Article(id=1156986629895316106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402977, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1727625600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776708339, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776708339, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776708339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776708339, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3513, endPage=3520, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986631795335854, articleId=1156986629895316106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Sealing Depth of Long Borehole in Bedding Gas Drainage : Taking the Guizhou Qianbei Mining Area Extraction Project as an Example, columnId=1156986623452865092, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the reasonable sealing length of bedding gas drainage boreholes, based on the gas-air dual gas and the negative pressure attenuation effect of boreholes, a three-dimensional borehole drainage model was established by finite element simulation software to monitor and analyzed the gas pressure of coal seam in the sealing section. Through the field test of 20915 haulage roadway, the gas drainage effects of different sealing lengths were investigated. The results show that under the negative pressure attenuation effect, the negative pressure of borehole drainage is exponential function distribution, and the reduction of gas pressure in coal seams at different positions of borehole is different, and the closer to the sealing position, the smaller the reduction of gas pressure. The peak gas pressure in the sealing section is proportional to the sealing length. According to the field test, the gas drainage concentration decreases to about${10}\%$after 130 days when the sealing distance is${10}\mathrm{\;m}$. The sealing length of${20}\mathrm{\;m}$maintains at about${30}\%$, and the extraction concentration of the borehole with sealing length of${30}\mathrm{\;m}$maintains at above${60}\%$after 130 days.

, correspAuthors=Hua-ying LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jin-lei FU, Hua-ying LIN, Xian-wei HENG, Shu-jin ZHANG, Meng-lei CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986767518818727, articleId=1156986629895316106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=顺层瓦斯抽采长钻孔封孔深度分析:以贵州黔北矿区抽采工程为例, columnId=1154014167221653566, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔合理封孔长度,基于瓦斯-空气双气体模型,采用有限元模拟软件建立三维钻孔抽采模型,对封孔段煤层瓦斯压力进行监测分析,通 20915 运输巷现场试验,考察不同封孔长度瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:受到负压衰减效应,钻孔抽采负压呈指数函数分布,并且钻孔不同位置煤层瓦斯压力减少幅度不同,越靠近封孔位置瓦斯压力减小幅度越小;封孔段瓦斯压力峰值与封孔长度成正相关;根据现场测试,封孔距离为${10}\mathrm{\;m}$瓦斯抽采浓度在${130}\mathrm{\;d}$后减小到约${10}\%$;而封孔长度为${20}\mathrm{\;m}$将保持在约${30}\%$,封孔${30}\mathrm{\;m}$的钻孔${130}\mathrm{\;d}$后抽采浓度保持在${60}\%$以上。

, correspAuthors=林华颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*林华颖(1995—),男,汉族,贵州铜仁人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: eternity37326@gmail.com。
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付金磊(1994—),男,汉族,黑龙江伊春人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: 1225118190@qq.com。

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付金磊(1994—),男,汉族,黑龙江伊春人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: 1225118190@qq.com。

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付金磊(1994—),男,汉族,黑龙江伊春人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: 1225118190@qq.com。

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Study on the variation characteristics of negative pressure along the length of pre drilled holes and its impact on gas extraction efficiency[D]. 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figureFileSmall=gcK37OMsU+zIyElcGfvhdA==, figureFileBig=NRz43qwhcp0pF9vAYGW4dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986784312812368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629895316106, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Gas extraction model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入参数 数值
初始孔隙率 $/\%$ 3
煤密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1400
煤的泊松比 0.29
煤弹性模量/MPa 2 713
初始瓦斯扩散系数 $/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${5.48}\times {10}^{-{12}}$
吸附常数 $b/{\mathrm{{MPa}}}^{-1}$ 2
初始渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.299}\times {10}^{-{17}}$
瓦斯动力黏度 $/\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${1.05}\times {10}^{-6}$
初始瓦斯压力/MPa 1.4
煤层温度 $/\mathrm{K}$ 293.15
吸附常数 $a/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}}\right)$ 35
煤体骨架弹性模量/MPa 5139
