Article(id=1156986629039678074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402706, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776708135, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776708135, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776708135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776708135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3400, endPage=3414, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986631396876966, articleId=1156986629039678074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Simulation of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage and Diffusion Process, columnId=1156963932482130535, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The occurrence of natural gas leaks in buried gas pipelines is a serious safety event that can have significant economic and environmental impacts. For large-diameter high-pressure gas transmission pipelines, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to establish a three-dimensional numerical model that included a${1.4}\mathrm{\;m}$diameter pipeline and the surrounding soil, to study the leakage characteristics of high-pressure gas through a pre-set leak hole in the soil. The CFD model considered the soil as a porous medium material, used the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to describe the temperature-pressure effects of high-pressure gas, and combined species transport and turbulence models to study the impact of leak hole diameter and internal pipeline pressure on leakage rate and temperature distribution. The results show that the leakage rate increases with the increase of hole diameter and pressure. When the leak hole diameter varies from 10 to${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, the leakage rate increases by${77.78}\%$. Ambient temperature can cause the soil temperature field distribution to take different forms. When the ambient temperature is low, the temperature-pressure effect produced by the leakage of high-temperature gas inside the pipeline will be weakened. When the ambient temperature is close to the temperature of the gas inside the pipeline, a detectable temperature change area is produced in the buried range of 0.7 to 1.2 m above the leak hole. The research results help to understand the leakage characteristics and temperature change patterns of buried large-diameter high-pressure gas transmission pipelines, providing a theoretical basis for the layout of pipeline leak monitoring optical cables.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-wei DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-hui LIN, Gang LI, Wen-ming YANG, Ke-hong ZENG, Lei WANG, Fei WANG, Xiang-wei DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986853489467607, articleId=1156986629039678074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性仿真研究, columnId=1154013916129648643, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

埋地输气管道发生天然气泄漏是严重的安全事件,会对经济和环境造成重大影响。针对大直径高压输气管道,采用计算流体力学(computationalfluid dynamics, CFD)方法建立包含1.4 m直径管道及周围土壤的三维数值模型,研究高压气体经过预设泄漏孔在土壤中的泄漏特性。CFD模型将土壤考虑为多孔介质材料,采用 Redilich-Kwong状态方程描述高压气体的温度-压力效应,结合组分输运和湍流模型,研究泄漏孔径、管内压力等因素对泄漏速率和温度分布的影响规律。结果表明:泄漏速率随着孔径、压力的增大而增大,当泄漏孔径在${10}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$变化时,泄漏速率增加了${77.78}\%$;环境温度会导致土壤温度场分布呈现不同形式,环境温度较低时,管道内高温气体泄漏产生的温度-压力效应将被削弱;当环境温度与管内气体温度接近时,在泄漏口上方${0.7}\sim {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$埋地范围内产生可监测的温度变化区。研究成果有助于理解埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性和温度变化规律,为管道泄漏监测光缆的布设提供理论依据。

, correspAuthors=董祥伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*董祥伟(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师。研究方向:氢气泄漏检测与模拟。E-mail: dongxw139@163.com。
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林晓晖(1985—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:管道安全监测和监测领域技术研发和应用推广。E-mail: 417114052@qq.com。

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林晓晖(1985—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:管道安全监测和监测领域技术研发和应用推广。E-mail: 417114052@qq.com。

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林晓晖(1985—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:管道安全监测和监测领域技术研发和应用推广。E-mail: 417114052@qq.com。

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Journal of Safety and Environment, 2017. 17(1): 194-198., articleTitle=Numerical study on the diffusion of natural gas leaks from buried pipelines under different discretization formats, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986861404119470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, awardId=2023ZZ120X, language=CN, fundingSource=中国石油天然气集团有限公司基础性前瞻性科技专项(2023ZZ120X), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986854454157546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986854462546155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, companyId=1156986854454157546, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 PetroChina Pipeline Communication Power Engineering Co., Ltd. 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管内压力为$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$,孔径为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,壤土

, figureFileSmall=dmzXuyF9vTx4jwRKUay4lw==, figureFileBig=8oQCVLSnumxiCGq9pUJbcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859042726273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Flow field distribution when pipeline gas leaks into the air, figureFileSmall=L9Ce9C13hbKlAs2hLsJPsA==, figureFileBig=f943Mxrxzgfb7alxhazrJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859122418051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图5, caption=管道气体向空气中泄漏时的流场分布

管内压力$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$,孔径${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$

, figureFileSmall=L9Ce9C13hbKlAs2hLsJPsA==, figureFileBig=f943Mxrxzgfb7alxhazrJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859193721221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Simulation results of pressure field when high-pressure gas leaks into different types of soil, figureFileSmall=j/eD0VwwuobRxls0CZ7Yxw==, figureFileBig=xJzj+Fg11KRua9LSfzEiYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859244052871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高压气体向不同类型土壤中泄漏时的压力场稳态模拟结果

管内压力$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$,孔径${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$

, figureFileSmall=j/eD0VwwuobRxls0CZ7Yxw==, figureFileBig=xJzj+Fg11KRua9LSfzEiYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859298578825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Velocity distribution at the jet outlet corresponding to different types of soil, figureFileSmall=XS2x0kPiVIs6JMhGBj/fdg==, figureFileBig=Inrkx9oKakdIRlUGkv4+VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859361493387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同类型土壤对应的射流出口处的速度分布

管内压力$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$,孔径${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$

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孔径${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$

