Article(id=1156986624597906331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403315, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776707076, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776707076, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776707076, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776707076, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3473, endPage=3479, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986626229490592, articleId=1156986624597906331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles Based on the Ordered Logistic Regression Model, columnId=1156963929462231640, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Charging infrastructure is essential for promoting the development of electric vehicles, and identifying charging behaviors of electric vehicles is the precondition of optimizing the layout of charging infrastructure. Using the charging data of the Kechuang Base Charging Station in Beijing in 2017, charging behaviors of electric vehicles were explored by descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. Based on the charging power, charging piles were divided into three categories: high(100kW), medium(40kW), and low (${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$and${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$). Firstly, a descriptive analysis was conducted. It is found that as the charging power decreases, the charging time significantly increases, but usually does not exceed 180 min. 86.5% of customers are company users, mainly consisted of taxi/ ride hailing drivers; electric vehicles are often charged when their state of charge (SOC) are still high. Then, an ordered Logistic model was built to identify the key factors influencing the charging pile choice. Company users, daytime, weekday, charging peak period, and the low starting SOC are found to be able to significantly lead users to adopt the high-power charging piles. The research findings could be used to help optimizing the charging station layout.

, correspAuthors=Chen-hui LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying LI, Xue-rui HOU, Chen-hui LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986773273400118, articleId=1156986624597906331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于有序逻辑回归模型的电动汽车充电行为分析, columnId=1154013916746211332, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

充电基础设施是影响电动汽车发展的重要因素,而分析明确电动汽车充电行为特征是优化充电设施布局的前提。基于北京科创基地充电站 2017年充电数据,利用描述性分析与统计分析研究了电动汽车充电行为特征。基于充电功率,将充电桩划分为高功率(100kW)、中等功率(40kW)、低功率$\left({{10}\mathrm{{kW}}\text{和}{15}\mathrm{{kW}}}\right)$三类。首先,从充电时长、用户特征、电池特征等方面全面客观分析电动汽车的充电行为特征。发现随着充电桩功率减小,充电时长明显增加,但一般不超过 180 min; 从用户类型来看,以网约车/出租车等集团用户为主,占比高达86.5%;从电池特征看,大部分用户在电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)较高时就开始充电。其次,通过构建有序逻辑回归模型识别影响充电桩选择的关键因素。建模结果发现集团用户、白天、工作日、充电高峰时段、充电起始电池SOC很低时,电动汽车用户更倾向于选择高功率充电桩。研究成果可帮助优化充电站布局。

, correspAuthors=刘晨辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘晨辉(1987—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车、交通安全、智能交通控制与仿真。E-mail: chenhuiliu@hnu.edu.cn。
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李颖(1986-),女,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通控制与管理、大数据驱动下新型智能交通系统。E-mail: yingli@chd.edu.cn。

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李颖(1986-),女,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通控制与管理、大数据驱动下新型智能交通系统。E-mail: yingli@chd.edu.cn。

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李颖(1986-),女,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通控制与管理、大数据驱动下新型智能交通系统。E-mail: yingli@chd.edu.cn。

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Research on the quantity planning of charging stations based on charging demand and economy[J]. 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caption=Distribution diagram of charging duration box type for different power charging piles, figureFileSmall=dVsVrpaZAZW/rkVqY5v/pg==, figureFileBig=eW7vR12lsfULTc+SpNDYrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788163179455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同功率充电桩的充电时长箱型分布图, figureFileSmall=dVsVrpaZAZW/rkVqY5v/pg==, figureFileBig=eW7vR12lsfULTc+SpNDYrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788272231360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Power distribution of different types of customers choosing charging