Article(id=1203753460161294811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708617600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-23, revisedDate=1729699200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789560, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789560, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789560, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789560, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=737, endPage=752, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753460672999918, articleId=1203753460161294811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effect of High Temperature Cyclic Cooling on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Granite, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During the geothermal development of dry hot rock, the high temperature rock mass is subjected to repeated cold and thermal cycles. It leads to the rupture of thermal reservoirs and the change of physical and mechanical properties. In order to further explore the mechanism of the influence of temperature and cooling-heating cycle on rock characteristics, the granite specimens subjected to different high temperature nodal heat treatment were treated with natural cooling, fresh water cooling and seawater cooling respectively. The physical and mechanical indexes and microstructure were studied. The damage constitutive equations of granite under uniaxial compression with three cooling cycles were established. The results show as follows. With the increase of temperature and cycle times, the mass loss rate is in the order of freshwater cooling > natural cooling > seawater cooling, but at 600 ℃, serious particle breakup and shedding cause the mass loss of seawater cooling rock sample to exceed that of natural cooling. The elastic modulus, compressive strength and tensile strength are decreasing. The damage of water cooling to high temperature rock is greater than that of natural cooling. The damage effect of high temperature is more obvious than that of cycle times. The micro-cracks of seawater cooling rock sample are more developed. The damage variables consider the effects of temperature and cycle times, and add the damage coefficient to consider the damage effects of freshwater cooling and seawater cooling. The uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves combined with damage analysis under load are compared with the experimental results in a high degree of fitting, which reflects the rationality of the model.