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temperature field under different ambient temperature (aperture ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$), figureFileSmall=xebV1sNf9JaEECKiNMJAgQ==, figureFileBig=ffYegIa9Pw/JSQ0IF6H39Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986859965473175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同环境温度下温度场模拟结果(孔径 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$), figureFileSmall=xebV1sNf9JaEECKiNMJAgQ==, figureFileBig=ffYegIa9Pw/JSQ0IF6H39Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860024193432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Temperature distribution along the central axis of the leakage port (leakage aperture ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$), figureFileSmall=p7rCYBssMb81C7WU5dEtSQ==, figureFileBig=qo5Fq5Mlam4yaIrmAEoqDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860087107993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同环境温度下土壤温度沿泄漏口中心轴线的分布 (泄漏孔径 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$), figureFileSmall=p7rCYBssMb81C7WU5dEtSQ==, figureFileBig=qo5Fq5Mlam4yaIrmAEoqDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860150022554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Effective monitoring distance of sensors at different ambient temperatures, figureFileSmall=BYCgCddsPh+ybV84J3jwRA==, figureFileBig=oUoNVMIMUkowv6llXoUKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860196159899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同环境温度下传感器的有效监测距离, figureFileSmall=BYCgCddsPh+ybV84J3jwRA==, figureFileBig=oUoNVMIMUkowv6llXoUKDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860271657372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Simulation results of leakage temperature field under five ambient temperatures (the pipeline pressure is $2\mathrm{{MPa}}$), figureFileSmall=5Frs66tWKmTwn0dAm7wV3g==, figureFileBig=nxLY7rELGV2HHRWLqxrNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860326183325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图15, caption=6种环境温度下泄漏温度场分布规律(管道压力为 $2\mathrm{{MPa}}$), figureFileSmall=5Frs66tWKmTwn0dAm7wV3g==, figureFileBig=nxLY7rELGV2HHRWLqxrNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860380709278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Simulation results of leakage temperature field under five ambient temperatures (the pipeline pressure is $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$), figureFileSmall=50OiFLn71MOyTYjwaOqPhQ==, figureFileBig=jnEKJ/bYcovOKKaUAizzQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860452012447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图16, caption=6 种环境温度下泄漏温度场分布规律(管道压力为 $5\mathrm{{MPa}}$), figureFileSmall=50OiFLn71MOyTYjwaOqPhQ==, figureFileBig=jnEKJ/bYcovOKKaUAizzQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860502344096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Comparison between simulation and experimental results, figureFileSmall=/qEd5C2dfN445p7my8MBqw==, figureFileBig=n6lAybAnBrOeVNb0vPCjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860556870049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图17, caption=数值模拟与实验结果对比, figureFileSmall=/qEd5C2dfN445p7my8MBqw==, figureFileBig=n6lAybAnBrOeVNb0vPCjHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860611396002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Diagram of pipeline leakage model with erosion craters, figureFileSmall=AIdcZ8ljg16x3o7bqlQ6SQ==, figureFileBig=Fq0/853Qgvb6VuxclpqaUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860665921955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图18, caption=具有冲蚀凹坑的管道泄漏模型示意图, figureFileSmall=AIdcZ8ljg16x3o7bqlQ6SQ==, figureFileBig=Fq0/853Qgvb6VuxclpqaUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860728836516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Relationship curve of monitoring point pressure-time, figureFileSmall=3275Dyifbjkqjy6IAesgIw==, figureFileBig=pBpgZY5gx4imYKn6wBP78g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860787556773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=图19, caption=监测点压力-时间的关系曲线, figureFileSmall=3275Dyifbjkqjy6IAesgIw==, figureFileBig=pBpgZY5gx4imYKn6wBP78g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986860842082726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Pipeline physical parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
管道直径/mm 1 400
管道壁厚/mm 30
单段管道长度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 10
输送压力/MPa 1.0~10.0
输送介质 天然气
介质流速 $/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 不大于 15
输送温度/K 300
), ArticleFig(id=1156986860900802983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=表1, caption=管道本体参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
管道直径/mm 1 400
管道壁厚/mm 30
单段管道长度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 10
输送压力/MPa 1.0~10.0
输送介质 天然气
介质流速 $/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 不大于 15
输送温度/K 300
), ArticleFig(id=1156986860963717544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Pipeline environmental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
管道埋深/mm 管顶 1 200
环境温度/℃ 0(冬季)/26.85(夏季)
), ArticleFig(id=1156986861026632105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=表2, caption=管道环境参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
管道埋深/mm 管顶 1 200
环境温度/℃ 0(冬季)/26.85(夏季)
), ArticleFig(id=1156986861085352362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 设置 备注
压力/MPa 1~10.0 压力不受泄漏影响
管径/mm 1 400 -
泄漏孔径/mm 最小 10 最大 50 -
土壤孔隙率 0.2~0.5
埋深 $/\mathrm{m}$ 1.2 地表距管道上顶点的距离
管材 无缝钢管 Q235B 管道为绝热
壁厚/mm 30 绝热边界无影响
环境 地表平整 为标准大气环境
), ArticleFig(id=1156986861135684011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=表3, caption=模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 设置 备注
压力/MPa 1~10.0 压力不受泄漏影响
管径/mm 1 400 -
泄漏孔径/mm 最小 10 最大 50 -
土壤孔隙率 0.2~0.5
埋深 $/\mathrm{m}$ 1.2 地表距管道上顶点的距离
管材 无缝钢管 Q235B 管道为绝热
壁厚/mm 30 绝热边界无影响
环境 地表平整 为标准大气环境
), ArticleFig(id=1156986861194404268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Parameters of the leakage calculation model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$\alpha$ ${1.805}\times {10}^{-3}$
$\beta$ ${2.051}\times {10}^{-3}$
$\gamma$ ${8.803}\times {10}^{-7}$
${\varepsilon }_{1}$ ${3.52}\times {10}^{-5}$
${\varepsilon }_{2}$ ${1.385}\times {10}^{-6}$
$\omega$ ${2.7724}\times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986861261513133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986629039678074, language=CN, label=表4, caption=泄漏计算模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$\alpha$ ${1.805}\times {10}^{-3}$
$\beta$ ${2.051}\times {10}^{-3}$
$\gamma$ ${8.803}\times {10}^{-7}$
${\varepsilon }_{1}$ ${3.52}\times {10}^{-5}$
${\varepsilon }_{2}$ ${1.385}\times {10}^{-6}$
$\omega$ ${2.7724}\times {10}^{-5}$
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埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性仿真研究
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林晓晖 1 , 李刚 1 , 杨文明 1 , 曾科宏 1 , 王磊 2 , 王飞 1 , 董祥伟 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025,25(8): 3400-3414
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科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025, 25(8): 3400-3414
埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性仿真研究
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林晓晖1 , 李刚1, 杨文明1, 曾科宏1, 王磊2, 王飞1, 董祥伟3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油天然气管道通信电力工程有限公司 廊坊 065000
  • 2 中国石油天然气管道局工程有限公司 廊坊 065000
  • 3 山东科技大学 机械电子工程学院 青岛 266590
  • 林晓晖(1985—),男,汉族,河北廊坊人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:管道安全监测和监测领域技术研发和应用推广。E-mail: 417114052@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*董祥伟(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师。研究方向:氢气泄漏检测与模拟。E-mail: dongxw139@163.com。
Simulation of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage and Diffusion Process
Xiao-hui LIN1 , Gang LI1, Wen-ming YANG1, Ke-hong ZENG1, Lei WANG2, Fei WANG1, Xiang-wei DONG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 PetroChina Pipeline Communication Power Engineering Co., Ltd. Langfang 065000 China
  • 2 PetroChina Pipeline Engineering Co., Ltd. Langfang 065000 China
  • 3 School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402706
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埋地输气管道发生天然气泄漏是严重的安全事件,会对经济和环境造成重大影响。针对大直径高压输气管道,采用计算流体力学(computationalfluid dynamics, CFD)方法建立包含1.4 m直径管道及周围土壤的三维数值模型,研究高压气体经过预设泄漏孔在土壤中的泄漏特性。CFD模型将土壤考虑为多孔介质材料,采用 Redilich-Kwong状态方程描述高压气体的温度-压力效应,结合组分输运和湍流模型,研究泄漏孔径、管内压力等因素对泄漏速率和温度分布的影响规律。结果表明:泄漏速率随着孔径、压力的增大而增大,当泄漏孔径在${10}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$变化时,泄漏速率增加了${77.78}\%$;环境温度会导致土壤温度场分布呈现不同形式,环境温度较低时,管道内高温气体泄漏产生的温度-压力效应将被削弱;当环境温度与管内气体温度接近时,在泄漏口上方${0.7}\sim {1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$埋地范围内产生可监测的温度变化区。研究成果有助于理解埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性和温度变化规律,为管道泄漏监测光缆的布设提供理论依据。

