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The issue of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau was addressed, with a comprehensive analysis of the application and evolution of vegetation restoration technologies for loess slopes. The text highlights that vegetation restoration serves as an effective method to mitigate soil erosion and rejuvenate ecological functions. Vegetation restoration not only enhances soil stability but also boosts the ecological quality of slopes and contributes to the sustainable development of ecosystems. Considering the geographical characteristics of the Loess Plateau and the factors contributing to soil erosion, a review of the research history and current progress of vegetation restoration techniques in China was conducted. Detailed discussions on methods such as spray seeding and slope coverage restoration, each characterized by distinct benefits and drawbacks, were included. These techniques were selectively implemented based on specific site conditions and environmental characteristics, and were continuously refined to address any arising challenges during their application. Furthermore, the document outlined future directions for advancing vegetation restoration technology, stressing that a thoughtful integration of plant species selection, soil matrix enhancement, and technological innovation is essential for improving the ecological restoration outcomes on slopes. The adoption of modern technological tools like remote sensing and artificial intelligence for monitoring and managing geological hazards was recommended to enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of ecological restoration efforts. Finally, an interdisciplinary approach was advocated to spur innovative developments in slope management and ecological restoration technologies, with the goal of achieving ecological sustainability in the Loess Plateau.

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围绕黄土高原水土流失问题展开,系统分析了植被恢复技术在黄土边坡治理中的应用与发展。植被恢复技术是控制水土流失、恢复生态功能的有效措施。植被恢复不仅能固土防护,还能提高边坡的生态功能,促进生态系统的可持续发展。依据黄土高原的地理特征以及水土流失的成因,梳理了中外植被恢复技术的研究历程和应用进展,重点介绍了喷播修复和覆坡修复技术,这些技术各有优劣,针对立地条件和环境特征选择性地使用,并针对应用中出现的问题对技术进行优化和完善。最后探讨了植被恢复技术未来的发展方向,提出植物种类合理搭配、土壤基质改良和技术创新是提升边坡生态修复效果的关键。同时,建议结合遥感、人工智能等现代科技手段进行地质灾害的监测与管理,将有助于提高生态修复的效率与精准度。最后,呼吁开展多学科交叉融合,推动边坡治理和生态修复技术的创新发展,以实现黄土高原地区的生态可持续性。

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邓念东(1976—),男,汉族,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害与矿山环境。E-mail:

