Article(id=1203753459645395411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709481600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-04, revisedDate=1729699200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789436, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789436, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=850, endPage=861, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753460245180896, articleId=1203753459645395411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and the Eutrophication Trend of Yuehai Lake during the Spring Irrigation Period, columnId=1156262729993277777, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Yuehai is the largest wetland in Yinchuan of poor water quality during spring, with a significant contribution from agricultural non-point source pollution. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake and its eutrophication status, water samples from 28 representative sites in Yuehai Lake and its outflow river were collected during the spring irrigation period of 2021.The distribution characteristics and regularities of TN (total nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus), as well as different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in Yuehai Lake were analyzed. The differences in nitrogen and phosphorus concentration between Yuehai Lake and its outflowing river were revealed. The results showed that during the spring irrigation period, the TN concentrations at 78% of the sampling points in Yuehai Lake was lower than the Class III surface water standard, and the TN concentration at 57% of the sampling points belonged to the heavily eutrophic type. During the spring irrigation period, the TP concentration at all sampling points was lower than Class III surface water standard, and the TP concentration at 70% of the sampling points belonged to the heavily eutrophic type. There were differences in the sources and transformation processes of different nitrogen fractions in the water of the Yuehai Lake. pH and TDS (total dissolved solids) affect the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, and DO(dissolved oxygen) does not have a significant effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus forms in the water of the Yuehai Lake. The distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the outflow river of the Yuehai and the Yuehai water were different, and the differences in nitrogen concentration and non-orthophosphate phosphorus concentration between the Yuehai Lake and its outflow river were not significant in the direction of river and lake water flow (north-south direction). The nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in the Yuehai converged into the Yellow River along with the rivers out of the Yuehai Lake, and the nitrogen and non-orthophosphate phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake might impact on the water of the Ningxia section of the Yellow River and increase the risk of pollution of the Yellow River, and the control of the nitrogen and non-orthophosphate phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake should be strengthened. This work provides a reference for continuously and accurately improving the water quality in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.

, correspAuthors=Tan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-xuan MA, Jun-song BAO, Kun-yu HONG, Jun JIN, Tan CHEN, Ying LIU, Ting YANG, Bing ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462807900759, articleId=1203753459645395411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=春灌期阅海水体的氮磷分布特征及富营养化趋势, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

银川市面积最大的湿地——阅海,春季水质差,农业面源污染的贡献大。为深入认识春灌期阅海水体中氮磷的分布规律和富营养化情况,于2021年春灌期采集了阅海及其出湖河流共28个代表性点位的水体样品,分析了阅海水体总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)和不同形态氮磷的分布特征和规律,揭示了阅海及其出湖河流的氮磷浓度差异性。结果表明,春灌期阅海水体78%采样点的TN浓度劣于地表水III类标准,57%采样点的TN浓度属于重富营养型。春灌期阅海水体各采样点TP浓度均劣于地表水III类标准,70%采样点的TP浓度属于重富营养型。阅海中不同形态氮在水体中的来源和转化过程存在差异,酸碱度(pH)及溶解性总固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)影响水体氮磷浓度,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)对水体氮磷形态的影响不明显。阅海出湖河流与阅海水体的氮磷分布特征不同,在河湖水体流向(南北方向)上,河湖水体间氮浓度及非正磷酸盐磷浓度差异不显著。阅海水体中的氮磷污染物随出湖河流汇入黄河,阅海水体中的氮及非正磷酸盐磷可能会对黄河宁夏段水体产生一定影响,增加黄河水污染风险,应加强对阅海水体氮及非正磷酸盐磷的控制。研究结果为持续精准提升黄河流域中上游水质提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈坦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 陈坦(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,副教授。研究方向:固体废物处理处置与资源化。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WyoLVeYs7ncgafGWsg5NEw==, magXml=mLf7QQStxNwJ8aROaqwXCw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GX/9oFJhvjrg/ZylzOb1lg==, pdfFileSize=15020449, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XMeIp6TmYq5vMf2kp8LeSw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=F2Xeg6n2OabTdTA36mElZg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马煜萱(1999—),女,汉族,云南临沧人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境化学。E-mail:

