Article(id=1203753459192407004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710864000000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-20, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789329, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789329, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789329, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789329, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=832, endPage=841, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753459540534244, articleId=1203753459192407004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Trajectory Tracking Control of Aircraft Towed by Four-wheel Steering Tractor, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and stability of the aircraft in the traction process, taking the four-wheel steering aircraft traction system as the research object, the kinematics model of the aircraft traction system is established, and the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking control method of the tractor based on the model predictive control was proposed. Taking the double lane changing condition as the reference trajectory, the motion control simulation model of the aircraft traction system was built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking controller was established by combining the speed of the tractor and the angular distribution relationship of the four wheels. The controller was compared and analyzed with the traditional PID control to derive the superiority of the controller, and the tractor four-wheel steering and front-wheel steering trajectory tracking controllers were simulated and compared and analyzed at the speeds of 1.5 m/s, 3 m/s and 4 m/s, respectively. The designed controller was simulated and verified by changing the initial positional attitude of the aircraft traction system at a speed of 1.5 m/s. The results show that at three different speeds, the airplane lateral error, the heading angle error, and the tractor heading angle error under the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking control of the tractor are smaller than those under the front-wheel steering trajectory tracking control. In the case of initial deviation, the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking controller can enable the aircraft to complete the correction of the initial deviation in time, reduce the trajectory tracking error, and at the same time improve the stability of the aircraft's traction system in the driving process.

, correspAuthors=Hong-bin YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yun-kun DONG, Hong-bin YU, Yang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462304579713, articleId=1203753459192407004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机轨迹跟踪控制研究, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高飞机在牵引过程中的轨迹跟踪精度与稳定性,以四轮转向飞机牵引系统为研究对象,建立了飞机牵引系统运动学模型,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)的牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制方法。以双移线工况作为参考轨迹,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建飞机牵引系统运动控制仿真模型,结合牵引车车速以及4个车轮的转角分配关系,建立牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器。将该控制器与传统比例积分微分控制(proportional integral differential, PID)进行对比分析,得出该控制器的优越性,并分别在1.5、3、4 m/s的速度下,将牵引车四轮转向与前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器进行仿真对比分析。在1.5 m/s的速度下,通过改变飞机牵引系统的初始位姿对所设计的控制器进行仿真验证。结果表明:在3种不同的速度下,牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制下的飞机横向误差、航向角误差以及牵引车航向角误差均小于前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制。在存在初始偏差的情况下,四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器能够使飞机及时完成对初始偏差的修正,减小轨迹跟踪误差,同时提高飞机牵引系统行驶过程中的稳定性。

, correspAuthors=于鸿彬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 于鸿彬(1974—), 男,汉族, 河北唐山人, 博士, 副教授。研究方向:机场地面特种设备。E-mail:
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董蕴琨(2000—), 女, 汉族, 河北唐山人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机地面牵引。E-mail:

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董蕴琨(2000—), 女, 汉族, 河北唐山人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机地面牵引。E-mail:

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董蕴琨(2000—), 女, 汉族, 河北唐山人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机地面牵引。E-mail:

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R l f R r f R l r R r r分别为牵引车左前轮转弯半径、右前轮转弯半径、左后轮转弯半径以及右后轮转弯半径; δ l f δ r f δ l r δ r r分别为牵引车左前轮转角、右前轮转角、左后轮转角以及右后轮转角 L 1 L 2分别为牵引车与飞机的轴距; L 3为牵引车前轴和后轴的轮距; L 4为飞机两主起落架之间的距离; δ为牵引车两前轮等效车轮的转角

, figureFileSmall=pCM0e6Bg5jOhzrS8jQorZw==, figureFileBig=bBLT547bOIHVUNsbDN5L2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787155974894171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Kinematic model of aircraft traction system, figureFileSmall=wZQWStZu0AFBzHHLadS/dA==, figureFileBig=trrLTPdO2ipyW8mCRacZeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156092334692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=CN, label=图2, caption=飞机牵引系统运动学模型, figureFileSmall=wZQWStZu0AFBzHHLadS/dA==, figureFileBig=trrLTPdO2ipyW8mCRacZeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156209775219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=MPC controller structure, figureFileSmall=y8l35013JWhEERZbM+/oDw==, figureFileBig=251F0VOxYYxmpEJcyOfMVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156318827132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MPC控制器结构