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Advantages and key points of different spraying remediation technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷播修复技术 优势 技术关键 适用范围
客土喷播 复绿快,前期恢复效果好 种子应尽量选取乡土植物,以及客土材料的配比 坡度较缓的边坡
液力喷播 表层膜状结构能够有效地防止水土流失 拥有良好性能的喷播设备 坡度大,传统方法难以种植的条件下
团粒喷播 具有良好的稳定性,能够有效防止风蚀和水蚀 喷播的种子须因地制宜,并且要注意喷播的最佳时间 高陡岩质边坡、土质边坡
植被混凝土
技术
水泥作为主要黏合剂,具有良好的抗冲刷能力 水泥与喷播材料的配比需合理 高陡岩质边坡
), ArticleFig(id=1203787156092334693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458760393687, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同喷播修复技术的优势及关键

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
喷播修复技术 优势 技术关键 适用范围
客土喷播 复绿快,前期恢复效果好 种子应尽量选取乡土植物,以及客土材料的配比 坡度较缓的边坡
液力喷播 表层膜状结构能够有效地防止水土流失 拥有良好性能的喷播设备 坡度大,传统方法难以种植的条件下
团粒喷播 具有良好的稳定性,能够有效防止风蚀和水蚀 喷播的种子须因地制宜,并且要注意喷播的最佳时间 高陡岩质边坡、土质边坡
植被混凝土
技术
水泥作为主要黏合剂,具有良好的抗冲刷能力 水泥与喷播材料的配比需合理 高陡岩质边坡
), ArticleFig(id=1203787156205580913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458760393687, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Advantages and key points of different slope restoration technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
覆坡修复技术 优势 技术关键 适用范围
植生毯 施工简易,成本低 前期需进行坡面处理 坡度较缓且稳定的土质和岩质边坡
植生袋 抗冲刷能力强,能够适应恶劣环境 需与传统工程措施相结合 坡度较缓且稳定的岩质边坡
), ArticleFig(id=1203787156310438524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458760393687, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同覆坡修复技术的优势及关键

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
覆坡修复技术 优势 技术关键 适用范围
植生毯 施工简易,成本低 前期需进行坡面处理 坡度较缓且稳定的土质和岩质边坡
植生袋 抗冲刷能力强,能够适应恶劣环境 需与传统工程措施相结合 坡度较缓且稳定的岩质边坡
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黄土边坡植被恢复技术研究进展
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邓念东 1 , 张硕伦 1 , 梁毅轩 1 , 毛祝新 2
科学技术与工程 | 综述·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(2): 448-458
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(2): 448-458
黄土边坡植被恢复技术研究进展
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邓念东1 , 张硕伦1, 梁毅轩1, 毛祝新2
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
  • 2 陕西省西安植物园/陕西省植物研究所, 西安 710061
  • 邓念东(1976—),男,汉族,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害与矿山环境。E-mail:

Research Progress in Vegetation Restoration Technology for Loess Slopes
Nian-dong DENG1 , Shuo-lun ZHANG1, Yi-xuan LIANG1, Zhu-xin MAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province/Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309443
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围绕黄土高原水土流失问题展开,系统分析了植被恢复技术在黄土边坡治理中的应用与发展。植被恢复技术是控制水土流失、恢复生态功能的有效措施。植被恢复不仅能固土防护,还能提高边坡的生态功能,促进生态系统的可持续发展。依据黄土高原的地理特征以及水土流失的成因,梳理了中外植被恢复技术的研究历程和应用进展,重点介绍了喷播修复和覆坡修复技术,这些技术各有优劣,针对立地条件和环境特征选择性地使用,并针对应用中出现的问题对技术进行优化和完善。最后探讨了植被恢复技术未来的发展方向,提出植物种类合理搭配、土壤基质改良和技术创新是提升边坡生态修复效果的关键。同时,建议结合遥感、人工智能等现代科技手段进行地质灾害的监测与管理,将有助于提高生态修复的效率与精准度。最后,呼吁开展多学科交叉融合,推动边坡治理和生态修复技术的创新发展,以实现黄土高原地区的生态可持续性。