埋地管道  /  高压天然气  /  多孔介质模型  /  计算流体力学(CFD)模型  /  温度-压力效应

The occurrence of natural gas leaks in buried gas pipelines is a serious safety event that can have significant economic and environmental impacts. For large-diameter high-pressure gas transmission pipelines, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to establish a three-dimensional numerical model that included a${1.4}\mathrm{\;m}$diameter pipeline and the surrounding soil, to study the leakage characteristics of high-pressure gas through a pre-set leak hole in the soil. The CFD model considered the soil as a porous medium material, used the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to describe the temperature-pressure effects of high-pressure gas, and combined species transport and turbulence models to study the impact of leak hole diameter and internal pipeline pressure on leakage rate and temperature distribution. The results show that the leakage rate increases with the increase of hole diameter and pressure. When the leak hole diameter varies from 10 to${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, the leakage rate increases by${77.78}\%$. Ambient temperature can cause the soil temperature field distribution to take different forms. When the ambient temperature is low, the temperature-pressure effect produced by the leakage of high-temperature gas inside the pipeline will be weakened. When the ambient temperature is close to the temperature of the gas inside the pipeline, a detectable temperature change area is produced in the buried range of 0.7 to 1.2 m above the leak hole. The research results help to understand the leakage characteristics and temperature change patterns of buried large-diameter high-pressure gas transmission pipelines, providing a theoretical basis for the layout of pipeline leak monitoring optical cables.

