Article(id=1156986626875417197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402846, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713369600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-18, revisedDate=1734451200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776707619, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776707619, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776707619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776707619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3415, endPage=3424, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986629022900857, articleId=1156986626875417197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Hydrodynamic Characteristics around Inclined Piers of Sea-crossing Bridges under Waves and Current, columnId=1156986628951597687, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The piers of sea-crossing bridge are always subject to the scouring effect of flow and waves. The flow environment around the piers is complex. There is a risk of foundation erosion, endangering the safety of the bridge. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the open-source software OpenFOAM, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow field around the inclined oblong pier were conducted with different inclination angles and length-to-width ratios$\left({L/D}\right)$. The results demonstrate that under the influence of wave and current, a symmetrically distributed vortex is formed behind the pier and undergoes periodic changes. The wake vortex constantly strengthens and moves backward as the trough approaches the pier. It reaches the maximum than gradually reduces and dissipates before the crest reaches the pier. With an increased downstream inclination angle, the pier tends to be streamlined, resulting the decreasing of wake vortex intensity and the horizontal load of pier. As the length-to-width ratio$\left({L/D}\right)$increases, the tail vortex area behind the bridge pier decreases and the horizontal load increases. Within the range of$L/D = 1$to 3 and a range of$-{30}^{\circ }$to${30}^{\circ }$, the minimal load on the pier is achieved when$L/D$is 1 and inclination angle is${10}^{\circ }$.

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跨海大桥桥墩时刻受到水流和波浪的冲刷作用,桥墩周围水流环境复杂,基础易出现局部冲刷,可能危及桥梁安全。基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)和开源软件 OpenFOAM开展圆端形桥墩绕流流场的三维数值模拟, 研究不同倾斜角度和长宽比$\left({L/D}\right)$条件下的桥墩周围流场发展过程,涡流发展情况以及荷载变化规律。结果表明:波流作用下,桥墩后方形成对称分布的涡旋并呈周期性变化。一个周期内,当波谷传递到桥墩时,后方尾涡区范围增大,涡旋不断变大并向后移动,在波峰到达桥墩前达到最大,后逐渐减小消散;随着向下游倾斜的角度增大,斜墩趋向于流线形,尾涡减小,桥墩所受水平荷载减小;随着长宽比增大,桥墩后方的尾涡区范围减小,水平荷载增大。在长宽比为1~3,倾斜角度为 -30°~30°范围内,当长宽比为 1,倾斜角度为${10}^{\circ }$时桥墩所受荷载最小,该结果可为跨海大桥桥墩冲刷设计提供参考。

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李芬(1974-),女,汉族,福建浦城人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土与海洋工程。E-mail: jessilifen@126.com。

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李芬(1974-),女,汉族,福建浦城人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土与海洋工程。E-mail: jessilifen@126.com。

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李芬(1974-),女,汉族,福建浦城人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土与海洋工程。E-mail: jessilifen@126.com。

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=局部冲刷), Keyword(id=1156986849832034385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=OpenFOAM)], refs=[Reference(id=1156986856169627960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=118, issue=1, pageStart=15, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Sumer BM, Fredsøe J, Christiansen N, journalName=Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sumer BM, Fredsøe J, Christiansen N. 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Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineer-ing, 2011. 137(2): 85-94., articleTitle=Coupled PIV and PTV measurements of particle ve-locities and trajectories for surface waves following a steady current, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986856047993138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, awardId=52178353, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52178353), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986846304625608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986846308819913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, companyId=1156986846304625608, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430063 