黄土高原  /  水土流失  /  黄土边坡  /  生态修复  /  植被恢复

The issue of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau was addressed, with a comprehensive analysis of the application and evolution of vegetation restoration technologies for loess slopes. The text highlights that vegetation restoration serves as an effective method to mitigate soil erosion and rejuvenate ecological functions. Vegetation restoration not only enhances soil stability but also boosts the ecological quality of slopes and contributes to the sustainable development of ecosystems. Considering the geographical characteristics of the Loess Plateau and the factors contributing to soil erosion, a review of the research history and current progress of vegetation restoration techniques in China was conducted. Detailed discussions on methods such as spray seeding and slope coverage restoration, each characterized by distinct benefits and drawbacks, were included. These techniques were selectively implemented based on specific site conditions and environmental characteristics, and were continuously refined to address any arising challenges during their application. Furthermore, the document outlined future directions for advancing vegetation restoration technology, stressing that a thoughtful integration of plant species selection, soil matrix enhancement, and technological innovation is essential for improving the ecological restoration outcomes on slopes. The adoption of modern technological tools like remote sensing and artificial intelligence for monitoring and managing geological hazards was recommended to enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of ecological restoration efforts. Finally, an interdisciplinary approach was advocated to spur innovative developments in slope management and ecological restoration technologies, with the goal of achieving ecological sustainability in the Loess Plateau.

loess plateau  /  soil erosion  /  loess slopes  /  ecological restoration  /  vegetation restoration
邓念东, 张硕伦, 梁毅轩, 毛祝新. 黄土边坡植被恢复技术研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 448 -458 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309443
Nian-dong DENG, Shuo-lun ZHANG, Yi-xuan LIANG, Zhu-xin MAO. Research Progress in Vegetation Restoration Technology for Loess Slopes[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 448 -458 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309443