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马煜萱(1999—),女,汉族,云南临沧人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境化学。E-mail:

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马煜萱(1999—),女,汉族,云南临沧人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境化学。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=VuQKGSvHwqtVp+mV7D17eA==, figureFileBig=eyvTv71gaPyN1etAStyFeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161599456245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=CN, label=图5, caption=阅海水体基础理化性质分布, figureFileSmall=VuQKGSvHwqtVp+mV7D17eA==, figureFileBig=eyvTv71gaPyN1etAStyFeQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787161708508151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nitrogen concentrations of various forms in the Yuehai water system

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统计参数/
(mg·L-1)
TN ON $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N
最大值 3.200 1.820 1.470 1.040 0.012
最小值 0.813 0.049 0.328 0.087 0.001
平均值 1.661 0.667 0.656 0.332 0.006
标准差 0.772 0.594 0.285 0.292 0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1203787161834337279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阅海水体总氮及形态氮浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计参数/
(mg·L-1)
TN ON $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N
最大值 3.200 1.820 1.470 1.040 0.012
最小值 0.813 0.049 0.328 0.087 0.001
平均值 1.661 0.667 0.656 0.332 0.006
标准差 0.772 0.594 0.285 0.292 0.003
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Phosphorus concentrations of various forms in the Yuehai water system

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统计参数/
(mg·L-1)
TP TDP TPP DOP DIP POP PIP
最大值 0.189 0.039 0.160 0.022 0.024 0.147 0.060
最小值 0.065 0.007 0.055 0.001 0.006 0.011 0.004
平均值 0.096 0.024 0.072 0.007 0.017 0.047 0.025
标准差 0.023 0.007 0.020 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162140520460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

阅海水体总磷及形态磷浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计参数/
(mg·L-1)
TP TDP TPP DOP DIP POP PIP
最大值 0.189 0.039 0.160 0.022 0.024 0.147 0.060
最小值 0.065 0.007 0.055 0.001 0.006 0.011 0.004
平均值 0.096 0.024 0.072 0.007 0.017 0.047 0.025
标准差 0.023 0.007 0.020 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.013
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162312486937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Correlation analysis results of nitrogen, phosphorus and basic physicochemical properties in Yuehai Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 pH TDS DO TP DIP TDP PIP TPP DOP POP TN $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N ON
pH 1
TDS -0.699** 1
DO 0.187 0.047 1
TP -0.495* 0.639** -0.080 1
DIP -0.361 0.346 0.030 0.608** 1
TDP -0.640** 0.518* -0.185 0.658** 0.720** 1
PIP 0.650** -0.454* -0.002 -0.392 -0.421* -0.370 1
TPP -0.090 0.446* -0.027 0.765** 0.284 0.131 -0.135 1
DOP -0.476* 0.337 -0.346 0.310 0.178 0.759** -0.142 -0.091 1
POP -0.533** 0.464* -0.081 0.657** 0.525* 0.367 -0.866** 0.521* 0.052 1
TN 0.497* -0.649** 0.040 -0.483* -0.575** -0.552** 0.410 -0.266 -0.394 -0.439* 1
$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N 0.216 -0.167 0.156 0.186 0.116 -0.164 -0.087 0.423* -0.323 0.275 0.218 1
$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N 0.680** -0.740** 0.195 -0.687** -0.674** -0.665** 0.613** -0.453* -0.399 -0.674** 0.779** 0.042 1
$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N 0.171 -0.300 -0.096 -0.316 -0.360 -0.250 0.099 -0.370 -0.058 -0.204 0.456* -0.243 0.447* 1
ON 0.208 -0.327 -0.289 -0.418* -0.344 -0.119 0.357 -0.425* 0.091 -0.503* 0.544** -0.539** 0.372 0.515** 1
), ArticleFig(id=1203787162488647715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459645395411, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

阅海水体氮磷及基础理化性质的相关性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 pH TDS DO TP DIP TDP PIP TPP DOP POP TN $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N $\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N ON
pH 1
TDS -0.699** 1
DO 0.187 0.047 1
TP -0.495* 0.639** -0.080 1
DIP -0.361 0.346 0.030 0.608** 1
TDP -0.640** 0.518* -0.185 0.658** 0.720** 1
PIP 0.650** -0.454* -0.002 -0.392 -0.421* -0.370 1
TPP -0.090 0.446* -0.027 0.765** 0.284 0.131 -0.135 1
DOP -0.476* 0.337 -0.346 0.310 0.178 0.759** -0.142 -0.091 1
POP -0.533** 0.464* -0.081 0.657** 0.525* 0.367 -0.866** 0.521* 0.052 1
TN 0.497* -0.649** 0.040 -0.483* -0.575** -0.552** 0.410 -0.266 -0.394 -0.439* 1
$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N 0.216 -0.167 0.156 0.186 0.116 -0.164 -0.087 0.423* -0.323 0.275 0.218 1
$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N 0.680** -0.740** 0.195 -0.687** -0.674** -0.665** 0.613** -0.453* -0.399 -0.674** 0.779** 0.042 1