stations, figureFileSmall=Ql/LZYZ24hahv0zPMplPGQ==, figureFileBig=akeKqoKytf+ZZtewMzX4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788360311745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同类型客户选择充电桩的功率分布, figureFileSmall=Ql/LZYZ24hahv0zPMplPGQ==, figureFileBig=akeKqoKytf+ZZtewMzX4bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788427420610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Time distribution of electric vehicle charging data, figureFileSmall=i1rYWEjSJQzDzB49+zpiMg==, figureFileBig=vvXphp/OTwZQh8MLVzX9ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788486140867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图3, caption=电动汽车充电数据的时间分布, figureFileSmall=i1rYWEjSJQzDzB49+zpiMg==, figureFileBig=vvXphp/OTwZQh8MLVzX9ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788532278212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Weekly distribution of electric vehicle charging data, figureFileSmall=0mN83myntksgYmx5Vnjj2A==, figureFileBig=xl3Veew096vLQ59+LWpKmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788586804165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电动汽车充电数据的星期分布, figureFileSmall=0mN83myntksgYmx5Vnjj2A==, figureFileBig=xl3Veew096vLQ59+LWpKmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788645524422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Square distribution of battery SOC at the beginning of electric vehicle charging, figureFileSmall=ykbCfPk1H9w4QbHv6W9U/w==, figureFileBig=RR2pQECrk87ygep+k7F+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788716827591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电动汽车充电开始时电池 $\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 直方分布图, figureFileSmall=ykbCfPk1H9w4QbHv6W9U/w==, figureFileBig=RR2pQECrk87ygep+k7F+oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788830073800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Direct distribution of battery SOC at the end of electric vehicle charging, figureFileSmall=rWbVRbSSpzZFm0Vghz0XYQ==, figureFileBig=ljLx4GVc2UhH1zWJJe5QRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788888794057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电动汽车充电结束时电池 SOC 直方分布图, figureFileSmall=rWbVRbSSpzZFm0Vghz0XYQ==, figureFileBig=ljLx4GVc2UhH1zWJJe5QRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986788968485834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distribution of temperature days and charging times in electric vehicle charging, figureFileSmall=8zJxJRj1oXhFW3BCmbR4qQ==, figureFileBig=POQnD3VPegpKhIucSYu/Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986789018817483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图7, caption=电动汽车充电气温天数及充电次数占比分布, figureFileSmall=8zJxJRj1oXhFW3BCmbR4qQ==, figureFileBig=POQnD3VPegpKhIucSYu/Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986789069149132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Probability distribution diagram of ordered Logistic regression model, figureFileSmall=rKRjF40X6IoHNgqk1jnBtw==, figureFileBig=2Z3eY1QKHVRqUVK6VsG5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986789123675085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=图8, caption=有序逻辑回归模型的概率分布图, figureFileSmall=rKRjF40X6IoHNgqk1jnBtw==, figureFileBig=2Z3eY1QKHVRqUVK6VsG5lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986789194978254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Electricity and charging service fees, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 充电单价/[元.${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 集团服务费/[元.${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 个人服务费/[元.$\left.{\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\right\rbrack$ 执行阶段
高峰 1.004 4 0.6 0.8 ${10}: {00}- {15}: {00}$${18}: {00}- {21}: {00}$
平峰 0.695 0 0.6 0.8 ${07}: {00}- {10}: {00}$${15}: {00}- {18}: {00}$${21}: {00}- {23}: {00}$
低谷 0.394 6 0.5 0.8 ${23}: {00}- {07}: {00}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986789245309903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电费及充电服务费, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 充电单价/[元.${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 集团服务费/[元.${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 个人服务费/[元.$\left.{\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\right\rbrack$ 执行阶段
高峰 1.004 4 0.6 0.8 ${10}: {00}- {15}: {00}$${18}: {00}- {21}: {00}$
平峰 0.695 0 0.6 0.8 ${07}: {00}- {10}: {00}$${15}: {00}- {18}: {00}$${21}: {00}- {23}: {00}$
低谷 0.394 6 0.5 0.8 ${23}: {00}- {07}: {00}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986789308224464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Parameter estimation results of ordered Logistic regression model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 类别 参数估计 标准误差 $t$ 95% 置信度区间 优势比