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986846317208522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, companyId=1156986846304625608, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院 武汉 430063)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156986853300723917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of the computational domain, figureFileSmall=vwpPvHEIqGJBlYUsrto3Kg==, figureFileBig=R0Ul2sCkZ6h77Ox2/WpElw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986853363638481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=CN, label=图1, caption=计算区域示意图, figureFileSmall=vwpPvHEIqGJBlYUsrto3Kg==, figureFileBig=R0Ul2sCkZ6h77Ox2/WpElw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986853439135958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time evolution curves of wave height, figureFileSmall=E2TVcVeoBhr/3VvmQjDRTw==, figureFileBig=MH4ZoN0BGVcOy8WDbgCaJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986853506244826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986626875417197, language=CN, label=图2, caption=波高历时曲线

定义水槽的 3 个方向:$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$,其中$x$ 为波高测量位置的$x$ 坐标

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波高/ m 周期/ s 水深/ m 流速/$\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ 倾角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 长宽比
1.82 9.5 12.156 3.0 $-{30}\text{、}- {20}\text{、}- {10}$、 0、10、20、30 $1\text{、}1\text{、}9\text{、}3$
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波高/ m 周期/ s 水深/ m 流速/$\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ 倾角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 长宽比
1.82 9.5 12.156 3.0 $-{30}\text{、}- {20}\text{、}- {10}$、 0、10、20、30 $1\text{、}1\text{、}9\text{、}3$
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波流共同作用下跨海大桥倾斜桥墩水动力特性
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李芬 , 朱超群 , 周厚正 , 朱昕悦 , 孙亮
科学技术与工程 | 水利工程 2025,25(8): 3415-3424
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科学技术与工程 | 水利工程 2025, 25(8): 3415-3424
波流共同作用下跨海大桥倾斜桥墩水动力特性
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李芬 , 朱超群, 周厚正, 朱昕悦, 孙亮
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院 武汉 430063
  • 李芬(1974-),女,汉族,福建浦城人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩土与海洋工程。E-mail: jessilifen@126.com。

Hydrodynamic Characteristics around Inclined Piers of Sea-crossing Bridges under Waves and Current
Fen LI , Chao-qun ZHU, Hou-zheng ZHOU, Xin-yue ZHU, Liang SUN
Affiliations
  • School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Energy Power Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430063 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402846
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跨海大桥桥墩时刻受到水流和波浪的冲刷作用,桥墩周围水流环境复杂,基础易出现局部冲刷,可能危及桥梁安全。基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)和开源软件 OpenFOAM开展圆端形桥墩绕流流场的三维数值模拟, 研究不同倾斜角度和长宽比$\left({L/D}\right)$条件下的桥墩周围流场发展过程,涡流发展情况以及荷载变化规律。结果表明:波流作用下,桥墩后方形成对称分布的涡旋并呈周期性变化。一个周期内,当波谷传递到桥墩时,后方尾涡区范围增大,涡旋不断变大并向后移动,在波峰到达桥墩前达到最大,后逐渐减小消散;随着向下游倾斜的角度增大,斜墩趋向于流线形,尾涡减小,桥墩所受水平荷载减小;随着长宽比增大,桥墩后方的尾涡区范围减小,水平荷载增大。在长宽比为1~3,倾斜角度为 -30°~30°范围内,当长宽比为 1,倾斜角度为${10}^{\circ }$时桥墩所受荷载最小,该结果可为跨海大桥桥墩冲刷设计提供参考。

波流耦合作用  /  倾斜桥墩  /  局部冲刷  /  OpenFOAM

The piers of sea-crossing bridge are always subject to the scouring effect of flow and waves. The flow environment around the piers is complex. There is a risk of foundation erosion, endangering the safety of the bridge. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the open-source software OpenFOAM, three-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow field around the inclined oblong pier were conducted with different inclination angles and length-to-width ratios$\left({L/D}\right)$. The results demonstrate that under the influence of wave and current, a symmetrically distributed vortex is formed behind the pier and undergoes periodic changes. The wake vortex constantly strengthens and moves backward as the trough approaches the pier. It reaches the maximum than gradually reduces and dissipates before the crest reaches the pier. With an increased downstream inclination angle, the pier tends to be streamlined, resulting the decreasing of wake vortex intensity and the horizontal load of pier. As the length-to-width ratio$\left({L/D}\right)$increases, the tail vortex area behind the bridge pier decreases and the horizontal load increases. Within the range of$L/D = 1$to 3 and a range of$-{30}^{\circ }$to${30}^{\circ }$, the minimal load on the pier is achieved when$L/D$is 1 and inclination angle is${10}^{\circ }$.