( x 2 r e f , y 2 r e f )为飞机理想状态下两主起落架几何中心点坐标; ψ 1 r e f ψ 2 r e f分别为理想状态下牵引车与飞机轴线与

坐标系 X轴之间的夹角

, figureFileSmall=y8l35013JWhEERZbM+/oDw==, figureFileBig=251F0VOxYYxmpEJcyOfMVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156465627783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simulation model of aircraft traction system control, figureFileSmall=URb2HBT/VGwZQfDulLEp4w==, figureFileBig=0eceO2X7M6Ib7QmG1Rw/4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156608234131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=CN, label=图4, caption=飞机牵引系统控制仿真模型, figureFileSmall=URb2HBT/VGwZQfDulLEp4w==, figureFileBig=0eceO2X7M6Ib7QmG1Rw/4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787156746646171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of aircraft trajectory tracking under different control strategies, figureFileSmall=kQruKZivfeDMjVu4JZmHqg==, 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figureFileSmall=v9aWyWw5mpvj0bgAk0qiHQ==, figureFileBig=jL87vO2Rpoi0IIwGeRgfQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787159280005964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Aircraft traction system parameters

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参数 数值
牵引车尺寸(长×宽×高)/(m×m×m) 2.6×2.6×0.39
牵引车轴距 L 1/m 1.76
飞机轴距 L 2/m 15.6
牵引车前后轴轮距 L 3/m 1.84
飞机两主起落架之间距离 L 4/m 5.71
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159426806615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

飞机牵引系统参数

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参数 数值
牵引车尺寸(长×宽×高)/(m×m×m) 2.6×2.6×0.39
牵引车轴距 L 1/m 1.76
飞机轴距 L 2/m 15.6
牵引车前后轴轮距 L 3/m 1.84
飞机两主起落架之间距离 L 4/m 5.71
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Root mean square error(RMSE)

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控制策略 横向误
差/m
牵引车航向
角误差/rad
飞机航向角
误差/rad
MPC 0.026 294 0.003 389 0.001 805
PID 0.087 472 0.032 451 0.011 581
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均方根误差值

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控制策略 横向误
差/m
牵引车航向
角误差/rad
飞机航向角
误差/rad
MPC 0.026 294 0.003 389 0.001 805
PID 0.087 472 0.032 451 0.011 581
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159812682619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Root mean square error

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仿真对象 横向误差/m 牵引车航向角误差/rad 飞机航向角误差/rad
1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s 1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s 1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s
前轮转向 0.033 522 0.041 695 0.058 297 0.002 805 0.005 131 0.006 970 0.001 357 0.002 731 0.003 682
四轮转向 0.023 382 0.026 294 0.030 139 0.001 717 0.003 389 0.004 539 0.000 889 0.001 805 0.002 443
), ArticleFig(id=1203787159955288965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

均方根误差值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仿真对象 横向误差/m 牵引车航向角误差/rad 飞机航向角误差/rad
1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s 1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s 1.5 m/s 3 m/s 4 m/s
前轮转向 0.033 522 0.041 695 0.058 297 0.002 805 0.005 131 0.006 970 0.001 357 0.002 731 0.003 682
四轮转向 0.023 382 0.026 294 0.030 139 0.001 717 0.003 389 0.004 539 0.000 889 0.001 805 0.002 443
), ArticleFig(id=1203787160093701005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753459192407004, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Different initial deviation parameters

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序号 Δ x 2 / m Δ y 2 / m Δ ψ 1 / r a d Δ ψ 2 / r a d
1组 -0.5 -0.5 0 0
2组 -0.7 -0.9 0 0
3组 -0.6 -0.7 0.05 0
4组 -1 -1 0.1 0
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不同初始偏差参数表