改革开放以来,随着城镇化和工业化的快速发展,中国生态环境问题也日益凸显。黄土高原作为中国煤炭资源开发的重要基地,也是水土流失最为严重的区域。党的十九大报告中指出,坚持人与自然和谐共生,必须树立和践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念。黄河流域在中国经济社会发展和生态安全方面具有十分重要的地位[1],保护黄河是事关中华民族伟大复兴和永续发展的千秋大计。因此,必须尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然,坚定不移地践行绿色发展理念,并且深入研究黄土高原地区水土流失及灾害发生的机制,才能从根本上解决地质灾害的治理问题,从而更好地实现中国式现代化,推动生态环境健康可持续发展。
在新时代的背景下,植被恢复技术逐渐兴起,植被恢复技术结合工程修复措施开展综合治理、这种治理模式是可持续发展的生态治理方式[2]。这种方式能够在保证边坡稳定的前提下充分发挥植物固土作用,进而有效防止边坡水土流失,最大限度发挥植物的生态调控功能:调节功能、供给功能、支持功能[3]。因此在边坡治理中结合植被恢复,不但符合绿色发展理念,也契合人与自然和谐共生的哲学观。
现立足黄土高原水土流失和黄土边坡植被恢复治理的研究现状、梳理中外植被恢复技术发展历程、归纳总结现有边坡治理中的植被恢复技术,总结未来边坡植被恢复的发展方向,以期为相关领域的研究提供参考。
黄土高原地处从半湿润半干旱向干旱荒漠过渡的地带,横跨陕西、甘肃、宁夏、山西、内蒙古等省份,总面积约60万km2。黄土高原地势起伏,山丘连绵,沟壑纵横,其地形特点主要由黄土丘陵、台塬地貌和峡谷地貌组成。
长期的人类活动和自然因素使得黄土高原面临严重的水土流失问题。黄土高原的土壤主要由黄土组成,这种土壤质地疏松、易于风蚀和水蚀,这导致了该地区的边坡的稳定性差,加之水土流失严重,因此在黄土高原地区开展水土保持和治理,会不可避免地遇到边坡稳定性的问题。据统计,全国将近有1/3的滑坡发生于黄土高原[4],而黄土边坡通常具有较大的坡度,在陇东地区,20°~60°的黄土边坡最容易发生滑坡灾害[5]。黄土边坡广泛分布在黄土高原地区,包括了陕西、山西、内蒙古、甘肃、青海等省份。并且黄土边坡的形态特征也各不相同,呈现出了多样性,不同形态的黄土边坡都有着不同的治理手段。其主要的侵蚀灾害发生在黄土高原北部。除了破碎的丘陵沟壑区地表外,松散的黄土沉积也为该地区严重的水蚀、风蚀和泥沙入河提供了物质来源[6]
近几十年来,随着中国“一带一路”倡议的推进,黄土高原地区的经济也得到了飞速的发展,这使得人类活动对本就脆弱的生境产生了更为强烈的扰动,不合理的生产活动和过度开发进一步加剧了水土流失[7]。直接导致入河泥沙量增加,河道与低洼湿地的泥沙淤积量增大,泥沙淤积,河道河床抬高,极大地威胁到沿河地区人民的生命安全,并造成了严重的环境问题。
为了解决黄土高原地区水土流失的问题,中国从20世纪80年代就开展了大规模的水土保持工作,并取得了大量成果,包括修建梯田、植树造林、建设沟渠等,这些措施有效地减少了水土流失[8]。通过近些年的监测数据显示,黄土高原输入黄河的泥沙逐年减少。黄河潼关站输沙量从1919—1960年平均1.60×109 t减少至2010—2016年的2.50×108 t [9],这些数据也证实了水土流失治理工作取得了优良的成效。
植被恢复是控制土壤侵蚀和修复退化土壤功能最主要的生态措施,由于植被的根系可以固定土壤,可以减少水土流失的风险,土壤-植被根系复合体与水蚀之间的响应关系研究比较多。例如,Wang等[10]通过研究发现,植被恢复能够促进碳的固存,不论是自然恢复或人工林恢复都对碳储量动态有重要影响。中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,几十年固定样地监测发现,人工林由于生物量的快速增加,其固碳量高于自然恢复。而在水土保持和植被固碳方面,人工林比自然植被恢复效果更好。因此植被恢复是水土流失减少的重要原因,陕北地区近40年持续建植人工林使得黄土高原地区的植被覆盖率得到了显著提升,取得了良好的生态恢复效果。
治理黄土高原的水土保持技术措施还包括了退耕还草、梯田改造、於地坝和水土保持耕作方式,这些方法都有较好的水土保持效果。并且植被的生长还能够增加土壤的保水能力,改善水资源利用效率。
其次,由于黄土高原地区属于干旱-半干旱地区,必须尽可能提高水资源的利用效率,通过合理分配和利用水资源,减少过度开采和浪费。这有助于维持地下水位稳定,减少土壤侵蚀的风险。
此外还引入了一些监测手段对土壤侵蚀动态进行了监测,例如,Cai[11]为了能够更好地对水土保持工程进行量化监测与管理,建立了流域管理水土保持监测与管理信息系统。利用了高分辨率遥感影像结合地理信息系统(geographic information sys-tem,GIS)进行动态监测,全面了解小流域治理方案,并对方案实施过程进行监督。王锦洋等[12]通过遗传算法-Elman模型和压力-状态-响应对露天矿区的生态安全进行了分析研究并进行了评价。宫敏丽等[13]通过层次分析法和压力-状态-影响(pressure-state-response,PSR)动态对海洋生态安全提出了合理的建议。阮君等[14]通过理想点-未确知测度理论,并基于PSR模型对淮河生态经济带的生态进行了动态评价。
经过多年的努力,水土流失问题虽然得到了有效控制,并且在边坡治理方面也取得了一定成效,但治理黄土高原水土流失仍然是一个长期而复杂的过程。需要进一步加强科学规划和管理,注重生态环境保护与经济发展协调发展,才能实现治理黄土高原水土流失的可持续发展。
传统的工程措施虽然能够解决黄土边坡稳定性的问题,减少滑坡和崩塌的风险。但是难以恢复自然植被和生态环境,不利于践行绿水青山的可持续发展观。缺乏以绿色发展理念为基础进行全面的整体规划。事实上,黄土高原地区边坡的治理是一项全面的、综合的过程。Wang等[15]通过研究表明,自然恢复是黄土高原北部风蚀区植被恢复的有效方式,而生态修复作为一门新型的学科,通过结合地质学、生态学、微生物学等不同领域,能够有机结合传统的工程措施,是对边坡进行植被补偿的一种有效手段,既达到了加固边坡的作用,又改善了边坡的生态环境系统。
