Article(id=1156986628246954608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403213, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776707945, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776707945, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776707945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776707945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3172, endPage=3180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986630239249041, articleId=1156986628246954608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Dynamic Classification and Control Technology of Mining Roadways Based on Cluster Analysis of Mixed Data, columnId=1156964103806866398, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the issues of parameter homogenization and insufficient rationality in the support design of the mining roadway in the Lingtai mining area, it is highly significant to conduct classification research on the mining roadway and propose differentiated support strategies. Firstly, based on a systematic analysis of the geological conditions of the surrounding rock and the matching relationship with the support system in the mining roadway of the Lingtai mining area, six classification indicators were determined. Secondly, a mining roadway classification method based on mixed data clustering was proposed, extracting the informational characteristics of numerical and categorical indicators and introducing a penalty competition mechanism to dynamically optimize the number of clusters during the classification process. Subsequently, the proposed method was applied to classify 37 segments of the Lingtai mining area's mining roadways into four categories, validating the feasibility of the method. Finally, a field test was conducted in the D segment of the 2502 transport roadway in Shaozhai Coal Mine. The results indicate that the maximum convergence of the roof and floor of the test roadway segment is 109 mm, and the maximum convergence of the two sides is 113 mm, with a small range of surrounding rock damage. The dynamic classification and differentiated support method for mining roadways can achieve stable control of the surrounding rock in the roadways.

, correspAuthors=Xu-yang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-jie MA, Gang-wei FAN, Wen-xing WANG, Xu-yang WANG, Yan-lin WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986801752727682, articleId=1156986628246954608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于混合数据聚类分析的回采巷道动态分类与控制技术, columnId=1154014173395673977, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对灵台矿区回采巷道支护设计存在的参数同质化、合理性不足等问题,对回采巷道进行分类研究,进而提出差异化支护对策具有重要意义。首先,在系统分析灵台矿区回采巷道围岩地质条件与支护系统匹配关系的基础上,确定6 个分类指标。其次,提出基于混合数据聚类的回采巷道分类方法,挖掘数值型指标和分类型指标的信息特征,并引入惩罚竞争机制,实现巷道分类过程中动态优化聚类数。接着,应用所提方法将37 段灵台矿区回采巷道分为四类,验证方法可行性。最后,在邵寨煤业2502 运输巷D 段开展现场试验。结果表明:试验段巷道顶底板最大移近量为109 mm,两帮最大移近量为113 mm,围岩破坏范围小,回采巷道动态分类与差异化支护方法能够实现巷道围岩的稳定控制。

, correspAuthors=王旭阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王旭阳(1998-),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:资源开发规划设计与岩层控制。E-mail: wangxuyang@cumt.edu.cn。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Lv3mfVLTc1+oz3/WINRZQg==, magXml=1586n69w5HUr6yp98/THsA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4YiQ75Nr2AErKoWvR4ZDhQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=23PTBSzkfu5b/NsnVKWbRQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马军杰(1984—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤炭高效开采与矿井灾害防治。E-mail:15695166518@163.com。

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马军杰(1984—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤炭高效开采与矿井灾害防治。E-mail:15695166518@163.com。

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马军杰(1984—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤炭高效开采与矿井灾害防治。E-mail:15695166518@163.com。

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doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=康红普, journalName=岩石力学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=康红普. 我国煤矿巷道围岩控制技术发展70年及展望[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2021. 40(1): 1-30., articleTitle=我国煤矿巷道围岩控制技术发展70年及展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1156986811231854946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Kang Hongpu, journalName=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kang Hongpu. 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Xibei Mining Shaocai Coal Mine, Shandong Energy Group Pingliang 744000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986803380117655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, companyId=1156986803367534741, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 山东能源西北矿业邵寨煤业 平凉 744000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1156986803426255001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986803430449306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, companyId=1156986803426255001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Mines China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986803438837915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, companyId=1156986803426255001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院 徐州 