, correspAuthors=Ying CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiang ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Zhen LEI, Xiang FAN, Yan-qi ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753473415295743, articleId=1203753460161294811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高温冷热循环对花岗岩物理力学性能的影响, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干热岩地热开发中,高温岩体经受反复的冷热循环,会导致热储层破裂、物理力学特性发生改变。为进一步探究温度和冷热循环方式对岩石特性的影响机制,对不同高温节点热处理的花岗岩试样分别进行了自然冷却、淡水和海水冷却的冷热循环处理,研究了物理力学指标和微观结构,建立了三种循环冷却方式的花岗岩单轴压缩损伤本构方程。结果表明:随温度和循环次数的增加,质量损失率的大小为淡水冷却>自然冷却>海水冷却,但在600 ℃条件下,严重的颗粒崩裂脱落会导致海水冷却岩样的质量损失超过自然冷却;弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度不断减小,水冷对高温岩石的损伤较自然冷却更大,高温的损伤效应较循环次数更加明显,海水冷却岩样的微裂纹更加发育;损伤变量同时考虑温度和循环次数的影响,并加入损伤系数考虑淡水冷却和海水冷却的损伤效应。结合受荷损伤分析单轴压缩应力-应变曲线,与试验结果对比拟合程度较高,体现了模型的合理性。

, correspAuthors=陈莹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈莹(1999—),女,汉族,福建福州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:
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张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:

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张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:

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Chemical composition of seawater of the southeastern coast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 氯化钠
NaCl
硫酸镁
MgSO4
氯化镁
MgCl2
氯化钙
CaCl2
氯化钾
KCl
碳酸氢钠
NaHCO3
溴化钠
NaBr
含量/
(g·L-1)
26.518 3.305 2.447 1.141 0.725 0.202 0.083
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东南沿海海水成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 氯化钠
NaCl
硫酸镁
MgSO4
氯化镁
MgCl2
氯化钙
CaCl2
氯化钾
KCl
碳酸氢钠
NaHCO3
溴化钠
NaBr
含量/
(g·L-1)
26.518 3.305 2.447 1.141 0.725 0.202 0.083
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Granite samples after cyclic cooling treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/℃ 循环次数N 自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却
200 2
200 4
200 6
400 2
400 4
400 6
600 2
600 4
600 6
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冷热循环处理后的花岗岩试样

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/℃ 循环次数N 自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却
200 2
200 4
200 6
400 2
400 4
400 6
600 2
600 4
600 6
), ArticleFig(id=1203787169639936279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460161294811, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Modulus of elasticity and damage variables of two cycles of natural cooling for different treated temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/ 弹性模量E/GPa 损伤变量DT,2
200 26.693 0
300 21.626 0.194
400 16.210 0.419
500 11.716 0.630
600 7.829 0.727
), ArticleFig(id=1203787169769959706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460161294811, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度自然冷却冷热循环2次的弹性模量和损伤变量

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温度T/ 弹性模量E/GPa 损伤变量DT,2
200 26.693 0
300 21.626 0.194
400 16.210 0.419
500 11.716 0.630
600 7.829 0.727
), ArticleFig(id=1203787169849651483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460161294811, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Modulus of elasticity and damage variables of different cycles of natural cooling for 400 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环次数N/ 弹性模量E/GPa 损伤变量D400,N
2 16.210 0
