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In order to deeply understand the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of forest fires and reduce the adverse effects of forest fires on the ecological environment and human activities, the key parameters and dynamics of multi-source satellite for fire point identification was established using data from 8 domestic and foreign meteorological satellites and based on the classic context method. The satellite monitoring buffer zone radius verification method was used to verify the authenticity of forest hot spots retrieved from multi-source satellites, and the real forest hot spot data during the fire prevention period in 2021—2022 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of forest fires. The results show as follows. The accuracy of satellite fire spot monitoring is 84.42%, and the fire point classification accuracy is 89.90%. The established inversion method is reasonable and reliable. The spatial distribution of forest fires in Hunan is “more in the southwest and less in the northeast”. At the same time the high-incidence areas are mainly distributed in southern Hunan, and the second-highest-incidence area is western Hunan. In summary, the risk of forest fires during the autumn prevention period is much greater than that during the spring prevention period. During the extreme high temperature and drought in 2022, forest fires were mainly distributed in the southern Hunan region and the Hengshao Basin. From the perspective of process distribution, the distribution of forest fires can be divided into four stages. The number of forest fires in the first three stages showed a significant increase trend, and in the third stage, the number of forest fires increased significantly. Fire risk is the most serious. In the fourth stage, due to the dual impact of precipitation and the province's fire ban, the risk of forest hot spots was significantly reduced.

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为深入研究林火时空分布规律,减少森林火灾对生态环境和人类活动的不利影响,利用中外8颗气象卫星资料,基于经典的上下文方法,建立了多源卫星火点判识关键参数和动态阈值。采用卫星监测缓冲区半径核查法,对多源卫星反演的林地热点进行真实性检验,并利用2021—2022年防火期真实林地热点数据进行林火时空特征分析,结果表明:卫星火点监测准确率为84.42%,火点分类准确性为89.90%,建立的反演方法合理可靠。湖南林火空间分布“西南多,东北少”,高发区主要分布于湘南,次高发区为湘西区域;秋防期林火风险远大于春防期。2022年极端高温干旱过程,林火主要分布在湘南地区、衡邵盆地;从过程分布看,林火分布可分为4个阶段,前3个阶段林火数量呈显著增加趋势,第3阶段森林火险风险最严重。第4阶段受降水和全省禁火令的双重影响,林地热点数目显著降低。

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周碧(1984—),女,瑶族,湖南道县人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:大气物理与大气环境。E-mail:

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周碧(1984—),女,瑶族,湖南道县人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:大气物理与大气环境。E-mail:

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周碧(1984—),女,瑶族,湖南道县人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:大气物理与大气环境。E-mail:

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caption=2022年极端高温干旱过程卫星林地热点空间分布, figureFileSmall=uQiPCO0xVscOKAfBRGRDMw==, figureFileBig=IkawQNIhYWrd58MAbhWSNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203787162790634430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458575847882, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Satellite instrument parameters, sensors for forest fire monitoring

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卫星类别 卫星 传感器 中红外通道空
间分辨率/km
监测
频次
FY-3C VIRR 1 2次/d
FY-3D MERSI 1 2次/d
极轨气
象卫星
TERRA MODIS 1 2次/d
AUQA MODIS 1 2次/d
Suomi NPP VIIRS 0.75 2次/d
NOAA-20 VIIRS 0.75 2次/d
静止气
象卫星
Himawari-8 AHI 2 10 min/次
FY-4A AGRI 2 15 min/次
), ArticleFig(id=1203787163969233858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1203753458575847882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