buried pipeline  /  high-pressure natural gas  /  porous medium model  /  computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model  /  pressure-temperature effect
林晓晖, 李刚, 杨文明, 曾科宏, 王磊, 王飞, 董祥伟. 埋地大直径高压输气管道泄漏特性仿真研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3400 -3414 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402706
Xiao-hui LIN, Gang LI, Wen-ming YANG, Ke-hong ZENG, Lei WANG, Fei WANG, Xiang-wei DONG. Simulation of Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Leakage and Diffusion Process[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3400 -3414 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402706
埋地天然气管道泄漏造成的环境污染和经济损失是能源输送领域要解决的重要问题。中国西气东输所使用的天然气管道具有距离长、压力高和管径大的特点,易受到腐蚀、外部力、材料失效、滑坡和操作失误等原因而发生破坏[1]。埋地天然气管道泄漏不仅造成经济损失, 而且对环境产生恶劣影响。例如, 气体通过土壤孔隙运动而破坏土壤层的水分平衡, 导致土壤水分的部分迁移和气体溶解,造成植被覆盖的区域的破坏[2]。因此,天然气管道泄漏的监测是管网建设和运行的重要工作, 有必要开展埋地天然气管道泄漏及扩散机理研究[3], 为管道泄漏监测设计提供指导。
针对埋地管道泄漏的研究主要包括两个方面, 即泄漏定位和泄漏量预测[3]。由于泄漏过程涉及气体射流、孔隙流动、气体膨胀等复杂过程,很难建立理论模型来进行研究, 而实验研究存在周期长、 成本高和安全性等问题。因此, 计算机数值模拟成为研究埋地天然气管道泄漏机理的重要手段。在数值模拟方面, 按照尺度一般采用两种方式: 一是泄漏孔模型,即管道被建模为一个带孔管[3] ;二是管道模型,考虑管道内气体的流动过程,适用于研究管道泄漏的大范围影响[4]。文献[5] 在稳态和一维流动假设下, 根据孔径和管道压力来预测气体泄漏量,认为在稳定的泄漏条件下,增加管道压力和孔尺寸会导致气体流速增加[6]。方益涛等[7] 通过数值模拟, 针对海底掺氢天然气管道的锚链断裂和微小孔洞两种泄漏情况, 探究了氢气含量、海水深度、管道埋藏深度和泄漏孔径等关键参数对泄漏扩散过程的影响。郭逸文等[8] 采用计算流体力学 (computational fluid dynamics, CFD) 软件 Fluent 研究了埋地天然气管道泄漏扩散, 发现入口压力和泄漏孔尺寸是影响泄漏量和扩散范围的关键因素,且泄漏方向对扩散范围有显著影响。彭善碧等[9] 研究了城市埋地掺氢天然气管道泄漏扩散, 揭示了掺氢比例、泄漏孔径、管道压力、埋深和土壤类型等因素对泄漏量和甲烷、氢气爆炸下限扩散距离的影响。付明福等 项目数量 为天然气理地管道泄漏的时空演化规律及其受理深影响的扩散特性, 为事故预防和应急救援提供了科学依据。高标等[11] 采用 Birch 理论模型研究了高压掺氢天然气管道在不同掺氢比、泄漏孔直径和管道运行压力下的泄漏扩散和爆炸危险。陈兵等[12] 研究了不同土壤孔隙率下埋地超临界${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 管道小孔泄漏初期的扩散规律,识别了危险区域的扩散范围。纪健等。[13]采用动网格技术研究了气液两相流管道泄漏过程中的流场特性, 通过模拟泄漏阀开启过程, 深入探讨了不同流型下的声场变化和泄漏声源产生机理。
以上研究考虑管道周围为完全干燥的单层土壤,且具有各向同性渗透率等特性,压力范围在${0.03}\sim {0.3}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,这是城市天然气管道的常见工作压力[14]。目前,关于三维管道实际条件下埋地管道中天然气泄漏模拟研究较少[15]。李鹤等[16] 研究了泄漏孔周围的各向同性土壤温度变化, 模拟结果表明,管道压力、孔径和土壤孔隙度越高,温度变化速度越快。在模拟埋地管道的气体泄漏时, 管道的压力、泄漏孔的形状、孔径、位置、土壤孔隙度都会影响泄漏和扩散过程[17]。高压气体经过泄漏孔流入管道周围土壤,首先是气体节流膨胀过程, 在温度- 压力效应的影响下气体展现出复杂的温度变化; 随后, 气体在土壤中属于孔隙流动状态, 它最终决定了气体扩散范围和温度分布特征。
现针对西气东输多采用的大直径埋地管道, 通过预设泄漏孔的方式, 根据实际的管道结构、埋深以及压力等条件, 通过将状态方程和多组分传质方程耦合到数值模型中还原复杂的泄漏和扩散过程, 研究高压天然气泄漏及在土壤中的扩散行为及泄漏后的温度分布规律。采用 ANSYS-Fluent 软件,建立包含管道、泄漏孔、周围土壤的三维数值模型。对比分析不同土壤特性参数下天然气扩散特点, 研究不同条件下的埋地大直径高压天然气管道泄漏特性和温度分布规律。
天然气输送以埋地管道传输为主[18-20]。油田所在地区的土壤以黄土为主。天然气输气管道铺设于一定深度的土壤内。黄土主要由粉土组成, 土壤颗粒间有发达的孔隙结构[21]。黄土的孔隙度一般比较大,当发生泄漏事故后,泄漏的天然气在管道周围的土壤孔隙中扩散[22-23]。因此研究气体在土壤中的扩散需要首先建立天然气在土壤中流动的物理模型。由输气管道泄漏出的天然气在土壤中的流动实质是气体在土壤孔隙中的流动。天然气在土壤的微小孔隙中流动可以近似认为是气体在直径非常小的管道网络中流动, 管道的四周是土壤颗粒。由输气管道泄漏出的天然气在土壤中的流动实质是气体在土壤孔隙中的流动, 并作以下假设:①土壤颗粒均匀分布,且大小一致;②不考虑重力对多孔介质内流动的影响。图1 为埋地管道泄漏口的轴向截面和横截面物理模型示意图。图1 中, 中央位置是埋于土壤内的输气管道,小圆圈代表土壤颗粒,在土壤颗粒之间的空间是土壤孔隙,天然气在其中扩散。图1 中上部是与空气接触的地表, 其余方向是无限延伸的土壤。
天然气是由多种气体组成的混合物, 其中大部分气体都为碳氢化合物。天然气的最主要组分为甲烷,含量一般大于 90%。将天然气近似认为是单组分甲烷气体, 以下计算均认为天然气是单组分气体甲烷的前提下计算。天然气在某压力、温度下的密度为
$\rho =\frac{pM}{Z{R}_{\mathrm{m}}{T}_{\mathrm{{ng}}}}$
式 (1) 中:$\rho$ 为一定压力和温度下的气体密度;$p$ 为天然的绝对压力;${R}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为气体常数;$M$ 为天然气的相对分子质量;$Z$ 为天然气的压缩因子;${T}_{\mathrm{{ng}}}$ 为天然气的绝对温度。
压缩因子$Z$ 的计算公式为
$ Z =\frac{1}{1 +\frac{{5.072}\times {10}^{6}p \times {10}^{1.785\Delta }}{{T}^{3.825}}}$
式 (2) 中:$T$ 为气体温度;$\Delta$ 为气体的相对密度。