充电时长 - -0.012 0.001 -34.931 ${\left(-{0.013},- {0.012}\right)}^{* }$ 0.988
客户类型 集团 1.230 0.042 29.629 (1.149,1.312)* 3.421
时间 晚上 -0.454 0.037 -12.235 ${\left(-{0.526},- {0.381}\right)}^{* }$ 0.635
星期 周末 -0.095 0.031 -3.041 ${\left(-{0.156},- {0.034}\right)}^{* }$ 0.909
充电费率 低谷费率 -0.057 0.034 -1.666 (-0.125,0.010) 0.945
充电费率 高峰费率 0.424 0.034 12.419 ${\left({0.357},{0.491}\right)}^{* }$ 1.528
电池电量 充电起始 SOC -0.007 0.001 -9.834 ${\left(-{0.009},- {0.006}\right)}^{* }$ 0.993
气温 高温 0.103 0.035 2.904 $\left({{0.033},{0.172}}\right){}^{* }$ 1.108
气温 低温 0.038 0.030 1.266 (-0.021,0.098) 1.038
), ArticleFig(id=1156986789358556113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986624597906331, language=CN, label=表2, caption=有序逻辑回归模型的参数估计结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 类别 参数估计 标准误差 $t$ 95% 置信度区间 优势比
充电时长 - -0.012 0.001 -34.931 ${\left(-{0.013},- {0.012}\right)}^{* }$ 0.988
客户类型 集团 1.230 0.042 29.629 (1.149,1.312)* 3.421
时间 晚上 -0.454 0.037 -12.235 ${\left(-{0.526},- {0.381}\right)}^{* }$ 0.635
星期 周末 -0.095 0.031 -3.041 ${\left(-{0.156},- {0.034}\right)}^{* }$ 0.909
充电费率 低谷费率 -0.057 0.034 -1.666 (-0.125,0.010) 0.945
充电费率 高峰费率 0.424 0.034 12.419 ${\left({0.357},{0.491}\right)}^{* }$ 1.528
电池电量 充电起始 SOC -0.007 0.001 -9.834 ${\left(-{0.009},- {0.006}\right)}^{* }$ 0.993
气温 高温 0.103 0.035 2.904 $\left({{0.033},{0.172}}\right){}^{* }$ 1.108
气温 低温 0.038 0.030 1.266 (-0.021,0.098) 1.038
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基于有序逻辑回归模型的电动汽车充电行为分析
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李颖 1 , 侯学睿 2 , 刘晨辉 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3473-3479
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3473-3479
基于有序逻辑回归模型的电动汽车充电行为分析
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李颖1 , 侯学睿2, 刘晨辉2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学 信息工程学院 西安 710064
  • 2 湖南大学 土木工程学院 长沙 410082
  • 3 湖南大学 综合交通研究中心 长沙 410082
  • 李颖(1986-),女,汉族,陕西咸阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:交通控制与管理、大数据驱动下新型智能交通系统。E-mail: yingli@chd.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

*刘晨辉(1987—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车、交通安全、智能交通控制与仿真。E-mail: chenhuiliu@hnu.edu.cn。
Analysis of Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles Based on the Ordered Logistic Regression Model
Ying LI1 , Xue-rui HOU2, Chen-hui LIU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Information Engineering Chang'an University Xi'an 710064 China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
  • 3 Transportation Research Center Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403315
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充电基础设施是影响电动汽车发展的重要因素,而分析明确电动汽车充电行为特征是优化充电设施布局的前提。基于北京科创基地充电站 2017年充电数据,利用描述性分析与统计分析研究了电动汽车充电行为特征。基于充电功率,将充电桩划分为高功率(100kW)、中等功率(40kW)、低功率$\left({{10}\mathrm{{kW}}\text{和}{15}\mathrm{{kW}}}\right)$三类。首先,从充电时长、用户特征、电池特征等方面全面客观分析电动汽车的充电行为特征。发现随着充电桩功率减小,充电时长明显增加,但一般不超过 180 min; 从用户类型来看,以网约车/出租车等集团用户为主,占比高达86.5%;从电池特征看,大部分用户在电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)较高时就开始充电。其次,通过构建有序逻辑回归模型识别影响充电桩选择的关键因素。建模结果发现集团用户、白天、工作日、充电高峰时段、充电起始电池SOC很低时,电动汽车用户更倾向于选择高功率充电桩。研究成果可帮助优化充电站布局。

电动汽车  /  充电行为  /  有序逻辑回归模型  /  实际充电数据  /  充电桩功率

Charging infrastructure is essential for promoting the development of electric vehicles, and identifying charging behaviors of electric vehicles is the precondition of optimizing the layout of charging infrastructure. Using the charging data of the Kechuang Base Charging Station in Beijing in 2017, charging behaviors of electric vehicles were explored by descriptive analysis and statistical analysis. Based on the charging power, charging piles were divided into three categories: high(100kW), medium(40kW), and low (${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$and${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$). Firstly, a descriptive analysis was conducted. It is found that as the charging power decreases, the charging time significantly increases, but usually does not exceed 180 min. 86.5% of customers are company users, mainly consisted of taxi/ ride hailing drivers; electric vehicles are often charged when their state of charge (SOC) are still high. Then, an ordered Logistic model was built to identify the key factors influencing the charging pile choice. Company users, daytime, weekday, charging peak period, and the low starting SOC are found to be able to significantly lead users to adopt the high-power charging piles. The research findings could be used to help optimizing the charging station layout.