combined waves and current  /  inclined pier  /  local scour  /  OpenFOAM
李芬, 朱超群, 周厚正, 朱昕悦, 孙亮. 波流共同作用下跨海大桥倾斜桥墩水动力特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3415 -3424 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402846
Fen LI, Chao-qun ZHU, Hou-zheng ZHOU, Xin-yue ZHU, Liang SUN. Hydrodynamic Characteristics around Inclined Piers of Sea-crossing Bridges under Waves and Current[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3415 -3424 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402846
桥梁作为一种功能强大、结构复杂的交通建筑物, 是中国交通枢纽中不可或缺的重要组成部分。桥梁等水工建筑物阻碍了水流的传播, 引起流场变化, 在桥墩周围形成复杂的涡旋结构, 进而引起底床冲刷, 对桥墩的稳定性和安全性造成影响。在沿海地区, 波流耦合作用使得桥墩周围的流场变化更为复杂剧烈,难以预测。因此,有必要研究波流作用下的桥墩周围流场的水动力特性。学者们针对垂直桥墩的水动力特性开展了大量研究。Sumer 等[1-2] 通过波浪作用下的水槽试验,说明流场结构的发展主要取决于$\mathrm{{KC}}$$\left({\mathrm{{KC}}= {U}_{\mathrm{w}}T/D}\right.$,其中,${U}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 为近底波浪水质点运动水平速度最大值,$T$ 为波周期,$D$ 为桩径)。Lin 等[3] 研究波流作用下正方形柱的周围的流场, 发现波浪的存在会降低涡旋脱落的频率和强度。李玉成等[4] 将波流作用下的计算结果与纯波浪作用下的计算结果相比,结果表明,当波浪与水流同向时, 墩群周围的波长增大, 波高减小,当波浪与水流反向时,墩群周围的波长减小,波高增大,邓绍云等[5] 给出了波流共同作用下大f 径圆柱体表面及其周围床面的应力分布。Dey 等[6] 对比分析圆柱形桥墩和方形桥墩的流场之间的差异。刘浪[7] 研究了圆端形桥墩尺度对波流力的影响规律。程永舟等[8] 开展不同条件下的局部冲刷试验, 对孤立波、恒定流和规则波作用都进行了讨论,研究波高、周期等因素对流场和冲刷的影响。黎蔚杰等[9] 求解$\mathrm{{RNG}}k$ (湍功能)$-\varepsilon$ (动能耗散率) 湍流模型封闭的 Navier-Stokes 方程, 准确模拟了桩周流场变化,研究了保护层的影响。郭辉等[10] 利用 FLOW-3D 对汛期水流冲击桥墩的过程进行模拟, 并与经验公式进行对比。刘二朋等[11] 对不同雷诺数下的椭圆柱绕流进行了研究, 分析椭圆长轴比对水动力特性的影响。黄靖轩等[12] 考虑了弯道的影响, 对弯曲河道中桥墩阻水比对水流特性的影响展开试验研究。
近年来, 倾斜桥墩以其新颖的设计成为桥梁建设的新选择, 斜墩对水流流态及河床的影响引起了研究人员的广泛关注。Bozkus 等[13-14] 对沿下游倾斜的单圆柱形桥墩进行研究, 提出随着桥墩向下游倾斜角度的增大,局部冲刷深度显著减小。文献[15-16]对不同倾斜角度和倾斜方向的单圆柱形桥墩展开研究, 结果表明, 在相同条件下, 倾斜角度越大, 冲刷坑尺寸和冲刷坑深度越小。Vaghefi 等[17] 考虑了河湾的影响,对${180}^{\circ }$ 弯曲河道中不同倾斜方向的单墩冲刷进行研究。Karimi 等[18] 对不同倾斜角度, 不同流量下的桥墩冲刷展开研究, 结果表明,无论流速大小,当倾角为${15}^{\circ }$ 时,冲刷深度最小。Cheng 等[19] 对波流作用下圆柱斜桩的局部冲刷进行研究, 结果表明, 当小波浪叠加到水流上时, 上游倾斜桩的冲刷深度明显大于下游倾斜桩, 并推导出斜桩局部冲刷深度预测公式。Omara 等[20-21] 对垂直和倾斜的矩形和圆端形单桥墩进行数值模拟, 评估了倾斜的矩形桥墩和圆端形桥墩对局部冲刷的影响, 结果表明, 与矩形桥墩相比, 圆端形桥墩和倾斜桥墩都有助于减小冲刷深度。程永舟等[22-23] 考虑波流共同作用对正斜桩和反斜桩的局部冲刷特性进行试验研究, 随着倾斜角度的增大, 冲刷深度发展速度、冲刷坑尺度及深度逐渐减小,相对时间尺度增大。王晓光[24] 针对波流共同作用下的斜桩局部冲刷开展了波高,倾斜角度等参数对参数特性的影响分析, 拟合得到了波流共同作用下斜桩的局部冲刷深度经验公式。