相对密度指天然气密度与相同温度和压力下的空气温度的比值。天然气的相对分子量为 16.043$\left({{0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{101325}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}}\right)$,天然气的密度为${0.7156}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ $\left({{0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{101325}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}}\right)$,空气的密度为${1.293}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}({0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$, 101325 Pa),输气管道内天然气温度${28}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,压力${12}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。则根据以上式可以计算天然气的相对密度为 0.5534 , 压缩因子为 0.9238 , 天然气的密度为 29.${5067}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。在用 Fluent 模拟时,相关的计算式已经内置在 Fluent 的计算模块中, 天然气的密度可以根据绝对压力、温度由状态方程计算得到,不需要再额外输入。
天然气流动时,气体的黏度也是重要的物性参数, 决定了气体在土壤中扩散的耗散特性及产生热的特性。在已知温度、压力、相对密度前提下,天然气的黏性可以用式 (3) 关联。
$\mu = c{\mathrm{e}}^{x{\left(\frac{\rho }{1000}\right)}^{y}}$
式(3)中:$\mu$ 为气体黏度; 中间系数$x\text{、}y$$c$ 由半经验模型计算。
在给定压力和温度下, 天然气的表观黏度计算为${6.4017}\times {10}^{-7}$
根据西气东输北段的管道、环境及土质参数, 如表1表2 所示, 用于建立仿真模型。模型假设: ①管道泄漏孔为规则形状,数量唯一,泄漏流量连续且周围管壁不受破损;② 不考虑管道内气体流动状态, 且管道泄漏口压力为埋地输气管道运行压力;③天然气由泄漏孔扩散到土壤和大气的过程中, 不与周围环境发生化学反应; ④土壤为各向同性多孔介质, 孔隙率固定, 土壤内部颗粒分布均匀模型设置参数如表3 所示。
为了模拟管道和土壤中的流体流动, 采用达西方程和 Navier-Stokes 方程的结合而成的 Brinkman 方程。对于管道内部和土壤多孔介质计算域, 分别采用 Navier-Stokes 方程和达西方程结合来模拟其中的流动过程。守恒方程包括连续性、Brinkman 方程和多组分传质方程分别为
$\frac{\partial \left({\rho \varepsilon }\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({\rho \mathbf{V}}\right)= 0 $
$\frac{\rho }{\varepsilon }\left\lbrack {\frac{\partial \left({\rho \varepsilon }\right)}{\partial t}+ \left({\mathbf{V}\cdot \nabla }\right)\frac{\mathbf{V}}{\varepsilon }}\right\rbrack =- \nabla p +\\\nabla \cdot \left\lbrack {\frac{1}{\varepsilon }\left({\mu \left\{{\left\lbrack {\nabla \cdot \mathbf{V}+ {\left(\nabla \cdot \mathbf{V}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right\rbrack -}\right\rbrack }\right.}\right.\\\left.\left.\left.{\frac{2}{3}\mu \left({\nabla \cdot \mathbf{V}}\right)}\right\}\right\}\right\rbrack -\left\lbrack {\left({\frac{K}{\mu }+ \frac{{Q}_{\mathrm{G}}}{{\varepsilon }^{2}}}\right)\mathbf{V}}\right\rbrack +\mathbf{F}$
$\frac{\partial \left({\theta {C}_{i}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({{\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}{C}_{\mathrm{p}, i}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \left({{\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}{C}_{\mathrm{G}, i}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \\\mathbf{V}\cdot \nabla {C}_{i}= \nabla \cdot \left({{D}_{i}\nabla {C}_{i}}\right)+ {R}_{i}+ {S}_{i}$
式中:$\nabla$ 为哈密尔顿算子;$t$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};{\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为组分密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};{\alpha }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为组分系数,无量纲;${D}_{i}$ 为梯度系数,无量纲;${S}_{i}$ 为源项;$\mathbf{V}$ 为速度矢量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$$\mathbf{F}$ 为体积力项,$\mathrm{N}/$ $\mathrm{{kg}};\mu$ 为动力黏度,$\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s};K$ 为多孔介质的渗透率;${C}_{i}$ 为组分传输项,表示组分$i$ 在流体中的浓度;${C}_{\mathrm{p}},{}_{i}$ 为吸入进入固体的量;${C}_{\mathrm{G}},{}_{i}$ 为气相中组分$i$ 的浓度;$\theta$ 为体积分数;$\varepsilon$ 为孔隙度。
采用 Fluent 中内置的 Redlich-Kwong 状态方程来计算一定压力和温度下天然气介质的密度、压缩因子和摩尔体积。Redlich-Kwong 方程可有效描述泄漏工况下天然气的温度、压力关系。
埋地天然气管道泄漏仿真模型如图2 所示。几何模型是依据土壤层尺寸在 Solidworks 软件中建立, 导入 Fluent 中生成网格模型。采用不同分辨率划分网格,网格数量分别为 450 356、692 217、 885 439、1 092 852 和 1 378 569。通过监测泄漏口处监测点的质量流率变化, 对网格独立性进行测试。结果表明,当网格数量达到 1092852 时,监测点处泄漏质量流率随网格数量的增加变化不大,因此选用 1092852 网格进行后续的模拟计算。天然气管道顶部距地面${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,管道工作压力变化范围${1.0}\sim {10.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,管道内温度设置为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$。管道壁厚为${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,管道上泄漏孔的直径分别设置为 10.0、20.0、30.0、40.0、50.0 mm。
埋地天然气管道泄漏是一个多物理场耦合问题, 扩散过程是瞬态过程, 属于 “考虑多孔介质组分传输的瞬态多场耦合”问题。当采用 CFD 方法求解此类问题时, 容易出现模型不收敛的问题, 即流场和热场很难收敛到边界和初始条件设定的定解。为解决收敛性问题, 提出采用两种求解策略, 分别为稳态求解和瞬态求解, 通过稳态求解获得流场和温度场,通过瞬态求解获得天然气在土壤中的扩散过程和射流出口的压力脉动特性。图3 给出了所建立的数值仿真流程。