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序号 Δ x 2 / m Δ y 2 / m Δ ψ 1 / r a d Δ ψ 2 / r a d
1组 -0.5 -0.5 0 0
2组 -0.7 -0.9 0 0
3组 -0.6 -0.7 0.05 0
4组 -1 -1 0.1 0
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四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机轨迹跟踪控制研究
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董蕴琨 1 , 于鸿彬 1, 2, * , 刘洋 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(2): 832-841
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(2): 832-841
四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机轨迹跟踪控制研究
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董蕴琨1 , 于鸿彬1, 2, * , 刘洋1
作者信息
  • 1 天津工业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300387
  • 2 天津工业大学天津现代机电装备技术重点实验室, 天津 300387
  • 董蕴琨(2000—), 女, 汉族, 河北唐山人, 硕士研究生。研究方向:飞机地面牵引。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 于鸿彬(1974—), 男,汉族, 河北唐山人, 博士, 副教授。研究方向:机场地面特种设备。E-mail:
Trajectory Tracking Control of Aircraft Towed by Four-wheel Steering Tractor
Yun-kun DONG1 , Hong-bin YU1, 2, * , Yang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Advanced Mechatronics Equipment Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402004
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为提高飞机在牵引过程中的轨迹跟踪精度与稳定性,以四轮转向飞机牵引系统为研究对象,建立了飞机牵引系统运动学模型,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)的牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制方法。以双移线工况作为参考轨迹,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建飞机牵引系统运动控制仿真模型,结合牵引车车速以及4个车轮的转角分配关系,建立牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器。将该控制器与传统比例积分微分控制(proportional integral differential, PID)进行对比分析,得出该控制器的优越性,并分别在1.5、3、4 m/s的速度下,将牵引车四轮转向与前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器进行仿真对比分析。在1.5 m/s的速度下,通过改变飞机牵引系统的初始位姿对所设计的控制器进行仿真验证。结果表明:在3种不同的速度下,牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制下的飞机横向误差、航向角误差以及牵引车航向角误差均小于前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制。在存在初始偏差的情况下,四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器能够使飞机及时完成对初始偏差的修正,减小轨迹跟踪误差,同时提高飞机牵引系统行驶过程中的稳定性。

飞机牵引系统  /  四轮转向  /  运动学模型  /  模型预测控制  /  轨迹跟踪

In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and stability of the aircraft in the traction process, taking the four-wheel steering aircraft traction system as the research object, the kinematics model of the aircraft traction system is established, and the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking control method of the tractor based on the model predictive control was proposed. Taking the double lane changing condition as the reference trajectory, the motion control simulation model of the aircraft traction system was built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking controller was established by combining the speed of the tractor and the angular distribution relationship of the four wheels. The controller was compared and analyzed with the traditional PID control to derive the superiority of the controller, and the tractor four-wheel steering and front-wheel steering trajectory tracking controllers were simulated and compared and analyzed at the speeds of 1.5 m/s, 3 m/s and 4 m/s, respectively. The designed controller was simulated and verified by changing the initial positional attitude of the aircraft traction system at a speed of 1.5 m/s. The results show that at three different speeds, the airplane lateral error, the heading angle error, and the tractor heading angle error under the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking control of the tractor are smaller than those under the front-wheel steering trajectory tracking control. In the case of initial deviation, the four-wheel steering trajectory tracking controller can enable the aircraft to complete the correction of the initial deviation in time, reduce the trajectory tracking error, and at the same time improve the stability of the aircraft's traction system in the driving process.