综上可知, 前人对倾斜桥墩的研究大多集中在圆柱形墩和矩形墩上, 对工程建设中常见的圆端形斜墩的研究较少, 且主要研究其局部冲刷深度, 对水动力特性方面相对较少。波流耦合作用并不是简单的水流作用和波浪作用的叠加, 而是复杂的非线性相互作用,耦合作用使得冲刷的发展难以预测, 桥墩周围的流场变化更为复杂剧烈, 研究波流作用下倾斜桥墩周围的水动力特性具有重要意义。鉴于此,对波流耦合作用下跨海大桥单个圆端形倾斜桥墩展开研究, 通过 OpenFOAM 软件进行数值模拟,分析其桥墩在波流耦合作用下的水动力特性, 并研究不同尺寸, 不同倾斜角对流场的影响规律, 为工程提供理论参考。
OpenFOAM 采用有限体积法对雷诺时均的 Navier-Stokes 方程 (RANS 方程) 进行求解。RANS 方程由连续性方程 [式 (1)] 和动量方程 [ 式 (2)] 组成。
$\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{i}}= 0 $
$\frac{\partial \rho {u}_{i}}{\partial t}+ \frac{\partial \rho {u}_{j}{u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}- \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left({{\mu }_{\text{eff }}\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right)= -\frac{\partial {p}^{* }}{\partial {x}_{i}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{b}, i}+ {f}_{\sigma , i}$
式中:$\rho$ 为流体密度;${u}_{i}\left({i = x, y, z}\right)$ 为流体速度;${x}_{i}$ 为笛卡尔坐标系的 3 个方向;$t$ 为时间;${p}^{* }$ 为超过流体静力学的压力;${F}_{\mathrm{b}, i}$ 为外部体积力 (包括重力);${f}_{\sigma , i}$ 为表面张力;${\mu }_{\mathrm{{eff}}}$ 为有效动态黏度。
采用流体体积模型(volume of fluid, VOF) 对自由水面进行追踪。为了更准确地对波浪场进行计算模拟,引入湍流模型对 RANS 方程进行补充。$k -\omega$ SST湍流模型 ($k$ 为湍动能,$\omega$ 为比耗散率) 是双方程湍流模型的一种,结合$k -\omega$ 模型和$k -\varepsilon (\varepsilon$ 为动能耗散率) 模型的优点, 在分析水流与结构物相互作用时具有较好的适用性。
$\frac{\partial {\rho k}}{\partial t}= {P}_{k}- \rho {\beta }^{* }{\omega k}+ \frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\rho \left({v +{\sigma }_{k}{v}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack $
$\frac{\partial {\rho \omega }}{\partial t}= \frac{\gamma }{{v}_{\mathrm{t}}}{P}_{k}- {\rho \beta }{\omega }^{2}+ 2\left({1 -{F}_{1}}\right)\rho \frac{{\sigma }_{\omega 2}}{\omega }\frac{\partial k}{\partial {x}_{j}}\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \\\frac{\partial }{\partial {x}_{j}}\left\lbrack {\rho \left({v +{\sigma }_{\omega }{v}_{\mathrm{t}}}\right)\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial {x}_{j}}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\beta }^{* }\text{、}{\sigma }_{k}\text{、}\gamma \text{、}\beta \text{、}{\sigma }_{\omega }\text{、}{\sigma }_{\omega 2}$ 为模型常数;$v$ 为流体的运动黏度;${\nu }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为湍流涡黏性系数;${F}_{1}$ 为计算模型常数的混合函数。