4 13.964 0.139
6 10.786 0.335
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400 ℃自然冷却冷热循环不同次数的试样弹性模量和损伤变量

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循环次数N/ 弹性模量E/GPa 损伤变量D400,N
2 16.210 0
4 13.964 0.139
6 10.786 0.335
), ArticleFig(id=1203787170097115426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460161294811, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of statistical damage mechanic model for granite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度
T/℃
循环次
N
m m0 kD kH
自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却 自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却
2 7.012 9 9.483 1 8.326 4 0.008 76 0.011 34 0.011 39 0.637 0 0.619 0
200 4 3.998 4 5.295 1 5.386 6 0.011 20 0.012 20 0.012 41 0.683 0 0.654 3
6 3.861 6 4.296 6 0.396 9 0.011 71 0.012 93 0.008 97 0.734 9 0.705 2
2 2.896 9 2.870 3 4.413 1 0.012 85 0.014 70 0.013 13 0.720 2 0.681 1
300 4 3.053 0 2.127 3 2.089 9 0.013 35 0.01466 0.01514 0.7579 0.706 9
6 3.157 5 2.301 4 3.076 1 0.013 68 0.015 86 0.015 35 0.729 9 0.641 6
2 2.548 3 2.025 0 2.222 1 0.014 28 0.017 21 0.018 22 0.649 7 0.597 3
400 4 2.536 8 1.818 4 2.356 7 0.014 55 0.017 59 0.016 19 0.686 7 0.621 2
6 2.822 8 1.717 3 2.461 2 0.017 27 0.018 18 0.018 23 0.776 8 0.637 7
2 1.527 1 1.495 4 1.671 4 0.016 73 0.018 63 0.019 40 0.619 5 0.531 2
500 4 1.390 7 1.481 0 1.492 1 0.016 79 0.018 84 0.019 46 0.574 3 0.492 2
6 2.208 6 1.508 7 2.125 4 0.019 27 0.020 94 0.022 65 0.615 1 0.421 5
2 1.406 4 0.966 8 1.562 5 0.017 85 0.020 05 0.025 79 0.480 3 0.339 2
600 4 1.536 7 0.937 1 1.090 7 0.019 45 0.018 95 0.033 35 0.451 3 0.211 7
6 1.332 9 0.019 00
), ArticleFig(id=1203787170193584424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753460161294811, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

花岗岩统计损伤力学模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度
T/℃
循环次
N
m m0 kD kH
自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却 自然冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却 淡水冷却 海水冷却
2 7.012 9 9.483 1 8.326 4 0.008 76 0.011 34 0.011 39 0.637 0 0.619 0
200 4 3.998 4 5.295 1 5.386 6 0.011 20 0.012 20 0.012 41 0.683 0 0.654 3
6 3.861 6 4.296 6 0.396 9 0.011 71 0.012 93 0.008 97 0.734 9 0.705 2
2 2.896 9 2.870 3 4.413 1 0.012 85 0.014 70 0.013 13 0.720 2 0.681 1
300 4 3.053 0 2.127 3 2.089 9 0.013 35 0.01466 0.01514 0.7579 0.706 9
6 3.157 5 2.301 4 3.076 1 0.013 68 0.015 86 0.015 35 0.729 9 0.641 6
2 2.548 3 2.025 0 2.222 1 0.014 28 0.017 21 0.018 22 0.649 7 0.597 3
400 4 2.536 8 1.818 4 2.356 7 0.014 55 0.017 59 0.016 19 0.686 7 0.621 2
6 2.822 8 1.717 3 2.461 2 0.017 27 0.018 18 0.018 23 0.776 8 0.637 7
2 1.527 1 1.495 4 1.671 4 0.016 73 0.018 63 0.019 40 0.619 5 0.531 2
500 4 1.390 7 1.481 0 1.492 1 0.016 79 0.018 84 0.019 46 0.574 3 0.492 2
6 2.208 6 1.508 7 2.125 4 0.019 27 0.020 94 0.022 65 0.615 1 0.421 5
2 1.406 4 0.966 8 1.562 5 0.017 85 0.020 05 0.025 79 0.480 3 0.339 2