$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N 0.171 -0.300 -0.096 -0.316 -0.360 -0.250 0.099 -0.370 -0.058 -0.204 0.456* -0.243 0.447* 1
ON 0.208 -0.327 -0.289 -0.418* -0.344 -0.119 0.357 -0.425* 0.091 -0.503* 0.544** -0.539** 0.372 0.515** 1
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春灌期阅海水体的氮磷分布特征及富营养化趋势
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马煜萱 1, 2 , 包峻松 1 , 洪坤钰 3 , 金军 1 , 陈坦 1, 2, * , 刘颖 1 , 杨婷 1 , 张冰 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(2): 850-861
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(2): 850-861
春灌期阅海水体的氮磷分布特征及富营养化趋势
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马煜萱1, 2 , 包峻松1, 洪坤钰3, 金军1, 陈坦1, 2, * , 刘颖1, 杨婷1, 张冰1
作者信息
  • 1 中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081
  • 2 中央民族大学北京市食品环境与健康工程技术研究中心, 北京 100081
  • 3 宁夏环境科学研究院(有限责任公司), 银川 750001
  • 马煜萱(1999—),女,汉族,云南临沧人,硕士研究生。研究方向:环境化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陈坦(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,副教授。研究方向:固体废物处理处置与资源化。E-mail:
Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and the Eutrophication Trend of Yuehai Lake during the Spring Irrigation Period
Yu-xuan MA1, 2 , Jun-song BAO1, Kun-yu HONG3, Jun JIN1, Tan CHEN1, 2, * , Ying LIU1, Ting YANG1, Bing ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Beijing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Health, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081,China
  • 3 Ningxia Environmental Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401451
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银川市面积最大的湿地——阅海,春季水质差,农业面源污染的贡献大。为深入认识春灌期阅海水体中氮磷的分布规律和富营养化情况,于2021年春灌期采集了阅海及其出湖河流共28个代表性点位的水体样品,分析了阅海水体总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)和不同形态氮磷的分布特征和规律,揭示了阅海及其出湖河流的氮磷浓度差异性。结果表明,春灌期阅海水体78%采样点的TN浓度劣于地表水III类标准,57%采样点的TN浓度属于重富营养型。春灌期阅海水体各采样点TP浓度均劣于地表水III类标准,70%采样点的TP浓度属于重富营养型。阅海中不同形态氮在水体中的来源和转化过程存在差异,酸碱度(pH)及溶解性总固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)影响水体氮磷浓度,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)对水体氮磷形态的影响不明显。阅海出湖河流与阅海水体的氮磷分布特征不同,在河湖水体流向(南北方向)上,河湖水体间氮浓度及非正磷酸盐磷浓度差异不显著。阅海水体中的氮磷污染物随出湖河流汇入黄河,阅海水体中的氮及非正磷酸盐磷可能会对黄河宁夏段水体产生一定影响,增加黄河水污染风险,应加强对阅海水体氮及非正磷酸盐磷的控制。研究结果为持续精准提升黄河流域中上游水质提供参考。

阅海  /  春灌期  /  氮磷污染  /  分布特征  /  富营养化趋势

Yuehai is the largest wetland in Yinchuan of poor water quality during spring, with a significant contribution from agricultural non-point source pollution. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake and its eutrophication status, water samples from 28 representative sites in Yuehai Lake and its outflow river were collected during the spring irrigation period of 2021.The distribution characteristics and regularities of TN (total nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus), as well as different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in Yuehai Lake were analyzed. The differences in nitrogen and phosphorus concentration between Yuehai Lake and its outflowing river were revealed. The results showed that during the spring irrigation period, the TN concentrations at 78% of the sampling points in Yuehai Lake was lower than the Class III surface water standard, and the TN concentration at 57% of the sampling points belonged to the heavily eutrophic type. During the spring irrigation period, the TP concentration at all sampling points was lower than Class III surface water standard, and the TP concentration at 70% of the sampling points belonged to the heavily eutrophic type. There were differences in the sources and transformation processes of different nitrogen fractions in the water of the Yuehai Lake. pH and TDS (total dissolved solids) affect the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, and DO(dissolved oxygen) does not have a significant effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus forms in the water of the Yuehai Lake. The distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the outflow river of the Yuehai and the Yuehai water were different, and the differences in nitrogen concentration and non-orthophosphate phosphorus concentration between the Yuehai Lake and its outflow river were not significant in the direction of river and lake water flow (north-south direction). The nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in the Yuehai converged into the Yellow River along with the rivers out of the Yuehai Lake, and the nitrogen and non-orthophosphate phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake might impact on the water of the Ningxia section of the Yellow River and increase the risk of pollution of the Yellow River, and the control of the nitrogen and non-orthophosphate phosphorus in the Yuehai Lake should be strengthened. This work provides a reference for continuously and accurately improving the water quality in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.

