Article(id=1203753458986889677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700150400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-17, revisedDate=1729526400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764926789280, onlineDateStr=2025-12-05, pubDate=1737129600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764926789280, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764926789280, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764926789280, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203753457208504777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='2', pageStart='439', pageEnd='878', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764926788856, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764928745558, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203761664261858015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1203753457208504777, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=825, endPage=831, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203753462115840556, articleId=1203753458986889677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Surface Taxi Time Prediction of Departing Flight Considering the Configuration of Runway and Taxiway System, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to scientifically assess the operational efficiency of airport surface movements, a departure flight taxi time prediction method considering runway and taxiway system configurations was proposed. Firstly, the definition of surface taxi time was provided, and an analysis of the historical operational data at the airport was conducted to identify more accurate factors influencing surface taxi-out time. Based on the conclusions drawn from correlation analysis, a random forest prediction model for departure flight surface taxi time was constructed. The method was illustrated using actual operational data from Shijiazhuang Zhengding Airport and Shenzhen Bao'an Airport, analyzing the characteristics of surface movement time under different runway system configurations. The results indicate that: Apart from taxi distance, the correlation results of factors influencing surface taxi-out time at airports with different runway and taxiway system configurations are generally consistent. When considering the same factors, the prediction of surface taxi time is better for single-runway airports compared to dual-runway airports. Surface taxi time at single-runway airports approaches unimpeded taxi time, while at dual-runway airports, there is a significant difference from unimpeded taxi time. The research findings are of significant importance for enhancing airport surface operation efficiency and achieving energy savings and emissions reduction.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-ping LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zheng-hong XIA, Xiao-ping LIU, Liang ZHAO, Chu-hao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203753464569508595, articleId=1203753458986889677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为科学定量评估机场场面运行效率,提出了一种考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测方法。首先,给出了场面滑行时间的定义,基于历史运行数据分析机场场面运行态势,梳理了更为准确的场面滑行时间影响因素;基于相关性分析结论构建了离港航班场面滑行时间的随机森林预测模型,并以石家庄正定机场和深圳宝安机场的实际运行数据为例,分析了不同跑滑系统构型下的场面滑行时间的特点。结果表明:除滑行距离以外,其他影响因素在不同跑滑系统构型下与机场场面滑行时间的相关性结果基本一致;考虑相同的影响因素时,单跑道机场比双跑道机场的场面滑行时间预测结果更佳;单跑道机场场面滑行时间趋近于无障碍滑出时间,双跑道机场场面滑行时间与无障碍滑出时间差异较大。研究结果对于提升机场场面运行效率和节能减排均有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=刘晓平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘晓平(1998—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行效率。E-mail:
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夏正洪(1985—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士,教授。研究方向:机场场面运行效率及安全风险评价。E-mail:

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夏正洪(1985—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士,教授。研究方向:机场场面运行效率及安全风险评价。E-mail:

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夏正洪(1985—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士,教授。研究方向:机场场面运行效率及安全风险评价。E-mail:

