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Seismic soil liquefaction can lead to soil instability and slip, resulting in irreversible and severe damage to bridges. The seismic response of curved bridges in liquefied lateral extension sites is a major concern due to the complex stress state. Three representative far-field seismic waves were selected and applied to a four-span continuous curved bridge from 12 different directions. The maximum tilt angle of the site was set to be the same as the seismic input angle in order to investigate the seismic response behavior of the curved bridge in the liquefaction expansion site and conduct a comparative analysis. The results show that as the far site seismic input gradually changes from${0}^{\circ }$to${180}^{\circ }$, the pile top bending moment of the curved bridge decreases gradually, with the side piers experiencing larger bending moments compared to the secondary center piers and the center piers. When the seismic input wave changes gradually from${180}^{\circ }$to${360}^{\circ }$, the pile top bending moment gradually increases, with the middle pier and the second pier experiencing higher bending moments than the side piers. The maximum bending moment at the bottom of the pier alternates between the middle pier and the second pier as the seismic input angle changes, with the second pier experiencing a significantly higher number of occurrences of the largest bending moment compared to the middle pier. The relative displacement between the pier and beam and the ground shaking input angle exhibits a cyclic trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Therefore, it is recommended that the location of a bridge project susceptible to ground vibration should be determined based on the type of ground vibration, and corresponding anti-liquefaction measures should be implemented accordingly.

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地震土壤液化会产生土体失稳滑移等现象,对桥梁造成不可逆转的严重破坏。而曲线桥由于其复杂的受力状态,在液化侧向扩展场地中的地震响应更是需要关注的重点。选取3 条典型的远场地震波,从 12个具有代表性的方向输入至一座四跨连续曲线桥,且使场地最大倾斜角度与地震输入角度相同,得到该曲线桥在液化扩展场地下的地震响应规律并进行对比分析。结果表明:按照${0}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$逐渐变化输入地震动时,曲线桥梁桩顶弯矩逐渐减小,且边墩桩顶弯矩大于次中墩、中墩桩顶弯矩。从180°~360°逐渐变化输入地震波时,桩顶弯矩逐渐增大,且中墩、次中墩桩顶弯矩大于边墩桩顶弯矩;随着地震输入角度的变化,墩底最大弯矩在中墩与次中墩之间交替变化,其中次中墩出现弯矩最大的次数要明显多于中墩。墩梁相对位移随着地震动输入角度呈现先增大后减小的周期性变化趋势。因此,建议实际工程中应当判断桥梁工程所处位置可能遭受的地震动类型,根据地震动类型实施对应的抗液化措施。

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焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

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焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