), ArticleFig(id=1156986784405087058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629895316106, language=CN, label=表1, caption=瓦斯抽采模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入参数 数值
初始孔隙率 $/\%$ 3
煤密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1400
煤的泊松比 0.29
煤弹性模量/MPa 2 713
初始瓦斯扩散系数 $/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${5.48}\times {10}^{-{12}}$
吸附常数 $b/{\mathrm{{MPa}}}^{-1}$ 2
初始渗透率 $/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.299}\times {10}^{-{17}}$
瓦斯动力黏度 $/\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${1.05}\times {10}^{-6}$
初始瓦斯压力/MPa 1.4
煤层温度 $/\mathrm{K}$ 293.15
吸附常数 $a/\left({{\mathrm{m}}^{3}\cdot {\mathrm{t}}^{-1}}\right)$ 35
煤体骨架弹性模量/MPa 5139
), ArticleFig(id=1156986784463807315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629895316106, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Drilling parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 编号 钻孔孔 径/mm 方位/(°) 倾角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 钻孔长 度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 封孔长 度 $/\mathrm{m}$
1# 94 205 12 106 30
2# 94 205 12 90 20
3# 94 205 12 106 10
), ArticleFig(id=1156986784539304789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629895316106, language=CN, label=表2, caption=钻孔参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔 编号 钻孔孔 径/mm 方位/(°) 倾角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 钻孔长 度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 封孔长 度 $/\mathrm{m}$
1# 94 205 12 106 30
2# 94 205 12 90 20
3# 94 205 12 106 10
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顺层瓦斯抽采长钻孔封孔深度分析:以贵州黔北矿区抽采工程为例
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付金磊 1, 2 , 林华颖 1, 2, * , 衡献伟 1, 2 , 张书金 1, 2 , 陈蒙磊 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(8): 3513-3520
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科学技术与工程 | 环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(8): 3513-3520
顺层瓦斯抽采长钻孔封孔深度分析:以贵州黔北矿区抽采工程为例
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付金磊1, 2 , 林华颖1, 2, * , 衡献伟1, 2, 张书金1, 2, 陈蒙磊1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 贵州省矿山安全科学研究院有限公司 贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州省煤矿设计研究院有限公司 贵阳 550025
  • 付金磊(1994—),男,汉族,黑龙江伊春人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: 1225118190@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*林华颖(1995—),男,汉族,贵州铜仁人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: eternity37326@gmail.com。
Analysis of Sealing Depth of Long Borehole in Bedding Gas Drainage : Taking the Guizhou Qianbei Mining Area Extraction Project as an Example
Jin-lei FU1, 2 , Hua-ying LIN1, 2, * , Xian-wei HENG1, 2, Shu-jin ZHANG1, 2, Meng-lei CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Guizhou Mine Safety Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd. Guiyang 550025 China
  • 2 Guizhou Coal mine Design Research Institute Co., Ltd. Guiyang 550025 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402977
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为研究顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔合理封孔长度,基于瓦斯-空气双气体模型,采用有限元模拟软件建立三维钻孔抽采模型,对封孔段煤层瓦斯压力进行监测分析,通 20915 运输巷现场试验,考察不同封孔长度瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:受到负压衰减效应,钻孔抽采负压呈指数函数分布,并且钻孔不同位置煤层瓦斯压力减少幅度不同,越靠近封孔位置瓦斯压力减小幅度越小;封孔段瓦斯压力峰值与封孔长度成正相关;根据现场测试,封孔距离为${10}\mathrm{\;m}$瓦斯抽采浓度在${130}\mathrm{\;d}$后减小到约${10}\%$;而封孔长度为${20}\mathrm{\;m}$将保持在约${30}\%$,封孔${30}\mathrm{\;m}$的钻孔${130}\mathrm{\;d}$后抽采浓度保持在${60}\%$以上。

长钻孔  /  瓦斯抽采  /  数值模拟  /  瓦斯-空气双气体模型

In order to study the reasonable sealing length of bedding gas drainage boreholes, based on the gas-air dual gas and the negative pressure attenuation effect of boreholes, a three-dimensional borehole drainage model was established by finite element simulation software to monitor and analyzed the gas pressure of coal seam in the sealing section. Through the field test of 20915 haulage roadway, the gas drainage effects of different sealing lengths were investigated. The results show that under the negative pressure attenuation effect, the negative pressure of borehole drainage is exponential function distribution, and the reduction of gas pressure in coal seams at different positions of borehole is different, and the closer to the sealing position, the smaller the reduction of gas pressure. The peak gas pressure in the sealing section is proportional to the sealing length. According to the field test, the gas drainage concentration decreases to about${10}\%$after 130 days when the sealing distance is${10}\mathrm{\;m}$. The sealing length of${20}\mathrm{\;m}$maintains at about${30}\%$, and the extraction concentration of the borehole with sealing length of${30}\mathrm{\;m}$maintains at above${60}\%$after 130 days.