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Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203787159263224526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, awardId=2021YFB2601704, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601704), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787159384859356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, awardId=24CAFUC04030, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC04030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787159527465703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, awardId=24CAFUC03047, language=CN, fundingSource=中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC03047), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1203787159640711919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, awardId=24CAFUC10187, language=CN, 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analysis chart, figureFileSmall=XMrRqMDuXPYB2vbfA975dg==, figureFileBig=+WIEe5u4Ae0lvCawDllu+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158181094008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, language=CN, label=图6, caption=特征重要性分析图, figureFileSmall=XMrRqMDuXPYB2vbfA975dg==, figureFileBig=+WIEe5u4Ae0lvCawDllu+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787158281757314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Airport surface operation situation analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班类型 约束条件
d1 {TOT(j)<TOT(i), TOT(i)<ATOT(j)<ATOT(i)}
d2 {TOT(j)<TOT(i), ATOT(j)>ATOT(i)}
d3 {TOT(i)<TOT(j)<ATOT(i),
TOT(j)<ATOT(j)<ATOT(i)}
d4 {TOT(i)<TOT(j)<ATOT(i), ATOT(j)>ATOT(i)}
a1 {ALDT(j)<TOT(i), TOT(i)<AIBT(j)<ATOT(i)}
a2 {ALDT(j)<TOT(i), AIBT(j)>ATOT(i)}
a3 {TOT(i)<ALDT(j)<ATOT(i),
TOT(i)<AIBT(j)<ATOT(i)}
a4 {TOT(i)<ALDT(j)<ATOT(i), AIBT(j)>ATOT(i)}
), ArticleFig(id=1203787158420169360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机场场面运行态势分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班类型 约束条件
d1 {TOT(j)<TOT(i), TOT(i)<ATOT(j)<ATOT(i)}
d2 {TOT(j)<TOT(i), ATOT(j)>ATOT(i)}
d3 {TOT(i)<TOT(j)<ATOT(i),
TOT(j)<ATOT(j)<ATOT(i)}
d4 {TOT(i)<TOT(j)<ATOT(i), ATOT(j)>ATOT(i)}
a1 {ALDT(j)<TOT(i), TOT(i)<AIBT(j)<ATOT(i)}
a2 {ALDT(j)<TOT(i), AIBT(j)>ATOT(i)}
a3 {TOT(i)<ALDT(j)<ATOT(i),
TOT(i)<AIBT(j)<ATOT(i)}
a4 {TOT(i)<ALDT(j)<ATOT(i), AIBT(j)>ATOT(i)}
), ArticleFig(id=1203787158600524442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of correlation analysis of surface taxi-out time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
单跑道皮尔逊
相关系数
0.79 0.91 0.91 0.39 0.42 0.56 0.41
双跑道皮尔逊
相关系数
0.90 0.93 0.96 0.43 0.51 0.37 0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1203787158722159266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458986889677, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

场面滑行时间相关性分析结果

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影响因素 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
单跑道皮尔逊
相关系数
0.79 0.91 0.91 0.39 0.42 0.56 0.41
双跑道皮尔逊
相关系数
0.90 0.93 0.96 0.43 0.51 0.37 0.02
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The prediction result of surface taxi time

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机场 特征选取 不同误差的准确率/% MAPE/% MAE/s RMSE/s
±60 s ±180 s ±300 s
正定机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 70 90 98 11.07 47.92 66.42
宝安机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 57 71 93 17.59 101.40 193.25
宝安机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6 68 89 96 14.54 66.14 99.52
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场面滑行时间预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机场 特征选取 不同误差的准确率/% MAPE/% MAE/s RMSE/s
±60 s ±180 s ±300 s
正定机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 70 90 98 11.07 47.92 66.42
宝安机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 57 71 93 17.59 101.40 193.25
宝安机场 x1x2x3x4x5x6 68 89 96 14.54 66.14 99.52
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考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测
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夏正洪 1 , 刘晓平 1, * , 赵亮 2 , 王楚皓 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(2): 825-831
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(2): 825-831
考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测
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夏正洪1 , 刘晓平1, * , 赵亮2, 王楚皓1
作者信息
  • 1 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 2 中国民用航空飞行学院广汉分院, 广汉 618307
  • 夏正洪(1985—),男,汉族,四川乐山人,硕士,教授。研究方向:机场场面运行效率及安全风险评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘晓平(1998—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行效率。E-mail:
Surface Taxi Time Prediction of Departing Flight Considering the Configuration of Runway and Taxiway System
Zheng-hong XIA1 , Xiao-ping LIU1, * , Liang ZHAO2, Chu-hao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Air Traffic Control, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
  • 2 Guanghan Branch, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309038
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为科学定量评估机场场面运行效率,提出了一种考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测方法。首先,给出了场面滑行时间的定义,基于历史运行数据分析机场场面运行态势,梳理了更为准确的场面滑行时间影响因素;基于相关性分析结论构建了离港航班场面滑行时间的随机森林预测模型,并以石家庄正定机场和深圳宝安机场的实际运行数据为例,分析了不同跑滑系统构型下的场面滑行时间的特点。结果表明:除滑行距离以外,其他影响因素在不同跑滑系统构型下与机场场面滑行时间的相关性结果基本一致;考虑相同的影响因素时,单跑道机场比双跑道机场的场面滑行时间预测结果更佳;单跑道机场场面滑行时间趋近于无障碍滑出时间,双跑道机场场面滑行时间与无障碍滑出时间差异较大。研究结果对于提升机场场面运行效率和节能减排均有重要意义。