管道泄漏入口边界条件:压力入口 (Pressure-inlet), 按照管道内压力设定入口压力值。此外, 设定入口的甲烷气体组分分数为 100%, 设定入口处气体的温度为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$。管道管壁:固壁边界 (Wall);土壤四面和土壤底部为恒温边界 (与环境温度一致)。顶部地表出口边界:压力出口 (Pressure-outlet) 条件, 泄漏的天然气最终扩散至地面。
使用 Brinkman 方程描述管道内和土壤多孔介质内的流体流动, 结合达西定律和 Navier-Stokes 方程。对于计算域内的管道和土壤多孔介质, 分别应用 Navier-Stokes 方程和达西方程。用修正的 Redlich-Kwong 状态方程来计算一定温度和压力下的天然气的密度、压缩因子和摩尔体积。该状态方程内置在 Fluent 软件中。考虑到仿真计算中的稳定性与收敛性,湍流流场的计算采用二阶迎风格式和 SIMPLEC 算法。模型的规则域采用结构化六面体网格进行网格划分,入口为压力入口边界,出口为压力出口,壁面假定为无滑移固定壁面。选用 3 种土壤作为研究对象, 分别为砂土、壤土和黏土。其中壤土对应的孔隙率为 0.4 , 黏性阻力系数和惯性阻力系数分别为${2.45}\times {10}^{11}1/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$${5.02}\times {10}^{5}1/\mathrm{m}$。同时,为了测试土壤特性对泄漏特性的影响, 在不改变其他参数的情况下, 研究砂土和黏土条件的扩散情况。湍流模型选择为RNG$\kappa$ (湍动能)$-\varepsilon$ (耗散率) 模型,多孔材料模型通过动量源项、体积平均技术实现, 状态方程为 Redlich-Kwong 方程; 空间离散格式分别为:对压力项, 采用 PERSTO 格式; 对梯度项, 采用最小二乘格式;对动量项,采用二阶迎风格式;求解器选择为压力基求解器,压力速度耦合算法选择为 SIMPLEC 算法。
图4 给出了泄漏孔径为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$、管内压力为${1.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时的稳态分析的压力场和速度场模拟结果。可以看出, 出口处截面内力等值线近似为以泄漏口为圆心的圆,速度分布呈现类似的分布特征。管内压力为$2\mathrm{{MPa}}$,经过孔口后在土壤内迅速衰减; 在距离孔口${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时下降到${0.25}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ;在距离孔口倍左右的孔径的位置压力降低至${0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。由孔口处的速度分布图可知,峰值速度出现在管道壁上的孔道内部,最大速度约为$5\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$
图5 给出了相同条件下管道气体经过孔口向空气中泄漏的模拟结果。可以看出, 当管内压力为$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的气体向空气中泄漏时,压力在出口截面处迅速下降到$5\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ;峰值速度出现孔口外部,距离孔口截面约 2 倍的孔径,峰值射流速度约${800}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,超过 2 倍的马赫数。在有土壤存在时的稳定泄漏速率为${0.067}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ;相同条件下,向空气中泄漏的泄漏速率为${3.14}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$。可以看出周围土壤对于气体泄漏的阻碍作用,降低了压力降、射流速度和泄漏速率。
图6 分别给出了高压气体向砂土和黏度中泄漏后土壤中的压力分布计算结果。对比可知, 砂土相比于黏土造成的压力降更高。砂土的孔隙度和阻力系数均低于黏土,砂土对应的射流速度也要高于黏土一个数量级,造成的能量耗散低于黏土。图7 给出了速度沿孔口轴线方向的变化曲线。可以看出,砂土的峰值射流速度约为${9.2}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,高于壤土的${5.3}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ; 由于黏土的黏滞阻力系数和惯性阻力系数均高于壤土、砂土 1 个数量级以上, 泄漏气体的峰值速度远低于$1\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。当管道压力为$1\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 和孔口直径为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,砂土、壤土和黏土对应的气体泄漏速率分别为${0.11}\text{、}{0.067}\text{、}{0.00176}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$。由于黏土的阻力系数较高, 使射流速度偏低, 管道压力的影响范围更大。如图6 所示, 当土壤为黏土时, 约在距离孔口 10 倍的孔径处压力降低到${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,而对于砂土,在约 2 倍孔径处降低到${0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
图8 给出了 5 种泄漏孔径下泄漏速率与管内压力的关系曲线。可以看出, 泄漏速率与管内压力总体上呈正相关关系, 管内压力越高, 泄漏速率越大。在${1.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 下,当孔径由${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 增大到${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时, 泄漏速率由${0.0185}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增加到${0.0676}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$,增大了 2.5 倍以上;在${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的泄漏孔径下,当管内压力由${1.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 增大到${5.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,泄漏速率由${0.0676}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ 增大到${0.4}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$,增大了约 5 倍。这说明管内压力对泄漏速率的影响在一定程度上要比泄漏孔径的影响程度更大。经过对比砂土、壤土和黏土的泄漏特性计算结果可知,在${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${1.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 下,砂土的泄漏速率最高,为${0.11}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$ ; 黏土的泄漏速率最低,为 0.00176$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$。这说明土壤介质的属性对泄漏速率的影响很大, 在实际工程计算时,要对场地涉及的土壤属性进行精确测量,明确与数值计算相关的惯性阻力系数、黏性阻力系数以及孔隙度等参数。
