Article(id=1156986624136532890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776706966, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776706966, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776706966, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776706966, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3226, endPage=3234, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986625797477279, articleId=1156986624136532890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experimental and Computational Investigation on the Combustion Characteristics of Ethanol-Hydrogen-Air Premixed Laminar Flow, columnId=1156986625721979806, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the depletion of fossil fuels and the emergence of biofuels, ethanol-hydrogen fuel as a new generation of clean renewable fuel has attracted widespread attention. It is necessary to study the effects of ethanol-hydrogen air premixed flame combustion characteristics. Based on the constant volume combustion system, the laminar combustion characteristics of ethanol/hydrogen/air premixed flame were studied under the conditions of initial temperature of${400}\mathrm{\;K}$, hydrogen ratio of${20}\%$, equivalent ratio of${0.7}\sim {1.4}$and initial pressure of$2 \times {10}^{5},3 \times {10}^{5}$and$4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$. Based on the mechanism of ethanol oxidation of Marinov and experimental data, the laminar combustion rate of Marinov was studied and the influencing factors were analyzed. Based on Chemkin-Pro software, the chemical reaction kinetics and numerical study were carried out. The results show that the laminar combustion rate of mixed fuel slows down with the increase of pressure.$\mathrm{H}$group is the main pathway of ethanol consumption, and$\mathrm{H},\mathrm{O}$, and$\mathrm{{OH}}$radicals play a leading role in the reaction of${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$and${\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$from$\mathrm{H}$extracted by ethanol.$\mathrm{R}1 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$has the most positive effect on laminar combustion speed. The peak molar fraction of the active radical pool composed of active free radicals(H, OandOH) has a good correlation with the laminar combustion rate of ethanol in the whole equivalent ratio range, and the influence is huge. Further exploring this correlation, it is found that there is an approximate linear relationship, and the expression of laminar combustion rate with the peak molar fraction of$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$and$\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{{OH}}$is fitted.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-rong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao-wei LU, Xiao-rong WANG, Gen-zhu JIANG, Yuan ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986806785888497, articleId=1156986624136532890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=乙醇-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性的实验与数值研究, columnId=1154014178860847173, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着化石燃料的日渐枯竭,生物燃料逐渐进入大众视野,乙醇氢气混合燃料作为新一代可再生清洁燃料引起了广泛关注,开展乙醇氢气空气预混火焰燃烧特性的影响研究非常有必要。基于定容燃烧系统,在初始温度为400 K,氢气比例为${20}\%$,当量比为${0.7}\sim {1.4}$,初始压力为$2 \times {10}^{5}\sim 3 \times {10}^{5}\sim 4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{Pa}}$条件下研究乙醇/氢气/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧特性,根据 Marinov的乙醇氧化反应机理以及实验数据对其层流燃烧速度进行研究,并分析其影响因素;基于 Chemkin-Pro 软件对其进行化学反应动力学研究并进行数值研究。结果表明:压力的增大会使得混合燃料的层流燃烧速度变慢。H 基是乙醇消耗的主要途径, H、O、和 OH 自由基在乙醇提取$\mathrm{H}$形成${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$的反应中起主导作用。R1:$\mathrm{H}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \rightleftharpoons 0 +\mathrm{{OH}}$对层流燃烧速度表现出最积极的影响,活性自由基(H、O和OH)组成的活性自由基池的峰值摩尔分数在整个当量比范围内与乙醇的层流燃烧速度有很好的相关性且影响巨大,进一步探索这种相关性, 发现其存在近似的线性关系, 并拟合出层流燃烧速度随 H +$\mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$峰摩尔分数的表达式。

, correspAuthors=王筱蓉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王筱蓉(1982-),女,汉族,山西晋中人,博士,教授、硕士研究生导师。研究方向:燃料燃烧特性。E-mail: wangxiaorong@just.edu.cn。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=G8VLPr+vOcUQZVo9FtnUVw==, magXml=Kh05Xi9sEm0DD/p2t1W2Fw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Xcce0PXdeN2a2b0Ud6B7lA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ErWc/OXIeUbVJgSBJCGEqA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陆皓炜(2000—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:可燃气体燃烧特性。E-mail:221210201117@stu.just.edu.cn。