生态恢复是改善生态系统功能的过程,包括农业生产地和自然保护区。生态系统恢复既能够增加生物多样性,也能体现人与自然和谐共生。因此保护生态环境就是在保护人类自身[16]
最早的大规模边坡植被生态修复起源于日本,京都大学在1958年就研发了一种沥青乳剂覆盖膜养生绿化的技术并应用于边坡工程中,取得了良好的生态修复效果。随着生态修复技术的发展,日本在之后不断对喷播技术进行改进与创新。而中国对边坡生态修复技术的发展研究起步较晚,到1989年中国首次引进喷播机对华南地区进行喷播试验,直到20世纪90年代末期,中国才对岩质边坡生态修复开展了广泛的研究,并逐渐形成较为成熟的体系[17]。包维楷等[18]还指出中国作为世界上生态系统退化类型最为严重的国家之一,从20世纪50年代开始对生态环境进行整治工作,主要利用植被恢复对荒山进行绿化、建设护林工程以治理水土流失,到90年代才提出了生态恢复与重建的技术与模式,在实践上有了一些成功的案例(如小流域生态恢复)。
一些学者从局部土壤改良入手,改善植物生长的立地条件,Wang等[19]曾提出加固土壤和促进植被生长是边坡生态修复工程中必要的措施,结合客土喷播技术能够改良土壤,从而实现生态修复。在喷播中加入有机高分子改良剂能够改良土壤质量,对土壤的污染也更小。Feng等[20]为了研究植被如何能够更好地在砒砂岩区生长,采用了微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积的方法对疏松的砒砂岩进行加固和改良,比较了单相注入和自吸双相注入两种方法添加溶剂对固化效果的影响,选择最佳的固化改进方法,从而改良了砒砂岩“遇水成泥,遇风成沙”的特性。Zhu等[21]则通过土壤聚合对砒砂岩进行了固化,主要机理是通过碱激发将燃烧粉煤灰添加到砒砂岩水泥土中,结果说明了沸石前驱体(C,N)—A—S—H凝胶的含量是影响聚合土强度的主要因素,当激发温度为20 ℃,碱当量为5%时,砒砂岩聚合物的强度表现优良,从而实现对疏松砒砂岩的改良。Li等[22]采用离子交换固化的方法,研究了不同浓度的改性剂对砒砂岩强度的影响,并通过抗剪强度试验进行评价砒砂岩的力学性能。采用X射线衍射、热同步分析、扫描电子显微镜等分析手段对矿物组分、颗粒表面电位和反应产物的水化作用进行分析。研究表明了离子交换改性抑制了砒砂岩的膨胀,提高了其抗剪强度。结果表明,砒砂岩中的晶体层间距和质量损失明显减小。当改性剂浓度为0.05 mol/L时,抗剪强度达到了峰值138 kPa,实现了植被生长环境的改良。
因此,不论是有机高分子改良剂加固土壤还是对砒砂岩进行改良都能够提高边坡植被修复效果,因此也证实了其在边坡和植被工程中的适用性。
目前常用的生态修复技术包括植被恢复、土壤改良、微生物改良等。其中,植被恢复是关键技术之一,植被恢复技术中喷播修复和覆坡植被恢复技术应用广泛,主要是建立持续稳定的植被群落结构[23-24];土壤改良则可以提高土壤质量,增强植物生长能力[25-26];而生物修复是利用微生物等生物手段修复受污染土壤[27]。其中高轩等[28]提出了坡面复绿技术的概念,其目的就是使高陡岩质边坡重新长出植物,坡面复绿技术包括液压喷播技术、三维植被网喷播技术、植被混凝土防护技术、藤本护坡技术和植物纤维毯技术。郑楚英等[29]总结了现有的喷播技术类型分为高次团粒喷播、客土喷播、液力喷播、团粒胶囊喷播,这类技术都具有:①速度快,不宜施工的边坡也能够播种;②边坡运输成本低;③喷播基材能够很好地保护种子并与土壤良好接触,从而确保了植被的成活率;④效率高,植被所需的营养基材能够一次成功且播种均匀;⑤掺有黏合剂喷播作业能够很好地防止风蚀以及降雨冲刷。
围绕以上主要的修复技术,众多中外学者也从各方面探讨与应用,并推动了应用技术的发展。
喷播修复中的客土喷播是坡面生态修复中常用的一种技术,其主要目的是快速重建坡面的植被生态系统,通常与锚杆、复合材料网等共同作用对坡面进行防护。土壤作为主要的载体并加入有机质、保水剂、肥料等按照特定比例混合并通过机器进行均匀搅拌,再用空气压缩机提供的动力喷洒到坡面上形成一层适宜植被生长的土壤层,当植物开始生长后,能够对坡面提供稳定性,从而达到护坡的作用。
白建宇[30]提出客土喷播技术仍在完善阶段。客土喷播类边坡生态修复为挂网喷混植生法,有着复绿较快、前期效果好的特点,但是固土保水能力差,经降雨冲刷后坡面上的基材容易脱落,技术有待改良与提升。陈晓斌[31]从客土喷播的绿化原理、工艺流程、植物的选择和配比及最终效果评价四方面总结出了客土喷播对石质边坡的绿化是可行的,能够在短时间内提高边坡植被覆盖率,并有效地防止雨水的冲刷,达到了预防水土流失的目的,产生了良好的生态效益和社会效益,在未来有着广泛的应用前景。谢钢等[32]在高速公路边坡防护和生态修复方面取得了很好的效果,并提出了客土喷播技术有待优化的关键环节,首先是要选择不同的植物类型,来达到绿化和边坡稳固的双重效果;其次是要采取灌、草两种植物不同比例的混播,解决不同草籽散布量合理分布的问题。章梦涛等[33]指出了客土喷播的技术的要点:①客土喷播材料的配比;②客土喷播材料的厚度(取决于边坡岩性类型);③植物的配置(受边坡类型、气候特征、坡度等因素影响)。杜娟[34]介绍了日本在客土喷播技术上的发展及应用,最早的机械施工快速绿化法虽然能够快速起到防止雨水侵蚀,但当肥料的效力减弱后植物开始快速衰退,原生植被难以长久维持,出现边坡裸露的现状,为此日本学者们进行了大量的探索,最终摸索到了一种客土喷播的方法。这种方法符合日本推崇与自然协调、能持续繁衍的绿化方针,因此目前日本最普遍的边坡治理是工程防护与客土喷播技术的相结合,这样能使边坡生态恢复最大化。章恒江等[35]则是通过介绍客土喷播的技术原理、护坡机理及优点,指出客土喷播主要通过植物的根系对边坡的岩土层进行锚固,将整个边坡连接成为统一的有机体,从而避免了雨水冲刷造成的水土流失,还能够将传统工程护坡进行美化。最终在茂湛二期高速得以应用,取得了良好的绿化效果与景观效果。Wang等[36]指出植被选择是边坡生态修复的核心问题,并以华南地区残积土坡生态修复工程为例,利用理论分析选择适合当地的典型乡土植物,最后通过田间试验长期监测喷播后植被群落之间的相互作用关系,结果表明植被的选取上应该尽量实现物种间的互补协调,还应根据不同植物的生长周期确定不同植物的配比,从而来实现最好的生态修复效果。
