Article(id=1203753459397927903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789378, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789378, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=640, endPage=648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753459804775403, articleId=1203753459397927903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Intelligent Sensing and Data Transmission Key Technology for Monitoring Mountain Hazards in Complex Environments, columnId=1172606853226840582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Electronic and Communicational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the technical problems of "untimely perception, poor transmission and difficult equipment deployment" in the monitoring and early warning of mountain disasters in the complex environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a UAV-throwing monitoring device, LoRa networking and edge computing gateway, as well as other embedded hardware and software equipment applicable to deformation and micro-motion monitoring of high-level and high-risk mountain disasters were developed, and focused on the research of the system low-power adaptive data acquisition algorithm and RF frequency adaptive technology, were developed the self-organised network routing algorithm based on LoRa and Beidou RDSS, as well as the multimodal communication intelligent switching technology, so as to solve the problems of timeliness of data perception in complex environments and the problems of low-power consumption and environmental adaptability. The results show that the developed system had a good on-site pilot application effect, which meeting the requirements for long-term monitoring of mountain disasters in alpine mountainous areas, and the average packet loss rate of data transmission in extreme environments is 2.328 8 percent, providing new technologies and methods for disaster prevention and mitigation in the construction and operation of major projects in alpine and complex mountainous areas.

, correspAuthors=Xing ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui-ming WANG, Zhi-ming LIU, Na HE, Xing ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462367494277, articleId=1203753459397927903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=复杂环境山地灾害监测智能感知与数据传输关键技术, columnId=1156908031230435950, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电子技术、通信技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对青藏高原复杂环境山地灾害监测预警存在“感知不及时、传输不出去、设备部署难”的技术难题,研制了适用于高位高危山地灾害变形与微动监测的无人机抛投式监测装置、LoRa组网及边缘计算网关等嵌入式软硬件设备,重点研究了低功耗自适应数据采集算法和射频频次自适应技术,开发了基于LoRa、北斗RDSS的自组网路由算法和多模态通讯智能切换技术,破解复杂环境数据感知及时性、低功耗与环境适应性难题。结果表明:所研发的系统现场试点应用效果良好,符合高寒山区山地灾害长期监测要求,极端环境下数据传输平均丢包率为2.328 8%,为高寒复杂山区重大工程建设及运营的防灾减灾提供了新技术、新方法。

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* 朱星(1984—),男,土家族,湖南张家界人,博士,研究员。研究方向:地质灾害监测仪器与物联网技术、边缘计算、人工智能交叉学科。E-mail:
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王惠明(1962—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,正高级工程师。研究方向:水电工程地质勘察与咨询。E-mail:

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王惠明(1962—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,正高级工程师。研究方向:水电工程地质勘察与咨询。E-mail:

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王惠明(1962—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,正高级工程师。研究方向:水电工程地质勘察与咨询。E-mail:

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RDSS2.1 data sending and receiving

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指令示例 参数 功能介绍
$CCTXA,
0000000,
1/0,2/1/0,
A48963
8D987
H239C*7F
$ 开始字符
CCTXA 关键字,通讯申请
0000000 收件人地址ID
1/0 1为普通通信;0为特快通信
2/1/0 2为混合编码;1为代码编码;0为汉字编码
A4 混合编码标识,发送抑制提示
89638D987H239C 用户内容(GBK编码)
7F 异或校验
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RDSS2.1数据收发

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指令示例 参数 功能介绍
$CCTXA,
0000000,
1/0,2/1/0,
A48963
8D987
H239C*7F
$ 开始字符
CCTXA 关键字,通讯申请
0000000 收件人地址ID
1/0 1为普通通信;0为特快通信
2/1/0 2为混合编码;1为代码编码;0为汉字编码
A4 混合编码标识,发送抑制提示
89638D987H239C 用户内容(GBK编码)
7F 异或校验
), ArticleFig(id=1203787160966112070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459397927903, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulated packet loss test under alpine mountains