湍动能产生项${P}_{k}$、雷诺应力${\tau }_{ij}$、湍流涡黏性系数${\nu }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 的求解式分别为
${P}_{k}= {\tau }_{ij}\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}$
${\tau }_{ij}= \rho {v}_{\mathrm{t}}\left({\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}+ \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}- \frac{2}{3}\frac{\partial {u}_{k}}{\partial {x}_{k}}{\delta }_{ij}}\right)- \frac{2}{3}{\rho k}{\delta }_{ij}$
${v}_{\mathrm{t}}= \frac{{a}_{1}k}{\max \left({{a}_{1}\omega ,\Omega {F}_{2}}\right)} $
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{\Omega }= \sqrt{2{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{ij}{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{ij}}\\{\mathbf{\Omega }}_{ij}= \frac{1}{2}\left({\frac{\partial {u}_{i}}{\partial {x}_{j}}- \frac{\partial {u}_{j}}{\partial {x}_{i}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\delta }_{ij}$ 为克罗内克符号;${a}_{1}$ 为结构参数,${a}_{1}=$ ${0.31};{F}_{2}$ 为边界层混合函数。
定义
$\varphi ={F}_{1}{\varphi }_{1}+ \left({1 -{F}_{1}}\right){\varphi }_{2}$
式(9)中:${\varphi }_{1}$ 为原$k -\omega$ 模型中的模型常数;${\varphi }_{2}$ 为标准$k -\omega$ 模型中的模型常数;$\varphi$ 为 SST 模型中的模型常数。
混合只在边界层尾迹区域内进行。
为了验证所采用的数值模型能够准确模拟波流的传播,参照 Umeyama[25] 的水槽实验与数值波流水槽进行对比。数值波流水槽如图1 所示,长25m,宽${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$,高${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$,试验水深为${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$。波浪向右传播, 采用斯托克斯二阶波,静水波高$H ={0.0234}\mathrm{\;m}$,周期$T = 1\mathrm{\;s}$,水流流速$U ={0.08}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。每个波长范围内布置 100 个网格,波高范围内布置 20 个网格,$y$ 方向网格大小为${0.01}\mathrm{\;m}$。数值模拟时间为${30}\mathrm{\;s}({30}$ 个波浪周期), 取稳定阶段的数值结果与试验数据对比。
试验采集了波高发展情况和垂线流速分布情况。如图2 所示,随着波流的发展,水槽 5、10、15 m 处的波高接近, 波浪随着距离的发展衰减并不明显。图3$x ={10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处数值计算和试验得到的波高进行对比验证, 结果符合良好, 说明该数值模型得出的波面合理。
由于波流水槽床面不是绝对光滑的,因此底部为无滑移边界,床面处的流速为$0\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$。当来流为恒定流时, 垂线的流速分布为对数曲线, 而波浪具有周期性, 因此当纯流叠加上波浪后, 波流耦合作用下的水质点运动轨迹和速度也具有明显周期性。图4 给出了同一波浪周期内不同时刻$(t/T = 0\text{、}{0.25}\text{、}{0.5}$、 0.75、1)水平速度剖面图,结果比较吻合,说明该数值水槽能够准确模拟波流之间的非线性作用。