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陆皓炜(2000—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:可燃气体燃烧特性。E-mail:221210201117@stu.just.edu.cn。

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陆皓炜(2000—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:可燃气体燃烧特性。E-mail:221210201117@stu.just.edu.cn。

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乙醇-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性的实验与数值研究
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陆皓炜 , 王筱蓉 * , 姜根柱 , 朱源
科学技术与工程 | 能源与动力工程 2025,25(8): 3226-3234
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科学技术与工程 | 能源与动力工程 2025, 25(8): 3226-3234
乙醇-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性的实验与数值研究
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陆皓炜 , 王筱蓉* , 姜根柱, 朱源
作者信息
  • 江苏科技大学 机械工程学院 镇江 212003
  • 陆皓炜(2000—),男,汉族,江苏苏州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:可燃气体燃烧特性。E-mail:221210201117@stu.just.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

*王筱蓉(1982-),女,汉族,山西晋中人,博士,教授、硕士研究生导师。研究方向:燃料燃烧特性。E-mail: wangxiaorong@just.edu.cn。
Experimental and Computational Investigation on the Combustion Characteristics of Ethanol-Hydrogen-Air Premixed Laminar Flow
Hao-wei LU , Xiao-rong WANG* , Gen-zhu JIANG, Yuan ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186
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随着化石燃料的日渐枯竭,生物燃料逐渐进入大众视野,乙醇氢气混合燃料作为新一代可再生清洁燃料引起了广泛关注,开展乙醇氢气空气预混火焰燃烧特性的影响研究非常有必要。基于定容燃烧系统,在初始温度为400 K,氢气比例为${20}\%$,当量比为${0.7}\sim {1.4}$,初始压力为$2 \times {10}^{5}\sim 3 \times {10}^{5}\sim 4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{{Pa}}$条件下研究乙醇/氢气/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧特性,根据 Marinov的乙醇氧化反应机理以及实验数据对其层流燃烧速度进行研究,并分析其影响因素;基于 Chemkin-Pro 软件对其进行化学反应动力学研究并进行数值研究。结果表明:压力的增大会使得混合燃料的层流燃烧速度变慢。H 基是乙醇消耗的主要途径, H、O、和 OH 自由基在乙醇提取$\mathrm{H}$形成${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$的反应中起主导作用。R1:$\mathrm{H}+{\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \rightleftharpoons 0 +\mathrm{{OH}}$对层流燃烧速度表现出最积极的影响,活性自由基(H、O和OH)组成的活性自由基池的峰值摩尔分数在整个当量比范围内与乙醇的层流燃烧速度有很好的相关性且影响巨大,进一步探索这种相关性, 发现其存在近似的线性关系, 并拟合出层流燃烧速度随 H +$\mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$峰摩尔分数的表达式。

层流燃烧特性  /  氢气  /  乙醇  /  数值模拟研究  /  化学反应动力学

With the depletion of fossil fuels and the emergence of biofuels, ethanol-hydrogen fuel as a new generation of clean renewable fuel has attracted widespread attention. It is necessary to study the effects of ethanol-hydrogen air premixed flame combustion characteristics. Based on the constant volume combustion system, the laminar combustion characteristics of ethanol/hydrogen/air premixed flame were studied under the conditions of initial temperature of${400}\mathrm{\;K}$, hydrogen ratio of${20}\%$, equivalent ratio of${0.7}\sim {1.4}$and initial pressure of$2 \times {10}^{5},3 \times {10}^{5}$and$4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$. Based on the mechanism of ethanol oxidation of Marinov and experimental data, the laminar combustion rate of Marinov was studied and the influencing factors were analyzed. Based on Chemkin-Pro software, the chemical reaction kinetics and numerical study were carried out. The results show that the laminar combustion rate of mixed fuel slows down with the increase of pressure.$\mathrm{H}$group is the main pathway of ethanol consumption, and$\mathrm{H},\mathrm{O}$, and$\mathrm{{OH}}$radicals play a leading role in the reaction of${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$and${\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$from$\mathrm{H}$extracted by ethanol.$\mathrm{R}1 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$has the most positive effect on laminar combustion speed. The peak molar fraction of the active radical pool composed of active free radicals(H, OandOH) has a good correlation with the laminar combustion rate of ethanol in the whole equivalent ratio range, and the influence is huge. Further exploring this correlation, it is found that there is an approximate linear relationship, and the expression of laminar combustion rate with the peak molar fraction of$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$and$\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{{OH}}$is fitted.