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序号 通信节点
间距/km
发送报
文数
接收报
文数
丢包率/%
1 4 110 108 1.82
2 4 89 86 3.37
3 4 90 89 1.11
4 4 92 90 2.17
5 8 67 65 2.98
6 8 82 81 1.22
7 8 80 77 3.75
8 8 120 117 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1203787161070969679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459397927903, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟高寒山区下的丢包测试

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序号 通信节点
间距/km
发送报
文数
接收报
文数
丢包率/%
1 4 110 108 1.82
2 4 89 86 3.37
3 4 90 89 1.11
4 4 92 90 2.17
5 8 67 65 2.98
6 8 82 81 1.22
7 8 80 77 3.75
8 8 120 117 2.5
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复杂环境山地灾害监测智能感知与数据传输关键技术
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王惠明 1 , 刘志明 2 , 何娜 3 , 朱星 4, 5, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025,25(2): 640-648
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025, 25(2): 640-648
复杂环境山地灾害监测智能感知与数据传输关键技术
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王惠明1 , 刘志明2, 何娜3, 朱星4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 水电水利规划设计总院有限公司, 北京 100120
  • 2 成都理工大学核技术与自动化工程学院, 成都 610059
  • 3 广西壮族自治区地质环境监测站, 南宁 530022
  • 4 成都理工大学计算机与网络安全学院, 成都 610059
  • 5 四川省工业互联网智能监测与应用工程技术创新中心, 成都 610059
  • 王惠明(1962—),男,汉族,浙江嘉兴人,正高级工程师。研究方向:水电工程地质勘察与咨询。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 朱星(1984—),男,土家族,湖南张家界人,博士,研究员。研究方向:地质灾害监测仪器与物联网技术、边缘计算、人工智能交叉学科。E-mail:
Intelligent Sensing and Data Transmission Key Technology for Monitoring Mountain Hazards in Complex Environments
Hui-ming WANG1 , Zhi-ming LIU2, Na HE3, Xing ZHU4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute, Beijing 100120, China
  • 2 The College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Geological Environment Monitoring Station, Nanning 530022, China
  • 4 College of Computers and Cyber Security, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 5 Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Industrial Internet Intelligent Monitoring and Application, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402229
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针对青藏高原复杂环境山地灾害监测预警存在“感知不及时、传输不出去、设备部署难”的技术难题,研制了适用于高位高危山地灾害变形与微动监测的无人机抛投式监测装置、LoRa组网及边缘计算网关等嵌入式软硬件设备,重点研究了低功耗自适应数据采集算法和射频频次自适应技术,开发了基于LoRa、北斗RDSS的自组网路由算法和多模态通讯智能切换技术,破解复杂环境数据感知及时性、低功耗与环境适应性难题。结果表明:所研发的系统现场试点应用效果良好,符合高寒山区山地灾害长期监测要求,极端环境下数据传输平均丢包率为2.328 8%,为高寒复杂山区重大工程建设及运营的防灾减灾提供了新技术、新方法。

物联传输  /  自适应技术  /  LoRa技术  /  北斗RDSS协议

Aiming at the technical problems of "untimely perception, poor transmission and difficult equipment deployment" in the monitoring and early warning of mountain disasters in the complex environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a UAV-throwing monitoring device, LoRa networking and edge computing gateway, as well as other embedded hardware and software equipment applicable to deformation and micro-motion monitoring of high-level and high-risk mountain disasters were developed, and focused on the research of the system low-power adaptive data acquisition algorithm and RF frequency adaptive technology, were developed the self-organised network routing algorithm based on LoRa and Beidou RDSS, as well as the multimodal communication intelligent switching technology, so as to solve the problems of timeliness of data perception in complex environments and the problems of low-power consumption and environmental adaptability. The results show that the developed system had a good on-site pilot application effect, which meeting the requirements for long-term monitoring of mountain disasters in alpine mountainous areas, and the average packet loss rate of data transmission in extreme environments is 2.328 8 percent, providing new technologies and methods for disaster prevention and mitigation in the construction and operation of major projects in alpine and complex mountainous areas.