electric vehicle  /  charging behavior  /  ordered Logistic regression model  /  real charging data  /  charging pile power
李颖, 侯学睿, 刘晨辉. 基于有序逻辑回归模型的电动汽车充电行为分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3473 -3479 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403315
Ying LI, Xue-rui HOU, Chen-hui LIU. Analysis of Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles Based on the Ordered Logistic Regression Model[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3473 -3479 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403315
大力发展新能源汽车是推动交通运输领域节能减排,实现 “双碳” 战略的重要手段。截至 2022 年底, 全国新能源汽车保有量达到 1310 万辆, 其中纯电动汽车保有量 1045 万辆[1]。充电基础设施是新能源汽车发展的重要保障。国家能源局数据显示, 2022 年全国公共充电设施保有量约为 180 万台[2]。尽管如此,目前新能源汽车充电供需矛盾问题仍然十分突出[3]。根据新能源汽车用户的充电规律特征精准调整优化充电基础设施布局, 是解决充电设施供需矛盾、推动新能源汽车行业持续健康发展的关键前提。
针对新能源汽车用户的充电行为特征,中外学者已开展了大量研究。Siddique 等[4] 分析了美国伊利诺伊州 821 座充电站近${19}\times {10}^{4}$ 条充电记录,发现电动汽车倾向于早上在公共充电站充电, 且其在工作日和上午的充电停留时间比周末和下午更短。Jonas 等[5] 分析了加拿大 7 000 座公共充电桩与住宅充电桩的充电数据, 发现两者充电特征存在显著差异。Mandev 等[6] 分析了美国和加拿大 10488 辆插电式混合动力汽车累计${43}\times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;d}$ 的行驶数据, 发现这些车辆平均每天充电 1 次, 且充电主要在夜间进行。挪威是全世界电动汽车渗透率最高的国家, Sorensen 等[7] 研究了挪威超过${3.5}\times {10}^{4}$ 条住宅充电数据,发现电动汽车用户平均每周充电 3.7 次, 平均每天充电 6.2 度, 大部分用户并不会把电池充满。此外, 该研究还探讨了将下午和傍晚的充电活动转移至晚间的可能性,以减少住宅电网负荷。一项对德国 300 名电动汽车用户进行的问卷调查发现, 在家充电和使用公共设施充电的用户各占${50}\%$,超过${80}\%$ 的用户每周充电 2 或 3 次[8]。Ren 等[9] 分析了北京电动汽车充电记录,发现用户出行时间越长,越倾向采用快充。此外,用户在冬季更喜欢慢充,而夏季更喜欢快充。
部分学者在充电负荷预测[10] 、充电桩规划[11-12] 、充电费用定价[13-14] 、用户充电行为[15] 等方面已开展了研究。罗思杰等[12] 对福州市 4 416 辆出租车轨迹数据进行聚类分析, 得出 16 个充电站的选址方案,同时还探索了用户充电行为,以更加精确的了解电动汽车用户实际充电需求。孟祥怡等[15] 利用中国一汽充电大数据从用户类型、车辆类型、充电方式等方面进行统计分析, 提取用户充电行为规律,杨杰等[16] 分析了上海新能源汽车运行数据,发现充电主要以快充为主,且在工作日有明显的充电高峰期。李浩等[17] 对上海 300 辆纯电动汽车的实际运行数据进行聚类分析, 发现充电起始荷电状态 (state of charge, SOC) 越低的人群越偏向于快充。根据车型,罗卓伟等[18] 将电动汽车充电模式划分为公交车、出租车、公务车和私家车, 并分析每种模式的充电行为特征。包宁宁等[19] 提出了一种分时电价下的有序充放电控制策略, 并采用蒙特卡洛仿真证明该策略可以有效降低电网负荷峰谷差及用户充电成本。