用于森林火情监测的卫星、传感器关键参数

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卫星类别 卫星 传感器 中红外通道空
间分辨率/km
监测
频次
FY-3C VIRR 1 2次/d
FY-3D MERSI 1 2次/d
极轨气
象卫星
TERRA MODIS 1 2次/d
AUQA MODIS 1 2次/d
Suomi NPP VIIRS 0.75 2次/d
NOAA-20 VIIRS 0.75 2次/d
静止气
象卫星
Himawari-8 AHI 2 10 min/次
FY-4A AGRI 2 15 min/次
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基于多源卫星资料的湖南林火时空特征分析
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周碧 1, 2, 3 , 闫如柳 1, 2 , 陈磊士 1, 2, 3 , 罗伯良 1, 2 , 隋兵 1, 2, 3 , 高霞霞 1, 2 , 杜东升 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(2): 713-720
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(2): 713-720
基于多源卫星资料的湖南林火时空特征分析
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周碧1, 2, 3 , 闫如柳1, 2, 陈磊士1, 2, 3, 罗伯良1, 2, 隋兵1, 2, 3, 高霞霞1, 2, 杜东升1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 气象防灾减灾湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410118
  • 2 湖南省气象科学研究所, 长沙 410118
  • 3 中国气象局洞庭湖国家气候观象台, 岳阳 414000
  • 周碧(1984—),女,瑶族,湖南道县人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:大气物理与大气环境。E-mail:

Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Forest Fires in Hunan Province Based on Multi-source Satellite Data
Bi ZHOU1, 2, 3 , Ru-liu YAN1, 2, Lei-shi CHEN1, 2, 3, Bo-liang LUO1, 2, Bing SUI1, 2, 3, Xia-xia GAO1, 2, Dong-sheng DU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Lab of Hunan Province for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Changsha 410118, China
  • 2 Hunan Meteorological Research Institute, Changsha 410118, China
  • 3 Dongting Lake National Climatic Observatory, China Meteorological Administration, Yueyang 414000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308266
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为深入研究林火时空分布规律,减少森林火灾对生态环境和人类活动的不利影响,利用中外8颗气象卫星资料,基于经典的上下文方法,建立了多源卫星火点判识关键参数和动态阈值。采用卫星监测缓冲区半径核查法,对多源卫星反演的林地热点进行真实性检验,并利用2021—2022年防火期真实林地热点数据进行林火时空特征分析,结果表明:卫星火点监测准确率为84.42%,火点分类准确性为89.90%,建立的反演方法合理可靠。湖南林火空间分布“西南多,东北少”,高发区主要分布于湘南,次高发区为湘西区域;秋防期林火风险远大于春防期。2022年极端高温干旱过程,林火主要分布在湘南地区、衡邵盆地;从过程分布看,林火分布可分为4个阶段,前3个阶段林火数量呈显著增加趋势,第3阶段森林火险风险最严重。第4阶段受降水和全省禁火令的双重影响,林地热点数目显著降低。

森林火灾  /  卫星遥感  /  真实性检验  /  火点判识  /  时空分布

In order to deeply understand the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of forest fires and reduce the adverse effects of forest fires on the ecological environment and human activities, the key parameters and dynamics of multi-source satellite for fire point identification was established using data from 8 domestic and foreign meteorological satellites and based on the classic context method. The satellite monitoring buffer zone radius verification method was used to verify the authenticity of forest hot spots retrieved from multi-source satellites, and the real forest hot spot data during the fire prevention period in 2021—2022 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of forest fires. The results show as follows. The accuracy of satellite fire spot monitoring is 84.42%, and the fire point classification accuracy is 89.90%. The established inversion method is reasonable and reliable. The spatial distribution of forest fires in Hunan is “more in the southwest and less in the northeast”. At the same time the high-incidence areas are mainly distributed in southern Hunan, and the second-highest-incidence area is western Hunan. In summary, the risk of forest fires during the autumn prevention period is much greater than that during the spring prevention period. During the extreme high temperature and drought in 2022, forest fires were mainly distributed in the southern Hunan region and the Hengshao Basin. From the perspective of process distribution, the distribution of forest fires can be divided into four stages. The number of forest fires in the first three stages showed a significant increase trend, and in the third stage, the number of forest fires increased significantly. Fire risk is the most serious. In the fourth stage, due to the dual impact of precipitation and the province's fire ban, the risk of forest hot spots was significantly reduced.