IoT transmission  /  adaptive technology  /  LoRa technology  /  Beidou RDSS protocol
王惠明, 刘志明, 何娜, 朱星. 复杂环境山地灾害监测智能感知与数据传输关键技术. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 640 -648 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402229
Hui-ming WANG, Zhi-ming LIU, Na HE, Xing ZHU. Intelligent Sensing and Data Transmission Key Technology for Monitoring Mountain Hazards in Complex Environments[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 640 -648 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402229
中国青藏高原地质条件复杂,地质灾害频发[1-3],重大工程面临严重威胁,亟需对山地灾害灾变特征及前兆信号进行实时监测,但其极端恶劣环境使得在该地区进行山地灾害监测的数据采集与通信技术面临严峻挑战。一是监测站部署难度大,高位高危崩塌、滑坡等灾害点人迹罕至,传统监测设备因体积大、组装调试过程复杂则在此区域搬运、布设和安装难以实现;二是监测功耗高、实时性差,难以实现对突发性山地灾害的精准感知监测;三是无公共数据网络覆盖,数据高效实时传输成为阻碍科学监测预警的技术瓶颈。鉴于此,本文研究了一种低功耗、智能化、一体化的多元信息感知节点,提出了一种具备自适应感知数据采集功能的低功耗嵌入式算法,创新性构建了感知、传输、供电一体化的抛投式装置与安装工艺,研发了LoRa/北斗自组网的星地互联数据通信技术,为高原极端复杂环境高位高危山地灾害的监测预警提供一种新型解决方案。
目前,文献[4-8]无线组网技术已经非常成熟,但是受限于其通信距离短,存在需要地面基站辅助问题,难以实现对较大范围内的监测设备进行组网。吴艺豪等[9]设计的基于远程无线通信技术(long range wireless transmission technology,LoRa)的山地灾害数传系统能够解决部分的区域覆盖和组网问题,但在极端环境下的数据传输技术上仍面临低功耗、自适应组网、网络故障自恢复等方面的极大挑战。4G作为公共服务通信网络往往在高寒复杂山区覆盖能力弱,张恩华[10]设计基于4G+LoRa的物联网遥测终端(remote terminal unit, RTU)进行远程的数据通信,其前提是需要附近具有4G基站,否则远程多跳传输将会带来巨大的不确定性和弱稳定性。更多组合式物联网传输手段也逐渐被提出,例如:北斗无线导航系统(BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS)[11-12]、北斗数传终端[13]、LoRa+北斗数传终端[14-16]等,这些技术在一定程度上都解决了复杂地区通信难的问题,但都局限于单站点原始数据直接采集与传输,没有形成有效的高效数据采集方法与组网传输方案,监测系统的鲁棒性欠佳。综合分析已有研究的优劣势,为解决高寒山区复杂的山地灾害监测数据通信问题,LoRa、4G和北斗短报文的多元组合与自适应切换关键通信技术能够实现超远程通信、快速应急响应和无线传感网络组网,值得关注。
为实现高寒山区地质灾害的全天候监测预警,同时克服环境恶劣、通信距离短、施工难度高、能量补给难高等问题,现设计一整套基于无人机部署智能感知节点、通信网关节点和巡航检测的LoRa+4G+北斗的无线传感通信网络组网方案,实现在通信基础设施缺乏的环境下的全覆盖低功耗自组网数据监测和远程通信系统。以期克服对地面基站的依赖,同时提高无线传感网络的功能性。