long hole  /  gas extraction  /  numerical simulation  /  gas-air dual gas model
付金磊, 林华颖, 衡献伟, 张书金, 陈蒙磊. 顺层瓦斯抽采长钻孔封孔深度分析:以贵州黔北矿区抽采工程为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3513 -3520 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402977
Jin-lei FU, Hua-ying LIN, Xian-wei HENG, Shu-jin ZHANG, Meng-lei CHEN. Analysis of Sealing Depth of Long Borehole in Bedding Gas Drainage : Taking the Guizhou Qianbei Mining Area Extraction Project as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3513 -3520 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402977
截至 2023 年底, 中国煤炭占一次能源消费比重 50% 以上, 仍然占据中国能源主要地位。随着煤炭资源的开采,矿井瓦斯灾害一直困扰着煤矿安全生产与人员安全, 目前常用技术是采取煤层瓦斯抽采作为治理手段,但已有结果表明瓦斯抽采效果差异性较大, 究其原因, 封孔长度是影响煤层瓦斯抽采效果的关键因素${}^{\left\lbrack 1 \cdot 2\right\rbrack }$,因此研究顺层抽采钻孔封孔长度具有重要意义。
煤层钻孔封孔质量是影响瓦斯抽采效果的主要因素。众多学者对这一问题进行了大量研究,并取得了一系列成果。在理论研究中, 薛彦平[3] 对煤层钻孔布孔方位以及封孔工艺最优参数进行了研究。Xia 等[4] 建立了煤变形与组分流动的完全耦合模型,利用该理论模型研究了封孔长度、漏风率和裂缝宽度对预抽煤层瓦斯效果的影响。陈新等[5] 通过数值模拟软件建立钻孔衰减模型, 得出负压衰减效应对抽采存量具有分层效应。Danesh 等[6] 在多孔介质本构方程引入蠕变项, 得到修正的渗透率模型, 用于评价煤层瓦斯抽采效果。此外, 在封孔技术方面也取得了突破。金鑫[7] 通过数值模拟软件进行单侧和双侧钻孔抽采对比,表明双侧抽采钻孔流量衰减速率为单侧的$1/{10}$。张学博等[8] 通过模拟得出${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 完整钻孔在抽采第一天负压损失 0.04%,发生塌孔负压损失增加至 5.1%。根据试验等手段对钻孔封孔参数取得一定成果。郑伟等[9] 根据数值模拟与钻孔窥视,封孔距离为巷道外切圆半径 3 倍以上。牛心刚等[10] 研究提出顺层钻孔封孔长度${15}\mathrm{\;m}$,封孔压力${1.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 为宜。吴泽平等[11] 基于动量和质量分析方法得出钻孔总压衰减是由于动量交换引起的。薛彦平[12] 采用超大直径钻孔治理采空区瓦斯,使其效果提升 46%。张飞燕等四提出阶梯测试法经行抽采半径测定。马赞等[14] 对负角度定向钻孔采用护孔工艺能有效提高抽采效果。郭鑫等[15] 通过数值模拟等手段确定保德煤矿定向长钻孔工艺参数。
综上可知, 前人研究多集中在普通钻孔及大直径钻孔,而针对长钻孔封孔深度规律的研究尚鲜见报道,因此在考虑瓦斯-空气双气体模型和钻孔负压衰减效应下, 建立三维数值模型, 研究顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔合理封孔长度,并在林华煤矿进行现场验证, 以期对提升长钻孔瓦斯抽采效果提供借鉴。
煤矿瓦斯抽采经常受到周围扰动影响影响, 在抽采钻孔周围将生成大量裂隙。这些裂隙为外部空气进入钻孔提供通道。在封孔过程中, 如果没有将裂隙有效封堵, 就会使外界气体进入钻孔, 导致瓦斯浓度急剧下降。如果能够有效地堵钻孔周围裂隙,则可以显著减少进入钻孔的气体,并提高气体浓度。因此, 在建模前假设:①煤体各向同性,并且骨架不可压缩; ②煤体视为弹性材料,满足胡克定律;③只考虑瓦斯在裂隙中流动, 并且流动满足达西定律; ④瓦斯运移视为等过程, 不考虑温度场变化对瓦斯运移影响; ⑤ 钻孔内部表面粗糙度固定不变。
在理性状态煤体内部瓦斯压力下降, 煤体基质将产生收缩变形, 煤体孔隙体积增大。根据周军平等[16] 的研究结果可知,煤体发生瓦斯解吸收缩应变${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 可表示为
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}}{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}}\ln \left({1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$
式 (1) 中:$a$ 为吸附常数,${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{t};b$ 为吸附常数,MPa${}^{-1};c$ 为煤可燃部分质量,$\mathrm{t}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为视密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};R$ 为理想气体常数;$T$ 为温度,$\mathrm{K};{V}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为标准气体摩尔体积,$\mathrm{L}/\mathrm{{mol}};{K}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为基质弹性模量,$\mathrm{{GPa}};{p}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为煤基质瓦斯压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}}$
煤体基质吸收瓦斯收缩变形为可逆过程, 当煤体瓦斯压力由${p}_{0}$ 降至${p}_{\mathrm{m}}$,基质收缩应变为
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}}{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}}\ln \left(\frac{1 + b{p}_{0}}{1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$
式(2)中:${p}_{0}$ 为煤体初始瓦斯压力, MPa。