综上可知, 针对新能源汽车用户的充电行为特征, 中外学者已开展了众多研究。然而, 由于充电行为具有较强的随机性和分散性, 目前针对电动汽车充电行为尚无成熟、准确的预测模型, 尤其缺乏基于真实充电数据的深入探究。鉴于此, 利用北京市科创基地充电站实际充电交易记录, 研究电动汽车用户的出行习惯与充电规律, 明确其充电的时空分布规律, 识别影响其充电特征的关键因素, 从而为指导充电基础设施布局提供理论支撑与数据支持。
分析数据为北京科创基地充电站 28 台充电设施 2017 年 1 月 1 日—2017 年 12 月 31 日的充电记录数据。该充电站周边有学校、医院、商业、轨道交通站点等各类设施, 主要为周边住户私家车、出租车、网约车等提供充电服务。调查时间内,该充电站共有 36432 条充电数据, 考虑到天气对于新能源汽车电耗的影响, 为更准确分析新能源汽车用户的充电行为特征, 采集调查时间内该充电站附近每天的平均气温信息。
该充电站充电桩类型包含直流 (DC) 和交流 (AC) 两类,其中交流充电数据仅占${6.9}\%$。与直流充电桩相比,交流充电桩功率较小,充电时间长。为了节省充电时间, 目前中国公共充电设施一般以直流充电桩为主。因此, 仅分析直流充电用户的充电行为特征。对数据的初步分析发现, 由于设备故障、网络通信稳定性差等原因,部分充电记录数据有明显异常。因此,将所有充电时长少于$1\mathrm{\;{min}}$,或充电电量低于$1\mathrm{\;{kW}}/\mathrm{h}$,或充电开始$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 为 100 ,或充电结束 SOC 为 0 或大于 100 的数据, 均认定为无效并删除。预处理后, 共有 28764 条有效充电数据被保留下来用于后续分析。
直流充电桩的充电功率包括 10、15、40、${100}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,其在充电数据中所占比例分别为${4.3}\%$${4.6}\%,{66.1}\%$${25.0}\%$。即用户整体更倾向于选择大功率充电桩,以节省充电时间。图1 为不同功率充电桩的充电时长箱型分布图。可以看出,10、 15、40、100 kW 充电桩平均充电时长分别为 101.6、${92.0}\text{、}{71.9}\text{、}{64.1}\mathrm{\;{min}}$,证实随着充电桩充电功率增大,电动汽车充电时长显著减少。进一步分析可知,超过${98}\%$ 的充电记录充电时长少于${180}\mathrm{\;{min}}$
客户类型包含个人用户和集团用户, 前者指以个人名义与充电设施运营商达成服务协议, 由个人付费结算的客户;后者指以共有单位名义与充电设施运营商达成服务协议,由单位付费结算的客户。数据显示,集团用户占比高达 86.5%,主要为各网约车公司以及车辆租赁公司,而个人用户比例仅有 13.5%。分析可知, 这是因为在政策引导下, 网约车/出租车是最先大规模换装电动汽车的群体之一, 其使用频率显然要远高于私家车。图2 为不同类型客户选择充电桩的功率分布。可以看出, 与集团用户相比,个人用户选择${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$${15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 低功率充电桩的比例明显更高。分析认为, 对于网约车/ 出租车来说, 选用大功率充电桩可有效减少充电时间,延长出车时间,进而增加收入,因此它们更倾向于使用大功率充电桩。相比之下, 个人用户对于充电时长的容忍度更高一些。
图3 展示了充电数据的小时分布。可以发现, 电动汽车充电时间有较大波动,晚上充电所占比例明显更高,特别是在${21}: {00}$ 一次日${03}: {00}$。研究认为,一方面,电动汽车充电时间较长,晚上充电不会影响白天工作;另一方面,北京市公共充电设施实施峰谷分时电价, 晚上充电电费费率更低 (表1), 可以节省充电费用。08:00-11:00 还有一波充电小高峰, 分析认为这可能是部分用户早上完成通勤后对车辆进行补充充电。