客土喷播技术在边坡生态修复上有着复绿快效果好的优势,但仍处于不太成熟的发展阶段,客土喷播技术关键问题在于植物种类的选择、客土材料的配比、是否适应所处的环境以及客土基材的强度问题,客土喷播在治理黄土边坡时应该注重使用乡土植物。未来的研究应注重于对基质的优化、施工工艺的标准化以及技术创新和喷播设备的改进。
边坡植被修复中的液力喷播主要是以水为载体,将黏合剂、保水剂、土壤改良剂等材料与种子均匀混合,使用高压喷枪喷到边坡表面,能够在土壤表层形成一层膜状结构,能够有效地防止水土流失。良好性能的喷播设备是此技术修复效果的重要保障。
郑鑫等[37]阐述了合理的喷播程序是喷播成功与否的关键性技术环节。首先是植物的选择,边坡绿化的主要作用就是防止水土流失,同时也增加边坡的景观效果,因此在选择植物类型中要考虑生长速度较快、根系发达、扩张性强、抗逆性强等特点的植物。其次是木纤维的影响,木纤维给种子发芽提供了苗床的作用,水和纤维的质量比一般为30∶1,纤维使用量为675~900 kg/hm2,坡地为900~1 125 kg/hm2,应该根据实际情况做出调整。之后是保水剂的用量,一般用量3 g/m2。最后是黏合剂的用量一般是纤维质量的3%。冷广州[38]则对液力喷播技术的喷播设备进行了创新性的研究,在以飞机飞播治沙防沙的实例中,设计了一种全新的防沙治沙机械——荒漠化治理喷播机。其优势主要为①利用液压提供动力,利用了液压易调速、质量体积比小的特点;②与传统的卧式喷播设备相比,设计立式设备节省了空间,便于安全操作;③改进了飞机工作时的条件,改用地面作业,节约成本;④改变了搅拌机叶片的形状以及尺寸,从而改善搅拌效果。王桂荃[39]阐述了当前液力植物喷播设备的发展趋势,这种喷播设备作为一种新的强制绿化设备,近些年被发达国家普遍应用于绿化工程。由于此技术过度依赖于性能优良的喷播设备,并且国外产品及相应喷播材料进口价格昂贵,导致该技术未能在国内得到广泛的使用。
液力喷播技术在边坡植被修复中具有显著优势,但要实现良好效果,需要合理选择植物、精确控制材料配比,并且依赖于性能优良的喷播设备。未来的研究和应用应致力于提高喷播设备的性能,降低成本,以促进该技术在国内的应用。
边坡植被修复中的团粒喷播则是利用团粒喷播机将黏土、有机质、黏合剂、保水剂、种子等客土材料喷播到边坡上的瞬间与团粒剂发生“团粒反应”,形成一层“人造土壤”为植被提供所需的生长环境,这种“人造土壤”具有很强的透水性、透气性,因此能够抵抗雨水的冲刷和风蚀,从而达到防止水土流失的目的,此类喷播常以高陡边坡作为主要的施工对象。
徐冬冬等[40]从实际工程案例中介绍了团粒喷播技术的优势、适用范围、工艺流程以及技术要点4个方面。其主要优势为:①利用“团粒反应”制作的“土壤培养基”具有很好的稳定性;②“土壤培养基”能够抗冲刷、抗风蚀,能够有效预防水土流失;③“土壤培养基”生长出的植物能够自然更新演替,可持续性强;④后期人工养护的成本低;⑤从种子阶段就开始营造自然木本植物的群落。李超[41]认为高次团粒喷播技术具有应用范围广、适用性强、施工安全且见效快的特点,能够应用在国土、交通、林业、环保等领域,并可以很好解决高陡岩质边坡、硬质土边坡、砂质土边坡等传统方法难以绿化的地方。后期养护简单,但必须做好病虫防治的工作。王鹏杰[42]以盛宁线改道工程的应用为背景,展示了团粒喷播的施工工艺流程及工程验收后的效果,总结了团粒喷播技术具有稳定的土壤结构来提供植被所需的生存环境,能够有效防止水土流失,加速植被恢复效果,两到三年就可以实现稳定的植物群落,并且能够保持植被在自然环境中的演替。包海丽[43]通过朝阳市喀左县青山工程,将团粒喷播分为基层与表层喷播,在团粒喷播之前要对坡面进行浇水湿润处理,选择喷播的种子应该因地制宜,最后总结了高次团粒喷播技术具有植被恢复快、无二次污染、成本低的特点,在该工程中有效地防止了水土流失,达到了恢复环境,绿化景观的效果,为中国生态修复技术提供了先进的技术水平。李春林等[44]介绍了团粒喷播生态修复技术主要是针对自然形成或挖填造成的具有一定坡度的岩土边坡,通过人造土壤层再现自然植物群落,能起到快速恢复生态环境的作用。并通过包钢集团尾矿库坝体生态修复项目研究,指出:①土壤培养基是植被重现的关键环节;②团粒喷播技术应尽量使用乔木、灌木等木本植物护坡(紫穗槐、梭梭等);③使用遮阳网人工制作风沙防护带能,避免前期刮风时风沙埋没幼苗;④高温期间通过喷淋系统对前期幼苗进行浇水降温能够避免高温灼烧;⑤前期要对土壤进行消毒处理,以免害虫对幼苗进行破坏;⑥最适宜的喷播季节为4月初—7月底,种子层喷播应在5月中旬—7月中旬。李春林等[45]还以采石场破损山体的绿化工程为例,运用团粒喷播技术对废弃矿山进行治理,指出植被恢复的主要目标为控制水土流失,与移栽种植的人工林相比,团粒喷播形成的植被固土效果更好,后期产生的生物量更大,有效地改善了土壤结构,实现了良好的绿化效果,为矿山的残损山体植被恢复和生态环境重建提供参考。
团粒喷播技术利用其“人造土壤”抗冲刷、抗风蚀的特点在边坡防治中起到了显著的作用,在治理黄土边坡中能够起到固土的作用,但值得注意的还是该技术在喷播种子的选取上要采取因地制宜的原则,并且在后期要做好病虫防治工作,从而避免前期的工作付诸东流。在今后的发展中应该从材料优化、工艺创新、技术标准化等方面进行研究与发展。
植被混凝土技术广泛适用于各种土石边坡、硬化边坡、岩质边坡。其最大的特点是在基材中加入了常规硬性材料水泥。主要根据不同区域的地质环境、气候条件等因素来将水泥(作为主要的黏结剂)、植被混凝土生态护坡技术(cement binding seed, CBS)植被混凝土绿化添加剂、土壤、有机质、生物改良剂、种子等按照特定的比例来制作生境基材,再用喷播设备将其与水混合形成混合物喷到坡面,为植物提供优良的生长条件,最终能实现长久而稳定的植被群落。