221000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156986809021456660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Mining roadway classification method framework, figureFileSmall=gtMTrR3gSQG16dIQcRiiYQ==, figureFileBig=eaHwrZnpdZbWlVwtwFwVqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809092759831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图1, caption=回采巷道分类方法框架, figureFileSmall=gtMTrR3gSQG16dIQcRiiYQ==, figureFileBig=eaHwrZnpdZbWlVwtwFwVqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809155674393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Mixed data clustering algorithm flow, figureFileSmall=rS81e7y9u1FCIcW8fklPYQ==, figureFileBig=ChBM/8i8WyXj0ou+JYsWFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809214394652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图2, caption=混合数据聚类算法流程, figureFileSmall=rS81e7y9u1FCIcW8fklPYQ==, figureFileBig=ChBM/8i8WyXj0ou+JYsWFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809281503518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Clustering effect diagram of different $k$ values, figureFileSmall=FBXo3Vf/8iJ1WYogndcBdw==, figureFileBig=cj/Y6iGfBxuNcYqspZK7Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809344418081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同 $k$ 值的聚类效果图, figureFileSmall=FBXo3Vf/8iJ1WYogndcBdw==, figureFileBig=cj/Y6iGfBxuNcYqspZK7Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809403138340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Clustering pedigree diagram of mining roadway, figureFileSmall=9l2nXB4ZCdbj8xXHLvaNOQ==, figureFileBig=M3QL7eYfXnxQAl4F8Yt6lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809495413035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图4, caption=回采巷道聚类谱系图, figureFileSmall=9l2nXB4ZCdbj8xXHLvaNOQ==, figureFileBig=M3QL7eYfXnxQAl4F8Yt6lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809587687723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Percentage of distribution of the degree of fissure development in the surrounding rock, figureFileSmall=uxgXGfG7xQxM8aLl4MnIHg==, figureFileBig=Uy028EwRgJuOiDN0j/j2sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809675768110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图5, caption=围岩裂隙发育程度分布比例, figureFileSmall=uxgXGfG7xQxM8aLl4MnIHg==, figureFileBig=Uy028EwRgJuOiDN0j/j2sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809751265586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Proportion of top mudstone facies distribution, figureFileSmall=8f8CjJ/Fng/b8Dt+ut1nQQ==, figureFileBig=0ekmDTPbKWJN6xGgqeY4AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809889677619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图6, caption=顶板泥岩层位分布比例, figureFileSmall=8f8CjJ/Fng/b8Dt+ut1nQQ==, figureFileBig=0ekmDTPbKWJN6xGgqeY4AA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986809952592182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Roadway lithology distribution ratio, figureFileSmall=fm/HMY9WZiPlo/bJoq0ETA==, figureFileBig=kqg9Tn0lKFWUHxxEJZy8mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810049061177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图7, caption=巷道岩性分布比例, figureFileSmall=fm/HMY9WZiPlo/bJoq0ETA==, figureFileBig=kqg9Tn0lKFWUHxxEJZy8mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810107781435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Roadway support design in test area, figureFileSmall=qzRa/6GercugeOnDO4GSsQ==, figureFileBig=mB7G7g/OuQQeCzj3vcwT6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810183278909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图8, caption=试验区域巷道支护设计, figureFileSmall=qzRa/6GercugeOnDO4GSsQ==, figureFileBig=mB7G7g/OuQQeCzj3vcwT6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810233610559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Displacement of surface surrounding rock of roadway, figureFileSmall=MY0UNl5Fs3UapA/n2iF7UQ==, figureFileBig=OuIQbCGQBmM71S7hsJNKpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810279747905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图9, caption=巷道表面围岩位移, figureFileSmall=MY0UNl5Fs3UapA/n2iF7UQ==, figureFileBig=OuIQbCGQBmM71S7hsJNKpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810325885250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Displacement of deep surrounding rock of roadway, figureFileSmall=Wc2BoVQBpUwZ9y+p3O1vyg==, figureFileBig=vVlFd9+1SV7ciJcvUyGFEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810376216900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图10, caption=巷道深部围岩位移, figureFileSmall=Wc2BoVQBpUwZ9y+p3O1vyg==, figureFileBig=vVlFd9+1SV7ciJcvUyGFEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810430742854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Borehole peep results of surrounding rock, figureFileSmall=K5UgMqUsCl/3998nVwfbqQ==, figureFileBig=qAwyM/qXjyXTzB+aK50cxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810485268808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=图11, caption=巷道围岩钻孔窥视结果, figureFileSmall=K5UgMqUsCl/3998nVwfbqQ==, figureFileBig=qAwyM/qXjyXTzB+aK50cxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986810590126410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Clustering attributes of mining roadway, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 数据类型 取值范围