本文所设计的高寒复杂山区地质灾害监测物联网传输关键技术包括山区无线传感及组网物联通信技术和远程多模态应急响应通信方法两部分。系统的整体结构如图1(a)所示。①山区无线传感网络由采集节点和网关节点组成,其中传感采集节点可采用抛抛投式部署并内置了LoRa通信模组与内置LoRa模组的网关节点共同组成本地局域网络;②常规的远程数据传输可通过无人机中继、无人机机库巡航采集网关节点上储存的数据,在返回至地面部署的机库后进行4G的远程数据传输;③而发生需要快速响应或无人机无法执行任务时的远程应急响应通信则由北斗短报文\数传终端承担应急传输任务,网关节点在通信条件缺乏时可将数据打包处理为北斗短报文等格式传输给北斗终端,再由短报文数据卫星传输给超远程的应急响应中心。传感采集节点、网关节点均采用低功耗微控制单元(micro control unit,MCU)、LoRa通信模块和各类传感器构成主要的部分,可对采集的如倾角加速度、微震、温湿度、三维定位等数据进行实时的处理与边缘解算。传感网络采用LoRaWAN(long range wide area network)协议[17]和星型无线拓扑组网结构[18]实现组网,设计了频分复用技术实现中继LoRa网关实现多个独立的无线传感网络的交流实现了与Mesh组网类似的无限中继功能,如图1(b)所示。本系统能够在发生破坏性地质灾害时继续保持应急监测与响应的物联通信能力。
传感采集节点是最直接获取灾变数据的重要部分,同时也是本系统物联通信技术最重要、最基础的通信节点。基于此,本文研究的传感节点基于采集单元、主控单元、传输单元和供电单元4部分组成,采集单元可在仅做出少量修改的情况下替换为各类型传感器,感知不同类型的数据。如图2所示,采集单元对2个类型的数据进行采集分别是加速度和倾角,L3G4200D陀螺仪感知的数据通过IIC(inter-integrated circuit)协议传输,SCA3300倾角仪数据通过SPI(serial peripheral interface)协议传输,数据经过内部滤波至主控单元;主控单元采用STM32L4系列作为主控单元,其根据MEMS(micro-electro-mechanical system)芯片监测数据在低功耗睡眠模式和正常工作两种模式进行切换,并将数据按照一定协议传输至LoRa和保存至EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory),使其在不失性能的情况下降低整机功耗;传输单元选用亿佰特的E32,其具有睡眠模式和空中唤醒机制,传输距离可达3 km以上,满足本研究低功耗、远距离传输要求;供电单元采用3.7 V锂电池大容量高低温锂电池为整机进行供电,同时内置电源管理芯片,能够有效地实现对设备电量进行管理。
一个完整的LoRa系统应该有LoRa节点、LoRa网关、LoRa网络服务器和LoRa应用服务器4大部分组成 [19]。LoRa网关的整体架构如图3所示,由电源、Linux逻辑模块、射频信号处理模块、调制解调模块共同组成。调制解调选用Semtech的SX1301单元处理芯片,其属于LoRa调制的基带芯片对挂在多个无线传感节点的星型网络具有很好的适应性。具有-142.5 dBm的接收灵敏度和49个LoRa虚拟通道,以及即速率自适应(adaptive data rate,ADR)等技术加持,在SX1301基础上,本文研究架构将外接2块SX125x(433 MHz为SX1255,470 MHz为)射频前端芯片,主要职能为将I/Q(In-phase/Quadrature)同相正交数字信号转换成无线电模拟信号,同时SX1301内置的两块集成MCU分别可以管理射频和数据包。2个前端芯片SX125x分别监听4个LoRa信道,同时Radio B担任了发射信号的工作,额外与SX1301有1个引脚的连接,在图3中用双箭头表示。在后面的电路中接入了传输线变压器型巴伦滤波器(transformer balun,TB)将平衡差分信号转化为非平衡信号,以及声表面滤波器( surface acoustic wave filter,SAW)等进一步做模拟信号的处理。而Linux逻辑模块为节省时间成本采用Raspberry Pi 3 Module B+,负责整个网关的逻辑代码运行、以及网络协议、嵌入式边缘算法等,其也支持所需的SPI等通信协议。
本小节主要介绍传感采集节点和网关节点的低功耗技术,主要方法均为设备嵌入自适应算法[20],解决了功耗以及数据冗余的问题。自适应采集和射频通信频次技术其核心思想是平滑度的计算,根据一段时间采集数据的平滑度动态调整数据采集的时间间隔。具体思想如下:当前时刻传感器数据为S,时间序列性质的数字信号当前读数模块输出的数据可由Si表示,其中i=1,2,…。平均值 S - n结合数据的平均变化值 S - m可以将平滑度锁定在一个固定的区间范围,再利用数据的平均变化值 S - m和平均值 S - n可以得到更加合理的平滑度结果 S - m n,设定t(t>0,s)时间范围内采集到了 i个数据,则数据的平均变化值Dj,其中j为数据平均值序列。