模拟工况和模型尺寸参考苏通嘉甬跨杭州湾通道工程的水文条件和结构参数桥墩, 结构形式和尺寸如图5 所示,长$L ={11.486}\mathrm{\;m}$,宽$D ={6.086}\mathrm{\;m}$,圆弧端为直径${6.086}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的半圆。建立尺寸为${1000}\mathrm{\;m}\left(\text{长}\right)\times$ ${100}\mathrm{\;m}\left(\text{ 宽 }\right)\times {17}\mathrm{\;m}\left(\text{ 高 }\right)$ 的水槽,桥墩位于水槽$x =$ ${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处。采用 blockMesh 工具建立三维水槽的背景网格, 然后使用 snappyHexMesh 工具在结构物周围进行局部加密如图6 所示, 加密区一个波高范围内约 20 个网格,一个波长范围内约 360 个网格。
水槽入口为速度入口边界, 底部设置为固壁边界, 速度设置为零, 即无滑移; 顶部位于空气中, 采用压力出口边界条件, olaFlow 自带的消波模块可以在出口处进行消波, 避免波浪反射影响观测区域; 水槽两侧为对称边界。
桥墩周围流场与所受到的波流力既受波高、周期、流速等外界因素的影响, 同时也与桥墩尺寸、形状及倾斜角度等自身条件密不可分。为讨论桥墩倾斜角度与长宽比$L/D$ 对桥墩水动力特性的影响, 现对 7 种倾角, 3 种$L/D$ 情况下的桥墩周围流场进行模拟,工况如表1 所示。
在不同工况下, 桥墩周围流场呈现相同的变化规律。以直立桥墩为例,图7图8 为水流速度$U =$ ${3.0}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}, H ={1.82}\mathrm{\;m}, L/D ={1.9}$,倾斜角度$a ={0}^{\circ }$ 时不同时刻$z ={0.001}\mathrm{\;m}$ 截面的速度矢量图和流线图, 由于桥墩的阻碍作用, 过水断面减小, 桥墩两侧的流速增大, 波流作用在桥墩圆弧面, 能较好地绕桥墩通过向墩两侧扩散。此时为了减缓扩散, 水流离开桥墩下游区域, 下游水流随即向上游运动, 汇聚填补空缺, 桥墩后方流速方向发生改变, 出现负向流速, 形成对称分布的涡旋。该区域的流速较低且不稳定, 随着波流的发展, 尾涡区呈现出周期性的变化。一个周期内,当波谷传递到桥墩前时,后方尾涡区范围增大, 涡旋不断变大并向后移动, 在波峰到达桥墩前涡旋达到最大,后逐渐减小消散,当下一个波谷到达桥墩时, 桥墩后方再次形成涡旋并且范围不断扩大。随着倾角与长宽比的改变,涡旋的强度会发生改变,但依旧遵循此规律。
图9$L/D ={1.9}$ 时,$\left({a =- {20}^{\circ }}\right)$ 反斜墩,$(a =$ ${0}^{\circ }$) 垂直墩,$\left({a ={20}^{\circ }}\right)$ 正斜墩的$z ={0.001}\mathrm{\;m}$ 截面相同时刻速度矢量图,不同尺寸的桥墩拥有相似的速度分布情况, 在相同水流条件小, 最大流速出现在桥墩两侧,与垂直桥墩$\left({a ={0}^{\circ }}\right)$ 相比,反斜墩尾涡区范围的变化并不明显,而正斜墩无论其形状如何, 都能显著降低向下游的流动强度, 尾涡区范围明显减小,阻碍了漩涡的发展。
图10 给出了不同条件下的桥墩流线图。图10(a)~图10(f) 为反斜墩在不同倾角和长宽比条件下的流线图, 桥墩后方形成低速区, 区域内速度方向发生剧烈变化,但并未观察到明显的涡结构。当倾角从$-{30}^{\circ }$ 增加到$-{10}^{\circ }$ 时,桥墩后低速区的范围逐渐缩小,流线逐渐弯曲,有形成涡旋的趋势, 当桥墩垂直时, 对称分布的涡旋才形成, 当倾角从${0}^{\circ }$ 增加到${30}^{\circ }$ 时,桥墩后尾涡区的范围减小, 涡旋逐渐向对称轴靠拢, 尾流宽度随之减小, 这是因为随着正向倾斜角度的增大, 斜墩趋向于流线形, 桥墩附加的流线排列更加顺畅, 导致涡旋减少。水流冲刷和尾涡的强度随之降低,对下游的影响减小,增强的流线型分布有利于减少湍流涡。水流条件相同时, 虽然正斜墩与反斜墩的角度关于垂直墩对称,但三者尾涡强度的变化并非呈线性关系。
波浪具有周期性, 因此得到的荷载曲线也具有周期性。桥墩受到的波浪力时程曲线变化趋势大致相同, 波峰作用在结构上时产生最大波浪力, 波谷作用在结构上时产生最小波浪力。图11图12$L/D ={1.9}$ 时荷载的时程曲线,当桥墩向上游倾斜时, 水平荷载基本保持不变, 当桥墩向下游倾斜时, 可以发现水平荷载时程曲线的峰值非常接近, 但谷值随着倾斜角度的增大逐渐减小。当桥墩直立时, 作用在桥墩上的竖向荷载接近为 0 , 随着倾斜角度的增大,竖向荷载的变化幅值也逐渐增大。