Yuehai Lake  /  spring irrigation period  /  pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus  /  distribution characteristics  /  eutrophication trend
马煜萱, 包峻松, 洪坤钰, 金军, 陈坦, 刘颖, 杨婷, 张冰. 春灌期阅海水体的氮磷分布特征及富营养化趋势. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 850 -861 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401451
Yu-xuan MA, Jun-song BAO, Kun-yu HONG, Jun JIN, Tan CHEN, Ying LIU, Ting YANG, Bing ZHANG. Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus and the Eutrophication Trend of Yuehai Lake during the Spring Irrigation Period[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 850 -861 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401451
水体富营养化是由于氮、磷等营养物质的过量积累而引起水体化学性质的变化[1],已经成为全球普遍关注的环境问题[2-3],主要诱因为过量营养物质的输入[4,5]。水体总氮(total nitrogen,TN)和总磷(total phosphorus,TP)浓度可用于估算富营养化的潜在风险,在已报道的潜在或正处于富营养状态的湖泊、河流和湿地中,如2018年威拉诺夫斯基湖[6]、2010—2019年多瑙河-蒂萨河-多瑙河水系[7]及2018年太湖梅梁湾五里湖[8],水体TN平均浓度均高于1.0 mg/L,TP平均浓度均高于0.075 mg/L,氮磷含量在自然或人为活动等作用下快速积累,使生产力低下的贫营养水体逐渐转向高生产力的富营养水体,致使藻类或水生植物大量生长,破坏了水生态系统的平衡,影响人类饮用水质及农田灌溉水质等[1,9]。地表水水质受到多种因素的综合影响,其中包括流域土地利用结构、人为因素(如农业活动和生产)、生物活动以及气候条件等[10],不同污染来源、不同赋存条件下水体中氮磷形态的分布存在差异[11-13],影响水生生物及地表水环境。水体中的不同形态氮磷具有不同的生物活性,并会对环境产生不同的影响,因此水体富营养化与氮磷形态密切相关[14]。如处于富营养化状态的巢湖和太湖水体中,正磷酸盐和单酯磷占TP的比例较高,在一定的环境因素下总颗粒态磷(total particulate phosphorus,TPP)中的正磷酸盐和单酯磷可以转化为总溶解态磷(total dissolved phosphorus,TDP),加速磷在水中的积累,提高藻类暴发的风险[15];2010—2019年多瑙河-蒂萨河-多瑙河水系处于潜在富营养化状态时硝态氮(nitrate,$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N)占TN比例较高达到51.1%,正磷酸盐占TP比例较高达到60.5%[7]。此外有研究表明水体中的$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N能影响沉积物磷的释放,从而影响湖泊富营养化过程[16]。为更好地控制地表水体的富营养化,不仅需要充分考虑氮磷总量,还应考虑不同来源的不同赋存形态氮磷,充分关注各形态氮磷污染物的转化。
阅海位于银川市中心,是银川市面积最大的湿地,在调节气候、涵养水源等方面具有重要作用,近年以黄河水为主要补水水源[17]。阅海周边的农田以黄河水或阅海水灌溉,由于施肥流失等原因,农田灌溉退水携带大量氮磷营养物质汇入阅海,阅海通过典农河、灌溉沟渠等泄入黄河,阅海水质恶化对黄河水质影响较大。2020年位于黄河宁夏段上游的银古公路桥断面监测点水质TP全年平均浓度为0.011 mg/L,低于位于黄河宁夏段下游的平罗黄河大桥断面监测点TP全年平均浓度(0.078 mg/L)[18];同年6月平罗黄河大桥面监测点水质为Ⅲ类水,劣于银古公路桥断面监测点水质(Ⅱ类水)[19],表明春灌末期黄河宁夏段下游水质劣于上游。春灌期是灌区种植业面源污染高发期,春灌期宁夏灌区向黄河流域汇入农田灌溉退水,化肥的不当施用使大量氮磷类污染物随农田灌溉退水排入地表水,使黄河水质恶化。已有研究表明阅海春季水质较差[20-21],农业面源污染是阅海春季水质较差的重要原因[22],但关于阅海水质状况对黄河水质的影响的研究尚待深入,尤其是关于春灌期阅海氮磷形态变化对黄河水质影响的研究。
为持续改善黄河水质,春灌期阅海氮磷形态变化及对黄河水质的影响值得进一步讨论。本文研究于2021年春灌期在银川阅海及其出湖河流采集表层水样品,分析阅海及其出湖河流水体中TN、TP和各形态氮磷的浓度分布特征,评价阅海水体各采样点TN、TP污染情况,解析春灌期阅海水体及其出湖河流水体差异性,为春灌期阅海水质状况对黄河宁夏段水质影响提供参考。
阅海湖位于宁夏回族自治区银川市金凤区西北部,处于中温带半干旱半荒漠气候带,降雨稀少,年均降水量200 mm左右[23],阳光充足,蒸发强烈,大部分地区为耕地和建筑用地(图1),土地利用数据来源于中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源环境科学与数据中心(https://www.resdc.cn)。阅海湖由天然湖泊经人工改造而成,湿地总面积22.74 km2,湖泊面积17.91 km2,沼泽面积0.94 km2,人工湿地面积3.89 km2,湖泊平均水深1.8 m[24-26],对当地生态环境具有重要意义。阅海经典农河穿湖而过,阅海出湖河流为典农河中段,典农河下段与黄河相连[27]。于2021年4月底采集阅海23个点位与阅海出湖河流5个点位的表层水样品,采样点分布如图1所示。使用聚乙烯瓶采集水面以下15~20 cm水样,同一个采样点采集1 L,采集的水样加入约0.5 mL硫酸(ρ=1.84 g/mL)酸化,调节至pH<2后在-18 ℃冷冻保存待检。