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 数值型 $> 0$
${S}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 数值型 > 0
$h$ 数值型 > 0
$J$ 分类型 很发育/发育/较发育/不发育
$C$ 分类型 高泥岩层位/中泥岩层位/低泥岩层位
$Y$ 分类型 煤巷/半煤岩巷
), ArticleFig(id=1156986810644652364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=表1, caption=回采巷道聚类属性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 数据类型 取值范围
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 数值型 $> 0$
${S}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 数值型 > 0
$h$ 数值型 > 0
$J$ 分类型 很发育/发育/较发育/不发育
$C$ 分类型 高泥岩层位/中泥岩层位/低泥岩层位
$Y$ 分类型 煤巷/半煤岩巷
), ArticleFig(id=1156986810699178319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Clustering results of mining roadway in Lingtai, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$k$ ${k}^{* }$ 聚类结果
6、7 4 第一类:1-4-5-7-10-15-18-21-24-${29}- {30}- {31}- {33}$
第二类:$2 - 3 - 8 -{16}- {20}- {22}- {23}- {27}- {28}$$-{35}- {36}$
第三类:$6 -{11}- {13}- {14}- {25}- {34}- {37}$
第四类:9-12-17-19-26-32
), ArticleFig(id=1156986810745315666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=表2, caption=灵台矿区回采巷道聚类结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$k$ ${k}^{* }$ 聚类结果
6、7 4 第一类:1-4-5-7-10-15-18-21-24-${29}- {30}- {31}- {33}$
第二类:$2 - 3 - 8 -{16}- {20}- {22}- {23}- {27}- {28}$$-{35}- {36}$
第三类:$6 -{11}- {13}- {14}- {25}- {34}- {37}$
第四类:9-12-17-19-26-32
), ArticleFig(id=1156986810808230229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Statistics of numerical attributes of different types of roadways, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 ${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 平均值 ${S}_{c}$ 平均值 $h$ 平均值 $/\mathrm{m}$
第一类 0.174 0.701 682
第二类 0.281 0.784 732
第三类 0.307 0.892 814
第四类 0.672 1.048 876
), ArticleFig(id=1156986810887922009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986628246954608, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同类型巷道数值型属性统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 ${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 平均值 ${S}_{c}$ 平均值 $h$ 平均值 $/\mathrm{m}$
第一类 0.174 0.701 682
第二类 0.281 0.784 732
第三类 0.307 0.892 814
第四类 0.672 1.048 876
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基于混合数据聚类分析的回采巷道动态分类与控制技术
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马军杰 1 , 范钢伟 2 , 王文兴 1 , 王旭阳 2, * , 王彦林 1
科学技术与工程 | 矿冶工程 2025,25(8): 3172-3180
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科学技术与工程 | 矿冶工程 2025, 25(8): 3172-3180
基于混合数据聚类分析的回采巷道动态分类与控制技术
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马军杰1 , 范钢伟2, 王文兴1, 王旭阳2, * , 王彦林1
作者信息
  • 1 山东能源西北矿业邵寨煤业 平凉 744000
  • 2 中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院 徐州 221000
  • 马军杰(1984—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,高级工程师。研究方向:煤炭高效开采与矿井灾害防治。E-mail:15695166518@163.com。

通讯作者:

*王旭阳(1998-),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:资源开发规划设计与岩层控制。E-mail: wangxuyang@cumt.edu.cn。
Dynamic Classification and Control Technology of Mining Roadways Based on Cluster Analysis of Mixed Data
Jun-jie MA1 , Gang-wei FAN2, Wen-xing WANG1, Xu-yang WANG2, * , Yan-lin WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Xibei Mining Shaocai Coal Mine, Shandong Energy Group Pingliang 744000 China
  • 2 School of Mines China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221000 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403213
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针对灵台矿区回采巷道支护设计存在的参数同质化、合理性不足等问题,对回采巷道进行分类研究,进而提出差异化支护对策具有重要意义。首先,在系统分析灵台矿区回采巷道围岩地质条件与支护系统匹配关系的基础上,确定6 个分类指标。其次,提出基于混合数据聚类的回采巷道分类方法,挖掘数值型指标和分类型指标的信息特征,并引入惩罚竞争机制,实现巷道分类过程中动态优化聚类数。接着,应用所提方法将37 段灵台矿区回采巷道分为四类,验证方法可行性。最后,在邵寨煤业2502 运输巷D 段开展现场试验。结果表明:试验段巷道顶底板最大移近量为109 mm,两帮最大移近量为113 mm,围岩破坏范围小,回采巷道动态分类与差异化支护方法能够实现巷道围岩的稳定控制。

回采巷道分类  /  巷道围岩控制  /  聚类分析  /  差异化支护

In response to the issues of parameter homogenization and insufficient rationality in the support design of the mining roadway in the Lingtai mining area, it is highly significant to conduct classification research on the mining roadway and propose differentiated support strategies. Firstly, based on a systematic analysis of the geological conditions of the surrounding rock and the matching relationship with the support system in the mining roadway of the Lingtai mining area, six classification indicators were determined. Secondly, a mining roadway classification method based on mixed data clustering was proposed, extracting the informational characteristics of numerical and categorical indicators and introducing a penalty competition mechanism to dynamically optimize the number of clusters during the classification process. Subsequently, the proposed method was applied to classify 37 segments of the Lingtai mining area's mining roadways into four categories, validating the feasibility of the method. Finally, a field test was conducted in the D segment of the 2502 transport roadway in Shaozhai Coal Mine. The results indicate that the maximum convergence of the roof and floor of the test roadway segment is 109 mm, and the maximum convergence of the two sides is 113 mm, with a small range of surrounding rock damage. The dynamic classification and differentiated support method for mining roadways can achieve stable control of the surrounding rock in the roadways.