aircraft traction systems  /  four-wheel steering  /  kinematic model  /  model predictive control  /  trajectory tracking
董蕴琨, 于鸿彬, 刘洋. 四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机轨迹跟踪控制研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 832 -841 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402004
Yun-kun DONG, Hong-bin YU, Yang LIU. Trajectory Tracking Control of Aircraft Towed by Four-wheel Steering Tractor[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 832 -841 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402004
飞机牵引车作为一种推托飞机的机场特种车辆和救援牵引设备[1-2],对保障飞机在移动过程中的安全性与稳定性发挥着极大的作用。依据牵引方式的不同,将牵引车分为有杆式牵引车和无杆式牵引车两类[3]。在飞机牵引的过程中,有杆式牵引车用一根刚性的牵引杆作为传力设备,与飞机前起落架相连,进行牵引移动。而无杆式牵引车采用抱轮机构代替了牵引杆,当飞机前轮进入抱轮机构后,抱轮机构将飞机前轮包围,通过液压举升装置将飞机前起落架抬起[4],利用飞机前轮在牵引车上的重量来提高牵引车的附着力和牵引力,进行牵引作业。与有杆式牵引车相比,无杆式牵引车自动化程度更高,且具有较小的转弯半径[5],同时可以通过检测牵引过程中飞机前起落架所受牵引力的大小来衡量牵引飞机的可靠性[6]。目前,牵引车大多通过人工操作进行移动,经常出现理想位置与实际位置存在较大偏差的问题,极大地降低了飞机牵引移动的效率与安全。随着航空产业与智能产业的迅速发展,对无人驾驶牵引车牵引飞机过程中轨迹跟踪的精确性与稳定性提出了更高的要求。车辆转向系统的自由度对车辆的轨迹跟踪能力有着重要的影响,四轮转向车辆与前轮转向车辆相比具有更多的自由度,可以实现在更小的空间内更加灵活的运动,有助于提升车辆在行驶过程中的轨迹跟踪能力与稳定性。
目前,中外学者针对车辆在行驶过程中的轨迹跟踪问题做了大量研究。Hiraoka等[7]以四轮转向车辆为研究对象,基于滑模控制理论提出了一种对转弯功率扰动、目标路径半径变化等具有鲁棒性的轨迹跟踪控制器。Lashkari等[8]采用反步控制方法提出了一种牵引车牵引多辆挂车的轨迹跟踪控制器,该控制器由确定拖车所需速度的运动学控制器以及根据所需速度确定拖车车轮扭矩输入的动力学控制器组成。林棻等[9]以线性二次型轨迹跟踪控制器为基础,提出直接横摆力矩控制与前轮转角的集成控制策略,保证了智能车在轨迹跟踪过程中的跟踪精度和横向稳定性。Yu等[10]针对牵引车与舰载机在甲板上的轨迹跟踪,设计了一种包含模型预测控制策略与自适应模糊比例积分微分控制(proportional integral differential, PID)策略的双层闭环控制器,该控制器能够达到预期的跟踪精度与稳定性。陈龙等[11]通过将障碍函数法与非线性模型预测控制相结合的方法,提出了一种四轮驱动智能车纵横向轨迹跟踪控制器,有效改善了智能车的轨迹跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。周丽杰等[12]提出了一种基于自适应滑模变结构控制理论的牵引车四轮主动转向控制方法,该方法中的前轮和后轮转向控制器使得牵引车-飞机系统能够跟踪理想轨迹,同时增强系统的稳定性。Zhang等[13-14]对四轮驱动无杆飞机牵引车在越障时的驱动力进行了实时监测,分析了牵引车在不同越障条件下的四轮驱动力之间的关系,并对牵引车进行了带载荷的越障分析。
目前,中外在关于飞机牵引车的轨迹跟踪方面多是有关牵引舰载机的研究,且主要是以前轮转向牵引车为模型进行分析,在对四轮转向牵引车方面的研究比较欠缺,而前轮转向牵引车的转向角度相对受限,驱动牵引力较小,平稳性较差。因此,为了提高飞机在牵引过程中的工作效率和灵活性,研究飞机在四轮转向牵引车牵引下的轨迹跟踪问题成为必然趋势。现基于电动无杆式飞机牵引车建立四轮转向飞机牵引系统运动学模型,以模型预测控制算法为基础,提出一种牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器,并且使用MATLAB/Simulink软件在运动学模型的基础上对该控制器进行轨迹跟踪仿真验证。为提高飞机在牵引过程中轨迹跟踪精度与稳定性提供相应的理论依据。