图9 给出了不同管道压力下泄漏速率与泄漏孔径的关系曲线。可以看出, 泄漏质量流率随着孔径的增大而增大, 但增长的幅度会随着孔径的增大逐渐变化,呈现非线性变化。
J-T(Joule-Thomson) 效应是指气体在节流过程中温度随压强而变化的现象。气体由小孔泄漏产生 J-T 效应, 气体温度随压力变化, 气体扩散到土壤中, 导致土壤温度变化, 因此可采用光纤对管道周围土壤温度进行监测, 以判断是否发生泄漏。引起泄漏管道周围土壤温度变化主要包括以下 3 个原因: ① 泄漏小孔的气体 J-T 效应, 引起管道周围温度变化; ② 管道内气体与管道周围土壤/环境温度差异, 由对流传热引发周围土壤温度变化; ③ 由于土壤的黏性和惯性阻力,当气体膨胀到周围土壤时产生摩擦热。
$\mathrm{J}- \mathrm{T}$ 效应引起的温度变化具有明显的瞬态效应, 表现为在泄漏初期温度随时间有显著的变化。根据 J-T 效应, 高压管道泄漏的气体将使泄漏口附近土壤的温度降低。温度的变化由气体压力的变化引起,温差和压差存在如下关系:${\Delta T}= {\sigma }^{\prime }{\Delta P}$。但是该关系式是半经验性质的, 无法定量评估泄漏孔径、距离等对泄漏趋势的影响,也无法获得泄漏区域土壤温度的空间分布。因此, 建立与实际工况条件一致的数值模型, 通过仿真模拟, 得到泄漏区域土壤内的温度空间分布和时间演化规律, 定量评估管道外土壤内任意点处的温度曲线,进而为光缆布设提供依据。
首先考虑环境温度较低时管道泄漏对周围土壤温度场的影响。设置环境温度为${273}\mathrm{\;K}$,管内气体介质的温度为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$,在此条件下管内流体和周围土壤在初始时刻有${27}\mathrm{\;K}$ 的温度差。图10 给出了管内压力为2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0MPa时的泄漏日附近土壤的温度分布云图。图11 给出了不同压力下温度沿泄漏孔中轴线垂直方向的分布曲线。由于管内介质的温度(300K)远高于周围环境(273K),泄漏会使得周围土壤温度增大, 但温度的分布规律随着管内压力的变化而改变。如图10(a) 所示, 当管内压力为${2.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,温度的分布由泄漏孔向外逐渐降低, 整体分布以泄漏口为球心近似呈球对称分布;当管内压力为${3.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时,温度分布仅在距离泄漏孔两倍直径的区域内呈球对称分布, 外部的分布形状近似为梯形。这是因为随着压力的增大, J-T 效应引起的温度下降也在增大, 温度变化随着压降的增大而增大。而且, 压力越大出口射流速度就越大,由摩擦造成的热损耗也会相应增大。由图10(c)图10(d) 可知,随着管内压力的进一步增加, 由管内高温引起的周围土壤增加的幅度也在减弱,表现为冻土 (约${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$) 区域范围增大。这说明由 J-T 效应引起的温度变化会抵消由管内热流体热对流和传热引起的周围土壤温度的增加程度。由图11 可知, 由于气体射流和 J-T 效应的共同作用, 在泄漏出口处温度迅速降低;当逐渐远离泄漏口时, 射流和 J-T 效应减弱, 温度主要受环境温度的影响, 逐渐恢复到环境。可以看出, 天然气泄漏引起的温度场变化与管内压力、环境温度有关。
前文已经介绍了环境温度为${273}\mathrm{\;K}$ (接近${0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$)、 管道内介质温度为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时的土壤温度分布规律, 分析环境温度分别为${273}\text{、}{280}\text{、}{290}\text{、}{295}\text{、}{300}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时的土壤温度分布的模拟结果。管道压力固定为${2.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。如图12 所示,当环境温度接近${0}^{\circ }$ 时 (273 K),周围土壤的温度近似按照以泄漏口为球心的球对称分布形式;当环境温度为${280}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,在出口截面上温度分布形式类似梯形, 温度的影响范围比${0}^{\circ }$ 更大;当环境温度为${290}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,泄漏引起的温度变化范围变小;当环境温度与管内介质温度一致时, 在泄漏出口处可以观察到明显的低温区, 且低温区呈梯形形状。
当环境温度较低时,低环境温度会抵消 J-T 效应引起的温度变化, 使得温度分布形状较规则; 随着环境温度的升高, 泄漏对温度场的影响范围先变大,后降低; 当环境温度为${290}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,泄漏温度场的影响范围最小;当环境温度升高至接近管内流体温度时, 泄漏出口的温度分布主要受 J-T 效应的影响, 出现较大范围的低温区。这说明, 在实际的管道监测中, 应当根据环境温度的变化, 对监测参数的识别方案进行调整。如图13 所示, 温度由泄漏口向上先降低后升高;受环境温度的影响,在远离泄漏口上方约${1.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,即接近地表处,温度恢复到与环境温度一致。从温度监测的角度, 传感器在未泄漏时应于环境温度相适应;当泄漏引起温度变化时,传感器将反馈监测到的温度变化幅度, 进而为判断管道是否泄漏提供参数识别。图14 给出了不同环境温度下泄漏口上方的有效监测距离。当环境温度为${273}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,在距离泄漏口上方${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,温度为${275}\mathrm{\;K}$,相比于环境温度上升了$2\mathrm{\;K}$ ; 当环境温度为${280}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,在距离泄漏口上方约${0.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,温度为${292}\mathrm{\;K}$,相比于环境温度升高了${12}\mathrm{k}$ ; 当环境温度为${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,在距离泄漏口上方约${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,温度为${293}\mathrm{\;K}$,相比于环境温度下降了$7\mathrm{\;K}$。假设传感器的灵敏度为$5\mathrm{\;K}$,则环境温度为${280}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时的有效监测范围可达到距离泄漏口${1.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处; 而环境温度为${290}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时的有效监测范围仅为${0.02}\mathrm{\;m}$