forest fire  /  satellite remote sensing  /  authenticity verification  /  fire point identification  /  space-time distribution
周碧, 闫如柳, 陈磊士, 罗伯良, 隋兵, 高霞霞, 杜东升. 基于多源卫星资料的湖南林火时空特征分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (2) : 713 -720 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308266
Bi ZHOU, Ru-liu YAN, Lei-shi CHEN, Bo-liang LUO, Bing SUI, Xia-xia GAO, Dong-sheng DU. Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Forest Fires in Hunan Province Based on Multi-source Satellite Data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (2) : 713 -720 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308266
森林火灾具有突发性强、破坏性大、危险性高,且处置救助较为困难等特点[1]。近年来,随着气候变暖和极端气候事件的增多,全球进入森林火灾高发期,给人类的生产生活和生态环境带来巨大的损失[2-3]。此外,森林火灾是大气中温室气体最重要的来源之一,对碳达峰碳中和、气候变化等产生重大的影响[4]。森林火灾不仅与气象条件密切相关[5],同时人类活动也影响着林火时空格局[6],森林火灾具有显著的区域特性和季节性差异[7]。对林火发生规律的研究是近20年来最主要的火灾研究主题之一,是科学预防森林火灾的重要内容。宏观、准确地掌握林火分布规律,不仅为人类进一步科学认知森林火灾对气候变化的影响,也可为管理部门制定火灾预防和控制措施提供科学依据[8]
国内分析林火时空分布主要有两种方式:其一,利用各省、市、地区汇总的公开发布的林火数据,分析森林火灾的时空分布特征[9-11];其二,基于卫星遥感对地观测技术,通过对林火事件进行监测,研究林火的时空分布特征[12-14]。第一种方式得到的林火资料难以获取火斑尺度的信息,数据的准确性难以衡量[7,15]。卫星遥感可以提供不同尺度时空信息较为确定的森林火灾信息。随着卫星技术日新月异的发展,气象卫星凭借着高频次和高时效性等特点在森林火灾快速监测方面具有独特的优势,极轨气象卫星和静止气象卫星组网观测可实现对森林火灾分钟级的精细化监测[16-18],气象卫星已成为当前林火快速监测的重要手段。Tian等[19]采用FY系列卫星和NOAA系列卫星资料,分析了中国区域森林火灾的时空分布特征,结果指出中国森林火灾主要发生在春季,其中3月份最多,森林火灾主要分布在南方和西南地区。Chen等[20]利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, MODIS)资料,绘制了中国火灾区域,结果表明:西部地区火灾频率低,东北地区森林火灾规模较大,年际变化大;中部地区和南方地区森林火灾频繁发生。贾旭等[21]基于MODIS数据分析了内蒙古野火时空分布格局,提到内蒙古野火空间分布东北多,西南少,高密度火点主要分布在中蒙边境区、森林-草原区以及平原典型农耕区。Andela等[22]基于2003—2016年MODIS的C6 MCD64A1产品数据分析了全球火灾分布,结果表明:少数大火灾主要分布人口稀少且干旱的北方地区,而大多数小火点主要分布在农业和其他人为活动主导的区域。曾爱聪等[23]采用MODIS卫星火点数据分析了浙江省森林火灾的时空动态分布,结果指出2001—2016年浙江省森林火灾整体呈上升趋势,春季、夏季和冬季是林火发生的主要季节。徐月顺等[24]基于气象卫星反演的热点信息,获得了青海地区森林草原火灾的时空分布特征,结果表明:青海森林草原火灾发生时间主要为每年10月至次年5月,森林火灾月分布呈单峰型,峰值出现在3月。中外学者采用卫星资料监测森林火灾的分布规律取得了较为显著的成绩。以往的研究集中在对卫星火灾数据产品的分析,而鲜见对卫星火情反演方法和火灾数据产品资料进行长期的真实性检验和评估。