四轮转向车辆是指在转弯过程中,4个车轮均能主动按照一定角度进行偏转的车辆。四轮转向可以使车辆在行驶过程中更加灵活,提高车辆的操控性和稳定性。本文研究中选取四轮转向电动无杆牵引车对飞机进行牵引,为方便研究分析,对牵引车和飞机模型进行简化,由于牵引车抱轮机构位于牵引车的质心处,因此将抱轮机构简化为位于牵引车几何中心处的一点,将牵引车两前轮等效到前轴中点处,得到如图1所示的飞机牵引车几何模型。
图1中的几何关系可以得出牵引车与飞机之间铰接点的转弯半径为
R = L 1 2 t a n δ
飞机主起落架转弯半径为
R m = R 2 - L 2 2
由此可以推出牵引车4个车轮的转弯半径分别为
R l f = L 1 2 t a n δ - L 3 2 R r f = L 1 2 t a n δ + L 3 2 R l r = R l f R r r = R r f
由式(1)和式(3)可以得出牵引车4个车轮的转角分别为
δ l f = a r c t a n L 1 L 1 / t a n δ - L 3 δ r f = a r c t a n L 1 L 1 / t a n δ + L 3 δ l r = - δ l f δ r r = - δ r f
本文研究的目标是使飞机牵引系统快速准确地跟踪参考轨迹。假设牵引车和飞机均为刚体,且在平坦的路面上以恒定的速度行驶,忽略摩擦阻力和轮胎侧偏。因素的影响,根据飞机牵引系统的运动学特性,对其进行建模分析,简化后的飞机牵引系统运动学模型如图2所示。
在笛卡尔坐标系 X O Y下, ( x 1 , y 1 )为牵引车与飞机铰接点的坐标, ( x 2 , y 2 )为飞机两主起落架几何中心点的坐标。根据飞机牵引系统的几何关系,得出飞机两主起落架几何中心点与铰接点之间的约束关系为
x 1 = x 2 + L 2 c o s ψ 2 y 1 = y 2 + L 2 s i n ψ 2
牵引车与飞机之间轴线的夹角为
θ = ψ 1 - ψ 2
式中: ψ 1 ψ 2分别为牵引车与飞机的轴线与坐标系 X轴之间的夹角。
图2可以看出,飞机牵引系统的运动状态可由飞机两主起落架几何中点坐标、牵引车与飞机的轴线与坐标系 X轴之间的夹角所表示。将 X = [ x 2 , y 2 , ψ 1 , ψ 2 ] T作为飞机牵引系统的状态变量, U = [ v , δ ] T作为飞机牵引系统的控制变量。根据牵引车与飞机之间的运动关系,可将飞机牵引系统运动学方程描述为
X · = d d t x 2 y 2 ψ 1 ψ 2 = v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) c o s ψ 2 v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) s i n ψ 2 2 v t a n δ L 1 v s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2
式(7)中: v为牵引车的速度;t为时间。
模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)[15-16]可以实现多目标优化。MPC控制器的控制原理为:在每一采样时刻实时采集信息,依据当前测量信息求解出下一时刻的最优解,将其中第一个控制值作为实际控制增量输入给被控对象后,进入下一采样时刻,如此循环往复的更新求解构成完整的模型预测控制过程。MPC控制依据被控对象的状态不断地进行滚动优化,可以使被控对象未来预测输出与理想输出之间的误差达到最小,极大地增强系统的抗扰动性能。
本文研究中的飞机牵引系统轨迹跟踪控制器的组成如图3所示。将参考轨迹输入MPC控制器中,MPC控制器通过预测模型、目标函数和约束条件求解出最优控制序列,飞机牵引系统按照最优控制序列执行后,由状态估计器对系统的状态量进行估计,并反馈给MPC控制器,进入下一次优化求解。
在飞机牵引运动过程中,以期望路径的轨迹点作为参考轨迹点,由于给定参考轨迹点均要满足飞机牵引系统的运动学方程,因此得到状态空间表达式为
X · r = f ( X r , u r )
式中: X r为状态向量; u r为控制输入。
非线性模型预测控制算法计算量加大,求解困难且实时性降低。为了准确地进行轨迹跟踪,将非线性模型在参考轨迹点处,通过泰勒级数展开并忽略高阶项的方法对飞机牵引系统运动学方程进行线性化处理,即
X ·=f(Xr,ur)+ f ( X , u ) X(X-Xr)+ f ( X , u ) u(u-ur)
由式(9)减去式(8)得到线性误差模型,即
X ˙ · = X · - X · r = A X ˙ + B u ˙
式中: X ˙ = X - X r ; u ˙ = u - u r ; A B为雅可比矩阵。