mining roadway classification  /  roadway surrounding rock control  /  cluster analysis  /  differential support
马军杰, 范钢伟, 王文兴, 王旭阳, 王彦林. 基于混合数据聚类分析的回采巷道动态分类与控制技术. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3172 -3180 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403213
Jun-jie MA, Gang-wei FAN, Wen-xing WANG, Xu-yang WANG, Yan-lin WANG. Dynamic Classification and Control Technology of Mining Roadways Based on Cluster Analysis of Mixed Data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3172 -3180 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403213
巷道支护是井工煤矿开采的关键技术之一,分析巷道围岩特征并设计经济可靠的支护方案是煤矿安全与效益的重要保证[1]。灵台矿区是甘肃省煤炭主产区,煤层赋存具有埋深大、层数多、间距小等特点。以邵寨煤业为例, 矿井最大煤层埋深${1021.9}\mathrm{\;m}$,可采煤层为 2 煤、 5 煤 和 8 煤,最小间距为${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}$。由于各煤层成煤条件不同,其厚度、间距和顶底板岩性等存在差异, 煤层赋存情况的复杂性和多变性给回采巷道围岩稳定控制和安全开采带来巨大挑战[2]。应用传统理论或实践经验设计的支护方案,参数同质化严重,导致围岩变形加剧、底鼓问题突出, 形成了灵台矿区深部近距离煤层回采巷道围岩控制难题。
围岩稳定性分类是煤矿巷道支护设计的关键技术[3],通过对地下岩体特征和力学特征进行分析, 将相似条件下的地下工程进行类比, 可为工程决策提供支持和参考[4]。目前,回采巷道围岩控制研究主要针对某一具体工程案例下的特殊巷道并提出相应的支护技术与方法。王龙飞等[5] 提出的深井近距离煤层群采空区下回采巷道联合支护技术。赵明洲等[6] 提出的深部高应力半煤岩巷高强支护技术等。可见, 关于深部近距煤层巷道支护设计的研究相对丰富。在此基础上, 对灵台矿区回采巷道进行分类[7],进而提出差异化支护对策,对于巷道围岩稳定控制具有重要意义[8]
回采巷道的异质性来源于巷道围岩本身地质环境的差异, 如顶底板岩性、埋藏深度、构造影响程度等[9]。不同地质条件巷道的支护效能衰减特征存在较大差异,而具备相似地质环境特质的巷道围岩具有几乎相同的支护需求。张明等[10] 根据支承应力和围岩强度将巷道划分为浅埋/硬煤 (岩) 巷道、深埋/软煤(岩)巷道和中-深/中-硬煤(岩)巷道。王世博等${}^{\left(1\right)}$ 基于多因素分析法实现巷道支护分级,针对困难支护区域加强支护,容易支护区域简单支护。李晓斌等,采用模糊综合判别法,将采动影响等分类型指标进行数值化处理, 把回采巷道分为$\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{V}$ 类并提出相应的支护措施。虽然现有的巷道分类方法已经较为成熟, 但对分类型指标数据存在信息丢失且一般无法自动确定聚类数, 难以完全满足灵台矿区回采巷道的特殊分类需求。
目前, 灵台矿区回采巷道围岩分类存在 3 个问题:①分类指标与支护设计匹配性不足;②数值型指标和分类型指标共存;③需要预先分配聚类数。鉴于此,考虑灵台矿区深部近距离煤层回采巷道围岩分类的关键因素, 应用混合数据聚类算法实现回采巷道的动态分类。针对不同类型巷道提出差异化支护对策, 实现 “一巷一策”, 甚至 “一巷多策”, 避免支护参数同质化导致的围岩变形破坏和维护困难等状况, 降低一次成巷支护成本, 减小巷道维修工程量。
进行巷道围岩分类时, 首先要确定分类指标, 并将其作为聚类分析过程中的聚类属性, 包括数值型属性和分类型属性。针对灵台矿区深部近距离煤层回采巷道,除了考虑煤岩体强度、地应力大小、地质构造和围岩节理裂隙发育程度等传统因素外,还需要考虑顶板泥岩层位和巷道岩性的影响。
基于以上分析,综合考虑灵台矿区煤岩体强度、埋藏深度、地质构造以及锚固区围岩的可锚性等, 提出以下回采巷道围岩分类指标。
(1) 顶板应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$。研究表明,顶板稳定性取决于水平应力与顶板强度的相对大小[13-14]。因此,定义顶板应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 来反映灵台矿区回采巷道顶板岩层力学性质。
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 的计算公式为
${S}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{top }}}$
式(1)中:${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为最大水平应力;${\sigma }_{\text{top }}$ 为顶板以上${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内岩体的综合强度。
(2) 煤体应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{e}}$。对于巷道两帮来说, 垂直应力的大小对其稳定性影响较大。因此, 定义煤体应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$,通过计算垂直应力与巷帮煤体强度的相对大小来综合反映灵台矿区回采巷道煤体力学性质。
${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的计算公式为
${S}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{{\sigma }_{\mathrm{v}}}{{\sigma }_{\text{coal }}}$
式(2)中:${\sigma }_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为垂直应力;${\sigma }_{\text{coal }}$ 为巷道两帮${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内煤体的平均强度。
(3)埋藏深度$h$。灵台矿区煤层埋藏深度较大, 且不同煤层埋深存在差异。深井巷道由于高地应力和复杂构造应力场影响, 变形破坏特征与浅部巷道有显著区别[15]。因此,对于灵台矿区回采巷道围岩分类,需要将巷道埋深作为分类指标之一,单位为${\mathrm{m}}_{0}$
(4)围岩节理裂隙发育程度$J$。节理裂隙发育程度是衡量煤岩体强度的关键定性指标, 可分为很发育、发育、较发育和不发育 4 个等级。不同的煤岩体含有层理、裂隙和软弱夹层的情况一般不同,节理发育会削弱煤岩体的完整性, 引起煤岩失稳。