laminar combustion characteristics  /  hydrogen  /  ethanol  /  numerical simulation research  /  chemical reaction kinetics
陆皓炜, 王筱蓉, 姜根柱, 朱源. 乙醇-氢气-空气预混层流燃烧特性的实验与数值研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3226 -3234 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186
Hao-wei LU, Xiao-rong WANG, Gen-zhu JIANG, Yuan ZHU. Experimental and Computational Investigation on the Combustion Characteristics of Ethanol-Hydrogen-Air Premixed Laminar Flow[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3226 -3234 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186
在过去的几十年里,汽车工业不断发展,但也对生态环境造成了巨大的危害, 保护环境和保存自然资源已成为当今两大重要的全球性问题。促使世界各地的科学家和政界开始寻找新的清洁燃料替代化石燃料[1]。生物燃料作为新一代可再生清洁燃料引起了人们的广泛关注。其中,乙醇被认为是一种很有前途的选择。乙醇作为第一代生物燃料, 因其获取来源广泛、抗爆性能好、层流燃烧速度高、可燃性广、污染物排放低等特点,被广泛用作汽油的替代燃料或发动机含氧燃料添加剂[2-3]。然而,由于乙醇的高潜热,纯乙醇发动机在冷启动和怠速工况时性能总是较差[4]。为了克服乙醇在能量转化中的缺点,可以在乙醇发动机中添加一定比例的氢气。因为氢气处于气态,点火能量低,火焰速度极高[5],氢的富集对促进缸内燃料均匀性, 改善湍流燃烧都具有重要作用[6-8]。此外,由于氢气可以通过乙醇的车载重整产生,因此对乙醇发动机汽车的氢气生产和储存问题可以通过很少的改装来解决[9]。加氢乙醇发动机似乎是未来发动机的一种有效和实用的方法。因此, 开展氢气乙醇混合燃料的燃烧特性研究非常有必要。
层流燃烧速度 (laminar burning velocity, LBV) 是表征燃料和氧化剂预混料在绝热条件下稳定的平面火焰传播的基本燃烧属性[10]。层流燃烧速度的研究有助于提高对各种燃烧现象的理解。它还促进了新的动力学模型的发展及其后续对各种目标应用的改进。因此, 测定预混火焰在不同操作条件下的层流燃烧速度可为化学反应分析提供依据。
近年来, 中外学者对氢气混合燃料的层流燃烧进行了大量研究。AL-Khafaji 等[11] 采用球形扩展火焰传播来测量${\mathrm{H}}_{2}/{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}$ /空气混合物在大范围${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 馏分下的火焰速度, 发现 LBV 随氢分数和温度的增加而增加,随压力的增加而减小。Zhang 等[12] 使用恒容燃烧室 CVCC(controlled variable combustion chamber) 研究了氢气/乙醇球形膨胀 火焰的不稳定性。发现在较高的压力和温度下,火焰更容易导致细胞不稳定。随着等效比的增大, 临界 Peclet 数的单调变化和火焰厚度的非单调变化引起临界半径先减小后增大的趋势。谭宗洋等[13] 研究了氢气掺混甲烷对湍流燃烧及一氧化氮生成排放的影响, 发现氢气掺混体积分数为 30% 时 NO 生成速率相比纯甲烷工况略微降低,氢气掺混体积分数为 60% 时 NO 生成速率则明显升高。Eckart 等[14] 使用热流密度法和定容室法研究了甲烷/氢气/空气火焰在高温高压下的燃烧过程和层流火焰特效,提出了甲烷/氢气/空气混合物的温度和压力的幂律相关性。$\mathrm{{Xu}}$[15] 对含水生物乙醇在 CCVC 中的爆炸特性进行了研究, 发现随着初始压力的增大, 爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率均呈线性增加。爆燃指数随氧浓度线性增加,但对初始温度不敏感。Dong[16] 采用 CHEMKIN/PREMIX 模拟程序对正庚烷/氢气/空气火焰的燃烧特性进行了研究, 发现混合氢气时, LBV 变化明显,${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ 对绝热火焰温度 (adiabatic flame temperature, AFT) 的影响略大于对 LBV 的影响, H 自由基的释放会与正庚烷争夺氧。
综上所述,氢气作为新型绿色能源与其他燃料混合的研究从未停止, 为了更好地解决乙醇/氢气/空气混合物层流燃烧研究的缺乏,需要更多的实验研究, 并为燃料的使用形成可靠的研究框架。鉴于上述分析, 基于定容燃烧系统, 在初始温度为${400}\mathrm{\;K}$,氢气比例为${20}\%$,当量比为${0.7}\sim {1.4}$,初始压力为$2 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}3 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 条件下研究乙醇/氢气/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧特性,同时,模拟乙醇/氢气混合物自由传播的以为平面火焰,分析氢气对乙醇燃烧层流燃烧速度的动力学影响。研究成果对于其在燃烧装置中的应用, 以及发动机和燃烧室的优化设计具有重要意义。
采用球形火焰法来测量层流火焰燃烧速度,图1 为实验装置原理图。主要由 CVCC、高速摄像机、点火系统、数据采集系统和进排气系统组成。定容燃烧弹的实物图如图2 所示。CVCC 为立方体结构,容量为${2.067}\mathrm{\;L}$,燃烧室两侧装有石英玻璃窗, 具有耐高温和高透光的优点,并可提供直径${90}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的光学通道。在 CVCC 系统中, PID (proportional-integral-derivative) 控制加热电极加热,$\mathrm{K}$ 型热电偶 (精度在 ±0.75% 范围内)和压力表测定初始温度和压力。PID 控制器与加热器均匀分布于筒壁上, 确保 CVCC 内部温度均匀分布。混合物在 CVCC 中使用两个直径${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的相对电极点燃,这两个电极连接到点火控制系统和点火线圈上, 共同控制点火。点火后形成膨胀的球形火焰向外扩散,火焰的传播过程用纹影系统记录下来。采用高速摄像机拍摄球形火焰传播图像(记录频率为${12800}\mathrm{{FPS}}$,分辨率为${1024}\times {1024}$ Pixels)。