A = f ( X , u ) X = 0 0 - v s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) c o s ψ 2 v s i n ( ψ 1 - 2 ψ 2 ) 0 0 - v s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) s i n ψ 2 v c o s ( ψ 1 - 2 ψ 2 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2 - v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2
B = c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) c o s ψ 2 0 c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) s i n ψ 2 0 2 t a n δ L 1 2 v L 1 c o s 2 δ s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2 0
在采样周期 T内,采用前向欧拉法,利用一阶差商代替微分的方法对式进行离散化处理得
X ˙ ( k + 1 ) = A k X ˙ (k) + B k u ˙ (k)
式(13)中:
Ak=I+TA= 1 0 - T v s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) c o s ψ 2 T v s i n ( ψ 1 - 2 ψ 2 ) 0 1 - T v s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) s i n ψ 2 T v c o s ( ψ 1 - 2 ψ 2 ) 0 0 1 0 0 0 T v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2 1 - T v c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2
B k = T B = T c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) c o s ψ 2 0 T c o s ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) s i n ψ 2 0 2 T t a n δ L 1 2 T v L 1 c o s 2 δ T s i n ( ψ 1 - ψ 2 ) L 2 0
在飞机牵引运动过程中,为使得飞机牵引系统能够更加准确地跟踪期望路径,构建了模型预测方程,即
ξ ( k + 1 ) = X ˙ ( k + 1 ) u ˙ (k)
将式(12)代入式(11)中,得到新的状态空间表达式为
ξ ( k + 1 ) = A ~ k ξ (k) + B ~ k Δ u (k) χ (k) = C ~ k ξ (k)
式中: A ~ k = A k B k 0 I m
B ~ k = B k I m
C ~ k = [ I k   0 ]
式中: χ (k) 为预测时域内系统的输出; m n分别为控制矩阵和状态矩阵的维度, m = 2 , n = 4 ; I m I k为单位矩阵。
设当前时刻为 k,预测时域为 N p,控制时域为 N c,且 N c N p ,得出未来 N p个时间周期内的状态预测模型的输出表达式为
Y (k) = λ ξ (k) + γ Δ U (k)
式(21)中:
Y (k) = χ ( k + 1 ) χ ( k + 2 ) χ ( k + N c ) χ ( k + N p )
Δ U = Δ u (k) Δ u ( k + 1 ) Δ u ( k + N c ) Δ u ( k + N p )
λ = C ˙ k A ˙ k C ˙ k A ˙ k 2 C ˙ k A ˙ k N c C ˙ k A ˙ k N p
γ = C ˙ k B ˙ k 0 0 0 C ˙ k A ˙ k B ˙ k C ˙ k B ˙ k 0 0 C ˙ k A ˙ k N c - 1 B ˙ k C ˙ k A ˙ k N c - 2 B ˙ k C ˙ k B ˙ k C ˙ k A ˙ k N p - 1 B ˙ k C ˙ k A ˙ k N p - 2 B ˙ k C ˙ k A ˙ k N p - N c - 1 B ˙ k
在飞机牵引系统进行轨迹跟踪控制中,控制器的求解不仅需要考虑系统的稳定性,还需要考虑系统的跟踪精度,因此在牵引车轨迹跟踪运动中,将较小的控制量波动和轨迹跟踪误差作为控制目标,设计如下目标函数,即
J (k) = i = 1 N p = χ ( k + i ) - χ r ( k + i ) = Q 2 + i = 1 N c - 1 = Δ U ( k + i ) = R 2 + ρ ε 2