(5)顶板泥岩层位$C$。灵台矿区回采巷道顶板为粉砂岩或泥岩, 泥岩层位并不固定。当锚索锚固区围岩为泥岩时, 可锚性差, 形成的泥岩锚固体抗拉拔性能和黏结性较弱, 在矿井水作用下会进一步造成强度劣化, 甚至可能导致围岩整体流变, 降低支护性能[16]。根据泥岩层位与锚索长度关系,将其分为 3 个等级:高泥岩层位,即泥岩层位距离顶板超过${8.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;中泥岩层位,即泥岩层位与顶板距离大于等于${4.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 且小于等于${8.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;低泥岩层位,即泥岩层位小于${4.5}\mathrm{\;m}$
(6)巷道岩性$Y$。灵台矿区各煤层厚度不均,以邵寨煤业为例, 2 煤和 5 煤平均厚度约为${2.0}\mathrm{\;m}$,而 8煤平均厚度约为${5.2}\mathrm{\;m}$。因此,回采巷道存在半煤岩巷和煤巷两种形式, 而深部半煤岩回采巷道围岩结构的非连续性及变形破坏的非协调性使得两类巷道围岩控制技术存在差异[17]。灵台矿区回采巷道各聚类属性的数据类型及取值范围如表1 所示。
根据表1 可知, 灵台矿区回采巷道分类指标中既包含数值型属性$\left({{S}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right.$$\left. h\right)$,又包含分类型属性$\left({J\text{、}C\text{、}Y}\right)$,此时基于距离度量的$k$ -means 等聚类算法不再适用。针对聚类分析中的分类型数据, 若将其简单地转化为数值型数据, 将存在严重的信息丢失[18]。因此,引入一种混合属性数据聚类算法用于处理灵台矿区回采巷道分类问题, 在保证数值型数据和分类型数据都能充分参与运算的同时, 提高聚类结果的稳定性。
首先,综合确定灵台矿区回采巷道围岩聚类属性,再基于现场实测数据得到巷道围岩属性值矩阵;接着,运用混合数据聚类方法实现灵台矿区回采巷道的合理分类, 并对不同类型巷道的关键特征进行分析, 进而提出差异化支护对策, 方法框架如图1 所示。
传统的聚类算法无法有效处理混合属性数据集,并且需要人为设置聚类数目,聚类结果可靠性不足。为了更好地处理灵台矿区回采巷道围岩分类问题, 引入一种能够对数值型属性和分类型属性进行统一相似度计算的混合数据聚类算法, 并通过惩罚竞争机制,自动优化聚类数目[19],算法流程如图2 所示。
针对灵台矿区回采巷道分类问题, 聚类的对象为不同地质环境的巷道集合$\mathbf{X}= \left\{{{\mathbf{x}}_{1},{\mathbf{x}}_{2},\cdots ,{\mathbf{x}}_{n}}\right\}$, 其中${\mathbf{x}}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 段巷道。聚类过程是将$n$ 个回采巷道分成$k$ 类,聚类最终结果可由集合$C =\left\{{{C}_{1},{C}_{2},\cdots }\right.$,$\left.{C}_{k}\right\}$ 表示,其中${C}_{j}$ 为第$j$ 类巷道。假设回采巷道包含${t}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 个数值型聚类属性和${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 个分类型聚类属性,每个分类型属性${A}_{r}$ 又包含$m$ 个取值$\left\{{a}_{{r}_{g}}\right\}(g = 1,2,\cdots$,$m),{a}_{{r}_{g}}$ 为分类型属性${A}_{r}$ 的取值集合。则第$i$ 段巷道数值型属性值矩阵可表示为${\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}}= \left\lbrack {{x}_{{i}_{1}}^{\mathrm{u}},{x}_{{i}_{2}}^{\mathrm{u}},\cdots ,{x}_{{i}_{{l}_{\mathrm{u}}}}^{\mathrm{u}}}\right\rbrack$, 分类型属性值矩阵可表示为${\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{e}}= \left\lbrack {{x}_{{i}_{1}}^{\mathrm{e}},{x}_{{i}_{2}}^{\mathrm{e}},\cdots ,{x}_{{i}_{{l}_{\mathrm{e}}}}^{\mathrm{e}}}\right\rbrack$, 完整聚类属性值矩阵可表示为${\left\lbrack {\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{c}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
数据对象间的相似度计算是聚类分析中的核心关键,对于灵台矿区回采巷道分类问题,第$i$ 段巷道${x}_{i}$ 与第$j$ 类巷道${C}_{j}$ 之间的相似度可通过$s\left({x}_{i}\right.$,${C}_{j}$) 表示,其由数值型属性相似度和分类性属性相似度加权计算得到, 如式 (3) 所示。
$ s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)= \frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1}s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{C}_{j}}\right)+ \frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1}s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{c}},{C}_{j}}\right)$
式(3)中:$s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{C}_{j}}\right)$ 为数值型属性相似度;$s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{c},{C}_{j}}\right)$ 为分类型属性相似度。
由于数值型数据代表聚类对象的整体效应, 因此将其作为一个整体向量参与运算[20],权重设置为$\frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1}$ ; 而每个分类型属性通常可以表示回采巷道的一个重要特征, 因此需要独立运算, 将分类型属性权重设置为$\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1}$
由于马氏距离可以反映属性间的相关性, 因此灵台矿区回采巷道数值型属性相似度可由式 (4) 和式(5)计算得到。
$ s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{C}_{j}}\right)= \frac{\exp \left\lbrack {-{0.5}\operatorname{Dis}\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{\mathbf{c}}_{j}}\right)}\right\rbrack }{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{w = 1}}^{k}\exp \left\lbrack {-{0.5}\operatorname{Dis}\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{\mathbf{c}}_{w}}\right)}\right\rbrack }$