本实验研究内容的总化学方程式为
${\mathrm{C}}_{x}{\mathrm{H}}_{y}{\mathrm{O}}_{z}+ \left({x +\frac{y}{4}- \frac{z}{2}}\right){\mathrm{O}}_{2}- x{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}- \left(\frac{y}{2}\right){\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}= 0 $
(1)式 (1) 中:$x\text{、}y$$z$ 依次代表燃料中$\mathrm{C}\text{、}\mathrm{H}$$\mathrm{O}$ 的摩尔数。
由式 (1)$\sim$ 式 (6) 可计算得到氢气和乙醇的物质的量和体积。
${n}_{\mathrm{H}}= {X}_{\mathrm{H}}\left({{n}_{\mathrm{H}}+ {n}_{\mathrm{E}}}\right)\\= {X}_{\mathrm{H}}\frac{0.21\varphi }{{0.21\varphi }+ {0.5}{X}_{\mathrm{H}}+ 3{X}_{\mathrm{E}}}\frac{{P}_{0}{V}_{0}}{R{T}_{0}}\\{n}_{\mathrm{E}}= {X}_{\mathrm{E}}\left({{n}_{\mathrm{H}}+ {n}_{\mathrm{E}}}\right)\\= {X}_{\mathrm{E}}\frac{0.21\varphi }{{0.21\varphi }+ {0.5}{X}_{\mathrm{H}}+ 3{X}_{\mathrm{E}}}\frac{{P}_{0}{V}_{0}}{R{T}_{0}}\\{V}_{\mathrm{H}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{H}}{M}_{\mathrm{H}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{H}}}\\{V}_{\mathrm{E}}= \frac{{n}_{\mathrm{E}}{M}_{\mathrm{E}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{E}}}$
式中:$\varphi$ 为化学计量空燃比与实际空燃比之比;${P}_{0}$ 为初始压力;${V}_{0}$ 为 CVCC 体积;$R$ 为通用气体常数;${T}_{0}$ 为初始温度;${n}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为氢气物质的量;${n}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为乙醇物质的量;${X}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为氢气的比例;${X}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为乙醇的比例;${M}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为氢气的摩尔质量;${M}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为乙醇的摩尔质量;${\rho }_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为氢气的密度;${\rho }_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为乙醇的密度;${V}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 为氢气的体积;${V}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 为乙醇的体积。
图3 为使用 HALCON 软件对火焰图像的处理结果, 具体步骤如下。
步骤 1 对导入的图像进行预处理, 包括去噪、 增强对比度等, 以便更好地提取火焰前锋面。
步骤 2 利用 HALCON 中的边缘检测算子检测火焰前锋面的边缘。
步骤 3 对检测到的边缘进行形态学处理以去除噪声并平滑边界。
步骤 4 提取火焰前锋面轮廓。
步骤 5 通过拟合圆形的方法, 拟合火焰前锋面的轮廓, 从而得到火焰前锋的半径。
步骤 6 根据拟合得到的圆形, 测量其直径或半径, 即为火焰前锋的半径。
在球形扩散火焰中,拉伸火焰传播速度${S}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 的计算公式为[17]
${S}_{\mathrm{b}}= \frac{\mathrm{d}{r}_{\mathrm{u}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式(6)中:${r}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 为实际火焰半径;$t$ 为时间;${S}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为拉伸火焰传播速度。
对于球形膨胀火焰来说,火焰拉伸率$\alpha$ 的计算公式为
$\alpha =\frac{1}{A}\frac{\mathrm{d}A}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{2}{{r}_{\mathrm{u}}}{S}_{\mathrm{b}}$
式 (7) 中:$A$ 为纹影中玻璃视窗的像素面积。
根据非线性外推法进行非线性拟合得出的无拉伸火焰传播速度[18],其计算公式为
${\left(\frac{{S}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{b}}^{0}}\right)}^{2}\ln {\left(\frac{{S}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{S}_{\mathrm{b}}^{0}}\right)}^{2}= \frac{-2{L}_{\mathrm{b}}\alpha }{{S}_{\mathrm{b}}^{0}}$