航空运输  /  跑滑系统构型  /  场面滑行时间  /  随机森林  /  无障碍滑出时间

In order to scientifically assess the operational efficiency of airport surface movements, a departure flight taxi time prediction method considering runway and taxiway system configurations was proposed. Firstly, the definition of surface taxi time was provided, and an analysis of the historical operational data at the airport was conducted to identify more accurate factors influencing surface taxi-out time. Based on the conclusions drawn from correlation analysis, a random forest prediction model for departure flight surface taxi time was constructed. The method was illustrated using actual operational data from Shijiazhuang Zhengding Airport and Shenzhen Bao'an Airport, analyzing the characteristics of surface movement time under different runway system configurations. The results indicate that: Apart from taxi distance, the correlation results of factors influencing surface taxi-out time at airports with different runway and taxiway system configurations are generally consistent. When considering the same factors, the prediction of surface taxi time is better for single-runway airports compared to dual-runway airports. Surface taxi time at single-runway airports approaches unimpeded taxi time, while at dual-runway airports, there is a significant difference from unimpeded taxi time. The research findings are of significant importance for enhancing airport surface operation efficiency and achieving energy savings and emissions reduction.

aviation transportation  /  runway and taxiway system configurations  /  surface taxi time  /  random forest  /  unimpeded taxi-out time
夏正洪, 刘晓平, 赵亮, 王楚皓. 考虑跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 825 -831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309038
Zheng-hong XIA, Xiao-ping LIU, Liang ZHAO, Chu-hao WANG. Surface Taxi Time Prediction of Departing Flight Considering the Configuration of Runway and Taxiway System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 825 -831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309038