600 4 1.536 7 0.937 1 1.090 7 0.019 45 0.018 95 0.033 35 0.451 3 0.211 7
6 1.332 9 0.019 00
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高温冷热循环对花岗岩物理力学性能的影响
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张翔 , 陈莹 * , 雷真 , 范翔 , 赵彦淇
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(2): 737-752
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(2): 737-752
高温冷热循环对花岗岩物理力学性能的影响
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张翔 , 陈莹* , 雷真, 范翔, 赵彦淇
作者信息
  • 云南大学建筑与规划学院, 昆明 650091
  • 张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈莹(1999—),女,汉族,福建福州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:
Effect of High Temperature Cyclic Cooling on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Granite
Xiang ZHANG , Ying CHEN* , Zhen LEI, Xiang FAN, Yan-qi ZHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Planning, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401172
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干热岩地热开发中,高温岩体经受反复的冷热循环,会导致热储层破裂、物理力学特性发生改变。为进一步探究温度和冷热循环方式对岩石特性的影响机制,对不同高温节点热处理的花岗岩试样分别进行了自然冷却、淡水和海水冷却的冷热循环处理,研究了物理力学指标和微观结构,建立了三种循环冷却方式的花岗岩单轴压缩损伤本构方程。结果表明:随温度和循环次数的增加,质量损失率的大小为淡水冷却>自然冷却>海水冷却,但在600 ℃条件下,严重的颗粒崩裂脱落会导致海水冷却岩样的质量损失超过自然冷却;弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度不断减小,水冷对高温岩石的损伤较自然冷却更大,高温的损伤效应较循环次数更加明显,海水冷却岩样的微裂纹更加发育;损伤变量同时考虑温度和循环次数的影响,并加入损伤系数考虑淡水冷却和海水冷却的损伤效应。结合受荷损伤分析单轴压缩应力-应变曲线,与试验结果对比拟合程度较高,体现了模型的合理性。

高温花岗岩  /  冷热循环  /  物理力学特性  /  微观结构  /  损伤本构

During the geothermal development of dry hot rock, the high temperature rock mass is subjected to repeated cold and thermal cycles. It leads to the rupture of thermal reservoirs and the change of physical and mechanical properties. In order to further explore the mechanism of the influence of temperature and cooling-heating cycle on rock characteristics, the granite specimens subjected to different high temperature nodal heat treatment were treated with natural cooling, fresh water cooling and seawater cooling respectively. The physical and mechanical indexes and microstructure were studied. The damage constitutive equations of granite under uniaxial compression with three cooling cycles were established. The results show as follows. With the increase of temperature and cycle times, the mass loss rate is in the order of freshwater cooling > natural cooling > seawater cooling, but at 600 ℃, serious particle breakup and shedding cause the mass loss of seawater cooling rock sample to exceed that of natural cooling. The elastic modulus, compressive strength and tensile strength are decreasing. The damage of water cooling to high temperature rock is greater than that of natural cooling. The damage effect of high temperature is more obvious than that of cycle times. The micro-cracks of seawater cooling rock sample are more developed. The damage variables consider the effects of temperature and cycle times, and add the damage coefficient to consider the damage effects of freshwater cooling and seawater cooling. The uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves combined with damage analysis under load are compared with the experimental results in a high degree of fitting, which reflects the rationality of the model.