假设瓦斯解吸不影响煤体体积, 将式(2)代入孔隙率计算公式,得到瓦斯解吸后煤体孔隙率的表达式为
${\varphi }_{\mathrm{m}}= {\varphi }_{0}+ \frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}}{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}}\ln \left(\frac{1 + b{p}_{0}}{1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)$
式 (3) 中:${\varphi }_{0}$ 为初始孔隙率。
通过 Kozeny-Carman 方程与式 (3) 得到基质渗透率为
${k}_{\mathrm{m}}= {k}_{0}{\left\lbrack 1 +\frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}}{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}}\ln \left(\frac{1 + b{p}_{0}}{1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{3}$
式(4)中:${k}_{0}$ 为初始渗透率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
考虑有效应力对孔隙度的影响, 双重介质中的孔隙度的表达式为
$\varphi =\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{t}}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{p}0}- \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{t}0}- \Delta {V}_{\mathrm{f}}}= \frac{{\varphi }_{0}- {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}}{1 -{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}}$
式 (5) 中:${V}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为煤变形前后的孔隙,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{V}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为孔隙体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{V}_{\mathrm{p}0}$ 为煤变形前的孔隙,${\mathrm{m}}_{3};{V}_{\mathrm{t}0}$ 为初始孔隙体积,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};\Delta {V}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为裂缝体积变化量,${\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为煤体应变。
研究表明,煤体瓦斯压力由${p}_{0}$ 降至${p}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}\left({p}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}\right.$ 为裂隙中瓦斯组分压力),空气压力由 0 升至${p}_{\mathrm{f}2}\left({p}_{\mathrm{f}2}\right.$ 为裂隙中空气组分压力),假设应力只引起应变,忽略基质收缩,煤体应变${\Delta \sigma }$ 可表示为
${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{v}}= \frac{\alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}{{K}_{\mathrm{f}}}$
式(6)中:$\alpha$ 为 Boit 系数;${K}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为体积模量。
将式(6)代入式(5)得
$\varphi ={\varphi }_{0}+ \frac{\left({1 -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)\alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}{{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)} $
通过卡曼-科泽尼方程, 选择立方定律得到渗透率方程为
${k}_{\mathrm{f}}= {k}_{0}{\left(\frac{\varphi }{{\varphi }_{0}}\right)}^{3}= {k}_{0}{\left\{ 1 -\frac{\left({1 -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)\alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}{{\varphi }_{0}\left\lbrack {{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}}^{3}$
将式(2)和式(6)代入孔隙率公式, 得到多孔介质孔隙变化方程为
$\varphi ={\varphi }_{0}- \frac{\left({1 -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)\alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{{f1}}}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}{{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)} +\\\frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}\left\lbrack {\ln \left({1 + b{p}_{0}}\right)- \ln \left({1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}\left\lbrack {{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}\right\rbrack }$