植被混凝土生态修复技术最早于1997年开始研发;2002年首次应用于湖北清江隔河岩水电站、三峡库区消落带等水利水电项目;2005年引入了恢复生态学理论,并开启了植被混凝土生态防护领域;2009年开展植被混凝土修复技术抗冻融特性研究并在高寒地区应用;2012年将基材活化技术、群落调控技术引入植被混凝土生态防护体系;2013年在植被混凝土技术中加入了活化菌(activation bacte-rium,AB)菌生物有机肥,有效提高了基材活性;2018年研制出了植被混凝土复合菌剂,提高了基材养分的可持续性;2021年开启了植被混凝土专用喷射设备和新型智能灌渗技术系统的研发与应用[17]。经历了20多年的发展,植被混凝土生态修复技术在日趋完善和成熟。钱继源等[46]认为液压喷播护坡、土工格室生态护坡等生态修复技术存在一定的技术局限性,植被无法在坡面上生根发芽是边坡植被生态修复技术的缺陷之一。而植被混凝土技术能够将传统的防护加固技术和新型的植被生态恢复技术相结合,可以发挥出更好的绿化效果,此技术是一种新型的绿化环保技术,涉及地质学、工程力学、生物学、园艺学以及环境生态学等多门学科。申思[47]阐述了植被混凝土技术有较强的生态修复能力,同时具有一定的强度,对雨水的抗冲刷能力较强,同时不会产生龟裂,是良好的植生基材,并说明该技术比较适合在45°~85°的高陡岩石边坡进行使用,在矿山边坡生态修复中有着重要的作用。胡俊涛等[48]指出了边坡生态修复是植被生态混凝土技术最主要的应用场景,有修复生态、调节地表径流和调节环境功能的作用,应用前景广泛。植被混凝土技术由于以混凝土作为主要载体,因此耐久性、抗腐蚀性较强,并且能同时和植物相容,具有显著的生态友好性。夏振尧等[49]进行了对植被混凝土基材的强度特性研究,将植被混凝土的生长基材作为研究对象,以水泥配比、有机质配比和水灰比为影响因素,进行了单因素影响试验和正交试验,发现水泥配比对生长基材的影响最大,其次为有机质掺量配比,水灰比次之,而水灰比处于0.5~0.55时植被混凝土初期的基材强度最大。在实际运用植被混凝土技术时应该根据基材的初期强度估计水泥掺量和有机质掺量,这样才能够保证后期边坡植被的生长。Yang等[50]以蔡甸区采石场边坡生态修复为背景,通过试验来明确不同生态修复技术的优缺点,之后运用层次分析法建立生态修复评价体系,并依据调查分析进行定量评价,结果表明高次团粒喷播、植被混凝土等有着良好的生态修复效果,最终针对采石场边坡稳定性不足的问题建议选择水泥作为胶结材料,并适当加入植物纤维以增加植生基材与坡面的结合力,混合种子的选择与配比也应该合理分配,后期对于植生基材的养护也极为重要,须对其及时采取修复措施,以免基材破裂而引起坡面加速风化。
植被混凝土技术由于水泥作为其主要的黏合剂,使其植生基材具有优良的抗冲刷强度,及矿山修复都有着良好的应用前景,符合绿色发展的观念,但运用好植被混凝土技术的核心在于水泥和有机质的合理配比,这对基材自身稳定和植被生长有着重要的影响,合理使用植被混凝土能够减少冲刷,提高塑坡效果,有效地解决黄土边坡土质松散的问题,喷播修复技术的具体内容如表1所示。
植生毯是覆坡植被修复中的一种新型的边坡防护技术,与传统的边坡防护技术相比较,该技术具有良好的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,在未来有着广泛的应用前景。植生毯是将种子、肥料等生长基材与纤维网、生态布整体黏合在一起,使用专用的锚钉固定在边坡的表面,当植物在植生毯生长后,植物通过其根系扎根土壤,最终起到了抑制水土流失的作用。
黄锦林等[51]通过植生毯在浈江治理工程的应用指出了与传统的直播种草或草皮移植相比,植生毯通过种子发芽生长后形成稳定的生长条件,为后续的植物群落提供了良好的条件,植生毯还具有施工便捷、抗冲刷能力强、绿化效果好的特点。叶合欣等[52]提出植生毯在用于河道堤岸生态护坡时,应该考虑其抗冲刷的能力,并通过植生毯抗冲流速试验从6种不同的工况条件总结发现其抗冲刷能力明显高于护坡草皮,并建议植生毯应该设计流速为2.0~3.0 m/s的生态护坡,且避开迎流顶冲河段。马贵友[53]调查发现植生毯技术有着施工简易、造价低廉、绿化效果好的特点,能够将防冲刷、抑制水土流失和环境生态化完美结合。并说明植生毯在施工设计中应该详细调查坡面周围情况、气象条件以及种子质量,这些因素都会影响植生毯后期的成效。廖晓炜等[54]指出植生毯是目前最受欢迎的一种高陡石质、砂质边坡最简捷有效的一种生态防护措施,其核心技术是具有一定厚度的纤维毯与植生带复合,在未来具有广泛的应用前景。并以西南岩溶区天然气管道工程为背景,利用植生毯和生态袋针对性地解决了该边坡工程的复绿以及水土流失问题。
植生毯技术在目前来说在边坡生态修复工程中具有一定的应用价值,由于其施工简易、成本低的特点并能够结合土工格室等其他边坡工程修复措施,在边坡稳定的前提下使得该技术在黄土边坡的治理中能够有效地解决水土流失问题。但该技术的关键在于施工前期要开展坡面处理,选择适宜当地气候环境的植物种子。
植生袋则是将植物种子、肥料、保水剂等材料按照一定比例混合种植在可自然降解的无纺布上,并通过机器加工而成的一种生态修复产品。具有稳定性高、重量轻、弹性好、透水性强等特点,能够有效防止雨水冲刷和坡面滑动,是边坡生态修复工程的重要手段。