式(26)中: χ ( k + i )为预测时域内系统的输出, χ r ( k + i )为预测时域内系统输出的参考值; Δ U ( k + i )为控制增量; Q为跟踪精度的权重矩阵, Q越大,跟踪精度越好; R为控制量波动的权重矩阵, R越大,系统的稳定性越好; ε为松弛因子; ρ为松弛因子的权重系数。
为了使离散化方程组的求解难度降低,减小计算量,将式(15)转化成为标准二次型优化目标函数,即
m i n J [ X (t) , u ( t - 1 ) , Δ U (t) ] = m i n Δ U (t) ε T H t Δ U (t) ε + G t Δ U (t) ε
H t = γ T t Q γ t + R 0 0 ρ
G t = [ 2 e T t Q γ t   0 ]
式中: e t为当前预测时域内的系统跟踪误差。
在轨迹跟踪过程中,为使得飞机牵引系统能够较好地描述运动过程,系统输出的转角和速度均要受到一定的限制,控制量不等式约束为
u m i n ( k + t ) u ( k + t ) u m a x ( k + t ) ,     k = 0,1 , , N c - 1
控制增量不等式约束为
Δ u m i n ( k + t ) Δ u ( k + t ) Δ u m a x ( k + t ) ,     k = 0,1 , , N c - 1
二者之间关系为
u ( k + t ) = u ( k + t - 1 ) + Δ u ( k + t )
式(32)中: u ( k + t - 1 )为上一时刻的控制量; u m i n ( k + t ) u m a x ( k + t )分别为控制量在 k + t时刻的上下限; Δ u m i n ( k + t ) Δ u m a x ( k + t )分别为控制增量在 k + t时刻的上、下限。
在未来 N c个控制时域内,将式(17)与式(18)合并为
U = D Δ U t + U t
式(33)中:
D = 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 I m
U t = u ( k - 1 ) u ( k - 1 ) u ( k - 1 )
Δ U t = Δ u (k) Δ u ( k + 1 ) Δ u ( k + N c - 1 )
式中: 为克罗内克积。
结合上述算式,可以得出MPC控制器的约束条件为
U m i n D Δ U t + U t U m a x Δ U m i n Δ U t Δ U m a x
依据飞机牵引车技术要求,选取速度约束为
- 0.2 m / s Δ v 0.2 m / s
转角约束为
- 10 ° δ 10 ° - 0.8 ° Δ δ 0.8 °
为验证所提出的基于MPC的牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器跟踪给定参考轨迹的控制效果,本文研究以双移线工况作为参考轨迹,在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建飞机牵引系统运动控制仿真模型,如图4所示。
本文研究选取自主设计的四轮转向电动无杆牵引车和B737-800飞机作为研究对象进行仿真,具体参数如表1所示。
在对于牵引车辆轨迹跟踪问题的研究中,通常将传统PID控制策略作为参照,与其他控制策略进行对比分析,以确保所建立控制策略的可靠性和有效性。本文研究以四轮转向牵引车为研究对象,在3 m/s的速度下,分别采用PID和MPC控制策略对其进行轨迹跟踪,仿真得到的飞机轨迹跟踪效果图如图5所示,均方根误差值如表2所示,飞机牵引系统的轨迹跟踪误差图如图6所示。
图5中可以看出,在两种控制策略的作用下,飞机在直线行驶状态时均能较好地跟踪上参考轨迹,而在转弯处,MPC控制策略的轨迹跟踪精度明显优于PID控制策略。根据图6表2可以得出,与PID控制策略相比,在MPC控制策略的作用下,牵引车牵引飞机的横向误差均方根值、牵引车航向角误差均方根值和飞机航向角误差均方根值分别降低了69.94%、89.56%和84.41%。因此,采用MPC控制策略的牵引车牵引飞机相比于PID控制策略具有更好的轨迹跟踪效果,同时能够保持良好的鲁棒性。
根据航空公司相关规定,牵引车在牵引飞机的过程中,在无障碍的情况下,速度不应超过15 km/h[17]。本文研究中选取1.5 m/s、3 m/s和4 m/s三种不同速度作为牵引车牵引飞机的速度,以双移线工况作为参考轨迹,分别研究飞机牵引系统在牵引车前轮转向控制和四轮转向控制下的轨迹跟踪性能。以 [ x 2 , y 2 , ψ 1 , ψ 2 ] T = [ 0,0 , 0,0 ] T作为飞机牵引系统的初始姿态,进行仿真对比分析。在牵引车前轮转向控制和四轮转向控制下,得到飞机实际轨迹与参考轨迹对比结果如图7所示。飞机牵引系统的轨迹跟踪误差对比结果如图8所示。均方根误差值如表3所示。