式 (8) 中:${L}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为马克斯坦长度。
预混燃气的层流燃烧速度可由燃气燃烧过程中的火焰密度变化和无拉伸火焰传播速度得出, 计算公式为
${S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {S}_{\mathrm{b}}^{0}\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\rho }_{\mathrm{u}}}$
式(9)中:${S}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为层流燃烧速度;${S}_{\mathrm{b}}^{0}$ 为无拉伸火焰传播速度;${\rho }_{\mathrm{b}}$${\rho }_{\mathrm{u}}$ 分别为已燃气与未燃气的密度。
为了获得乙醇与氢气混合物的层流火焰速度、 火焰结构和自由基分布, 根据 Marinov 的乙醇氧化反应机理,采用非拉伸、绝热、自由传播的平面火焰,采用 Chemkin 编码求解稳态质量、物质、能量守恒方程[19]。模拟过程中还考虑 Soret 效应[20]。仿真过程中迭代过程的相对误差和绝对误差均小于${10}^{-6}$,完全满足仿真过程的计算要求。
将上述实验装置得到的层流火焰速度与文献[21-23]中提取的相应数据进行对比, 得到乙醇/ 空气混合物的模型值与结果如图4 所示。可以看出, 测量的层流火焰速度与文献[21-23]中提取的大部分数据点趋势相同, 基本吻合, 表明所使用实验设备的准确性得到了验证。
图5 展示了火焰传播的纹影图像。从图5(a) 可以看出,当初始压力位$2 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 时,随着当量比的增加, 预混燃料的火焰传播速度先增大后减小, 且在当量比约为 1.2 时达到峰值,这是因为在贫燃阶段, 随着当量比的增加, 燃烧释放更多的能量, 而当当量比较高时, 混合物中的氧气浓度减小, 使得火焰区域内部的燃烧速率降低。从图5(b) 可以看出, 在当量比为 1.2 时, 压力的增大会抑制火焰传播速度, 这是因为增加压力会使气体更加密集, 减缓了氧气和燃料之间的相互扩散和混合速度, 从而限制了燃烧反应的进行和火焰的传播速度。
图6 为不同压力下乙醇/氢气/空气混合物的层流燃烧速度图。符号表示实验值, 线条表示仿真模拟值。如图6(a) 所示, 不同初始压力下, 乙醇/氢气/空气混合物的层流燃烧速度随当量比的增大先增大后减小,在当量比约为 1.1 时达到峰值。这是因为当量比的增大会增加燃料和氧化剂的接触面积和反应区域, 从而提高燃料在单位时间内的燃烧速度。随着压力的增大, 层流燃烧速度减小, 这是因为层流燃烧中, 燃料与氧气需要彼此扩散以实现有效的混合。当压力增加时, 燃料和氧气之间的质量传输过程受到限制。较高的压力会增加燃料和氧气之间的扩散距离,导致更长的混合时间和较慢的燃烧速度。如图6(b) 所示, 拟合的层流燃烧速度和实验的层流燃烧速度在$\pm {10}\%$ 范围内的相关性良好, 证明由 Marinov 乙醇氧化反应机理可以合理预测不同乙醇/氢气/空气混合物层流燃烧速度的变化, 且在所有工况下的实验值与仿真模拟值吻合较好, 进一步证实了化学机理的准确性和可靠性。
绝热火焰温度 (adiabatic flame temperature, AFT)是反应燃烧达到最高平衡温度的关键参数。图7 给出了不同压力下的 AFT。可以看出, AFT 随当量比的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势, 在当量比为${1.0}\sim {1.1}$ 时达到最大值。随着压力的增大,混合燃料的 AFT 逐渐增大。在贫燃阶段压力的变化对 AFT 的影响非常小,但随着当量比的增加,压力对 AFT 的影响逐渐增加, 在 AFT 达到峰值时压力对其的影响差异体现的最明显。由于 AFT 是与燃料的层流燃烧速度呈正相关的重要参数, 因此在层流燃烧速度的变化中也可以观察到这一现象。
图8 $\left(\mathrm{a}\right)$图8 $\left(\mathrm{\;b}\right)$ 分别为乙醇$\left({{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}}\right)$ 在初始压力为$2 \times {10}^{5}\text{、}4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 和当量比为${0.7}\text{、}{1.4}$ 时的反应路径。为突显${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 火焰中主要的反应通道和简化反应路径,图8 中只给出了大于 1% 的反应路径。每个箭头上的 “%” 表示一种物质被特定途径消耗的百分比。每个自由基旁边的 “%” 表示通过相应的基本反应转化的百分比。${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 的主要反应路径为${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CHO}}\rightarrow$ ${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CO}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{CO}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$,该路径约占${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 消耗的${70}\%;{\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 的次级分解路径为${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ $\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$,该路径约占${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 消耗的${25}\%$。同时,随着压力从$2 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 升高到$4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$,主要路径占比由 69.5% 下降至 68.7%,次级路径占比由 24.9% 上升至 25.1%。随着当量比从 0.7 到 1.4 , 主要路径占比由 70.2% 上升至 71.3%, 次级路径占比由 24.4% 下降至 23.3%。