取所有工况下的荷载最大值进行分析。图13(a) 为不同$L/D$ 下最大水平荷载随倾角变化趋势图,观察到当倾角从$-{30}^{\circ }$ 增大到${30}^{\circ }$ 时,水平荷载最大值总体呈减小趋势,倾角从$-{30}^{\circ }$ 增加到${0}^{\circ }$ 时,水平荷载最大值变化缓慢,倾角从${0}^{\circ }$ 增加到${30}^{\circ }$ 时,减小速度加快。与图11 中荷载变化情况相似。桥墩向下游倾斜的角度能够显著影响桥墩受到的水平荷载。
图13(b) 为不同 $L/D$ 下,最大竖向荷载随倾角变化的趋势图,可以观察到不同 $L/D$ 下竖向荷载均值和幅值随倾角变化规律是相同的,都关于 $a ={0}^{\circ }$ 轴线近似对称,且在倾角为 ${0}^{\circ }$ 时为最小值 0,随着桥墩倾斜程度的增大,受到的竖向荷载增大。
综上所述, 随着桥墩向下游倾斜的角度增大, 尾涡的形成会受到抑制, 桥墩所受最大水平荷载逐渐减小,由于桥墩倾斜导致受到更大的压力,桥墩所受最大竖向荷载增大。
当桥墩为反斜墩时, 桥墩后方速度大小及方向发生剧烈变化,但并未形成明显涡旋,该区域随长宽比的变化范围略微缩小。而当桥墩垂直或为正斜墩时, 在图10 中明显观察到对称分布的涡旋逐渐缩小,桥墩的纵向尺度的增加降低了涡流的强度。这是因为长宽比增大, 桥墩逐渐偏向流线型, 使得桥墩两侧速度增大的效应并不明显,边界层处的压力差减小,边界层分离后的流动能量减小,进而降低了尾涡的强度。
图14图15 为工况$a ={0}^{\circ }$ 下不同$L/D$ 的荷载时程曲线。随着$L/D$ 增大,荷载的变化幅度明显增大,桥墩所受的最大荷载也随之增大。与水平荷载相比,直立桥墩的竖向荷载可以忽略不计。在图13(c) 可以观察到,$L/D ={1.0}$ 时水平荷载最大值最小,并随着$L/D$ 增大逐渐增大,$L/D$ 从 1 增大到 1.9 下的水平荷载增速大于$L/D$ 从 1.9 增大到 3 时的增速, 说明随着桥墩长宽比的增加, 桥墩纵向长度对荷载的影响减弱, 变化速率减小。与最大水平荷载的变化规律相似,$L/D$ 越大,最大竖向荷载值越大,同样从$L/D = 1$$L/D ={1.9}$ 的增量明显大于从$L/D ={1.9}$$L/D = 3, L/D$ 越大,桥墩纵向尺度的影响越弱, 增速越缓, 如图13(d) 所示。无论是反斜墩还是正斜墩, 当倾角的绝对值相同时, 竖向荷载的变化规律非常接近, 但反斜墩的最大竖向荷载始终大于正斜墩, 且差值随着倾斜程度的增大而增大。
综合考虑桥墩倾角和长宽比对桥墩所受水平、 竖向荷载的影响,如图16 所示,当$a ={0}^{\circ }\text{、}L/D = 1$ 时,桥墩受到的荷载最小。所以在具体确定桥墩布置时,应尽量减小其纵向长度,并避免桥墩出现过大的倾角。
基于开源 CFD 软件 OpenFOAM 建立三维数值波流水槽, 通过与试验结果进行对比验证了模型的可靠性。以实际工程为研究对象, 模拟了波流耦合作用下桥墩的流场, 对桥墩周围流场的水动力特性进行研究, 并探讨桥墩倾斜角度和长宽比对流场结构的影响。得出如下主要结论。
(1)在水流的作用下, 桥墩后方形成对称分布的涡旋, 随着波流的发展, 尾涡区呈现出周期性的变化。一个周期内,当波谷传递到桥墩时,后方尾涡区范围增大, 涡旋不断变大并向后移动, 在波峰到达桥墩前达到最大后逐渐减小消散。
(2)桥墩正向倾斜的角度增大,斜墩趋向于流线型, 有助于减小湍流涡, 降低桥墩所受水平荷载。
(3)桥墩长宽比的增大使得边界层处压力差减小,涡旋强度降低;桥墩所受荷载随长宽比增大而增大, 纵向尺度对流场的影响逐渐减弱。
(4)在$L/D$$1 \sim 3, a$$-{30}^{\circ }\sim +{30}^{\circ }$ 范围内, 当$L/D = 1, a ={10}^{\circ }$ 时,桥墩所受到的荷载最小。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402846
  • 接收时间:2024-04-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-18
  • 修回日期:2024-12-18
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国家自然科学基金(52178353)
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    武汉理工大学 船海与能源动力工程学院 武汉 430063
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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