图4 展示了电动汽车充电数据的星期分布。可以看出, 电动汽车工作日充电比例明显高于周末, 且分布十分均匀, 这表明电动汽车在周末的使用率明显低于工作日,且日常使用情况很稳定。分析认为这也是合理的:无论是网约车/出租车,还是私家车,其主要任务仍然是服务于通勤出行,而周末通勤出行显然会大幅度减少。
电池 SOC 反映了车辆动力电池当前的存储电量, 是影响电动汽车续驶里程的关键参数。图5图6 分别展示了电动汽车充电开始和充电结束时的 SOC 直方分布图。可以看出, 大部分电动汽车用户在电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 高于${20}\%$ 时就开始充电,充电开始时电池 SOC 中位数高达 40%。即大部分用户在电池电量仍然较多时就开始充电, 而不是像燃油车一样等油量极低时才加油。分析可知, 这是由于电动汽车充电设施整体仍然有限, 而充电又比较耗时, 为了保证电动汽车在使用时有充足的电量, 因此用户会在电池$\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 仍然较高时就进行充电,以防止出现电量用完,又找不到充电桩的问题。此外,大部分电动汽车都会选择充满电,充电结束时电池 SOC 大于 99% 的充电比例几乎超过 1/2。
环境温度会影响电动汽车的电池性能, 进而影响用户的充电行为。北京地处北方, 常年平均气温维持在$-{10}\sim {30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,而电动汽车电池在低温 (低于 0 °C)或高温(高于 25 °C)环境下的充电性能都会受到影响[20]。分析图7 可知,电动汽车低温和高温天数分别占比 23.8% 和 13.9%,对应的充电次数占比分别为 24.2% 和 15.0%, 略高于充电天数占比, 但变化不明显。
基于充电功率,将充电桩划分为三类:高功率 (100kW)、中等功率(40kW)、低功率$({15}\mathrm{{kW}}$${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$)。由于三类充电桩具有明显的等级顺序,采用有序逻辑回归模型识别影响用户选择各类充电桩的关键因素。相比于传统的多分类逻辑回归模型, 有序逻辑回归模型能够充分考虑自变量之间的顺序关系, 可以更精准地识别各因素对于不同类别数据的影响,在研究驾驶行为危险度[21] 、事故严重程度[22-23] 等众多领域有着广泛应用。因此采用有序逻辑回归模型来识别影响用户选择充电桩功率的影响因素,模型见式 (1)~ 式 (3)。
${y}_{i}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0,& {y}_{i}^{* }\leq {\mu }_{1},\text{ 低功率充电桩 }\\ 1,& {\mu }_{1}< {y}_{i}^{* }\leq {\mu }_{2},\text{ 中等功率充电桩 }\\ 2,& {\mu }_{2}< {y}_{i}^{* },\text{ 高功率充电桩 }\end{array}\right.$
${y}_{i}^{* }= {x}_{i}\beta +{\varepsilon }_{i}$
$ F\left({\varepsilon }_{i}\right)= \frac{1}{1 +\exp \left({-{\varepsilon }_{i}}\right)} $
式中:$i$ 为充电数据序号,$1,2,\cdots ,{28764};{y}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 条充电数据选择的充电桩功率$\left({0,1,2}\right);{y}_{i}^{* }$ 为与${y}_{i}$ 对应的隐藏连续因变量;${\mu }_{1}\text{、}{\mu }_{2}$ 为有序逻辑回归模型的常数临界值,又称为分割点,${\mu }_{1}\leq {\mu }_{2};{x}_{i}$ 为自变量集,即影响因素集;$\beta$ 为与${x}_{i}$ 相对应的回归参数集;${\varepsilon }_{i}$ 为第$i$ 条充电数据的随机误差项,服从 Logistic 分布;$F$ 为概率分布函数。