水体氮磷的检测方法均根据现行标准展开,其中有机氮(organic nitrogen,ON)的浓度为TN浓度依次减去氨氮(ammonia,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N)、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N和亚硝态氮(nitrite nitrogen,$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N)的浓度获得[11]。水体TDP、溶解态正磷酸盐磷(dissolved inorganic phosphorus,DIP)和颗粒态正磷酸盐磷(particulate inorganic phosphorus,PIP)方法参考文献[11,13]进行测定,TPP、溶解态非正磷酸盐磷(dissolved non-orthophosphate phosphorus,DOP)和颗粒态非正磷酸盐磷(particulate non-orthophosphate phosphorus,POP)的浓度均以差值获得[28]。现场测定水体溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)、酸碱度(pH)和溶解性总固体(total dissolved solids,TDS),水体TN、TP及各形态氮磷均于实验室测定。分析采用可见光分光光度计(Spectrumlab 22pc,上海新仪微波化学科技有限公司)、紫外-可见光分光光度计(JASCO-750,日本JASCO公司)、便携式多参数测量仪(SX712,上海三信仪表厂)等仪器。
采用国标检测认证有限公司的氨氮标准物质[GBW(E)083304-50]、磷标准物质[(GSB04-1741-2004(a)]、硝酸盐氮标准物质[GBW(E)083215-50]等标准物质,通过空白加标方法评价阅海水质分析的精密度和准确度,回收率均在90.0%~105%范围内,变异系数控制在10.0%以内。
阅海水体中总氮分布特征如表1图2(a)所示。阅海水体TN浓度(以N计,其余氮类指标同)呈北部低南部高的分布规律。对比中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002),采样点YH5、YH8、YH10、YH12及YH15水样的TN浓度均达到地表Ⅲ类水标准,YH1~YH3、YH6、YH7、YH9、YH11、YH13及YH14属于地表Ⅳ类水,YH4及YH16~YH23均属于地表Ⅴ类水。阅海南部采样点TN浓度处于地表Ⅴ类水水平,北部采样点TN浓度处于地表Ⅲ~Ⅳ类水水平,可能受农田退水等外部污染负荷的影响,导致该区域的TN浓度较高;同时,阅海补给水自南部输入、北部流出,随着水流从南向北运动,经过悬浮有机物沉降、湿地净化过程后,TN浓度逐渐降低,这与乌梁素海TN变化原因相似[29]。根据《湖泊富营养化调查规范》[30],水体TN浓度<0.250 mg/L时,该水体为贫营养型;TN浓度在0.250~0.700 mg/L范围内时,该水体为中营养型;TN浓度在0.700~1.30 mg/L范围内时,该水体为富营养型;TN浓度>1.30 mg/L时,该水体为重富营养型。YH3、YH5、YH6、YH8~YH13及YH15属于富营养型,其余各点均属于重富营养型,总体上阅海水体氮浓度较高。
与其他河湖相比,2021年春灌期阅海TN平均浓度(1.66 mg/L)低于2010—2019年洪泽湖TN平均浓度(1.88 mg/L)[31]、2014—2020年太湖TN浓度(1.67~2.82 mg/L)[32]及2018—2020年黄河宁夏段TN浓度(1.87~2.8 mg/L)[33],与2013—2018年长湖TN平均浓度(1.61 mg/L)[34]大体相当,高于2014—2020年鄱阳湖TN浓度(1.278~2.137 mg/L)[32]及2014—2020年洞庭湖TN浓度(1.619~2.416 mg/L)最低水平[32]。与阅海往年浓度相比,2021年春灌期阅海TN平均浓度高于2019年5月阅海TN平均浓度(约1.10 mg/L)[21]及2019年6月阅海TN平均浓度(1.05 mg/L)[35],高于2010—2020年阅海TN浓度(0.74~2.20 mg/L)最低水平[36]。2021年春灌期阅海TN浓度较往年偏高。
阅海水体中各形态氮浓度及分布特征如表1图2(b)~图2(e)所示。水体中$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N与TN浓度变化趋势相似,可能三者污染来源相同,阅海4种形态氮浓度均值大小顺序为ON>$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N>$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N>$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N,4种形态氮浓度占TN均值大小顺序为ON (40.2%)>$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N(39.5%)> $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N(20.0%)> $\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N(0.3%)。ON浓度相对较高,可能因为农业面源污染的外源输入较多以及在微生物作用下动植物的自然降解速度较快等;$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N浓度相对较高,可能是因为宁夏引黄灌区的施肥以施化肥为主,化肥种类主要包括尿素、碳酸氢铵和磷酸铵等[37],尿素等化肥溶于水生成大量的$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N随农田退水流入阅海,使阅海$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N浓度相对较高。
ON、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N、$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N与TN浓度分布相似,均为南部高、北部低,含有大量氮元素的农业、工业和城市污水等由阅海南部入湖河流输入,在水流自南向北的流动过程中,经过湿地净化作用等过程,导致ON、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N、$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N浓度从南到北逐渐下降。