需要挖掘数据间的复杂关系进行自我学习,但只有利用大量数据才能进行数据挖掘[17],在数据量较少时预测效果不理想。
现根据短时空中交通流量序列非平稳、非线性的数据特点,基于EMD经验模态分解和数据差分处理技术,结合LSTM时序数据预测的方法,提出一种新的短时空中交通流量预测模型,通过对短时空中交通流量序列噪声弱化和平稳化进行处理,能够更准确地捕捉交通流量的动态变化,提高预测精度。
经验模态分解算法(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)使用希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)方法[18],与基于先验性的分解方法不同,EMD是一种自适应分解方法,不依赖于预先设定任何假设函数,依据数据信号自身时间尺度将复杂信号分为频率从低到高的n个振荡分量[本征模函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)]和一个单一的平滑单调残余量(残差)。每个IMF分量都要满足两个基本要求:上下包络线的均值必须为零;过零点的次数和极值的次数少于或等于1。以空中交通流量序列y(t)=(y1,y2,…,yt)为例,EMD算法的分解流程图如图1所示。
具体分解过程如下。
(1)确定序列y(t)中的每一个局部极值(局部最大值和最小值)。
(2)使用3次样条插值方法拟合所有的极大值和极小值,确定上、下信号包络线:u(t)和l(t)。
(3)计算上、下信号包络线的均值曲线,得到均值m(t) 。
m (t) = u (t) + l (t) 2
(4)从y(t)中减去步骤(3)中的第一个均值包络m(t),得到第一个分量k(t) 。
k (t) = y (t) - m (t)
若分量k(t)满足IMF分量的两个基本要求,则记k(t)为第一个IMF;否则,则将k(t)视为一个和y(t)同样性质的序列,重复步骤(1)~步骤(4),直到得到一个确定的IMF。
(5)从序列中减去步骤(4)中确定的第一个IMF,可得到r(t) 。
r (t) = y (t) - k (t)
(6)重复n次步骤(1)~步骤(5),直到r(t)变为单一的平滑单调函数,EMD分解完成。
y ( t ) = i = 1 n k i (t) + r (t)
式(4)中:ki(t)为频率从高到低不等的本征模函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF);r(t)为残差分量。
在进行时间序列分析和预测时,为了保证预测精度,通常需要确保数据是平稳的[19] 。数据平稳性检验[20]是一种统计方法,用于判断时间序列数据是否具有平稳性。在时间序列分析中,平稳性是一个重要的假设,它指的是数据的统计特性在时间上保持稳定,即均值、方差和自相关函数不随时间发生变化。
ADF(augmented dickey-fuller test)[21]检验是一种单位根检验方法,用于检验时间序列数据是否具有平稳性。它是基于迪基-福勒检验[22](Dickey-Fuller test,DF)的改进版,增加了自回归项和滞后项,可以更好地处理具有趋势的时间序列数据。ADF检验的基本假设是:时间序列数据中存在单位根过程,即数据不平稳。通过检验统计量T值与显著性水平α之间的关系来判断该假设是否成立。在进行ADF检验时,根据显著性水平(通常为0.01或0.05)来比较计算得到的T与对应的临界值。如果P小于显著性水平且T小于临界值,则拒绝原假设,即认为数据具有平稳性;反之,则接受原假设,即认为数据不具有平稳性。
数据差分处理[23] (data differential processing,DFP)是一种常见的数据处理方法,通常用于减小数据趋势、稳定序列方差、去除噪音、提取特征等方面,其通过计算相邻时间点或相邻空间点之间的差异来提升时间序列的平稳性。
差分处理过程为
d m = q m + 1 - q m
式(5)中:dm为第m个差分数据;qm+1为原始序列的第m+1个采样点;qm为原始序列的第m个采样点。
对短时流量序列经过EMD算法分解后得到如式(6)所示原始序列矩阵YIMF,对其进行式(5)所示的数据差分处理,可得到式(7)所示的去趋势后的差分序列矩阵Yd
YIMF= I M F 1 I M F 2 I M F n= q 11 q 12 q 13 q 1 m q 21 q 22 q 23 q 2 m q n 1 q n 2 q n 3 q n m
Yd= d 1 d 2 d n= d 11 d 12 d 13 d 1 ( m - 1 ) d 21 d 22 d 23 d 2 ( m - 1 ) d n 1 d n 2 d n 3 d n ( m - 1 )