图8(a)图8(b) 所示, 在乙醇反应的不同部位,$\mathrm{H}$ 基都是乙醇消耗的主要途径。乙醇的吸氧反应主要受到具有不成对电子的活性自由基(H、$O\text{、}{OH}\text{、}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}$) 的攻击。此外,$\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{O}$、和${OH}$ 自由基在乙醇提取$\mathrm{H}$ 形成${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}\text{、}{\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 的反应中起主导作用, 说明活性自由基池对乙醇的反应有较大影响。接下来,${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 进一步发生$\beta$ -裂解反应,生成${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CHO}}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CO}}$${\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 进行$\mathrm{H}$ 抽提反应生成${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$,其中$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 起主导作用。${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{2}$ 自由基是乙醛的主要产物,与${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ 进一步反应生成$\mathrm{{HCO}}$$\mathrm{{OH}}$,促进链的增值。压力的增大会抑制$\mathrm{H}$ 基的转化,同时会促进$\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}$ 基的转化, 相反的,当量比的增大会促进$\mathrm{H}$ 基的转化,同时会抑制$\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}$ 基的转化。
为了进一步了解活性自由基和中间产物对层流燃烧速度的影响, 对乙醇/氢气层流燃烧的敏感性进行分析。图9 为不同当量比和压力下的化学反应示意图。
$\mathrm{R}1 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$
$\mathrm{R}{12}: {\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}+ \mathrm{H}\rightleftharpoons 2\mathrm{{OH}}$
$\mathrm{R}{27}: \mathrm{{CO}}+ \mathrm{{OH}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}+ \mathrm{H}$
$\text{R30:}\mathrm{{HCO}}+ \mathrm{M}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{CO}}+ \mathrm{M}$
$\text{R145:}{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}+ {\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$
图9 所示, 上述反应对乙醇的燃烧有积极影响, 加速了乙醇的反应活性。在这些促进反应性的反应中,链支反应$\mathrm{R}1 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$ 极大地加速了反应,提高了层流燃烧速度。因为$\mathrm{R}1 :\mathrm{H}+$ ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$ 产生了大量的$\mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 自由基,使乙醇的反应活性提高,加速了乙醇的燃烧。
$\mathrm{R}8 :\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ \mathrm{M}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+ \mathrm{M}$
$\mathrm{R}9 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)$
$\text{R15 :}{\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}+ \mathrm{{OH}}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}$
$\text{R32 :}\mathrm{{HCO}}+ \mathrm{H}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{{CO}}+ {\mathrm{H}}_{2}$
$\mathrm{R}{127}: {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}+ \mathrm{H}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)$