$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N浓度呈东西高、南北低的分布,可能在阅海南部进水口处存在的更多的有机物质和养分促进了细菌的氨氧化作用,将$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N转化为$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N,导致$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N浓度降低;而在阅海东部及西部,可能由于水体中的营养物质较少、生产力较低,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N的转化速率相对较慢,导致$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N浓度变化不明显,浓度仍然较高。ON和$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N等形态氮浓度过高会造成水体富营养化,使水体溶解氧下降,易造成水生生物大量死亡,严重影响水体生态环境[38-40]。农田施用化肥可能是$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N和ON的重要共同来源,施用不当可进入水体,影响阅海水体形态氮浓度与占比。
有研究表明水体富营养化程度的提高表现为水体环境由氧化向还原的转变,这种转变最明显的表现是水体中$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N相对增加,同时$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N相对减少,随着$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N比值的升高,水体营养程度将进一步加深[41-42]。阅海水体$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N的比值在0.31~7.78,均值为3.34,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N平均浓度与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N平均浓度的比值为1.98。对比其他湖泊$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N平均浓度与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N平均浓度的比值,阅海低于2017年白洋淀$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N平均浓度(0.36 mg/L)与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N(0.12 mg/L)平均浓度的比值(3.00)[43];但高于2019年乌梁素海春季$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N平均浓度(0.23 mg/L)与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N(0.20 mg/L)平均浓度的比值(1.15)[44]。阅海水体$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N平均浓度与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N平均浓度的比值较往年同时期其他湖泊高,应持续关注阅海$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N浓度及其变化对阅海富营养化程度的指示作用。
阅海水体中总磷(以P计,其余磷类指标同)分布特征如表2图3(a)所示。对比《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002),采样点YH1、YH6、YH7、YH15水样的TP浓度属于地表Ⅴ类水,其余研究采样点均属于地表Ⅳ类水。根据《湖泊富营养化调查规范》[30],水体TP<0.020 mg/L时,该水体为贫营养型;TP浓度在0.020~0.050 mg/L范围内时,该水体为中营养型;TP浓度在0.050~0.090 mg/L范围内时,该水体为富营养型;TP浓度>0.090 mg/L时,该水体为重富营养型。YH5、YH17~YH23属于富营养型,其余各点均为重富营养型。阅海西部TP浓度异常点(YH17)的出现,可能是该位置采样点处于阅海西部,靠近游船码头,游船使水体流速加快,含有一定量磷污染物的底泥在水流动力下受到扰动、释放,影响TP浓度变化。
2021年春耕期阅海TP平均浓度(0.096 mg/L)低于2010—2019年洪泽湖(0.113 mg/L)[31]及2018—2020年黄河宁夏段的TP浓度(0.13~0.11 mg/L)[33],但高于2014—2020年鄱阳湖TP浓度(0.031~0.061 mg/L)[32],高于2014—2020年太湖(0.074~0.151 mg/L)及2014—2020年洞庭湖TP浓度(0.073~0.11 mg/L)[32]的最低水平。与阅海往年浓度相比,2021年春耕期阅海TP平均浓度低于2019年5月的平均浓度(0.11 mg/L)[21]及2019年6月的平均浓度(0.18 mg/L)[35],但高于2010—2020年的平均浓度(0.067 mg/L)[36],2021年春耕期阅海TP平均浓度较往年同期有所下降,但总体仍偏高。
TN和TP作为水体富营养化的限制性因子,其比值变化会影响浮游植物群落的组成[44-45]。当水体TN/TP<9时表现为氮限制;当水体9≤TN/TP<26时表现为氮磷共同限制;当水体26≤TN/TP时表现为磷限制[46]。随着湖泊富营养化程度加深,TN/TP显著下降,富营养化湖泊通常有更低的TN/TP,低TN/TP更有助于藻类生长,富营养化湖泊往往是氮限制或氮磷共限[47]。阅海水体TN/TP比值在7~46,均值为19,TN平均浓度与TP平均浓度比值为17,整体上以氮磷共限为主,8.9%的采样点属于氮限制,60.7%的采样点属于氮磷共限,30.4%的采样点属于磷限制,阅海有潜在富营养化风险。
水体中磷包括DOP、DIP、POP以及PIP 4种形态。阅海水体中各形态磷的分布特征如表2图3(b)~图3(g)所示。阅海水体4种形态磷浓度均值大小顺序为POP>PIP>DIP>DOP,POP浓度显著高于其他形态浓度。4种形态磷浓度占TP均值大小顺序为POP(45.0%)>PIP(27.9%)>DIP(17.4%)>DOP(7.8%),正磷酸盐浓度占TP均值为45.3%,可能有潜在富营养化风险。