滑出时间是指离港航班从停机坪推出开车到跑道起飞之间的时间间隔,它是衡量机场场面运行效率的重要指标。目前,多数机场普遍存在离港航班推出次序不甚合理的问题,导致推出开车后出现较长时间的等待,从而产生不必要的燃油消耗及污染排放。因此,准确地预测离港航班滑出时间,从而为其推出控制提供依据,可有效地减少推出后等待的成本及排放问题,为中国民航节能减排政策的实施助力。
中外对离港航班滑出时间预测研究大致可以分为2类。
(1)基于历史数据构建数学模型。Idris等[1]基于多元线性回归方法,引入地面交通量作为影响因素,进行滑出时间的预测。Lee等[2]利用K-近邻算法来对离港航班滑出时间进行预测,指出不同的机场交通流和天气情况都会影响滑出时间的预测准确度。Guan等[3]所构建的离港航班滑出时间的支持向量机预测模型精度高达95%。冯霞等[4]提出了1 种离港航班无障碍滑出时间的计算模型,并基于排队论构建了滑出时间的预测模型[5]。刘继新等[6]对离港航班滑出时间影响因素进行了深入分析,并构建了滑出时间的多元线性回归预测模型。Li等[7]提出了基于深度学习方法的滑出时间预测模型。文献[8-9]为解決BP神经网络预测结果欠佳的问题,选用智能优化算法对预测结果进行优化,效果较为显著。
(2)基于航空器运行过程仿真。Pujet等[10]构建了滑出时间的随机队列预测模型,重点预测航空器在离场队列的等待时长。侯文涛[11]利用SIMMOD仿真软件建立离港航班的滑出时间预测仿真模型。可见,现有研究成果鲜有考虑跑滑系统构型对离港航班滑出时间的影响,忽略了推出等待对滑出时间预测结果的影响,从而导致其预测精度在±1 min和±3 min的误差较大。
因此,现对离港航班的场面滑行时间为研究对象,基于机场协同决策系统(airport-collaborative decision making,A-CDM)中里程碑事件的时间节点,深入分析机场场面航空器的场面运行态势[12],梳理更为准确的场面滑行时间影响因素;基于相关性分析结论,选用随机森林算法对场面滑行时间进行预测,并以石家庄正定国际机场和深圳宝安国际机场的实际运行数据为例,讨论单跑道机场和双跑道机场场面滑行时间的不同点。以期通过更加精确的场面滑行时间预测,为离港航班的推出控制策略提供依据,减少其推出等待的可能性。
将滑出时间分成推出等待时间和场面滑行时间两部分,并着重对后者展开研究。场面滑行时间的表达式为
S T O T = A T O T - T O T
式(1)中:STOT为离港航班的场面滑行时间;ATOT为航班的实际起飞时刻;TOT为航班的滑出时刻。
通过文献综述可知,离港航班滑出时间会受到诸如场面交通流[8-9]、滑行距离、天气等因素的影响,因此这些因素也必然会影响其场面滑行时间。其中,跑滑系统构型也是场面滑行时间的一个重要影响因素,跑道数量越多滑跑系统结构就越复杂,航空器在场面的运行必然就会相互牵制、相互影响,滑行时间也就会偏离无障碍滑行时间,呈现较强的不确定性特征。
根据文献[13]可知,机场场面交通流量是影响离港航班滑出时间的主要因素之一。但是,现有研究对于场面交通流的定义不够准确,因此分析离港航班和进港航班的场面运行过程(图1图2),从而为准确定义影响因素奠定基础。
将当前离港航班i作为研究对象,其滑出时刻和实际起飞时刻之间的场面滑行区间为[TOT(i), ATOT(i)],在此区间的离港、进港的航空器一共有8 种类型,分别是离港航班d1d2d3d4,进港航班a1a2a3a4;任意一种类型的航空器都会影响当前航空器i的场面滑行时间,其定义如表1所示。对于任意离港航班j,其滑出时刻和起飞时刻表示为TOT(j)和ATOT(j);若航空器j滑出时刻早于航空器i滑出时刻,航空器j起飞时刻早于航空器i起飞时刻, 定义为 d 1 对于任意进港航班j,其落地时刻(actual landing time, ALDT)和进机位时刻(actual in block time, AIBT)表示为ALDT(j)和AIBT(j),若航空器j落地时刻早于航空器i滑出时刻,且航空器j进机位时刻早于航空器i起飞时刻,定义为a1d2d3d4a2a3a4定义与之类似。
(1)同时段起飞航空器数量x1(架次)。
x 1 = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4
式(2)中:x1为离港航班j的场面运行对当前离港航班i产生影响的所有航班数量。
(2)同时段推出航空器数量x2(架次)。
x 2 = d 2 + d 3
式(3)中:x2为当前离港航班i滑出前后范围内进行滑出的所有离港航班j的数量。
(3)离港队列x3
x 3 = d 1 + d 3
式(4)中:x3为当前离港航班i的滑行过程中已经完成起飞的离港航班j的数量,离港队列越长,航空器在跑道外的等待时间也会随之变长。
(4)进港队列x4
x 4 = a 3 + a 4
式(5)中:x4为当前离港航空器i的滑行过程中已经完成落地的离港航班j的数量。由于在航空器的滑行过程中需要遵从优先降落法规,所以进港队列也会增加航空器的场面滑行时间。
(5)同时段滑入航空器数量x5(架次)。
x 5 = a 1 + a 3