考虑基质收缩与有效应力, 得到基质渗透率动态演化方程为
$ k ={k}_{0}{\left(\frac{\varphi }{{\varphi }_{0}}\right)}^{3}\\= {k}_{0}\left\{{1 -\frac{\left({1 -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)\alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}{{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)} +}\right.\\{\left.\frac{{4ac}{\rho }_{\mathrm{v}}{RT}\left\lbrack {\ln \left({1 + b{p}_{0}}\right)- \ln \left({1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{9{V}_{\mathrm{m}}{K}_{\mathrm{m}}\left\lbrack {{K}_{\mathrm{f}}- \alpha \left({{p}_{0}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}+ {p}_{\mathrm{f}2}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}}^{3}$
式(10)中:$k$ 为基质渗透率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
瓦斯-空气双气体系统中, 只考虑气体在多孔介质扩散, 控制方程与单一气体在多孔物质相似。其物质交换方程可表示为[17]
${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}= {D}_{\mathrm{t}}\tau \left({{c}_{\mathrm{m}1}- {\rho }_{\mathrm{{fl}}}}\right)$
式(11)中:${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为基质与孔隙裂隙气体交换量;${D}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为流体扩散系数,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};\tau$ 为形状因子;${c}_{\mathrm{m}1}\text{、}{\rho }_{\mathrm{f}1}$ 分别为基质和孔隙裂隙中流体密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为基质尺寸。
Yue 等[18] 、Zhao 等[19] 研究表明,气体扩散系数是时间的一个函数,采用 Liu 等[20] 推导公式,即
${D}_{\mathrm{t}}= {D}_{0}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\xi t}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{r}}$
式(12)中:${D}_{0}$ 为气体初始扩散系数,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$$\xi$ 为衰减系数;$t$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};{D}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为剩余气体扩散系数,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$
将气体压强公式与式 (12) 代入式 (11) 得到质量交换的控制方程为
${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{3{\pi }^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{m}}- {p}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}}\right)\left\lbrack {{D}_{0}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\xi t}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right\rbrack }{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}{RT}}$
式(13)中:${M}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为甲烷摩尔质量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{p}_{\mathrm{m}}$${p}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}$ 分别为基质和孔隙裂隙中流体压力, MPa。
单位质量煤基质含气量可表示为
${m}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{{ab}{p}_{\mathrm{m}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}{M}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\left({1 + b{p}_{\mathrm{p}}}\right){V}_{\mathrm{m}}}+ {\varphi }_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{c}}{p}_{\mathrm{p}}}{RT}$
式(14)中:${\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为煤体视密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{M}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为瓦斯摩尔质量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{{mol}};{\varphi }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为基质孔隙率,$\%$
将式(13)和式(14)代入质量守恒方程得到煤体裂隙瓦斯压力分布方程, 即