$\operatorname{Dis}\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}},{C}_{j}}\right)= {\left({\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}}- {\mathbf{c}}_{j}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{\sum }}_{j}^{-1}\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{u}}- {\mathbf{c}}_{j}}\right)$
式中:${\mathbf{c}}_{j}$ 为第$j$ 类巷道${C}_{j}$ 数值型属性的聚类中心;${\mathbf{c}}_{w}$ 为第$w$ 类巷道${C}_{w}$ 数值型属性的聚类中心;$\operatorname{Dis}\left(\cdot \right)$ 为马氏距离求解函数;${\mathbf{\sum }}_{j}^{-1}$ 为第$j$ 类巷道${C}_{j}$ 数值型属性值的协方差矩阵。
分类型属性的相似度可由式 (6) 计算得到。
$ s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i}^{\mathrm{c}},{C}_{j}}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 1}}^{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{{H}_{{A}_{r}}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{b = 1}}^{{t}_{\mathrm{c}}}{H}_{{A}_{b}}}\frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{{A}_{r}= {x}_{r}^{\mathrm{c}}}\left({C}_{j}\right)}{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{{A}_{r}\neq \mathrm{{NULL}}}\left({C}_{j}\right)}}\right\rbrack $
式(6)中:${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{{A}_{r}}= {\mathbf{x}}_{{i}_{r}}^{c}\left({C}_{j}\right)$ 为第$j$ 类巷道${C}_{j}$${A}_{r}$ 属性含有${\mathbf{x}}_{{i}_{r}}^{c}$ 元素的数量,在聚类项${C}_{j}$ 中属性${A}_{r}$ 的属性值与${x}_{{i}_{r}}^{c}$ 的值相同,${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{{A}_{r}\neq \text{ NULL }}\left({C}_{j}\right)$ 为第$j$ 类巷道${C}_{j}$${A}_{r}$ 属性不为空值的总数量。
确定灵台矿区回采巷道聚类分析的相似度计算准则后,可由式 (3) 计算综合相似度$s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)$,并在此基础上得到${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }= \left\{{q}_{ij}^{* }\right\}$${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }$ 为聚类目标函数, 如式 (7) 所示;${q}_{ij}^{* }$ 可由式 (8) 计算得到。
${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }= \arg \max \mathbf{F}\left({\mathbf{Q}, C}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{k}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{q}_{ij}s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)$
式(7)中:$\mathbf{Q}$ 为 0-1 矩阵;${q}_{ij}\in \{ 0,1\}$ 且满足$0 \leq$
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{q}_{ij}\leq n,\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{k}{q}_{ij}= 1,\left({i = 1,2,\cdots , n;j = 1,2,\cdots ,}\right.$
$k$)。
${q}_{ij}^{* }= \left\{{\begin{array}{ll} 1,& s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)\geq s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{r}}\right)\\ 0,& s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)< s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{r}}\right)\end{array};\forall 1 \leq r \leq k}\right.$
式(8)中:$i = 1,2,\cdots , n;j = 1,2,\cdots , k$
通过上述方法,将第$i$ 段巷道分配给与其相似度最高的聚类项, 并不断更新各聚类项的聚类中心,直至${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }= \left\{{q}_{ij}^{* }\right\}$ 不再变化,得到灵台矿区回采巷道分类结果。
为了实现自动确定聚类数目, 提高灵台矿区回采巷道分类结果的可靠性, 将惩罚竞争学习机制引入到聚类分析中。竞争学习机制可以通过逐渐减少处于竞争劣势类别中的个体数量[21],最终使冗余类别完全消除, 达到优化聚类结果的目的。
$k$ 个不同的聚类类别${C}_{j}\left({j = 1,2,\cdots , k}\right)$ 作为相互竞争的对象,${n}_{j}$ 为第$j$ 个类别在竞争中获胜的次数,${n}_{h}$${n}_{1}\sim {n}_{k}$ 共计$k$ 个数,${\lambda }_{j}$ 为其权重,则获胜频率${\gamma }_{j}$ 可通过式 (9) 计算得到。
${\gamma }_{j}= \frac{{n}_{j}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 1}}^{k}{n}_{h}}$
在回采巷道分类过程中, 当某一类别和某一巷道相似度较其他聚类类别更高时, 则该聚类类别在此次竞争中“获胜”。因此, 可以对式 (7) 做以下变换, 表示引入惩罚竞争机制后的聚类目标函数。