high temperature granite  /  cyclic cooling  /  physical and mechanical properties  /  microstructure  /  damage constitutive model
张翔, 陈莹, 雷真, 范翔, 赵彦淇. 高温冷热循环对花岗岩物理力学性能的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 737 -752 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401172
Xiang ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Zhen LEI, Xiang FAN, Yan-qi ZHAO. Effect of High Temperature Cyclic Cooling on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Granite[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 737 -752 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401172
2022年6月1日,国家发改委、国家能源局等九部门联合印发的《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》中指出:可再生能源加速替代化石能源,新型电力系统取得实质性成效,大力推进地热能开发利用,支持干热岩与增强型地热能发电等先进技术。规划中所指出的地热资源具有可再生、保温性能好、热量不易散失等特点[1],具备代替石油、煤炭、水能等传统能源的潜力。在中国西藏、云南和东南沿海等地区均分布着丰富的地热资源[2],其中云南地区的地热资源更是以高温地热为主。云南腾冲全区目前发现有64个地热活动区[3],充分开发其丰富的干热岩资源对云南省能源结构的改善,打造世界一流“绿色能源牌”的目标具有极其重要的意义。干热岩的岩石类型以花岗岩为主[4-5],如日本Hijiori的花岗闪长岩[6]、法国Soultz的花岗岩[7]等。干热岩热能开发中,通过水力压裂形成增强型地热系统是公认最有效的手段[8],原理是通过注入低温流体,使岩体发生冷热循环破裂,内部裂隙增加,渗透性增强,从而提升渗流和热交换效率[9]。热能提取时,流体多次渗流进入岩体裂隙,达到水-岩换热的目的来实现热能发电[10],这就形成了高温岩石和低温流体循环接触的过程。探究高温花岗岩冷热循环物理力学性质和损伤破裂的相关机制对于评价干热岩热能开发效率,优化开发工程有着重要的意义。
针对岩石高温冷却处理后的性质,余莉等[11]对花岗岩进行900 ℃内多次高温-水冷循环作用,通过单轴压缩试验发现随温度的升高抗压强度与弹性模量呈下降趋势,并在500~700 ℃时降低迅速;Wang等[12]对高温和高温冷却处理的花岗岩进行对比,发现石英含量的降低是花岗岩抗压强度、剪胀应力和弹性模量等力学参数显著降低的原因;古启雄等[13]将800 ℃高温内的花岗岩进行循环自然冷却,发现高温使花岗岩的质量损失率、体积膨胀率、纵波波速衰减率等参数不断增加,并揭示了岩石中矿物的相变和氧化是小裂纹发育成裂隙网络的原因;张凯等[14]研究高温冷却循环的花岗岩内部流体传输的变化,发现随着循环次数增加,越高的温度对岩样渗透率、质量、体积变化的影响越大,且高温淬火比自然冷却劣化严重。
除宏观的物理力学指标外,中外学者也从细微观层面对高温冷却岩石进行了研究,所涉及的微观结构观察方法包括压汞法(mercury intrusion porosimetry, MIP)、计算机断层扫描技术(computed tomography, CT)、扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)等。靳佩桦等[15]采用压汞法和瞬态脉冲衰减法研究了花岗岩遇水冷却后的孔隙特征和渗透率变化规律,发现高温水冷后岩石内中孔含量的增加是孔隙率和渗透率大幅提升的原因;Fan等[16]通过X-CT技术和3D图像重建发现花岗岩在400~800 ℃区间内孔隙变化较大,超过该温度范围孔隙变化受温度影响较小;张宇皓等[17]利用SEM对600 ℃高温水冷处理后的花岗岩内部孔隙结构进行了观察,发现高温水冷处理产生的温度梯度,使得内部矿物颗粒发生了不均匀膨胀从而产生了温度裂隙。
针对描述宏观力学特征的热损伤和冷热循环损伤本构而言,Chaki等[18]利用孔隙度、渗透率和超声波速3种方式来表征热损伤,建立岩石的热损伤本构模型,并通过模型解释了每个阶段岩石的破坏特征;Zhu等[19]基于Hoek-Brown强度准则和Weibull分布规律,并考虑压缩系数和残余强度修正系数对理论模型进行了修正,建立了岩石热损伤统计本构模型;Zhang等[20]为了更好地表征岩石颗粒间的黏弹性,建立了基于平行的Kelvin体和损伤体组成的花岗岩热损伤本构模型;Jiang等[21]通过红砂岩的高温冷却循环试验,建立了基于Weibull分布理论和Mohr-Coulomb强度准则的统计损伤本构模型,并根据三轴试验结果进行了验证。
目前大多数的研究都主要关注岩石的高温损伤,关于高温冷却循环损伤本构的研究还不多,若在冷却循环损伤的基础上还要考虑不同的冷却方式的影响,相关研究则更少,需要进一步探究。现开展不同高温热处理节点与冷热循环方式对花岗岩物理力学性质的影响和损伤本构方程的研究,同时结合电镜扫描进行微观分析。具体来说:在淡水冷却介质的基础上,补充一部分海水冷却的研究,这是由于在许多沿海地区也存在丰富的地热资源,存在通过近海域优势,利用海水进行干热岩开发利用的可能[22]。通过自然冷却、淡水冷却及海水冷却三种方式对不同高温节点热处理的花岗岩试样进行循环冷却,探究温度和冷热循环次数对岩石物理力学性质的影响及水-岩交互后花岗岩的微裂隙变化。考虑温度和循环次数因素的损伤变量,建立自然冷却下的冷热损伤本构模型。在此基础上加入损伤系数,得出淡水冷却和海水冷却的损伤本构模型。基于Lemaitre应变等效原理,利用Weibull分布函数反映非均质性,构建单轴压缩损伤本构,并通过试验曲线和理论曲线的对比验证模型合理性。为进一步研究干热岩冷热循环的力学特征和机制提供理论基础。