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{c}}{\rho }_{\mathrm{c}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{m}}}\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{L}}{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {p}_{\mathrm{m}}}+ {\varphi m}\frac{{M}_{\mathrm{c}}{p}_{\mathrm{m}}}{RT}}\right)= \\- \frac{3{\pi }^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({{p}_{\mathrm{m}}- {p}_{\mathrm{f}1}}\right)\left\lbrack {{D}_{0}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\xi t}}+ {D}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right\rbrack }{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}{RT}}$
式(15)中:${V}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为最大煤体吸附量;${P}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为朗缪尔吸附常数。
随着埋深增加, 煤体受到地应力与瓦斯压力共同作用。煤体变形方程可由 Navier-Stokes 方程表示为
$ G{u}_{i,{jj}}+ \frac{G}{1 -{2v}}{u}_{j,{ji}}- {\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}}{p}_{\mathrm{m}}- {k}_{\mathrm{f}}{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{s}, i}+ {F}_{i}= 0 $
式 (16) 中:$G$ 为剪切模量,$G =\frac{E}{2\left({1 + v}\right)},\mathrm{{Pa}}$,其中,$E$ 为弹性模量,$\mathrm{{Pa}};v$ 为泊松比;${\alpha }_{\mathrm{f}}$${\alpha }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 分别为裂隙和煤基质的 Biot’s 系数;${\varepsilon }_{s, i}$ 为基质最大应变;${F}_{i}$ 为体积力分量;${u}_{i,{jj}}$${u}_{{jj}, i}$ 为含瓦斯煤变形位移。
由于抽采负压,钻孔附近煤体基质瓦斯通过裂隙运移至钻孔内,使得钻孔周围煤体气体压力降低, 煤体吸附平衡发生改变, 更多吸附瓦斯转变为游离态。在抽采负压的驱动下, 钻孔内部瓦斯不断向孔口处流动,并且距离孔口越近,气体流动速度越快, 负压衰减也越快, 因此流体阻力损失为
${h}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{d}}{l\rho }{v}^{2}}{2d}$
式(17)中:$l$ 为钻孔长度,$\mathrm{m}$$d$ 为钻孔直径,$\mathrm{m}$$v$ 为截面平均流速,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为钻孔沿程阻力系数。
当流体流速过快, 流体将呈现紊流态, 因此根据刘军[21] 研究得出紊流状态下流体阻力系数为
${\lambda }_{\mathrm{d}}= {\left\lbrack {1.14}-2\lg \left(\frac{\varepsilon }{d}+ {21.25}R{e}^{-{0.9}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{-2}$
式 (18) 中:$\varepsilon$ 为管壁粗糙度;${Re}$ 为雷诺数。
将钻孔切割为不限块, 取其中任意一块作为单元体,假设单元体长度为${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$,流入单元体气体流量为${Q}_{\mathrm{m}-1}$,流出气体流量为${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}$,其中,根据质量守恒方程,流出量为流入量加上单元体周围补给量${q}_{\mathrm{m}},{q}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 可通过对单元体孔壁瓦斯流速积分得到。由于摩擦阻力的存在, 使得钻孔个点气体流速不同, 因此采用平均流速进行代替, 则单元体平均瓦斯流速为
$\bar{v}= \frac{2\left({2{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}- {q}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)}{\pi {d}^{2}}$
将式(19)代入式(17)得到钻孔任意段摩擦阻力为
${h}_{\mathrm{f}\left(m\right)} =\frac{{2\rho }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{d}}L{\left(2{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {q}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}}{{\pi }^{2}{d}^{5}}\\= \left\{{{2\rho }\left\lbrack {{1.14}-2\lg \left({\frac{\varepsilon }{d}+ }\right.}\right.}\right.\\\left.\left.{{21.25}{\left\lbrack \frac{{2\rho }\left({2{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}+ {q}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right)}{\mu \pi d}\right\rbrack }^{-2}}\right\}\right\rbrack L\left({2{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}+ }\right.\\\left.{\left.{q}_{\mathrm{m}}\right)}^{2}\right\}{\pi }^{-2}{d}^{-5}$