在初始时刻飞机能够精准地跟踪上参考轨迹,当飞机处于转弯状态时,轨迹跟踪精度相对于直线行驶时较差。随着牵引车速度的增加,飞机实际轨迹与参考轨迹的偏差量逐渐增大。在4 m/s的速度下,四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机的横向均方根误差值相较于前轮转向牵引车降低48.30%,航向角均方根误差值降低33.65%,牵引车航向角均方根误差值降低34.88%,当速度为1.5 m/s和3 m/s时,四轮转向相较于前轮转向均方根误差值也都有所降低。飞机牵引系统的轨迹跟踪精度在牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制下明显高于牵引车前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制。牵引车四轮转向比前轮转向具有更强的灵活性和轨迹跟踪的精确性。同时,在四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器的作用下,飞机始终按照参考轨迹向前运动,且横向误差始终低于0.15 m。
在四轮转向牵引车牵引飞机的过程中,为了研究存在一定的初始偏差对飞机牵引系统轨迹跟踪性能的影响,选取如表4所示的4组不同初始偏差参数进行仿真验证。根据上述研究,飞机牵引系统在1.5 m/s速度下行驶时所展现的轨迹跟踪性能最好,因此将飞机牵引系统的速度设定为1.5 m/s。
图9为4组存在不同初始偏差的飞机实际轨迹与参考轨迹对比图。图10分别为不同初始偏差下的飞机横向误差、牵引车航向角误差以及飞机航向角误差。从图10可以看出,虽然飞机牵引系统实际位姿存在不同的初始偏差值,但4组情况基本都在30 s以内完成了对初始偏差的修正,能够在转弯之前跟踪上参考轨迹,同时在初始偏差较大的情况下,系统未出现超调现象。在牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器的作用下,飞机牵引系统能够实现较好的跟踪。为了验证存在不同初始偏差下飞机牵引系统轨迹跟踪过程中的稳定性,选取初始偏差值最大的第4组进行仿真分析,结果如图11所示。为了减小初始偏差对飞机牵引系统轨迹跟踪的影响,牵引车在一定约束范围内不断的调节车轮转角的方向,在20 s以内完成了对初始偏差的修正,实现良好的轨迹跟踪效果,使飞机牵引系统更加平稳的行驶。
针对在低速工况下,牵引车牵引飞机过程中轨迹跟踪的精确性与稳定性问题,建立了飞机牵引系统运动学模型,以较小的轨迹跟踪误差和较好的稳定性为目标,设计了基于MPC的牵引车四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器,用来跟踪给定的参考轨迹,并将其与PID控制器进行对比。通过在3种不同的车速下,将所设计的轨迹跟踪控制器与牵引车前轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器进行仿真对比,可以得出:MPC控制器提升了牵引车牵引飞机在相同轨迹下的跟踪精度,并且飞机在四轮转向牵引车牵引下的轨迹跟踪精度高于前轮转向牵引车。四轮转向牵引车与前轮转向牵引车相比具有更强的灵活性。同时随着速度增加,飞机牵引系统轨迹跟踪精度变差,因此在牵引飞机过程中,应注意选取合适的车速。
通过改变飞机牵引系统的初始位姿对所设计的四轮转向轨迹跟踪控制器进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明,本文所提出的控制器能够快速修正系统存在的初始偏差,使飞机以较高的精度跟踪上给定的参考轨迹,同时具有良好的稳定性,适用于四轮转向电动无杆牵引车牵引飞机的过程。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402004
  • 接收时间:2024-03-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-20
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
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    1 天津工业大学机械工程学院, 天津 300387
    2 天津工业大学天津现代机电装备技术重点实验室, 天津 300387

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* 于鸿彬(1974—), 男,汉族, 河北唐山人, 博士, 副教授。研究方向:机场地面特种设备。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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