据此,现以湖南省为例,建立多源卫星火点反演算法,结合历史森林火灾数据,构建多源卫星火情判识关键参数阈值体系,火情监测结果应用到湖南森林防灭火业务中,基于人工核查、铁塔视频和无人机核查等多种手段开展卫星火情监测结果长时间的真实性检验和评估,验证卫星火情反演方法的可靠性。在此基础上,从时间和空间两个维度分析湖南森林火灾时空分布特征和极端高温干旱过程林火发生规律,并对其成因进行初探,旨在为地方森林火灾防治和管理提供技术支撑,为气象防灾减灾决策服务提供科学参考,从而减少森林火灾对自然生态系统和人类的不利影响。
湖南省的总面积21.18万 km2,森林覆盖率为59.68%,森林蓄积量达5.48亿 m3,是中国重要的商品林建设基地(图1)。全省超过70%的县、区属于国家森林火灾高风险区,是中国森林火灾的重灾区[25]。2022年湖南遭遇了自1961年以来最严重的高温干旱天气,7月7日雨季结束,7月21日区域干旱性过程形成,10月底全省重旱面积100%,累积高温干旱导致湖南省9—10月发生了多起较大森林火灾,森林火灾形势异常严峻。
本文研究所用的卫星资料包含了静止气象卫星和极轨气象卫星,共8颗气象卫星数据,其中极轨卫星为FY-3C、FY-3D、TERRA、AQUA、Suomi NPP和NOAA-20,静止卫星为FY-4A和Himawari-8数据,用于森林火情监测的卫星、传感器及监测关键参数如表1所示。选取2021年10月—2022年12月森林防火期(湖南每年10月—次年4月为森林防火期)卫星资料进行热点反演和热点真实性检验;选取2021年10月—2023年4月卫星真实林地热点进行林火空间分析。
土地覆盖分类数据采用的是中国科学院空天信息创新研究院研究员刘良云团队发布的2020年全球30 m精细地表覆盖产品,用于卫星火点分类,辅助森林火情判识。用于卫星火点真实性检验的数据来源于湖南应急部门的实地核查反馈,及市、县气象部门现场调查反馈,辅以无人机、铁塔视频数据。
气象卫星火点监测的理论基础是基于维恩位移定律,即物体发射电磁波的峰值波长与物体温度成反比,如式(1)所示。当温度升高时,辐射峰值的波长向短波方向移动。无火点像元其地表温度一般为300 K,像元的辐射峰值波长约为11 μm;林火发生时,林火像元的温度升高(一般为600~1 200 K),对应的峰值波长向中红外通道(4 μm)移动,中红外波段的辐射率较远红外通道大1~2个量级,火点像元与周围背景像元存在亮温差,亮温差是火点判识的基础。
max=2 897.8
其中:T为物体的温度,K;λmax为物体发射的峰值波长,μm。
在进行火点反演前,首先将卫星数据进行拼接、投影等处理。再借助于辅助数据,对像元进行标注分类,将像元标注分类为缺失数据、水体、荒漠、耀斑、云区和可处理像元等,初步的像元分类用于剔除绝对非火点像元,从而获得潜在火点像元。
采用经典的上下文方法,并结合大量的真实火点数据,选择合适的判识参数和恰当的阈值进行火点判识。通过以潜在火点像元为中心的3×3窗口开始,将有效的相邻像元用于计算背景值。如果窗口内的有效像元不足25%,且有效像元的数目不足8个,则将窗口逐步扩大,最大不超过21×21。在此基础上,计算每个像元中红外通道的和远红外通道亮温、背景亮温平均值、背景亮温标准差、1.6 μm反射率及发射率平均值等。如果背景温度缺失,则使用上下文阈值方法对火点做进一步检测。本文研究中的火点像元采用4 μm亮温(T4)、4 μm与11 μm亮温差(ΔTMF)和4 μm亮温差(ΔT4)作为主要判识依据。
首先进行镜面反射判识,剔除非火点。镜面反射判识参考太阳天顶角(θz)和1.6 μm反射率差值(ΔR1.6)、4 μm与11 μm亮温差(ΔTMF)和4 μm亮温(T4)4个参数,同时满足θ2<85°R1.6>0.1,T4>300 K,12 K<ΔTME<25 K,则为镜面反射。其次,进行绝对高温火点判识。绝对高温点判识采用4 μm亮温(T4)、4 μm与11 μm亮温差(ΔTMF)和4 μm亮温差(ΔT4)和0.64 μm发射率(R0.64)等参数进行判识。本文研究中T4的最小值取340 K,ΔT4最小值取9 K,ΔTMF最小值取9 K,R0.64<0.3,满足上述4个条件判识为绝对高温点。此外,当有效背景像元个数不足时,采用T4、11 μm亮温值(T11)和ΔTMF3个参数进行火点判识,经过测试T4最小值取330 K,T11最小值取300 K,ΔTMF最小值取20 K。一般像元火点判识,采用θzT4、ΔT4T11、11 μm亮温差(ΔT11)、ΔTMFR0.64、0.86 μm反射率差值(ΔR0.86)进行火点判识,同时满足式(2),则判识为火点像元。以上所有参数设置均为极轨卫星白天时间段的判识参数阈值,夜间各参数根据火点实际情况进行调整。