式 (20) 中:$\mu$ 为瓦斯动力黏度,$\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$
钻孔整体摩擦阻力为
${h}_{\mathrm{f}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{h}_{\mathrm{f}\left(i\right)} $
以林华煤矿为基础, 为避免地应力在二维模型中简单实现,建立煤层瓦斯抽采三维模型。
图1 所示,构建尺寸为${60}\mathrm{\;m}$ (宽)$\times {300}\mathrm{\;m}$ (深)$\times {11}\mathrm{\;m}$ (高) 的模型,其中,中间层设置$3\mathrm{\;m}$ 厚煤层,在煤层的顶部设置$4\mathrm{\;m}$ 厚顶板,底部设置$4\mathrm{\;m}$ 厚底板。随后沿$y$ 轴在煤层中开挖一条长${60}\mathrm{\;m}$、宽$4\mathrm{\;m}$ 的巷道。沿$x$ 轴在巷道中钻孔,长度为${150}\mathrm{\;m}$, 直径为${0.094}\mathrm{\;m}$
模型顶部施加垂直应力$8\mathrm{{MPa}}$。模型四周采用辊轴约束, 底部固定约束。模型四周、顶板和底板设置为无流体流动。根据林华煤矿提供的工业分析、力学及相关实验参数作为模型输入值, 模型主要参数如表1 所示。
钻孔孔底负压设定为$-{17}\mathrm{{kPa}}$,煤层初始瓦斯压力${1.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,封孔压力设定为${1.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。由图2 可知,钻孔长度与抽采负压呈$y = a + b{\mathrm{e}}^{cx}$ 函数关系,钴孔越长,抽采负压衰减越小。
在模型${10}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{60}\text{、}{120}$${160}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处设置观测点, 分别绘制该点${120}\mathrm{\;d}$ 内抽采钻孔抽采段钻孔壁煤层瓦斯压力变化曲线,如图3 所示。通过观察图可知,${10}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{60}\text{、}{120}\mathrm{\;m}$ 整体趋势随时间不断降低,但降低幅度随时间推移不断减缓。${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处位于封孔段,该位置距离煤壁较近, 并且由于抽采负压影响使得该处瓦斯压力相较于煤层初始压力较低, 但该处压力降低幅度远不止抽采段。${20}\text{、}{60}\text{、}{120}\mathrm{\;m}$ 都处于抽采段,并且越靠近孔底煤层瓦斯压力越低, 通过钻孔负压衰减公式可知,孔底负压为最低值,该处瓦斯压力梯度最大,位置越靠近封孔段,瓦斯气体收到阻力越大, 孔内外瓦斯压力梯度越小。但随之时间推移, 钻孔附近煤体内部瓦斯不断抽出, 使得煤体瓦斯压力不断降低, 造成瓦斯梯度不断减小, 并且受到煤内部阻力影响, 离钻孔越远, 影响越小, 最终存在以特定位置使得瓦斯压力对其作用可忽略不计, 而内部影响范围瓦斯压力也将达到平衡, 即抽采负压与气体收到的阻力达到平衡。${160}\mathrm{\;m}$ 位于钻孔末端外${10}\mathrm{\;m}$,抽采影响范围远小于该值,使得该处瓦斯压力几乎保持不变。
为研究封孔长度不同对封孔段煤层瓦斯压力影响,封孔长度分别设置5、10、15、${20}\mathrm{\;m}$,其余边界条件与初始模型相同, 为分析不同封孔长度抽采钻卸压情况, 监测封孔段孔壁煤层瓦斯压力, 压力曲线如图4 所示。可以看出, 瓦斯压力曲线出现下降是由于封孔段末端受到抽采负压影响, 周围瓦斯被运移至钻孔内造成。
由于煤巷与抽采负压共同影响, 封孔段煤层瓦斯压力不断将产生变化。封孔为$5\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,距巷道${3.91}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处瓦斯压力峰值达到${0.92}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,相较于初始压力减少了 34%。此时巷道空气通过煤壁断面进入煤层内部, 抽采段与外界相连, 存在漏气现象, 影响抽采效果。随着封孔距离增加到${10}\mathrm{\;m}$,瓦斯压力峰值位置后退到${7.07}\mathrm{\;m}$,峰值为${1.21}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
压力相比原始值降低 13.7%,抽采负压和煤巷对封孔段煤层瓦斯影响逐渐减小; 当封孔距离达到${15}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,封孔段煤层瓦斯压力趋于原始压力,此时峰值为${1.33}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,相比原始值降低${5.0}\%$ ; 当封孔距离继续增加至${20}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,封孔段瓦斯压力峰值提升至${13.7}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,接近原始压力值,减少量仅为 1.7%。
根据模拟可知,封堵率与封孔长度呈指数关系。考虑钻孔封孔成本, 设定封堵率大于 97% 作为钻孔较合理封孔长度。
钻孔长度对煤层瓦斯压力存在影响, 并且钻孔深度越大,影响范围越大。封孔长度过短使得抽采效果不理想, 封孔长度过长将付出更多的人力物力。
抽采钻孔封孔段瓦斯压力受到巷道环境压力与抽采负压共同影响, 当煤壁与煤层瓦斯压力和抽采负压与煤层初始瓦斯压力相差越大,煤层内部气体越容易发生运移。为研究不同煤层瓦斯压力对封孔距离影响,煤层渗透率设定为${1.189}\;9 \times$ ${10}^{-{17}}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,封孔压力设定为${1.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,其余边界条件不变, 不同煤层初始压力封孔段瓦斯压力如图5 所示。