长短期记忆神经网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)[24]与传统循环神经网络不同,是一种特殊循环神经网络,其在处理时序问题时具有明显优势,因此常用于处理时间序列数据和预测。短时空中交通流量具有复杂的非线性关系,LSTM引入了一些特殊的门机制,可以提取交通流数据长期以来的特征,能高效处理长期时序数据依赖关系,在捕捉时空关系方面具有优越性能[25]。因此,LSTM神经网络可用于预测短时空中交通流量。LSTM神经网络由LSTM单元基本构件组成,包括输入门、输出门、遗忘门和细胞状态等组件。其基本结构如图2所示。
在每个时刻,当LSTM神经网络输入X(t)=(X1,X2,…,Xn)时,隐含层输出为H(t)=(H1,H2,…,Hn),输出层输出为Y(t)=(Y1,Y2,…,Yn),细胞状态C(t)=(C1,C2,…,Cn),且有
I t = σ ( ω x t i x t + ω h t i h t - 1 + ω c t i c t - 1 + b i )
F t = σ ( ω x t f x t + ω h t f h t - 1 + ω c t f c t - 1 + b f )
O t = σ ( ω x t o x t + ω h t o h t - 1 + ω c t o c t - 1 + b o )
式中:σ为Sigmoid激活函数;ω为不同状态下不同门对应的权重;bibfbo分别为不同门对应的偏置。
由于短时空中交通流数据的非平稳性和非线性会对预测精度产生影响[26],当交通流数据存在明显的趋势或季节性变化时,模型无法准确捕捉这些特征,为了稳定交通流时序的方差,减小趋势的影响,对交通流进行了EMD分解,并对各分量序列进行了差分处理,通过使用一阶差分方法,计算相邻时间点之间的差异,得到进一步稳定的时间序列后,再进行LSTM预测。
为了提高短时流量的预测精度,提出了“数据分解-模型预测-数据重组”的预测模型,如图3所示,该预测模型主要分为3个步骤。
(1)数据预处理。对原始流量序列进行ADF检验之后,利用EMD将其分解为多个IMF和残差,对除IMF1之外的分量进行ADF检验和差分处理,得到n-1个差分序列,再次对这些差分序列进行ADF检验和数据缩放处理以用于后续的建模,数据缩放后,短时空中交通流差分序列数据的大小范围为[-1,1]。
(2)LSTM建模。缩放后的数据作为模型的输入,可被划分为2个部分:70%作为训练集,30%作为测试集。其中,训练集用来训练模型,测试集用来预测短时空中交通流差分序列,得到n-1个差分序列预测值。
(3)数据重构。对差分序列预测值进行逆缩放和逆差分,得到各分解分量的预测值,对各分量和EMD分解出的IMF1进行数据累加,累加得到预测结果。
为验证模型的可行性,采集了2023年7月份郑州新郑国际机场的航班数据进行实验,以每5 min为时间粒度统计航班量,得到共计864个短时交通流量数据,按照70%训练集、30%测试集的划分方式:选择其中2 d的航班量数据(共576个,编号0~575)作为训练数据,其中1 d的航班量数据(共288个,编号为576~863)作为测试数据,空中交通流量变化情况如图4所示。
对上述短时流量利用EMD算法进行分解,得到IMF1~IMF7和残差8个分量,如图5所示,IMF1是随机分量,携带了原始信号中较高频率和较短时间尺度的信息,具有较高频率和波动性;IMF2~IMF7是细节分量,是原始信号的重要组成部分,通过对边缘、纹理、小波动等细节分量的特征进行分析,可以更好地理解信号中的快速变化特征,可用于后续特征提取和细节预测;RES是趋势分量,包含较低频率和较长时间尺度的成分,表示原始信号中的整体趋势或长期的变化。
平稳的初始序列可使预测误差更小,由表1可以看出,初始序列的P>0.05且T大于3个置信区间的临界值,故初始序列为非平稳序列,因此序列需要进一步平稳化处理。由图4可知,初始序列数据震动幅度较大且呈现“日”周期性变化。因此通过式(8)对EMD算法分解后的序列进行数据差分处理,将其处理成为平稳时间序列,过程中分别采用ADF检验分量序列的平稳性,从表2表3可知,差分后序列的平稳性明显优于差分前序列的平稳性。
短时交通流数据通过EMD分解为若干分量,进行数据差分处理后,作为输入进行LSTM预测,考虑到高频率、波动性强的随机分量IMF1携带大量噪声信息[5],所以IMF1不进行LSTM预测,但为了重构数据的准确性,IMF1以真实值直接参与预测值的重构,即预测结果由IMF1的真实值TIMF1和其余分量的预测值累加而成。
将本文提出的EMD-DF-LSTM-TIMF1模型与单一LSTM模型、EMD-LSTM模型、DF-LSTM模型、DF-EMD-LSTM模型和DF-EMD-LSTM-DIMF1模型作比较。后面4种模型都采用了DF算法,对数据进行差分处理;LSTM模型和EMD-LSTM模型区别在于后者采用EMD分解算法对时序数据进行分解。6种预测模型曲线如图6所示。