图15 给出了管道压力为$2\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时不同环境温度下管道周围土壤的温度分布计算结果。可以看出,当环境温度为${273}\mathrm{\;K}$${290}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,管道两侧的温度与原始温度相比变化不大,说明在这两种情况下, 远离泄漏口方位的方向监测很难实现。当环境温度为${280}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,管道两侧靠近管道壁面的位置温度接近${285}\mathrm{\;K}$,相比于原始环境温度提高了$5\mathrm{\;K}$,在传感器的有效监测范围内。当环境温度为${285}\mathrm{\;K}$${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ 时,管道两侧靠近管道壁面的位置处相对比原始温度变化了$2\mathrm{\;K}$,仍然小于$5\mathrm{\;K}$ 的有效监测范围。这说明对于大直径管道, 在对应的参数下 (泄漏孔径${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$、管道压力$2\mathrm{{MPa}}$),传感器监测温度变化的有效性将受到埋设位置的影响, 有可能会存在监测死区。图16 给出了管道压力为$5\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 时不同环境温度下管道周围土壤的温度分布计算结果。随着管道压力的升高, 在相同的条件下出口处的温度落差也在增大。从图16 可以看出, 由泄漏造成的低温区域范围相比于$2\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 管道压力有所增加。泄漏出口处的低温区温度等值线均呈梯形分布。
稳态计算可以获得给定边界条件下的泄漏口周围土壤范围内的速度、压力及温度分布结果。由于缺乏高压埋地天然气管道的泄漏实验数据, 对低压条件下的泄漏量计算结果与实验结果进行对比, 对数值模拟结果进行验证。参照文献[3]中构建管道模拟系统,包括压力控制、气体混合、泄漏孔径控制装置等, 使用传感器和数据采集系统监测泄漏流量。参照实验条件,分别建立了泄漏孔径为 20 和${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的数值模型,管道压力设置为${0.3}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{{MPa}}$。采用组分输运模型设置模拟气体组分为 0.5% 甲烷和空气的混合气体,管道埋深设置为${0.9}\mathrm{\;m}$,土壤采用砂土特性进行设置。如图17 所示, 数值模拟得到的不同压力下的泄漏速率的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,最大误差不超过 10%。分析可知, 埋地天然气管道的泄漏速率是与管道压力、泄漏孔径、土壤特性参数相关的函数。在数值模型中, 土壤被考虑为一种多孔介质, 通过在动量方程中增加阻力项, 来模拟多孔介质对流体运动的阻碍。
构建泄漏流率的计算公式为
${Q}_{\mathrm{G}}= \alpha +\beta {\left(PD\right)}^{\frac{1}{4}}+ \gamma {D}^{2}- {\varepsilon }_{1}{\left(\frac{B}{A}\right)}^{\frac{1}{8}}+ {\varepsilon }_{2}{\left(\frac{1}{A}\right)}^{\frac{1}{4}}+ \omega {B}^{\frac{1}{4}}$
式(7)中:${Q}_{\mathrm{G}}$ 为天然气在泄漏孔的质量流率,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$$P$ 为管道压力,$\mathrm{{MPa}};D$ 为泄漏孔的孔径,$\mathrm{{mm}};A$ 为土壤的黏性系数,$1/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};B$ 为土壤的惯性阻力系数,$1/\mathrm{m}$ ;$\alpha \text{、}\beta \text{、}\gamma \text{、}{\varepsilon }_{1}\text{、}{\varepsilon }_{2}$$\omega$ 为计算模型常数 (无物理意义), 其参数选取如表4 所示。
在埋地天然气管道泄漏监测领域, 振动信号是监测土壤环境变化和判断是否泄漏的重要信息。关于埋地管道泄漏后振动信号的产生根源,主要来自泄漏口出气体射流引起的管道及土壤的扰动。因此,分析泄漏口出的气体射流特性及其引起的周围土壤中压力的变化, 进一步了解它对振动信号传播的影响规律。由于振动是物理量与时间的关系,即时域变化关系,因此需要通过非稳态模拟来获得相关结果。按照图3 的数值模拟流程, 先通过稳态计算获得收敛解之后,再开启非稳态 Unsteady 求解器。
图18 给出了具有预设冲蚀凹坑的计算模型示意图,标定了 5 个监测点的位置。图19 给出了 5 个监测点得到的压力-时间关系曲线。图18 中的凹坑为预设凹坑, 即考虑到射流冲击瞬间对临近土壤的冲击作用, 在初始时刻形成一个与泄漏口大小相关的凹坑。除了图18 中所示的 5 个监测点, 还监测了泄漏口出口位置的压力波动。通过各监测点压力随时间的变化关系, 来分析气体射流引起的周围土壤的压力波动情况。模拟中,泄漏口孔径固定为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,分别进行管内压力为 2.0、5.0 MPa 的非稳态模拟计算。
采用 CFD 方法研究埋地大直径高压天然气管道的泄漏特性和温度分布规律, 根据实际土壤条件并考虑多孔介质的特性,构建包含能量方程、流体方程和组分传输方程的数值仿真模型。得出如下结论。
(1)天然气在土壤泄漏过程受到土壤阻力特性影响, 泄漏气体的速度取决于孔隙度、阻力系数等土壤参数, 泄漏质量流率随着管道压力和孔径的增大而增大, 但随着管内压力的增加泄漏速率的增长幅度降低,随着孔径增加泄漏速度的增长幅度升高。
(2)模拟的管道压力在${1.0}\sim {10.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$,泄漏孔径在${10}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 范围内变化; 根据数值模拟结果, 得到泄漏速率的拟合公式, 为泄漏量定量预测提供参考。
(3)由于天然气的 J-T 效应,高压气体向低压区域泄漏会使得温度降低, 降低的幅度与压降呈正比关系;当环境温度与管内介质温度接近时, J-T效应引起的低温区变化最为明显,主要集中在泄漏出口一定范围内;当环境温度与泄漏出口 J-T 效应后的温度接近时,可能会导致监测盲区。
  • 中国石油天然气集团有限公司基础性前瞻性科技专项(2023ZZ120X)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402706
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
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中国石油天然气集团有限公司基础性前瞻性科技专项(2023ZZ120X)
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    1 中国石油天然气管道通信电力工程有限公司 廊坊 065000
    2 中国石油天然气管道局工程有限公司 廊坊 065000
    3 山东科技大学 机械电子工程学院 青岛 266590

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*董祥伟(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,讲师。研究方向:氢气泄漏检测与模拟。E-mail: dongxw139@163.com。
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