分析瓦斯压力曲线可知, 瓦斯压力越大, 需要更长的封孔距离。煤层瓦斯初始压力由${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 提升至${1.4}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,封孔距离从${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 升至${28}\mathrm{\;m}$。由于受气体压力梯度影响, 煤层初始瓦斯越高, 受影响范围越广, 因此在该范围内钻孔封孔长度与煤层初始瓦斯压力成正比关系。
为研究不同煤层渗透率对封孔距离影响, 煤层初始瓦斯压力设为${0.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,封孔压力设定为${1.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,其余边界条件不变,不同煤层初始压力封孔段瓦斯压力如图6 所示。
根据图6 可知, 煤层渗透率对钻孔封孔长度具有明显影响。渗透率由${1.289}\;9 \times {10}^{-{17}}\;{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 提升至${3.2899}\times {10}^{-{17}}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,钻孔封孔距离由${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 提升至${22}\mathrm{\;m}$,两者呈正相关。瓦斯在煤体中流动,压力梯度提供动能, 气体在运移中分子间以摩擦、碰撞等形式损耗能量, 通过渗透率间接反映气体运移难易程度, 渗透率越大, 气体受到的阻力越小, 在形同压力梯度下影响范围越大,需要的封孔距离越长。
林华煤矿位于贵州省金沙县西部, M9 煤层位于龙潭组的中部,上段的底部,层位稳定。井田内厚度最大的中厚煤层, 区内主要可采煤层, 其硫分低,为优质无烟煤。9 号煤层平均厚度为${2.98}\mathrm{\;m}$, 绝对瓦斯涌出量为${74.63}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{min}}$,相对瓦斯涌出量为${42.99}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{t}$,采面最大瓦斯涌出量${3.89}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/$ $\mathrm{{min}}$ 掘进面最大瓦斯涌出量${3.76}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{{min}}$。在 20915 运输巷中部设计钻孔,钻孔布置图如图7 所示。
在搅拌筒内搅拌水泥浆,其中速凝剂、水泥、水的比例为${0.2}: 1 : 1$。注浆过程中应坚持 “小流量,长时间”的原则, 使孔内压力逐渐上升, 以便水泥浆能够更多的渗入煤壁, 保证封孔的气密性, 钻孔垂直煤壁,封孔距离分别采用${10}\text{、}{20}$${30}\mathrm{\;m}$,具体施工参数如表2 所示。
分别对不同封孔长度抽采钻孔经行${136}\mathrm{\;d}$ 瓦斯浓度监测, 瓦斯浓度变化曲线如图8 所示。分析曲线可知,在抽采初期瓦斯抽采浓度均达到 70% 以上,随着时间推移,封孔长度${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 钻孔在${40}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后浓度出现大幅度降低,浓度由 55% 急降至 16%,随后变化幅度降低幅度减小并趋于平稳。封孔${20}\mathrm{\;m}$${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ 钻孔在${130}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后保持在${30}\%$${70}\%$
通过工程试验可知, 钻孔封孔距离对瓦斯抽采具有重要影响, 由于封孔长度不足, 将产生漏气现象, 抽采初期可能由于封孔段瓦斯运移通道还未形成,在浓度曲线表现不明显,当通道形成后,空气进入钻孔,使得抽采管瓦斯浓度降低,影响抽采效果。
基于瓦斯-空气双气体模型,采用 COMSOL 建立三维钻孔抽采模型, 对封孔段煤层瓦斯压力进行监测分析, 通过林华煤矿 20915 运输巷现场试验, 考察不同封孔长度瓦斯抽采效果, 得到以下结论。
(1)受到负压衰减影响,钻孔内部抽采负压呈指数函数分布, 钻孔底部负压最大, 距孔底越远负压衰减越强,但衰减幅度减缓。
(2)通过数值模拟分析了煤层参数对封孔距离的影响, 随着煤层初始瓦斯压力和煤层渗透率增加, 钻孔所需封孔长度越长, 在抽采应用中可以通过增长封孔长度或降低巷道周围煤的渗透性, 以提高抽采质量。
(3) 根据现场试验,封孔距离为${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 瓦斯抽采浓度在${40}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后急剧下降,并维持在约${10}\%$ ;而封孔长度为${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ 钻孔最终维持较高的瓦斯浓度。
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402977
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-09-30
基金
贵州省基础研究(自然科学)计划项目(黔科合基础-ZK[2023]一般199)
贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑[2024]一般025)
贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑[2021]一般348)
贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合支撑[2020]2Y030号)
贵州省科技成果应用及产业化计划项目(黔科合成果[2024]一般150)
贵州省科技重大计划(黔科合重大专项字[2020]3008-3)
作者信息
    1 贵州省矿山安全科学研究院有限公司 贵阳 550025
    2 贵州省煤矿设计研究院有限公司 贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

*林华颖(1995—),男,汉族,贵州铜仁人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:煤矿瓦斯灾害预测与防治。E-mail: eternity37326@gmail.com。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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