图6预测曲线可知,6种模型的预测曲线整体上与真实值变化趋势基本吻合。其中,单一LSTM模型、EMD-LSTM模型和DF-LSTM模型的预测精度最低,DF-EMD-LSTM-DIMF1模型和DF-EMD-LSTM模型的预测精度较高,EMD-DF-LSTM-TIMF1模型的预测值与实际值无限接近,因此其预测精度最高。如图6所示的局部区域放大图可以看出,组合了数据差分处理与分解算法的EMD-DF-LSTM-TIMF1模型、DF-EMD-LSTM-DIMF1模型和DF-EMD-LSTM的预测曲线较没有组合差分处理与分解算法与的单一LSTM模型、EMD-LSTM模型和DF-LSTM模型的预测曲线更接近于真实值曲线。
为了衡量预测模型对实际空中交通流量的拟合程度和精度,比较不同预测模型的性能,选择最优的预测模型,在短时交通流量预测中,常用以下指标:均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2),作为模型评价指标。
R M S E = 1 n i = 1 n ( y i - y ˙ i ) 2
M A E = 1 n i = 1 n | y i - y ˙ i |
R 2 = 1 - i = 1 n ( y i - y ˙ i ) 2 i = 1 n ( y i - y - i ) 2 × 100 %
式中: y i y ˙ i分别为第i个实际值和预测值;n为预测总数。
统计6种预测模型的误差指标RMSE、MAE和R2图7所示。
图7可知,对于RMSE指标,单一LSTM模型的RMSE=1.20,均高于其他组合模型,而DF-EMD-LSTM-TIMF1最低,为0.28,说明提出的模型的预测值与实际值之间的偏差最小。由图8可知,对于MAE指标,单一LSTM模型和DF-LSTM模型的MAE均超过了1.20,而DF-EMD-LSTM-TIMF1模型的MAE最小,仅为0.08,说明提出的模型的预测值和实测值之间的接近程度最高。由图9可知,DF-EMD-LSTM-TIMF1模型的R2达到了96.40%,远高于DF-EMD-LSTM-DIMF1、DF-EMD-LSTM等其他模型,可以证明该模型预测精度和拟合程度最高。综上,针对RMSE、MAE和R2 3个误差评价指标,相较于其他模型,DF-EMD-LSTM-TIMF1模型指标最优,且其预测精度最高,能较为准确地模拟复杂的短时空中交通流量的变化趋势。
针对短时空中交通流量非线性、非平稳、变化趋势复杂等特点导致流量预测精度低的问题,提出了一种基于EMD数据分解算法与DF数据差分处理算法相结合的短时流量预测模型(EMD-DF-LSTM-TIMF1),使用数据差分处理有效地消除了空中交通流量时序的趋势,使得LSTM模型能够更好地捕捉序列中的变化,预测模型预测精度大幅提升,远优于其他单一模型和组合模型,能较为准确地模拟复杂的短时空中交通流量的动态变化,此模型及方法可为空中交通流量预测及实际空管应用提供参考。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(ZJ2023-007)
  • 四川省科技计划重点研发项目(2022YFG0353)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院面上项目(J2022-056)
  • 四川省大学生创新创业训练计划(S202310624288)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309517
  • 接收时间:2023-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-03
  • 修回日期:2024-10-22
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(ZJ2023-007)
四川省科技计划重点研发项目(2022YFG0353)
中国民用航空飞行学院面上项目(J2022-056)
四川省大学生创新创业训练计划(S202310624288)
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    中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307

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* 张强(1986—),男,汉族,四川邻水人,博士,教授。研究方向:通信导航监视、多源信号处理及无人机反制。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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