θ z < 80 ° T 4 > 280 K Δ T 4 > 6 K T 11 > 260 K Δ T 11 > 0 K Δ T M F > 6 K R 0.64 < 0.25 Δ R 0.86 < 0.15
采取卫星监测缓冲区半径核查法进行卫星火情真实性检验[26],如图2所示,以卫星监测到的火点为中心点,核查区域取该点为圆心,以监测到火点卫星的中红外通道的空间分辨率为半径,进行现场核查,现场核查包括人工核查、无人机核查和铁塔视频核查3种方式。图2(a)若核查区域内发现火情则判定为卫星火点监测结果正确,图2(b)若核查半径内未发现火情则判定卫星监测结果有误。卫星火点类型真实性检验方法:核查区域内,若卫星火点下垫面与现场调查下垫面一致,则卫星火点分类正确;若两者下垫面不一致,则判定卫星火点类型有误。
2021年10月1日—2022年12月31日森林防火期,卫星监测到火点661处[(图3(a)],采用卫星监测缓冲区半径核查法进行火情真实性检验,其中558处有火情,卫星火情监测准确率为84.42%。误判的火点主要分布在湘中及以南地区[图3(b)],卫星火情误判的主要原因有两个:其一,湘中及以南地区薄云较多,薄云及云区边缘的辐射影响火点背景温度计算,导致火点误判;其二,湘中及以南地区农林混杂,下垫面非均一程度较高,火点背景场计算失真可能性增大,引起火点误判。
2022年极端高温干旱过程,湖南省启动了卫星火点类型实地核查机制。选取2022年8月11日—2022年9月30日卫星火点分类结果进行真实性检验,检验结果如图4所示。该时间段内,卫星共监测到火点109处,采用卫星监测缓冲区半径核查法剔除误判火点10处,其余99处为真实火点,对真实的卫星火点分类结果进行分析。结果表明:卫星真实火点99处,其中林地火点80处,草地火点11处、秸秆焚烧6处、垃圾焚烧2处,卫星火点下垫面与现场调查的火情下垫面类型一致的为89处,下垫面类型不一致的为10处,卫星火点分类的正确率为89.90%。卫星火点类型误判主要分布在湘中以南地区,湘中以南地区以丘陵地形为主,农林交错,下垫面类型破碎复杂,卫星火点下垫面分类出现误判概率增大。
湖南绝大部分的林火是一般火灾,因此分析时不区分林火级别。选取2021年10月—2023年4月真实的卫星林地火点进行林火时空特征分析。2021年10月—2023年4月共有林地火点587处,空间分布如图5所示,林火高发区主要分布在湘南地区,次高发区为湘西地区,而长株潭地区、洞庭湖流域为林火低发区。湖南主要的林地资源集中分布于湘南、湘西地区;长株潭地区是湖南省主要的城市群,洞庭湖流域下垫面以水体、滩涂、农田等类型为主,林地资源分布较为稀疏,卫星林火空间分布与林地资源空间分布基本一致。林火频次空间分布为“东北低,西南高”。以湘西州、怀化、娄底、衡阳、郴州连线为分界线,东北向林火频次明显低于西南向,西南向(湘西州、怀化、邵阳、娄底、永州、衡阳、郴州)林火频次共计459处,且西南向各市州的火灾频次均超过40处。其中永州林火最多,105处,其次是衡阳81处;东北向(张家界、常德、益阳、岳阳、长沙、娄底、株洲)林火频次共计128处,各市州的火灾频次均低于40处,其中张家界、长沙、湘潭均不超过10处(图6)。整体而言,西南向火灾频次为东北向的3.6倍。
选取2021年10月—2023年4月防火期森林火灾进行林火月分布特征分析(图7)。湖南森林火灾集中分布在防火期,其中1月、3月、10月和12月各月森林火灾数较多,均超过70处,占防火期森林火灾总数的80.16%,其中1月最多,为124处,占防火期火灾总数的24.85%;10月其次,为106处,占21.24%。2月、4月和11月各月火灾数目均低于50处,占比19.84%,其中2月林火最少。整体而言,森林火灾秋防期防火压力远大于春防期。
2022年湖南遭遇了自1961年以来的最强夏秋连旱,持续高温干旱导致土壤含水量逐渐减少,植被缺水,林下可燃物增多,林火蔓延风险增大,通过专家研判,湖南省于8月11日提前启动卫星林火监测,比正常年份提早50余天进入森林火灾秋防模式,本次极端高温干旱过程持续到11月18日。