POP、TPP与TP浓度变化趋势相似,高值点出现在阅海西部游船码头位置,人为影响较大。DOP、DIP与TDP浓度变化趋势相似,均为阅海北部高于南部。PIP高值点出现在阅海东部银川花卉博览园附近(YH16),可能受到花肥使用以及游客活动影响。TPP浓度高于TDP,可能因为处于春灌期,以黄河水和农田灌溉退水为水源为阅海补水,径流量较大颗粒物不易沉降,加之水力搅拌影响,颗粒物所含磷较多,因此TPP含量较高。在一定的环境因素下TPP中的正磷酸盐和单酯磷可以转化为TDP,TPP含量过高将会加速磷在水中的积累[15],提高藻类暴发的风险,易造成水体富营养化。
阅海出湖河流氮磷浓度如图4所示,其中采样点YH11位于阅海出水口。从TN浓度看,采样点SD1~SD5均为劣Ⅴ类水质,且TN浓度均高于阅海出水口水体TN浓度,根据《湖泊富营养化调查规范》[30],SD1~SD5均属于重富营养型,TN浓度较高。从TP浓度看,除SD3为Ⅳ类水外,其余SD采样点均为Ⅲ类水,根据《湖泊富营养化调查规范》[32],SD1~SD5均属于重富营养型。
阅海出湖河流水体中TN、ON及$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N浓度变化规律相似,阅海出水口处至SD3位置三者浓度逐渐升高,至SD3位置达到最高值后逐渐下降,可能与阅海出水口至SD3之间有灌溉沟渠(胜利渠)穿过有关,外源污染物的输入影响TN、ON及$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N浓度。出水口至SD2段,水体$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N浓度变化呈相反规律,可能是硝化作用及生物吸附作用导致,SD2~SD5段水体$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N浓度逐渐降低,可能是$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N在水体自净作用下逐渐降解。
除POP外,阅海出湖河流水体TP及其余形态磷浓度变化规律均相似,POP浓度变化规律则与之相反,除外源污染物的输入影响外,POP浓度降低可能是因为在迁移过程中发生沉降或在生物作用下发生降解。
采用Shapiro-Wilk法检验,阅海出湖河流水样中TN、TP及各形态氮磷均符合正态分布(p>0.05),阅海水样中DIP、TDP、PIP、DOP及$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N浓度符合正态分布(p>0.05),TP、TPP、POP、TN、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N及ON浓度不符合正态分布。采用Mann-Whitney U检验对阅海出湖河流与阅海所有采样点氮磷浓度开展差异性检验,发现阅海出湖河流和阅海TN、TP浓度有显著差异(p<0.05),二者可能受到不同污染源影响。POP、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N及$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N浓度差异不显著(p>0.05),这些形态的氮磷在阅海出湖河流和阅海水体中的分布相对稳定。从整体上看,阅海出湖河流和阅海水体之间存在着不同的氮磷特征。
从阅海进水口-阅海-阅海出水口-阅海出湖河流的南北方向分析,选取采样点YH19(阅海进水口)、YH15(接近阅海中心点)、YH11、SD1~SD5作为参考点,利用与上文相同分析方法(下同)分析南北方向河湖氮磷浓度差异性,结果表明河湖水体间TN及各形态氮浓度差异不显著,TP、DIP、TDP浓度有显著差异,其余磷形态间差异不显著。在南北方向上,河湖水体间氮浓度及非正磷酸盐磷浓度差异不显著。阅海水体中的氮磷污染物随出湖河流汇入黄河,阅海水体中的氮及非正磷酸盐磷可能会对黄河宁夏段水体产生一定影响,增加黄河水污染风险,应加强对阅海水体氮及非正磷酸盐磷的控制。
阅海区域风向常年以西风、西北风为主,从西北方向分析,选取采样点YH7、YH8、YH11、SD1~SD5作为参考点,结果表明河湖水体间TP、DIP、TPP、POP、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N及$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N浓度有显著差异,TDP、PIP、DOP、TN、ON及$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N浓度无显著差异。西北方向上河湖水体之间部分磷形态浓度呈显著差异,可能与风力扰动下阅海底泥释放磷有关,TN浓度差异不显著,可能受到内源污染影响较小。控制阅海水体TP浓度可能仍需考虑底泥内源污染的影响。
从水深角度分析,选取采样点YH7~YH10、YH13及YH15为深水区组(水深超过120 cm),采样点SD1~SD5为浅水区组(水深不超过90 cm)作为参考点,结果表明河湖水体间TN及各形态氮浓度有显著差异,TP及颗粒态磷浓度差异不显著。深水区域和浅水区域可能会有不同类型和数量的生物群落,这些生物活动可能会对氮的循环和转化起到重要影响,进而影响氮的浓度分布。
水环境中的DO浓度与生物多样性、温室气体排放与水环境质量有关,是衡量水体自净能力、水环境质量的重要指标。TDS反映了水中溶解的有机和无机物质的浓度[47]。阅海水体中pH、DO与TDS浓度分布特征如图5所示。
阅海水体pH在8.04~8.35范围内,均值为8.25,低于2013—2020年泸沽湖的pH平均值(8.40)[48],高于2019年秋季与2021年夏季内蒙古12个典型湖泊pH(7.84~10.43)的最低水平[49],阅海水体及与其相比较湖泊水体均呈碱性;DO在3.8~7.7 mg/L范围内,均值为5.6 mg/L,低于2022年全国湖泊DO平均浓度(10.04 mg/L)[50],低于2019—2021年仙女湖DO浓度(8.9~9.8 mg/L)[51],低于2013—2020年泸沽湖DO平均浓度(7.46 mg/L)[48],2021年春灌期阅海DO浓度较低;TDS在2.26~3.36 g/L范围内,均值为3.03 g/L,高于2019年秋季与2021年夏季内蒙古巴丹东湖TDS浓度(1.48~1.92 g/L)[49],高于2018年乌梁素海冰下水体TDS浓度(2.23~3.30 g/L)[44],春灌期阅海TDS浓度较高。
阅海水体pH与DO均满足中国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅲ类水要求。DO浓度较低,可能是由于含有大量有机物质,如残留的农药、化肥等的农田灌溉退水,在灌溉过程中流入阅海,这些有机物在水中分解或促进水生生物生长消耗氧气,致使DO浓度较低。水体中TDS与生物类指标密切相关[52],TDS浓度较高会抑制水体中氮磷的生物利用率,从而使水体中氮磷浓度升高,还可通过吸附、沉积、释放等机制影响水体中氮磷的环境行为。TDS浓度较高,表明阅海水生环境中生物体的生活条件可能较差,灌溉退水可能影响了阅海水质。