云南省腾冲市位于近代火山带,属于冷壳热幔型热结构,火山多、面积广,有着丰富的地热资源[23]。本次研究所用花岗岩试样来自云南腾冲,平均密度为2.67 g/cm3,灰白色中粒,均质性较好。矿物成分包括钠长石44.9%、石英27.4%、斜长石23.9%、角闪石2.5%、黑云母1.2%。试样取自同一岩石块体,用岩石切割机加工成型,再用端面磨石机打磨至光滑。按照国际岩石力学学会(International Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM)推荐标准[24],试样制备成直径为50 mm、高为100 mm的圆柱及直径50 mm、高25 mm的圆盘(图1),分别用于单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验。室内试验测得常温状态下花岗岩弹性模量为29.16 GPa,单轴抗压强度183.77 MPa和抗拉强度8.43 MPa。用于冷却的淡水为自来水,海水根据第三海洋研究所提供的东南沿海海水成分表(表1)进行配制。
热处理高温共选取5个温度点:200、300、400、500、600 ℃。3种循环次数:2次、4次、6次。3种冷却方式:自然冷却、淡水冷却、海水冷却。在对试样进行高温冷却循环处理前,用电子天平、游标卡尺对所有试样进行质量和体积的量测计算,测得密度在2.65~2.70 g/cm3范围,评价为均一性较好。将试样放置在SX2型1 200 ℃一体式马弗炉(图2)中,加热至设定温度,保温2 h以确保试样受热均匀,从炉中取出后迅速浸入分别装有淡水和提前制备的海水的冷却桶中,进行水冷处理。待试样在冷却桶中冷却至室温(25 ℃)后,再浸泡16 h后取出擦干,放入电热鼓风干燥箱中以45 ℃烘干24 h,以保证完全干燥。自然冷却条件的试样随马弗炉冷却至室温后再取出。上述为一次高温冷却循环的处理方法。完成高温冷却循环处理后,再对试样进行质量和体积的量测计算。
使用HUT305A型300 kN微机控制电液伺服万能试验机(图3)对高温冷却循环处理后的试样进行单轴压缩试验及巴西劈裂试验,采用位移控制,加载速率为0.1 mm/min,获取试样的弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度等参数。抗拉强度计算公式为
σt= 2 Q π d l
式(1)中:σt为抗拉强度,MPa;l为试样厚度,mm;d为试样直径,mm;Q为峰值荷载,kN。
使用扫描电镜SEM技术对高温冷却循环处理后的试样进行微观结构观察与分析。
自然冷却、淡水冷却、海水冷却试样分别以字母Z、D、H进行区分,如自然冷却的200 ℃高温冷却循环2次的试样,编号为Z-200-2。
高温冷却试验过程中,海水冷却和淡水冷却的岩样在600 ℃循环4~6次时,出现严重破碎爆裂现象(图4),未完全崩解的岩样破损严重。
表2可以看出,经过200 ℃热处理和冷却的岩样的形貌与常温状态的岩样相似。经过400 ℃高温处理冷却后,水冷的岩样出现了红棕色的色斑,原因为岩样矿物成分中的黑云母含丰富的铁元素,其在高温时发生了氧化,生成了红褐色的氧化铁[25]。随着循环次数增加,氧化反应加剧,其色斑颜色加深,同时伴随少量的可见裂纹出现。经过600 ℃高温冷却处理后,岩样整体颜色更白,原因是岩样长石类矿物的损失以及黑云母在高温下脱水,导致岩样颜色变淡[26],并伴随着更多裂纹的出现。循环次数越多,裂纹越明显,其中水冷岩样的裂纹更多更深,说明水冷对高温岩石的损伤相较于自然冷却更大。海水冷却6次的试样出现了明显的崩解和矿物脱落,且海水冷却的岩样烘干后,表面会出现少量的白色晶体,原因是海水中的氯化钠等盐类成分在水分蒸发后形成沉淀附着在岩样表面。因此可以通过观察颜色和裂纹的变化,大致推断出岩石经历的高温节点、冷却方式和循环次数的范围。
通过质量损失率φ和体积增长率η来分析物理性质的变化,公式为
φ= m 1 - m 2 m 1×100%
η= V 2 - V 1 V 1×100%
式中:V1m1分别为初始状态岩样的体积和质量;V2m2分别为高温冷却循环后的岩样的体积和质量。
图5所示,平均质量损失率随着温度的升高以及循环次数的增加呈现出上升的趋势。通过不同冷却方式的结果对比,可以发现除600 ℃高温节点有所特殊外,淡水冷却处理的岩样质量损失率最大,其次是自然冷却的岩样,最后是海水冷却的岩样,原因是在海水冷却的过程中,海水中氯化钠(NaCl)与岩石中长石类矿物(2CaAl2Si2O8)和石英(SiO2)反应产生了有吸附作用的沸石,将海水中的Na+、Ca2+和K+等金属离子吸附[22],导致海水冷却处理的岩样质量损失较淡水情况稍少。温度低于400 ℃时,岩样质量减小的主要原因是自由水的流失,因其占比很小,故质量没有明显的变化。通过横向对比,发现海水冷却的岩样质量损失率随着循环次数的增加而略微减小,分析原因可能是反应生成的沸石所吸附的海水中的金属离子,相较于损失水分的O2-和H+,质量更大,经过多次冷却,吸附的金属离子不断累积,导致质量增加。400 ℃升至500 ℃时,质量损失愈发明显,均随着循环次数增加而增大,是因为高温使岩样中的结合水发生流失[27],云母在500 ℃发生相变,部分矿物熔融[28],导致岩样损失大量金属成分。600 ℃时,3种冷却方式的质量损失率都明显加快,造成此现象原因是石英在573 ℃发生相变,由α-石英转变为β-石英,体积会膨胀,更易开裂[29]。在循环4次和6次时出现海水冷却的质量损失率超过自然冷却,因为海水冷却的岩样在600 ℃循环4次和6次时出现了严重的崩解和矿物脱落(图4)。
图6所示,平均体积增长率也随着温度的升高和循环次数的增加呈现出上升的趋势,其主要原因是岩石中矿物颗粒成分不同,热膨胀系数也各不相同,在高温条件下膨胀不一致,晶体之间产生错位,空间增大,引起体积膨胀。随着循环次数的增加,200 ℃时,3种冷却方式的体积增长率区别不明显。200 ℃之后,淡水和海水冷却的岩样体积增长趋势整体一致,增长率均高于自然冷却,推测其原因为在水冷时,膨胀的颗粒受到冷冲击后急剧收缩的程度高于自然冷却。随着循环次数的增加,岩样中的晶体错位和裂隙扩张不断加剧,导致了岩样体积的持续增长。
600 ℃循环6次的水冷岩样破损严重,在单轴压缩试验过程中,受力后瞬时出现塌裂粉碎现象,如图7所示,数据无法完整采集。