2022年8月11日—11月18日卫星共监测到林地热点372处,从林地热点数目的逐日分布(图8)看,可分为4个阶段:8月11日—9月4日,9月5日—10月9日,10月10—24日,10月25日—11月18日,前3个阶段林地热点数目日平均分别为0.92、3.43、12.87处,呈明显增加趋势。受高温干旱累计效应影响,10月10—24日林地热点最多,为193处,占极端高温干旱过程卫星林地热点数的52.02%。第4阶段从10月25日开始,林地热点数目有减少趋势,热点数目日平均为1.44处,主要原因有二:其一,10月25—28日,全省大部分地区出现降水,有效降低了森林火灾发生的风险;其二,10月26日湖南省发布禁火令,野外火源管控措施力度加大,从源头上减少了森林火灾发生的概率。
2022年极端高温干旱过程,卫星林地热点集中分布在湘南地区、衡邵盆地,其中60处以上的热点主要分布在衡阳(70处)、永州(68处)和郴州(61处),怀化和湘西林地热点较为密集,而湘北、洞庭湖流域、长株潭地区林地热点较为稀疏(图9)。2022年极端高温干旱过程卫星林地热点空间分布与湖南省的干旱分布基本一致,干旱程度严重的区域对应林地热点密集区。
基于经典的上下文反演算法,结合湖南的真实火点数据,对卫星火点判识的关键参数和关键参数阈值进行了测试和分析,确定了火点判识的关键参数。在此基础之上,基于人工实地调查、铁塔和无人机核查,对火点监测结果进行了真实性检验。并基于实际发生的林地热点信息,分析了湖南林火时空分布特征和极端高温干旱天气过程林火分布规律,得出如下结论。
(1)采用4 μm亮温、4 μm亮温差和4 μm与11 μm亮温差作为主要的判识依据,设置动态阈值。气象卫星火点监测准确率为84.42%,火点分类监测准确性为89.90%。卫星火点判识参数和阈值合理,建立的卫星反演方法可靠。
(2)湖南林火空间分布具有“东北低,西南高”的特征,林火高发区主要分布在湘南,次高发区为湘西地区,长株潭地区、洞庭湖流域林火发生的概率比较低。林火空间分布与林地资源空间分布基本一致。秋防期林火风险远大于春防期。
(3)2022年极端高温干旱过程,林火主要分布在湘南地区、衡邵盆地。林火数量变化分为4个阶段,前3个阶段林火热点数目日平均分别为:0.92、3.43、12.87处,呈显著增加的趋势,第3阶段,森林火险风险最严重。第4阶段从10月25日开始,受降水和全省禁火令的双重影响,林地热点风险显著降低。
受可燃物、火源和天气条件等的共同影响,森林火灾的发生和发展是一个极为复杂的过程。从宏观方面对湖南林火时空分布规律、极端天气条件下林火分布特征进行了分析,对地方林火防治管理具有一定的现实意义和参考价值,但对于林火发生、发展的成因还有待进行研究。
  • 湖南省应急管理科技项目(2023YJT002)
  • 湖南自然科学基金面上项目(2017JJ2148)
  • 中国气象局山洪地质灾害防治气象保障工程(湖南省森林火险气象监测预报预警模型和系统建设)
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2025年第25卷第2期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308266
  • 接收时间:2023-10-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-24
  • 修回日期:2024-10-17
基金
湖南省应急管理科技项目(2023YJT002)
湖南自然科学基金面上项目(2017JJ2148)
中国气象局山洪地质灾害防治气象保障工程(湖南省森林火险气象监测预报预警模型和系统建设)
作者信息
    1 气象防灾减灾湖南省重点实验室, 长沙 410118
    2 湖南省气象科学研究所, 长沙 410118
    3 中国气象局洞庭湖国家气候观象台, 岳阳 414000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2308266
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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