${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }= \arg \min \mathbf{F}\left({\mathbf{Q}, C}\right)\\= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{k}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{q}_{ij}\rbrack \left\lbrack {1 - s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
为了避免聚类项在竞争 “胜利” 后不断吸收样本个体, 进而导致其他聚类项非正常 “死亡”, 可以通过控制获胜频率来削弱获胜项在后续竞争中的能力,因此获胜者${C}_{v}$ 可由式 (11) 确定。
${C}_{v}= \arg \mathop{\min }\limits_{{1 \leq j \leq k}}\left\{{{\gamma }_{j}\left\lbrack {1 -{\lambda }_{j}s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
对于获胜者${C}_{v},{n}_{v}^{\left(\text{new }\right)}$ 胜者的新获胜次数,${n}_{v}^{\left(\text{old }\right)}$ 胜者的旧获胜次数,其获胜次数${n}_{v}$ 和权重${\lambda }_{v}$ 可通过式 (12) 和式 (13) 计算。
${n}_{v}^{\left(\text{new }\right)} ={n}_{v}^{\left(\text{old }\right)} + 1 $
${\lambda }_{v}^{\left(\text{new }\right)} ={\lambda }_{v}^{\left(\text{old }\right)} +\eta $
式 (13) 中:$\eta$ 为学习率,一般取值较小,可设置为 0.01。
在竞争学习的基础上, Cheung 等[20] 提出可以对次胜者进行惩罚, 以此来实现最终聚类数目的自动优化。次胜者${C}_{r}$ 可以通过式 (14) 确定得到,其权重${\lambda }_{r}$ 由式 (15) 所示。
${C}_{r}= \arg \mathop{\min }\limits_{{j \neq v}}\left\{{{\gamma }_{j}\left\lbrack {1 -{\lambda }_{j}s\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{j}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}$
${\lambda }_{r}^{\left(\text{new }\right)} =\max \left\lbrack {0,{\lambda }_{r}^{\left(\text{old }\right)} -{\eta s}\left({{\mathbf{x}}_{i},{C}_{r}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
在回采巷道聚类分析过程中引入惩罚竞争机制,通过不断更新获胜频率${\gamma }_{j}$ 和权重${\lambda }_{v}$,直至${\mathbf{Q}}^{* }$ 不再变化, 以此实现混合数据聚类过程中聚类数目的动态优化。
以灵台矿区邵寨煤矿为工程背景, 基于研究团队现场实测的地应力大小、煤岩体强度、钻孔窥视观测以及 B1002、B1003、B1103、B1205 等钻孔数据, 共收集到 37 段回采巷道围岩的聚类属性值矩阵, 包括${S}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{c}}\text{、}h\text{、}J\text{、}C$$Y$。运用混合数据聚类算法[22], 对灵台矿区回采巷道进行分类, 分析不同类别巷道围岩特征,确定差异化支护对策。
基于提出的灵台矿区回采巷道围岩分类指标和样本数据,算法参数设置如下: 样本数$n$ 为 37; 数值型属性数量${t}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 为 3 ; 分类型属性数量${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为 3。
通过调整初始聚类数$k$ 的大小,分别得到$k =$ 4、5、6、7时的聚类结果,如图3 所示。其中,当$k$ 取值为 4、6 和 7 时,最终聚类数${k}^{* }$ 均为 4,且当$k$ 取值为 6 和 7 时, 聚类结果完全相同, 说明此时聚类结果最为稳定, 聚类谱系图如图4 所示。因此, 最终确定 37 段不同灵台矿区回采巷道一共可以分为四类, 聚类结果如表2 所示。
每个样本个体代表一段灵台矿区回采巷道, 根据聚类分析结果, 37 段巷道围岩被分为四类。其中, 第一类有 13 段巷道、第二类有 11 段巷道、第三类有 7 段巷道、第四类有 6 段巷道,接下来将对每一类回采巷道典型特征做出分析。将四类灵台矿区回采巷道的数值型属性$\left({{S}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{S}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right.$$h$) 进行整理,并计算平均值, 如表3 所示。
可以看出, 第一类巷道围岩的顶板应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 最小为 0.174,第四类巷道围岩的${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 最大为 0.672, 表明第一类巷道围岩顶板强度最大、第四类巷道围岩顶板强度最小,第二类和第三类巷道属于中强度顶板。而不同类型巷道的煤体应力强度因子${S}_{c}$ 相差不大,表明在同一矿区内,煤层强度的微小变化对巷道支护设计影响较小。第四类巷道整体埋深最大,第一类巷道整体埋深最小。
将 4 类灵台矿区回采巷道的分类型属性$(J\text{、}C$$Y)$ 进行整理,统计不同属性选项值的分布比例, 如图5~图7 所示。
根据图5 可知, 4 类回采巷道围岩节理裂隙发育程度均未出现“很发育”, 基本集中在 “较发育”和 “不发育”两种程度。第三类巷道围岩节理裂隙发育程度为 “不发育” 的占比 42.86%,巷道围岩完整性较好,而第二类巷道围岩完整性最差。
由不同类型巷道顶板泥岩层位分布比例可知, 第一类巷道和第四类巷道基本为高泥岩层位巷道, 可正常选用长度为${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的锚索线;而第二类巷道主要以低泥岩层位为主, 即泥岩层位不超过顶板上方${4.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,此时也可正常选用长度为${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的锚索线;而对于中泥岩层位,应该根据探测的顶板煤岩赋存情况选择使用长度为${6.5}\text{、}{7.5}\text{、}{8.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 锚索线。由图7 可知, 第一类和第二类巷道为半煤岩巷, 第四类为全煤巷。