图8图9为不同冷热循环次数的岩石弹性模量、单轴抗压强度与温度的关系曲线。可以发现弹性模量和单轴抗压强度的变化趋势相似,都随着温度的升高和循环次数的增加而减小,且同一温度条件水冷后岩样的这两个力学参数均小于自然冷却。600 ℃循环4次时,自然冷却、淡水冷却和海水冷却的弹性模量相对常温状态的岩样分别降低了78.46%、90.29%和95.44%,抗压强度降低了73.80%,89.23%和91.10%,可见岩样损伤较严重。岩石经受高温时,矿物晶体本身和晶体之间会产生微裂隙[30],加上冷却时的温度差造成的冷冲击,加剧了岩石的损伤,使得强度急剧降低。
同单轴抗压的试样,巴西劈裂试验的花岗岩试样在600 ℃高温水冷循环4次的条件下,岩样出现严重损伤,淡水条件下的岩样断裂至失去力学性能(图10),海水条件下的岩样爆裂碎成颗粒。因此600 ℃循环4次后无抗拉试验数据。
图11为不同冷热循环次数的花岗岩抗拉强度与温度的关系曲线。发现抗拉强度随着温度的升高和循环次数的增加呈现出减小的趋势,淡水冷却与海水冷却条件下的岩样的抗拉强度趋近,在相同温度下其值均低于自然冷却的岩样。通过比较200~300 ℃和300~400 ℃的抗拉强度变化,自然冷却条件下的抗拉强度下降幅度减缓,400 ℃之后,抗拉强度的下降幅度又开始增大。其原因为温度<400 ℃时岩样中部分颗粒的热膨胀应力未超过岩石内部颗粒的黏结力,内部微裂隙未扩展,强度衰减可以得到一定程度的减缓[31]。温度超过400 ℃后,岩石内部的晶格遭受破坏,晶体之间的连接断开[32],使岩样受到新一轮破坏。在水冷条件下,抗拉强度并未出现降幅减缓的情况,是因为水冷冲击对岩石也产生了破坏作用,使矿物中的Fe—O等化学键持续断裂和矿物颗粒急剧收缩[33],导致裂隙持续扩展。
图12为不同热处理温度冷热循环2次后的应力-应变曲线,图13为相同热处理温度冷热循环不同次数后的应力-应变曲线。从单轴压缩应力-应变曲线来看,都经历了4个阶段:即压密、弹性变形、裂纹发展和破坏。峰值强度随着温度升高有明显的降低,弹性阶段的曲线斜率变小,压密阶段不断增长,说明温度越高,岩石中所产生的裂隙越多,可被压密的孔隙裂隙也越多,塑性特性愈发明显。淡水冷却和海水冷却对岩石的损伤冲击比自然冷却更大。循环次数对岩样力学性质的影响相较于高温造成的影响较小。
通过放大2 000倍的电子显微镜扫描得到淡水冷却和海水冷却条件下部分花岗岩试样的微观图像。由图14可以看出,200 ℃和400 ℃情况的岩石中出现的裂纹较少,宽度值较小,分别为1.434 μm和3.92 μm。600 ℃时,岩石中出现了更宽更多交汇贯通的裂缝,在冷热循环2次和4次处理后的裂缝宽度为8.81 μm,循环6次后裂缝宽度达到了13.45 μm,有明显的断裂。
图15可以看出,海水冷却条件下岩样的微观结构变化趋势同淡水冷却的情况相似。随着温度的升高和循环次数的增加,岩石中产生的裂缝宽度值越大,数量越多。200、400、600 ℃岩样内部的裂纹宽度分别为2.179、3.645、7.0 μm,对比发现相同条件下海水冷却岩样的裂纹宽度和数量相较于淡水冷却更宽更大,且比淡水情况下周边多微坑,并出现网状的破裂面呈现出了更多表面颗粒化和层状的矿物脱落现象,以及严重的岩块颗粒脱落的现象。在600 ℃下冷热循环4次和6次岩样裂隙宽度分别达到了11.88 μm和19.5 μm,相较于淡水冷却其宽度大幅增加,大量的微裂纹会直接导致岩样力学性能的劣化,因此600 ℃下冷热循环4次和6次的部分岩样会直接失去完整体。
岩石高温冷热循环后的损伤,实质上是温度的反复变化造成的损伤。随着温度反复地升高或降低,引起岩石内部的裂纹衍生与扩展,岩石发生损伤,从而使弹性模量减小。本文研究中选择弹性模量的变化来表征高温冷却循环损伤的损伤变量。
外界各种因素的影响对岩石造成的损伤是累计的[34],为了在损伤变量中同时考虑温度变化及冷热循环次数的共同作用,利用唯象损伤力学研究方法和试验获得的数据,对两种影响因素下的损伤变量进行定义。
温度引起的损伤变量的定义式为
DT,n=1- E T , n Z E T 0 , n Z
式(14)中:DT,nT温度下n次冷却岩样的损伤变量,其中T为可变升高的温度,n为固定的循环次数;同理, E T , n Z E T 0 , n Z分别为自然冷却条件下TT0温度下循环冷却n次岩样的弹性模量,其中T0为初始温度。
选择了200、300、400、500、600 ℃共5个温度点,2次、4次、6次共3种循环次数。
考虑温度引起的损伤需固定循环次数,以固定2次循环,200 ℃为初始温度为例来计算,随温度升高的损伤变量为
DT,2=1- E T , 2 Z E 200,2 Z
式(5)中:DT,2T温度下2次冷却岩样的损伤变量; E T , 2 Z为自然冷却条件下T温度循环2次冷却岩样的弹性模量; E 200,2 Z为自然冷却条件下200 ℃循环2次冷却岩样的弹性模量。
根据式(5)和试验结果,随热处理温度升高,试样的弹性模量和损伤变量如表3所示。
根据试验数据对T为自变量的热损伤演化方程进行拟合得到
DT,n=i0+i1T+i2T2
式(6)中:i0i1i2为拟合参数,i0=-1.332×10-1,i1=1.020×10-3,i2=7.372×10-7
循环次数引起的损伤变量为
Dt,N=1- E t , N Z E t , N 0 Z
式(7)中:Dt,Nt温度下N次冷却岩样的损伤变量; E t , N Z E t , N 0 Z分别为自然冷却条件下t温度循环冷却N次和N0次岩样的弹性模量,其中N0为初始循环次数。
考虑循环次数引起的损伤需固定热处理温度,以固定400 ℃,2次循环为初始循环次数为例来计算,随循环次数增加的损伤变量为
D400,N=1- E 400 , N Z E 400,2 Z
式(8)中:D400,N为400 ℃下循环冷却N次岩样的损伤变量; E 400 , N Z为自然冷却条件下400 ℃循环冷却N次岩样的弹性模量; E 400,2 Z为自然冷却条件下400 ℃循环冷却2次岩样的弹性模量。
根据式(8)和试验结果,随循环次数增加,试样的弹性模量和损伤变量如表4所示。
根据试验数据对N为自变量的热损伤演化方程进行拟合得到
Dt,N=l0+l1N+l2N2
式(9)中:l0=-1.969×10-1;l1=1.129×10-1;l2=-7.242×10-3
考虑温度与循环次数共同影响的损伤变量DT,N可表示为
DT,N=1- E T , N Z E 0
根据损伤的可叠加性,可表示为
DT,N=DT,n+Dt,N-DT,nDt,N
根据式(10)和式(11)可得
E T , N Z=E0[1-(DT,n+Dt,N-DT,nDt,N)]
将表达式(6)和式(9)代入式(12),并根据设定条件所计算得到的参数,得到
E T , N Z=E0[1+(0.304-8.19×10-4T-5.92×10-7T2-9.79×10-2N+6.28×10-3N2-1.15×10-4TN+7.39×10-6TN2-8.32×10-8T2N+5.34×10-9T2N2)]