S - m n = S - m S - n = j ( S i - S i - 1 + S i - 1 - S i - 2 + + S 2 - S 1 ) i ( D 1 + D 2 + + D j )
经过测试LoRa终端电量消耗最大的功能为数据包的发送,其工作电流可达到100~120 Ma,而接收数据所消耗的能量不到发送数据的10%,发送数据的频率与设备功耗之间的关系密切相关。对于高寒山区能量补充与通信困难的环境而言,建立传感数据与射频通信频次的耦合关系,自动化动态调整射频通信频次对电子设备的低功耗具有重要的意义。而这一部分的实现方式较为复杂,简要地概述为,传感器数据经过产生相位移动的滤波(图4)之后,假设获取到10个传感值,分别用S1~S10表示,设有变量Kms,其表达式为
K m s = S 10 - S 1
设定阈值为Kthre=0.01,变量为G,权重值变量Kwe,若Kms>Kthre并且当前Kwe<1,则变量G按照系数Ga=0.008(可变)累加且计算Kwe,若KmsKthre且连续3个Kms>0,则变量G=G/16且计算Kwe。假设现有增益系数Gb=10,权重值Kwe的表达式为
K w e = e G b G - 1
当传感数据发生波动时,权重值迅速增加,促使射频通信频次快速调整。
现假设有射频通信频次Ts,常量a=4,常量b=5,则Ts
T s = b - a K w e
由式(4)可得,计算得到的Ts便是下一次射频通信频次,而Ts的值是受采集到的传感数据的变化而变化的,则利用Ts来动态的表征射频通信频次。
以上研究解决了:①减少对无效过程信号的误报、多采,降低系统整体的运行功耗,延长设备寿命;②提升对随机有效突变事件全过程的及时响应,减少漏报、漏采。
在部分Sink网关节点上集成了RDSS(radio determination satel-lite system)北斗短报文通信模块以应对更加恶劣的应急通信环境,采用的上海复控华龙FHM2630板卡集成了发射频芯片, PA电路、LNA电路。RDSS协议每次通信带宽为78 B,通信频次为1次/min。在这部分节点上北斗短报文模块与LoRa模块有连接,由北斗短报文板卡内置的MCU和储存器,对LoRa获取的数据进行打包为北斗短报文的通信格式进行储存和远程的数据传输,通过系统的授时也由RDSS提供。在RDSS协议中数据的收发需要根据一定的格式编码,在表1中对发送数据的编码格式做简要的解释,由于RDSS 4.0协议编码复杂限制太多,故采用RDSS 2.1协议,且为混合编码模式,在混合编码模式下A4占用1个字节用户内容则为77个字节。
在高位高危地区的监测物联系统最底层应该具备无线传感网络的一些基本性质:网络自组织、健壮性、场景相关性、动态拓扑性和多跳性。在新的传感采集节点加入网络时也能够很快融入网络,同时对于LoRa传输范围有限的情况下,多个独立的无线传感网络的LoRa网关可以进行多跳的数据传输到某一指定的“基站网关”以克服距离问题,以便无人机巡航收集数据时能够减少飞行距离。图5展示了无线传感网络的组网与多跳数据传输管理,在其中设计了2个最重要的算法以增加组网和多跳传输的有效性:①基于K-means++聚类算法的分簇聚类组网,最优化传感采集节点与网关节点的通信距离;②基于Astar启发式算法的多跳数据传输路径寻优。其核心目的都是基于能量损耗模型的低功耗优化,发送能耗与距离的关系式为
E c = l E e l e c + l ε a m p d 2 , d < d 0 l E e l e c + l f a m p d 4 , d d 0
式(5)中: d为收发节点之间的距离;εamp为自由空间模型特征常数;famp为多径衰减模型的特征常数;Eelec为发射电路的单位能耗; d 0 = ε a m p / f a m p为距离阈值。
网关节点发起组网要求和传感采集节点加入网络的路由算法过程是十分复杂的,受篇幅影响这儿只是对网关节点发起的流程进行介绍,如图6所示。
传感采集节点的部署通过无人机进行野外的抛投,抛投后测试数据能否正常通过LoRa无线传输到网关节点并被终端用户读取分析数据,结果显示传感采集节点的完整数据在记录和传输功能上都为收到部署方式的影响,测试过程如图7所示。
在本次测试中传感采集节点采集倾角形变数据和加速度信息,通过LoRa无线传输至网关节点,网关节点空中唤醒获取数据,采用LoRa采集节点定时上发,测试结果显示在中间有山体阻隔的情况下5.421 km内能够稳定传输数据,如图8图9所示。