相反,式 (15)~ 式 (19) 等反应对乙醇的燃烧有不利影响。消除了燃烧过程中活性自由基的产生, 抑制了乙醇的反应性,从而降低了层流燃烧速度。其中,三体链终止反应,即$\mathrm{R}9 :\mathrm{H}+ {\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)\rightleftharpoons$ ${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right),\mathrm{R}{127}: {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}+ \mathrm{H}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)$ 明显阻碍了乙醇的反应活性,同时, R127:${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}+$ $\mathrm{H}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{4}\left({+\mathrm{M}}\right)$ 是与甲基$\left({\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\right)$ 相关的反应, 它消耗活性自由基, 形成稳定的产物, 也抑制了层流燃烧速度。综上所述,活性自由基($\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{O}$ 和 OH) 和其他小自由基 (如${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\text{、}\mathrm{{HCO}}$${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}$) 是影响乙醇层流燃烧速度的主要自由基。
随着当量比从贫到富的增加, 敏感系数的表现也不同,对于促进燃烧反应的$\mathrm{R}1$$\mathrm{R}{27}$ 来说,随着当量比的增加, R1 对乙醇燃烧的促进作用越来越大, 而 R27 的影响越来越小; 说明反应 R1 对层流燃烧速度的影响越大,混合物越丰富。对于抑制燃烧反应的 R9 和 R127 来说,随着当量比的增加, R9 对乙醇燃烧的抑制作用越来越小, 而 R127 的影响越来越大。R9 在贫混合气中具有最大的负敏感系数, 而 R127 在富混合气中具有最大的负敏感系数, 以抑制层流燃烧速度。压力的变化对于乙醇/氢气燃烧的敏感性变化影响不大,随着压力的增大,$\mathrm{R}1$ 对层流燃烧速度的促进作用越来越大且变化最明显, R9 和 R127 对层流燃烧速度的抑制作用变化最明显, R9 的抑制作用越来越差而 R127 的抑制作用越来越强。
活性自由基具有不成对电子, 因此活性高, 能显著提高层流燃烧速度[24]。活性自由基的摩尔分数显著影响化学反应速率和层流燃烧速度。活性自由基$\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 对层流燃烧速度影响较大[25]。根据文献$\left\lbrack {26}\right\rbrack$ 和上述敏感性分析,$\mathrm{H}$$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 促进层流燃烧速度,而${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 抑制层流燃烧速度。此外,在贫混合物中,$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 是链传播反应中至关重要的自由基, 而在富混合物中,$\mathrm{H}$ 成为主要的链载体。同时可以看出,$\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 的峰值摩尔分数与乙醇的层流燃烧速度没有很好的相关性。由于 3 种活性自由基对乙醇的层流燃烧速度都有重要影响, 因此猜测三种活性自由基的峰值摩尔分数与层流燃烧速度之间可能存在相关性。Wang 等[27] 研究表明,$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 的峰值摩尔分数与火焰速度密切相关。为了证明这一点,图10 显示了由$\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 组成的活性自由基池的峰值摩尔分数以及乙醇在整个等效比范围内的层流燃烧速度。可以看出,$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$ 的峰值摩尔分数与$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 的峰值摩尔分数在整个当量比范围内与乙醇的层流燃烧速度有较好的相关性。
$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 自由基比$\mathrm{H}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 自由基更为普遍,是贫火焰中主要的链支反应载体。随着当量比的增大,$\mathrm{H}$ 在峰值摩尔分数中的作用大于$\mathrm{{OH}}$ ; 随着当量比的进一步增大,${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 对峰值摩尔分数的贡献最大。因此,在整个等效比范围内,$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 的峰值摩尔分数与层流燃烧速度有很好的相关性。为了定量探索这种相关性,图11 绘制了乙醇火焰的层流燃烧速度与活性自由基池 (即$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+$ $\left.{\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\right)$ 的峰值摩尔分数的关系图。
图11 所示, 各压力之间存在着近似的线性关系,得到层流燃烧速度随$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 峰摩尔分数的拟合公式为
$ 2 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {2849.7}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\right)} +{9.40}$