综上所述, 根据混合属性数据聚类算法, 可以将 37 段回采巷道分为 4 类具有不同特征的巷道类型。第一类巷道和第二类巷道均为半煤岩巷, 但第一类巷道的围岩情况和锚索可锚性更佳;第三类巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低;第四类巷道为深井煤巷, 但围岩强度较低。
根据巷道所处地质条件的不同, 应用混合数据聚类算法将其分为四类, 进行支护设计时可根据不同类型巷道的典型特征[23],提出针对性的巷道围岩控制策略[24]。第一类巷道支护强度需求低,可选用${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 锚索线;第二类巷道围岩较破碎,可采用锚网索 + 钢带支护,锚索长度应不小于${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,同时注意 “固帮”;第三类巷道应根据顶板泥岩层位确定锚索线长度,增强深部锚固作用;第四类巷道可增加底板锚索,支护顶帮的同时控制底鼓。
选取灵台矿区邵寨煤业 2502 运输巷 D 段为研究试点, 该段巷道布置在侏罗系中统延安组粉细粒砂岩、粉砂质泥岩及 5 煤层中, 沿煤层顶板掘进, 5煤厚度${2.10}\mathrm{\;m}$。巷道掘进高度${3.50}\mathrm{\;m}$,掘进宽度${5.70}\mathrm{\;m}$,直接顶为${0.70}\mathrm{\;m}$ 泥岩,基本顶为${3.05}\mathrm{\;m}$ 粉砂岩;直接底为${0.80}\mathrm{\;m}$ 泥岩,基本底为${3.13}\mathrm{\;m}$ 细粒砂岩。
由前述聚类分析结果可知, 2502 运输巷 D 段区域 (16#) 为第二类巷道, 具有围岩强度中等、低顶板泥岩层位和半煤岩巷的特点。因此, 确定该段巷道锚网索 + 钢带支护参数为:顶板选用${22}\times {2500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的高强度螺纹钢锚杆、${\Phi 21.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {6500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (长) 的预应力左旋钢绞线,锚杆间排距为${1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (间距)$\times {900}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (排距),锚索间排距为${1700}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (间距)$\times {900}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (排距);巷帮选用 22 mm (直径)$\times$ ${2500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (长)的高强度螺纹钢锚杆,间排距为${900}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (间距)$\times {900}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (排距);顶板及巷帮采用 1${800}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (长)$\times {1100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (宽) 的${\Phi 5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 钢筋波浪形编织网;顶板采用${5200}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (长)$\times {280}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (宽)$\times$ ${2.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (高) 的 6 孔$\mathrm{W}$ 钢带,两帮采用${3000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (长)$\times {80}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (宽)的异型钢带,支护设计如图8 所示。
巷道试验段施工后, 对其围岩表面位移和顶板深部位移进行监测, 结果分别如图9图10 所示。此外, 通过钻孔窥视对巷道顶板和两帮进行现场观测, 分析判断围岩破坏情况, 如图11 所示。
由监测结果可知, 2502 运输巷 D 段顶底板最大移近量为${109}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,两帮最大移近量为${113}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ;巷道顶板围岩的变形量由浅部至深部逐渐减小, 距离顶板$6\mathrm{\;m}$ 深度位置的最大位移量为${14}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。由图11 可知, 采用支护方案后, 巷道围岩状况较好, 顶板破坏深度为${1.62}\mathrm{\;m}$,帮部在${1.32}\mathrm{\;m}$ 深处未见明显裂隙。因此, 试验区域巷道的顶板下沉量、两帮移近量、底鼓量、顶板离层量均在合理范围内,围岩破坏范围较小, 说明灵台矿区回采巷道分类与差异化支护能够实现不同类型巷道围岩的稳定性控制。
(1)确定灵台矿区回采巷道分类指标包括数值型属性顶板应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{r}}$、煤体应力强度因子${S}_{\mathrm{c}}$、埋深$h$ 和分类型属性围岩节理裂隙发育程度$J$、 顶板泥岩层位$C$、巷道岩性$Y$
(2)基于混合数据聚类的回采巷道分类方法, 将 37 段灵台矿区回采巷道分为 4 类, 并分析不同类型巷道的典型特征。
(3)提出不同类型巷道围岩控制差异化策略, 即一类巷道支护强度需求低;二类巷道围岩破碎, 注意 “固帮”;三类巷道应增强深部锚固效能;四类巷道应增加底板锚索, 控制底鼓。监测结果显示, 试验段巷道围岩变形量不超过巷道尺寸的 4%, 支护效果显著。
  • 中央高校基本科研基金(2021ZDPY0226)
  • 山西省揭榜招标项目(20201101009)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403213
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
基金
中央高校基本科研基金(2021ZDPY0226)
山西省揭榜招标项目(20201101009)
作者信息
    1 山东能源西北矿业邵寨煤业 平凉 744000
    2 中国矿业大学 矿业工程学院 徐州 221000

通讯作者:

*王旭阳(1998-),男,汉族,河南洛阳人,硕士研究生。研究方向:资源开发规划设计与岩层控制。E-mail: wangxuyang@cumt.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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