北斗RDSS的测试按照北斗用户终端RDSS单元性能要求及测试方法(BD 420012—2015)[21]的相关要求进行测试,数据包发送时间间隔为1 min。根据黄正睿等[15]的研究可知丢包率与北斗短报文模块天线摆放位置、天线所接收到的北斗卫星波束的数量、波束强度及网关所处工作环境有关,故为了尽可能模拟青藏高原通信环境,在四川西部凉山彝族自治州无人山区进行测试,环境温度低于-5 ℃,山区内在线北斗卫星数量在2或3个,波束数量3或4个通信环境相较于城区恶劣,测试结果如表2所示,平均丢包率为2.328 8%符合在高寒无人山区地质灾害监测预警系统要求的稳定性范围内。
为了验证LoRa可以作为其他通讯传输手段的有效互补工具,本文研究在更多长周期定时环境数据采集的传感设备上进行了与4G协议联动的超远程数据回传,验证数据传输链路的稳健性能。如图10是在西藏林芝市波密县多格烈村所属的一处冰雪灾害监测试验点(95°49'59.196″E,30°2'44.473″N),海拔高度位于3 100~3 250 m,年均气温8.5 ℃,年均降水量876.9 mm,测试地附近山地高处常年积雪覆盖且有山体阻隔符合现实应用的实际地理环境情况。远程端在线平台能够定时接收到此地回传至数据库的环境数据,图10(b)中的时间段内累计雨量值渐进上升、风速风向保持稳定、温度呈现昼夜交替波动,环境温度值在-23~5 ℃区间属于高寒环境,风速风向由于山体的阻隔相对较小,区间内累计降雨量22 mm。结果表明,数据传输性能稳定,数据质量高。
随着一系列重大工程在青藏高原的实施,以及全球变暖对冰川堆积、降雪溶解、降雨量和温度变化的影响,在高寒高原开展对地质灾害及其次生灾害链的监测预警刻不容缓。本文研究在此大背景下对高寒山区山地灾害监测预警的数据感知和物联传输关键技术进行了进一步的探索,实现了LoRa和北斗短报文联合通信更加好的结合,对数据的智能化采集及传输方式、无线传感网络组网模式进行了优化,同时对在高寒山区部署的传感采集节点进行了升级,设计了抛投式部署的新型LoRa传感节点。使高寒山区地质灾害监测物联应急响应通信系统的可靠性和有效性得到极大的提升,但诸多实现方式上仍有欠缺,未来应该结合灾害应急管理响应方案设计更加完整的云-边协同系统,以及设计生命周期更长的监测预警网络。
  • 中国电建集团科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2020-3)
  • 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究资助项目(2019QZKK0201)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402229
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
基金
中国电建集团科技项目(DJ-ZDXM-2020-3)
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究资助项目(2019QZKK0201)
作者信息
    1 水电水利规划设计总院有限公司, 北京 100120
    2 成都理工大学核技术与自动化工程学院, 成都 610059
    3 广西壮族自治区地质环境监测站, 南宁 530022
    4 成都理工大学计算机与网络安全学院, 成都 610059
    5 四川省工业互联网智能监测与应用工程技术创新中心, 成都 610059

通讯作者:

* 朱星(1984—),男,土家族,湖南张家界人,博士,研究员。研究方向:地质灾害监测仪器与物联网技术、边缘计算、人工智能交叉学科。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
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Number of
species
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Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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