$ 3 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {2920.5}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\right)} +{7.59}$
$ 4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {2940.9}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\right)} +{6.76}$
对于$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$ 的峰摩尔分数,拟合的表达式为
$ 2 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {3143.7}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ 0\mathrm{H}\right)} +{9.40}$
$ 3 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {3159.6}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ 0\mathrm{H}\right)} +{8.34}$
$ 4 \times {10}^{5}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}: {S}_{\mathrm{L}}= {3132.9}{X}_{\left(\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}\right)} +{8.02}$
总的来说,$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 的峰值摩尔分数比$\mathrm{H}+$ $\mathrm{{OH}}$ 与火焰速度的相关性更好。
在定容燃烧弹内研究乙醇/氢气/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧特性, 计算得到层流燃烧速度和绝热火焰温度并分析其影响因素,测定乙醇/氢气/空气混合燃料的反应路径及敏感性并对其活性自由基峰值摩尔分数进行数值研究。得出如下主要结论。
(1)乙醇/氢气混合燃料的层流燃烧速度随着当量比的增大先增大后减小,压力的增大会使得乙醇/氢气混合燃料的层流燃烧速度变慢, 且在当量比为 1.1 附近影响较大。
(2)${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 的主要反应路径为${\mathrm{C}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow$ ${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CHO}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\mathrm{{CO}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{CO}}\rightarrow {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2},\mathrm{H}$ 基是乙醇消耗的主要途径,$\mathrm{H}$$\mathrm{O}$、和$\mathrm{{OH}}$ 自由基在乙醇提取$\mathrm{H}$ 形成${\mathrm{{SC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}\text{、}{\mathrm{{PC}}}_{2}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}\mathrm{{OH}}$ 的反应中起主导作用, 说明活性自由基池对乙醇的反应有较大影响。
(3)活性自由基($\mathrm{H}$$\mathrm{O}$$\mathrm{{OH}}$)和其他小自由基 (如${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\text{、}\mathrm{{HCO}}$${\mathrm{{HO}}}_{2}$) 是影响乙醇层流燃烧速度的主要自由基,随着当量比的增加,${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 相关反应对降低乙醇的层流燃烧速度更为重要。
$\mathrm{H}\text{、}\mathrm{{OH}}$${\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$ 组成的活性自由基池的峰值摩尔分数在整个当量比范围内与乙醇的层流燃烧速度有很好的相关性, 绘制了层流燃烧速度与活性自由基池$\left({\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}\text{和}\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}}\right)$ 峰值摩尔分数的关系图,并拟合出层流燃烧速度随$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}+ {\mathrm{{CH}}}_{3}$$\mathrm{H}+ \mathrm{{OH}}$ 峰摩尔分数的表达式。
  • 江苏省研究生创新基金(SJCX22_1930)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52350410458)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
江苏省研究生创新基金(SJCX22_1930)
国家自然科学基金(52350410458)
作者信息
    江苏科技大学 机械工程学院 镇江 212003

通讯作者:

*王筱蓉(1982-),女,汉族,山西晋中人,博士,教授、硕士研究生导师。研究方向:燃料燃烧特性。E-mail: wangxiaorong@just.edu.cn。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403186
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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