刘昆珏等[55]为探究黄麻植生袋在实际工程中的稳定性,对植生袋的常用麻布材料进行了拉伸、撕裂等力学性质的性能测试,并结合了在路基边坡的实际工程案例,提出黄麻布材料基本性能达标要求,鉴于强降雨条件下稳定性不足,须进行锚杆加固。孙发炜[56]指出植生袋生态修复技术是高速公路边坡绿化中的重要施工方法之一,适用于小于60°的土质边坡、砂质边坡。因其具有植物成活率高、施工简易、复绿效果好的优势,目前在高速公路边坡以及山体绿化中得到了较为广泛的应用。吴涛等[57]提出了植生袋是边坡生态修复的重要手段,利用植生袋稳定性高的特点能够有效防止雨水冲刷,但对于坡度较高的高陡岩质边坡植生袋则表现出了固定难度大的问题。孙发炜[56]则通过工程设施固定的方式来解决这一难题,结果表明了植生袋与锚杆相结合的轻柔型固定方式能够很好地解决稳定性的问题。王勇[58]则通过植生袋在公路土质边坡冬季冻融现象造成的滑坡崩塌进行生态修复治理,并具体介绍了植生袋的设计及施工特点,概括出植生袋绿化防护是土工技术、客土技术、生物技术的有机结合,有着施工简易、作业面小、储水性能良好、保温效果好的特点,在一定程度上能够极大地减弱冻融现象从而减少次生地质灾害。李振等[59]通过在矿山环境治理的实例中得出了植生袋的复绿效果在不同环境等因素中各不相同,使用植生袋时要对地形地貌等基本的地质条件进行综合考量,且适用于小于60°的风化岩石边坡、土质边坡、砂质边坡。王莎等[60]认为工程植被恢复的难点在于岩质边坡的缺水少肥,而植生袋技术恰好具有适应恶劣立地条件的优势,此外还有抗腐蚀、抗冻等特性使得植生袋在边坡绿化中的应用越来越广泛;还以华东地区水利工程为背景提出了植生袋单一措施施工和植生袋与其他工程措施相结合的施工的方法,最终选择与其他工程措施相结合的方式,顺利解决了高陡边坡的绿化问题,拓展了植生袋的应用。明道轩等[61]介绍了岩质边坡的类型、特点与单一岩质边坡存在的一些问题,进行对岩质边坡植生袋固定方式的研究,并分析比较了2种具有代表性的固定措施,在此基础上探索了一种新型的植生袋与锚杆、网罩相结合的固定方式,最后将此种新型固定方式运用在工程实例中取得了良好的效果。
植生袋技术在边坡治理中能够表现出施工简易、抗雨水冲刷能力强、适应恶劣环境的特点,但在治理黄土边坡时,将植生袋利用好的关键点就是必须要与边坡的传统工程措施结合,如锚杆和网罩等,尤其是当坡度较大时,加固措施显得尤为重要,否则单一的植生袋措施会因为稳定性问题无法发挥该有的作用,覆坡修复技术的具体内容如表2所示。
基于技术和科技的发展,未来的黄土边坡植被恢复可能会结合多种技术手段,包括客土喷播、团粒喷播、液力喷播、植被混凝土、植生袋和植生毯等。这些技术手段必须因地制宜,采取组合型的立体化修复,以提高不同立地条件和修复目标下的黄土边坡生态修复效果。
今后的发展方向应从以下几个方面发展和创新。
(1)植物种类的选择:选择合适的植物种类是关键,需要考虑植物的抗旱、抗寒、耐盐碱和耐土壤贫瘠能力,以及根系的发达程度,以提高边坡的稳定性和修复效果。例如,兰州地区湿陷性黄土边坡生态恢复技术研究中,选择了长芒草、披碱草等植物,这些植物具有较强的适应性和生态恢复能力。
(2)土壤基质的改良:黄土边坡的土壤较为贫瘠,需要通过改良基质来提高土壤肥力和保水性。例如,利用嗜盐碱微生物菌肥改良土壤基质,可以有效增加基质养分含量,降低土壤pH,优化土壤团粒结构,提高种子出苗率和生物量。
(3)技术创新与应用:通过喷播修复技术和覆坡修复技术结合人工智能、机器学习、物联网和遥感技术进行地质灾害监测和分类管理,可以提高生态修复的效率和质量。
(4)生态修复效果评价:建立科学的生态修复效果评价体系,包括防护性能、土壤状况、植被状况、景观效果和综合效益等方面,以定量化数据支撑修复效果的评估。
(5)多学科交叉融合:生态修复涉及生态学、土壤学、植物学、土木工程等多个学科,需要多学科交叉融合,形成综合的修复方案。
(6)长期监测与维护:生态修复不是一次性工程,需要长期的监测和维护,以确保植被恢复的持续性和稳定性。
总之,黄土边坡植被恢复技术的未来发展方向将会注重创新和改进。多元化技术的组合和发展将有助于提高边坡工程生态修复的效率和质量,同时也有利于保护环境和生态系统的健康,符合绿色发展观念、可持续发展的战略,同时也能推动中国生态文明的建设。
通过大量的边坡治理实例及生态修复的发展历程可以得出以下结论。
(1)从目前研究进展和应用实践可以看出,中国利用植被恢复技术对边坡的治理已初步形成体系,但是不同的植被恢复技术具有各自的优缺点,在实际应用中需要根据具体情况选择适宜的方法。
(2)植被恢复技术的发展也存在一些问题需要解决,目前中国在生态修复理论上的认知不够综合和立体,不同领域的专家在植被恢复上的研究进展不尽一致,绝大多数工程案例只是进行了简单的应用,这使得中国在边坡植被恢复技术上的发展缓慢,在关键核心技术研发方面有待加强。
(3)未来中国应该加强生态修复领域中植被恢复、微生物改良、土壤改良等理论及应用性研究,并建立生态修复技术完整的理论体系、不断优化施工工艺流程,提炼和完善生态修复的核心技术,并结合当下热门的人工智能、机器学习等技术实现精准地对边坡稳定性分析,量化评估影响边坡植被修复的内外因素,以实现更好的修复效果和可持续性。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41602359)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41702377)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309443
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2024-10-23
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国家自然科学基金(41602359)
国家自然科学基金(41702377)
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    1 西安科技大学地质与环境学院, 西安 710054
    2 陕西省西安植物园/陕西省植物研究所, 西安 710061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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