有序逻辑回归模型的概率密度分布如图8 所示。图8 中,${\mu }_{1}$ 为判断是否选择低功率充电桩的分割点,${\mu }_{2}$ 为判断是否选择高功率充电桩的分割点, 两者中间即为选择中等功率充电桩的概率。
由此, 选择不同功率充电桩对应的概率分布, 计算公式为
$\begin{cases} P\left({{y}_{i}= 0 \mid {x}_{i}}\right)& = P\left({{y}_{i}^{* }\leq {\mu }_{1}\mid {X}_{i}}\right)= F\left({{\mu }_{1}- {x}_{i}\beta }\right)\\ P\left({{y}_{i}= 1 \mid {x}_{i}}\right)& = P\left({{\mu }_{1}< {y}_{i}^{* }\leq {\mu }_{2}\mid {x}_{i}}\right)\\& = F\left({{\mu }_{2}- {x}_{i}\beta }\right)- F\left({{\mu }_{1}- {x}_{i}\beta }\right)\\ P\left({{y}_{i}= 2 \mid {x}_{i}}\right)& = P\left({{y}_{i}^{* }> {\mu }_{2}\mid {x}_{i}}\right)= 1 - F\left({{\mu }_{2}- {x}_{i}\beta }\right)\end{cases}$
式 (4) 中:$P$ 为概率。
$\beta$ 为正数时,表示变量对用户充电行为有显著正影响。随着变量值增加, 选择高功率充电桩的概率会增大,选择低功率充电桩的概率会减少; 当$\beta$ 为负数时, 表示变量对用户充电行为有显著负影响。随着变量值增加, 选择高功率充电桩的概率会减小,选择低功率充电桩的概率会增大;当$\beta$ 为 0 时, 表明该变量对用户充电行为无显著性影响。
$\mathrm{R}$ 中采用 MASS 工具包建立了有序逻辑回归模型[24],最终建模采用的指标包括充电时长、客户类型、时间、星期、气温、充电开始 SOC、充电时段共 7 个自变量, 模型估计结果如表2 所示。
车辆充电时长由车辆实际充电时长以及车辆停车时长两部分组成。模型结果表明, 车辆充电时长对用户充电行为有显著负影响,优势比为${0.988}<$ 1。也就是说,车辆充电时间每增加${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$,用户选择较高功率充电桩的相对概率就减少 12%。分析可知, 虽然高功率充电桩充电速度快、时间短, 但车辆一旦完成充电后, 仍然占用充电车位会被收取较为昂贵的停车费。因而, 在充电时间充足的情况下, 用户反而可能更愿意选择低功率充电桩进行充电,以避免缴纳高额的停车费。
用户类型对充电桩选择有显著正向影响。与个人用户相比, 集团用户选择更高功率充电桩的概率是个人用户的 3.421 倍, 也就是说集团用户更可能选择高功率充电桩。前面分析已指出, 集团用户主要以巡游出租车、网约车等为主。对于集团用户来说, 充电时间越长就意味着工作时间越短, 收入也会相应减少。因此, 集团用户更倾向于选择大功率充电桩, 从而缩短充电时间, 延长工作时间。冯乾隆等[25] 证实了出租车用户对时间较为敏感,其充电一般以大功率充电桩为主。相比之下, 个人用户对充电时间则没有那么敏感,更有可能选择低功率充电桩。因此, 在进行充电桩规划时, 管理部门应该根据其未来客户类型来确定充电桩组成, 确保其能够切实满足客户的充电需求。
在时间因素中, 时间和星期对用户充电行为有显著影响。与白天相比,电动汽车用户晚上选择高功率充电桩的概率更小, 其优势比为 0.635, 也就是说其晚上选择高功率充电桩的概率是白天的 0.635 倍。分析认为, 晚上用户出行活动大大减少, 有更充足的时间充电, 因此选择低功率充电桩的概率更大。与工作日相比, 电动汽车用户在周末选择高功率充电桩的概率也更小, 其优势比为 0.909, 也就是说其周末选择较高功率充电桩的概率比工作日低 9.1%。相较于工作日,用户在周末的出行需求同样会大大减少,充电时间也更充足,因此选择低功率充电桩的概率也会更大。