式(6)中:x5为航空器j的实际落地时间刚好落在当前离港航班i的实际场面滑出时间和实际起飞时间之间的所有航空器数量。
(6)30 min平均滑行时间x6
x 6 = 1 n i = 1 n t i
式(7)中:x6为30 min内的平均场面滑行时间,s;ti为第i架离港航班的场面滑行时间;n为30 min中滑出的离港航班数量。
(7)滑行距离。基于公布的停机位、滑行道构型及标准滑行路径,采用等比例发大的方法进行滑行距离x7的测量,其表达式为
x 7 = D d i s
式(8)中:di为航班i滑行距离的测量长度;s为跑道测量长度;D为跑道实际长度,m。
收集深圳宝安国际机场2018年5月26日—6月8日共计14 d的实际运行数据,其中进港航班841 架次,离港航班5 341 架次;收集石家庄正定国际机场2020年3月1—28日共计28 d的实际运行数据,其中进港航班3 075 架次,离港航班3 072 架次。原始数据包括航班号、机型、停机位、实际推出时刻、实际滑出时刻、实际起飞时刻、滑行距离、实际落地时间、实际上轮挡时间。然后,对原始数据进行整理,删除重复及异常数据,最终得到正定机场数据集共计3 072 条,宝安机场数据集共计5 747 条。根据式(1)~式(8)得到实际的场面滑行时间、同时段推出航班数量、同时段起飞航班数量、离港队列、同时段滑入航班数量、进港队列、30 min平均滑行时间、滑行距离,并对不同跑滑系统构型的机场数据进行相关性分析得到图3表2
根据场面滑行时间影响因素的热图可知,圆的大小越大且颜色越深表明影响因素的相关性越强,反之则相关性越弱。结合热图和相关性分析结果可知:单跑道机场的场面滑行时间影响因素相关性排序为:离港队列、同时段推出航空器数量、同时段起飞航空器数量、30 min平均滑行时间、同时段滑入航空器数量、滑行距离、进港队列。其中,显著相关的有离港队列、同时段推出航空器数量、同时段起飞航空器数量(相关系数>0.6);中度相关的有30 min平均滑行时间、同时段滑入航空器数量、滑行距离、进港队列(相关系数>0.3)。双跑道机场的场面滑行时间影响因素相关性排序为:离港队列、同时段推出航空器数量、同时段起飞航空器数量、同时段滑入航空器数量、进港队列、30 min平均滑行时间、滑行距离。其中,显著相关的因素有离港队列、同时段推出航空器数量、同时段起飞航空器数量(相关系数>0.6);中度相关的因素有同时段滑入航空器数量、进港队列、30 min平均滑行时间(相关系数>0.3);弱相关的因素是滑行距离(相关系数<0.3)。可见,滑行距离在不同跑滑系统构型的机场与场面滑行时间呈现不同的相关性,其他影响因素相关性结论基本一致。
随机森林是一种常用的机器学习方法,它是一个包含多个决策树的分类器,既可以用于分类也可以用于回归问题,其输出的类别是由个别树输出的类别的众数而定。随机森林的决策树之间是独立无关联的,随机森林模型会在原始数据集中随机抽样,构成n个不同的样本数据集,然后搭建n个不同的决策树模型,最后根据这些决策树模型的平均值情况来获取最终结果。
步骤1 数据准备。将收集到的数据进行整理,删除重复及异常数据。
步骤2 相关性分析。根据式(1)~式(8)对收集的数据进行分析,确实自变量和因变量,计算相关系数。
步骤3 特征选取。基于相关性分析结果对自变量进行筛选,选择合适的特征。
步骤4 归一化处理。将数据集进行归一化处理,得到可用的实验数据。
步骤5 样本数据集建立。在原始数据集中随机抽样,构成n个不同的样本数据集。根据这些数据集搭建n个不同的决策树模型。
步骤6 得出结果。根据这些决策树模型的平均值情况来获取最终的预测结果。
步骤7 模型评估。利用测试集计算误差及准确性,评价模型性能。
以石家庄正定国际机场(以下简称“正定机场”)和深圳宝安国际机场(以下简称“宝安机场”)为研究对象,探讨单跑道机场和双跑道机场离港航班滑出时间的特征,两者在疫情前的旅客吞吐量均超过千万,跑滑系统构型如图4所示。
图4所示,正定机场跑道参数为3 400 m×45 m,建有78 个停机位。宝安机场有2 条远距平行跑道,跑道参数分别是3 400 m×45 m和3 800 m×60 m,主要运行模式为隔离平行运行,建有199 个停机位。
将正定机场和宝安机场所有整理后的样本数据导入MATLAB中并随机打乱顺序。训练集与测试集按照9∶1的比例来划分,正定机场选取前2 772个数据为训练集,后300 个数据作为测试集;宝安机场选取前5 197 个数据为训练集,后550 个数据作为测试集。然后,对两个数据进行归一化处理。随机森林模型中决策树数目选取为100,叶子节点最小样本数目选取为5。将经过归一化处理的数据代入随机森林模型进行预测,最后将预测的结果进行反归一化处理,得到预测结果和模型评估结果,如表3图5所示。