由于岩石是非均质材料,缺陷随机分布在岩石中,强度也是随机变化量。假设岩石微元体强度服从Weibull统计分布规律,其概率密度函数为
P(ε)= m m 0 ε m 0 m - 1exp - ε m 0 m
式(14)中ε为应变;mm0为Weibull分布参数。
根据文献[35]可知损伤的微元体数量可以假定为一个随机变化量。选用受到破坏的微元体数量N和总的微元体数量NL的比值来定义岩石受到荷载作用时的损伤变量DP,即
DP= N N L
当岩样受到荷载时,内部的微元体会相继发生破坏。考虑应变区间[ε,ε+dε],破坏的微元体数目为NLP(x)dx,当应变积累到一定程度时,破坏的微元数量N
N=NL 0 ε P(x)dx
将式(14)和式(16)代入式(15)中,则受荷时的损伤变量可表示为
DP=1-exp - ε m 0 m
当对岩样施加荷载时,ε>0,则DP>0,说明岩样产生变形,微元体开始受到破坏。当ε¥时,DP=1,表示所有微元体发生破坏,此时岩样完全损坏。
考虑高温冷热循环作用与荷载作用损伤的可加性,可得到总的损伤变量DG
DG=DT,n+Dt,N+DP-DT,nDt,N-DPDt,N-DPDT,n-DPDT,nDt,N
将式(10)和式(17)代入式(18)可得
DG=1- E T , N Z E 0exp - ε m 0 m
根据Lemaitre应变等价准则和有效应力原理,可得到岩石的损伤本构,即
σ=E0ε(1-DG)
由于试验还采用了淡水和海水的冷却方式,导致高温冷却循环损伤后的弹性模量与自然冷却情况不同,所以在自然冷却的基础上引入损伤系数k。通过水冷和自然冷却条件下弹性模量的比值表征损伤系数,即
kD= E T , N D E T , N Z
kH= E T , N H E T , N Z
式中:kDkH分别为淡水冷却和海水冷却的损伤系数。
将式(19)代入式(20)中得到自然冷却循环单轴压缩岩石的损伤本构模型,即
σ= E T , N Zεexp - ε m 0 m
同理,淡水冷却和海水冷却条件的单轴压缩岩石损伤本构方程为
σ= E T , N Dεexp - ε m 0 m=kD E T , N Zεexp - ε m 0 m
σ= E T , N Hεexp - ε m 0 m=kH E T , N Zεexp - ε m 0 m
式中: E T , N D为淡水冷却条件温度T时第N次循环后的弹性模量; E T , N H为海水冷却条件温度T时第N次循环后的弹性模量。
由上述推导过程可以看出应力-应变曲线的变化规律与mm0相关,参数mm0可以通过峰值点(σc,εc)来确定。同时可以确定应力-应变曲线峰值点的一阶导数条件为 σ ε ε = ε c=0,通过代入峰值点条件可得
σ ε ε = ε c= E T , N Zexp - ε m 0 m+m - ε m 0 m E T , N Zexp - ε m 0 m=0
σ ε = ε c= E T , N Zεcexp - ε m 0 mc
联立式(26)和式(27)两个方程式可得到
m= 1 l n σ c E T , N Z ε c
m0= ε c m - m - 1
其中淡水和海水冷却条件下的mm0分别使用对应条件下的试验数据(指弹性模量和峰值应变)进行计算得到。
根据试验数据及上述参数求解过程可分别得到不同冷却方式、不同温度和不同循环次数下的参数mm0kDkH,如表5所示。
为验证模型的合理性,分别将自然冷却、淡水冷却和海水冷却条件下,同一温度及同一冷热循环次数的试样单轴压缩损伤本构模型曲线与试验曲线进行对比,如图16~图18所示。通过比较,所建立的基于Weibull分布的损伤本构模型与试验曲线整体趋势一致,能够较好地反映高温冷热循环后花岗岩单轴压缩的应力-应变关系,呈现了不同的变形和峰值特征。所构建的结合温度、循环次数和荷载影响因素的损伤变量,能够描述岩石的真实损伤情况。
对不同高温节点的花岗岩试样分别进行了自然冷却、淡水和海水冷却的冷热循环处理,研究了物理力学指标和微观结构,建立了3种循环冷却方式的花岗岩单轴压缩损伤本构方程,得出如下结论。
(1)水冷循环的高温岩样由于铁元素氧化生成氧化铁,会出现红棕色的色斑,且随着循环次数增加而颜色加深,同时伴随可见裂纹出现。水冷对高温岩石的损伤相较于自然冷却更大。海水冷却的岩样表面会附着白色盐类晶体,高温节点时表面会出现崩裂脱落现象。
(2)随着热处理温度升高和循环次数的增加,岩样质量整体呈下降趋势,体积呈增长趋势。其中质量损失率的大小顺序为淡水冷却>自然冷却>海水冷却,这是因为海水冷却的岩样与海水反应产生的沸石吸附了水中的Na+等金属离子,金属离子质量大于脱离的水的质量。海水冷却和淡水冷却的岩样体积膨胀率相近,且都大于自然冷却。600 ℃时,海水冷却岩样质量损失在循环4次和6次时超过自然冷却,出现严重的岩块颗粒崩裂脱落是导致质量快速下降的原因。
(3)高温冷热循环后岩样的弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度均随着温度升高和循环次数的增加不断减小,温度的影响较循环次数更加显著。
(4)从SEM图像发现随着温度的升高和循环次数的增加,岩样中的裂纹宽度值越大,数量越多。同一温度和循环次数,海水冷却的岩样裂纹比淡水冷却的略宽,数目更多。
(5)将温度和循环次数的影响同时引入损伤变量中,建立了自然冷却的冷热损伤本构,并在此基础上加入损伤系数建立淡水冷却和海水冷却的冷热循环损伤本构方程。基于微元体强度服从Weibull分布,构建了单轴压缩损伤本构方程,理论模型曲线和试验曲线基本一致,能够描述岩石的真实损伤情况。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52268038)
  • 云南省基础研究专项面上项目(202401AT070446)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401172
  • 接收时间:2024-02-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-23
  • 修回日期:2024-10-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(52268038)
云南省基础研究专项面上项目(202401AT070446)
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    云南大学建筑与规划学院, 昆明 650091

通讯作者:

* 陈莹(1999—),女,汉族,福建福州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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