表1 所示, 不同时间段的电动汽车充电收费标准不同,高峰时段充电费率最高,低谷时段充电费率最低。模型估计结果表明,高峰费率对用户充电行为有显著正影响, 但低谷费率对用户充电行为则没有显著影响。与平峰时段相比, 高峰时段用户选择高功率充电桩的概率是其 1.528 倍。分析可知, 电动汽车充电费率在 3 个时段差异较大, 用户选择充电桩类型与其需求有关。在平峰和低谷时段充电时, 用户可能倾向于降低充电成本, 因而会倾向选择中低功率充电桩;在高峰时段充电时,用户可能更多的希望快速充满电量, 对充电成本考虑更少, 因而会倾向选择高功率充电桩。
充电开始时电池 SOC 对用户充电行为有显著负影响,优势比为 0.993 。也就是说,车辆电池起始 SOC 每增加 10%, 用户选择更高功率充电桩的概率将下降 7%。分析认为,电池 SOC 越低,用户就会越担心电池电量会快速耗完。为避免电量耗完, 起始 SOC 较低的用户可能会更倾向于选择大功率充电桩,以快速补充电量,避免车辆趴窝。李浩等[17] 对电动汽车用户充电行为的研究中,利用$K$ -means 聚类算法对充电起始 SOC 用户群体进行特征分类, 也发现充电起始 SOC 较低的用户更偏向于快充, 而 SOC 较高的用户充电时间更分散, 更偏向于慢充, 这与本文研究结果基本一致。
从天气来看,高温对用户充电行为有显著正影响, 低温则无显著影响。建模结果表明, 与常温天气相比,高温天气选择高功率充电桩的概率高 10.8%, 也就是说高温时用户更愿意选择高功率充电桩进行充电。北京市高温时节为每年的 7~8 月份, 属于旅游旺季, 而电动汽车用户主要以网约车、 出租车为主,旅游旺季出行量大、出行需求多,因而会更多地选择高功率充电桩充电。
充电基础设施是影响电动汽车发展的关键因素, 而优化充电基础设施布局的前提是明确电动汽车充电行为特征。利用北京科创基地充电站 2017 年的充电记录数据, 从充电时长、用户类型、电池特征等方面分析电动汽车的充电行为特征, 并利用有序逻辑回归模型量化识别了影响用户选择不同功率充电桩的关键因素。得出如下主要结论。
(1)随着充电桩功率减小,车辆充电时长明显增加,但一般不超过${180}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ; 充电站电动汽车用户以网约车/出租车等集团用户为主,占比高达 86.5%;充电活动多在晚上进行,集中于 21:00一次日 03:00 ; 大部分用户在电池 SOC 较高时就开始充电,且基本都会充满。
(2)建模结果表明,充电时长、客户类型、时间、 星期、充电费用、充电起始电量以及气温都对用户充电桩选择行为有显著影响。具体来说, 集团用户、白天、工作日、充电高峰时段、充电起始电池 SOC 很低时以及高温天气下, 电动汽车用户更倾向于选择高功率充电桩。
(3)基于研究结果, 对充电设施布局提出以下建议:充电设施规划应当充分考虑目标客户的人员结构, 做出合理规划; 应引导电动汽车用户有序充电, 并充分考虑充电高峰期的需求; 可以通过进一步调整电动汽车充电费率, 将部分高峰充电需求转移到电网负荷低谷阶段, 起到削峰填谷的作用, 也可以提高充电设备的整体利用率。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52002031)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403315
  • 接收时间:2024-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-06
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52002031)
作者信息
    1 长安大学 信息工程学院 西安 710064
    2 湖南大学 土木工程学院 长沙 410082
    3 湖南大学 综合交通研究中心 长沙 410082

通讯作者:

*刘晨辉(1987—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车、交通安全、智能交通控制与仿真。E-mail: chenhuiliu@hnu.edu.cn。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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