2.3.2节已述及阅海水样中部分参数不符合正态分布,相关性分析采用Spearman参数,结果如表3所示。
阅海水体TP和DIP、POP显著正相关,表明TP受DIP和POP影响较为明显。磷的各赋存形态之间,DIP和POP显著正相关,PIP和POP显著负相关,表明DIP、PIP均与POP有一定的转化关系,且较活跃。TN和ON、TN和$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N、TN和$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N等指标间显著正相关,表明TN受ON、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N和$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N影响较为明显,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与除ON外其他氮形态间的相关关系不显著,但$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N占比较高,表明不同氮形态在水体中的来源和转化过程存在差异。
氮的各赋存形态之间,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N和ON显著负相关,$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N和ON显著正相关,$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N和$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N成显著正相关,表明水体不同氮形态之间相互转化复杂且相互转化的过程可能受到多种因素的影响,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N与ON可能有共同来源:以化肥为主的农业面源污染,但因微生物作用下的硝化与矿化等作用强度不同、温度光照等因素影响,$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N和ON显著负相关。氮磷之间,TN和TP、DIP和ON、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N和ON、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N和POP,均呈显著负相关关系,表明这几者之间变化趋势相反,TN、TP变化趋势不一致,阅海水体氮磷的来源或迁移转化规律可能不同。pH与TN显著正相关,与TP显著负相关,表明pH影响水体氮磷的积累,这与陈藜藜对2013年春季、2014年夏季—2015年冬季珠江三角洲地区较为典型的富营养化湖库的研究结果[53]相似;DO与各形态氮磷及pH均无相关关系,表明DO对水体氮磷的影响不明显,DO受pH影响不明显,这与郝宇超等[54]对2018年蒙新高原南海湖的研究结果相似。TDS和TP显著正相关、TDS和TN显著负相关,表明TDS还可能通过影响水体中氮磷的吸附、沉积、释放等过程,对TN及TP浓度产生影响,如通过影响浮游植物与营养盐的响应关系[55],使湖泊中浮游植物的生长受限,减少了其对TN和TP的吸收。
(1)春灌期阅海水体TN、ON、$\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N、$\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N及$\mathrm{NO}_2^{-}$-N的平均浓度分别为1.661、0.667、0.656、0.332、0.006 mg/L,阅海78%采样点的TN浓度处于地表水Ⅳ~Ⅴ类水平,57%采样点的TN浓度属于重富营养型,阅海水体氮浓度较高。
(2)春灌期阅海水体中TP、POP、PIP、DIP及DOP的平均浓度分别为0.096、0.047、0.025、0.017、0.007 mg/L,磷浓度较高。各采样点TP浓度均属于Ⅳ~Ⅴ类水,70%采样点的TP浓度属于重富营养型。
(3)阅海及其出湖河流的氮磷浓度差异性方面,阅海出湖河流与阅海水体之间具有不同的氮磷分布特征,其中在河湖水体流向(南北方向)上,河湖水体间氮浓度及非正磷酸盐磷浓度差异不显著。阅海水体中的氮磷污染物随出湖河流汇入黄河,阅海水体中的氮及非正磷酸盐磷可能会对黄河宁夏段水体产生一定影响,增加黄河水污染风险,应加强对阅海水体氮及非正磷酸盐磷的控制。
(4)阅海中不同形态氮在水体中的来源和转化过程存在差异,pH及TDS影响水体氮磷浓度,DO对水体氮磷形态的影响不明显。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2023QNYL15)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2022QNYL27)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401451
  • 接收时间:2024-03-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-04
  • 修回日期:2024-10-24
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2023QNYL15)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(2022QNYL27)
作者信息
    1 中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081
    2 中央民族大学北京市食品环境与健康工程技术研究中心, 北京 100081
    3 宁夏环境科学研究院(有限责任公司), 银川 750001

通讯作者:

* 陈坦(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士,副教授。研究方向:固体废物处理处置与资源化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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