结合模型的评估标准,随机森林预测模型能实现对正定机场和宝安机场两种不同跑滑系统构型的离港航班场面滑行时间的有效预测。正定机场离港航班场面滑行时间预测结果在误差±60 s、±180 s、±300 s的准确率分别为70%、90%、98%,平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error, MAPE)、均方误差(mean square error, MSE)、均方根误差(root mean squared error, RMSE)分别为11.07%、47.92 s、66.42 s;宝安机场离港航班场面滑行时间预测结果在误差±60 s、±180 s、±300 s的准确率分别为57%、71%、93%,MAPE、MAE、RMSE分别为17.59%、101.4 s、193.25 s。根据场面滑行时间的定义,将离港航班的推出等待时间从滑出时间中剥离;因此各类评价指标较同课题组的现有研究成果均有优势,尤其是±60 s和±180 s的准确率有了较大的突破。
若采用同样的影响因素,单跑道构型的机场比双跑道构型的机场场面滑行时间预测结果更佳,主要原因是单跑道构型的机场场面交通流较小,复杂性更低,且所提的影响因素中不存在弱相关的因素。若不考虑弱相关的因素,宝安机场滑出时间的预测结果在误差±60 s、±180 s、±300 s的准确率分别提升了11%、18%、3%,MAPE、MAE、RMSE分别为降低了3.05%、35.26 s、93.73 s,证明了弱相关因素会导致预测的效果降低。
特征重要性[14]是指特征对目标变量的影响程度,不同的特征对模型性能影响大小是不一样的。本文运用随机森林算法进行离港航班场面滑行时间特征重要度的研究,每个特征的积累增益作为衡量其重要性的指标,如图6所示。
可见,滑行距离是单跑道构型的机场(正定机场)场面滑行时间的最重要特征,其次依次是离港队列、同时段滑入航空器数量、同时段推出航空器数量、30 min平均滑行时间、进港队列、同时段起飞航空器数量;其主要原因是单跑道构型的机场场面交通流小,航空器场面运行的相互影响较小。因此,单跑道机场场面滑行时间趋近于无障碍滑出时间(航班在无拥堵、无恶劣天气等理想运行环境下从停机位滑至跑道端所需时间[15])。离场队列是双跑道机场(深圳机场)场面滑行时间的最重要特征,其次依次是30 min平均滑行时间、同时段起飞航空器数量、同时段滑入航空器数量、同时段推出航空器数量、进港队列、滑行距离;其主要原因是双跑道构型的机场跑道的场面交通流大,航空器场面运行的相互影响较大,从而导致双跑道机场场面滑行时间与无障碍滑出时间的差异较大。
(1)除滑行距离以外,其他影响因素在不同跑滑系统构型的机场与场面滑行时间的相关性排序大致相同。滑行距离与单跑道构型的机场场面滑行时间中度相关,与双跑道机场构型的机场场面滑行时间弱相关。
(2)构建基于随机森林的离港航班场面滑行时间预测模型,以正定机场和宝安机场的实际运行数据对模型进行验证,预测结果较同课题组已有的成果有一定的提升。
(3)对比不同跑滑系统构型的机场可知,单跑道机场场面滑行时间趋近于无障碍滑行时间,双跑道机场场面滑行时间与无障碍滑行时间差异较大。
(4)下一步的研究应重点基于场面滑行时间预测的离港航班推出控制策略研究方面。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601704)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC04030)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC03047)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC10187)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309038
  • 接收时间:2023-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-17
  • 修回日期:2024-10-22
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2601704)
中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC04030)
中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC03047)
中国民用航空飞行学院基本科研项目(24CAFUC10187)
作者信息
    1 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
    2 中国民用航空飞行学院广汉分院, 广汉 618307

通讯作者:

* 刘晓平(1998—),女,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:机场场面运行效率。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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