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焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Santa Cruz seismic wave, figureFileSmall=SgKydAHNDOKxYzv8hYUTtA==, figureFileBig=uGz4PU0Lc3rs0C3+3G0DHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986849643290696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Santa Cruz 地震波, figureFileSmall=SgKydAHNDOKxYzv8hYUTtA==, figureFileBig=uGz4PU0Lc3rs0C3+3G0DHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986849693622346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Experimental model diagram of SJB03, figureFileSmall=5gn3FfavhGkFyQSAPcaAoQ==, figureFileBig=XpZfmHrLlMznL7BFUQecHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986849752342605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图3, caption=SJB03 试验模型图, 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figureFileBig=AhD6FeuAdoGCVeHaL1Tmhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851279069306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图12, caption=地震波输入及场地倾斜方向, figureFileSmall=LxBWxby4qZsnltEQlcGLzw==, figureFileBig=AhD6FeuAdoGCVeHaL1Tmhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851346178170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Maximum bending moment at the top of the pile for different clamping angles, figureFileSmall=u4b8Y+EZXeWliMuHBX0g2w==, figureFileBig=KAWvkQKrxh2lpbEXhK91CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851404898427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同夹角下桩顶弯矩最大值, figureFileSmall=u4b8Y+EZXeWliMuHBX0g2w==, figureFileBig=KAWvkQKrxh2lpbEXhK91CQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851463618685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Maximum bending moment at the top of the pile for different clamping angles, figureFileSmall=/9f/lgnnT8dX9uoMsH1spQ==, figureFileBig=9UbBMaXnF47fThJj+ABdsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851539116161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同夹角下墩底最大值, figureFileSmall=/9f/lgnnT8dX9uoMsH1spQ==, figureFileBig=9UbBMaXnF47fThJj+ABdsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851639779459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Relative displacements of edge pier girders when inputting ground shaking along different angles, figureFileSmall=nRJEgAhRN0MnE7rDMsuclA==, figureFileBig=6ilIcN4aWVhcD9po5K534w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851706888326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同角度输入地震动时墩梁相对位移, figureFileSmall=nRJEgAhRN0MnE7rDMsuclA==, figureFileBig=6ilIcN4aWVhcD9po5K534w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986851786580104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Soil model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
砂土 黏土
参数 上层松砂模型数值 下层密砂数值 参数 数值
相对密实度/% 35 75 密度 $/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1 650
密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1940 2030 剪切模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${2.80}\times {10}^{7}$
剪切模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${5.39}\times {10}^{7}$ ${1.08}\times {10}^{8}$ 体积模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${1.46}\times {10}^{8}$
体积模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${1.44}\times {10}^{8}$ ${2.89}\times {10}^{8}$ 黏聚力/Pa ${3.46}\times {10}^{4}$
内摩擦角/(${}^{\circ }$) 33 37 最大剪应变 0.1
最大剪应变 0.1 0.1 内摩擦角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 0
先期固结压力/Pa ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$ ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$ 先期固结压力/Pa ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$
压力相关系数 0.5 0.5 压力系数 0
相变角/(${}^{\circ }$) 27 27 屈服面数 20
体积收缩系数 0.035 0.02
体积膨胀系数 1 0.4 0.6
体积膨胀系数 2 2 3
液化系数 1 ${1.00}\times {10}^{4}$ ${5.00}\times {10}^{3}$
液化系数 2 0.1 0.003
液化系数 3 1 1
孔隙比 0.76 0.61
泊松比 0.33 0.33
剪切波速 $/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 151 209
), ArticleFig(id=1156986851853688971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=表1, caption=SJB03 土体模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
砂土 黏土
参数 上层松砂模型数值 下层密砂数值 参数 数值
相对密实度/% 35 75 密度 $/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1 650
密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 1940 2030 剪切模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${2.80}\times {10}^{7}$
剪切模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${5.39}\times {10}^{7}$ ${1.08}\times {10}^{8}$ 体积模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${1.46}\times {10}^{8}$
体积模量 $/\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ${1.44}\times {10}^{8}$ ${2.89}\times {10}^{8}$ 黏聚力/Pa ${3.46}\times {10}^{4}$
内摩擦角/(${}^{\circ }$) 33 37 最大剪应变 0.1
最大剪应变 0.1 0.1 内摩擦角 $/\left({}^{\circ }\right)$ 0
先期固结压力/Pa ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$ ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$ 先期固结压力/Pa ${8.00}\times {10}^{4}$
压力相关系数 0.5 0.5 压力系数 0
相变角/(${}^{\circ }$) 27 27 屈服面数 20
体积收缩系数 0.035 0.02
体积膨胀系数 1 0.4 0.6
体积膨胀系数 2 2 3
液化系数 1 ${1.00}\times {10}^{4}$ ${5.00}\times {10}^{3}$
液化系数 2 0.1 0.003
液化系数 3 1 1
孔隙比 0.76 0.61
泊松比 0.33 0.33
剪切波速 $/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 151 209
), ArticleFig(id=1156986851924992141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Information of input seismic wave, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波 地震类型 震级 ${R}_{\mathrm{{jb}}}/\mathrm{{km}}$ ${R}_{\text{rup }}/\mathrm{{km}}$
San Fernando 远场 6.61 205.77 205.77
Loma Prieta 远场 6.93 79.71 79.81
Hector Mine 远场 7.13 61.85 61.85
), ArticleFig(id=1156986852000489616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986622840496707, language=CN, label=表2, caption=输入地震波信息, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地震波 地震类型 震级 ${R}_{\mathrm{{jb}}}/\mathrm{{km}}$ ${R}_{\text{rup }}/\mathrm{{km}}$
San Fernando 远场 6.61 205.77 205.77
Loma Prieta 远场 6.93 79.71 79.81
Hector Mine 远场 7.13 61.85 61.85
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地震输入方向及液化扩展场地的夹角对曲线桥抗震的影响
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焦驰宇 1, 2, * , 霍鹏翔 2 , 曹跃 3 , 张湘卓 4 , 谢峰 5
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3452-3462
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3452-3462
地震输入方向及液化扩展场地的夹角对曲线桥抗震的影响
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焦驰宇1, 2, * , 霍鹏翔2, 曹跃3, 张湘卓4, 谢峰5
作者信息
  • 1 北京建筑大学 工程结构与新材料北京市高等学校工程研究中心 北京 100044
  • 2 北京建筑大学 古桥研究院 北京 100044
  • 3 北京建筑大学 大型多功能振动台阵实验室 北京 100044
  • 4 北京国道通公路设计研究院股份有限公司 北京 100053
  • 5 中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司 成都 610042
  • 焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

{"content":"

焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

"}
Effects of Seismic Input Direction and Liquefaction Expansion Site Direction on the Seismic Performance of Curved Bridges
Chi-yu JIAO1, 2, * , Peng-xiang HUO2, Yue CAO3, Xiang-zhuo ZHANG4, Feng XIE5
Affiliations
  • 1 Engineering Structure and New Materials Research Center of Beijing Higher Education Institutions Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 2 Ancient Bridge Research Institute Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 3 Multi-functional Shaking Tables Laboratory Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
  • 4 Beijing Guodaotong Highway Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 100053 China
  • 5 China Southwest Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610042 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401928
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地震土壤液化会产生土体失稳滑移等现象,对桥梁造成不可逆转的严重破坏。而曲线桥由于其复杂的受力状态,在液化侧向扩展场地中的地震响应更是需要关注的重点。选取3 条典型的远场地震波,从 12个具有代表性的方向输入至一座四跨连续曲线桥,且使场地最大倾斜角度与地震输入角度相同,得到该曲线桥在液化扩展场地下的地震响应规律并进行对比分析。结果表明:按照${0}^{\circ }\sim {180}^{\circ }$逐渐变化输入地震动时,曲线桥梁桩顶弯矩逐渐减小,且边墩桩顶弯矩大于次中墩、中墩桩顶弯矩。从180°~360°逐渐变化输入地震波时,桩顶弯矩逐渐增大,且中墩、次中墩桩顶弯矩大于边墩桩顶弯矩;随着地震输入角度的变化,墩底最大弯矩在中墩与次中墩之间交替变化,其中次中墩出现弯矩最大的次数要明显多于中墩。墩梁相对位移随着地震动输入角度呈现先增大后减小的周期性变化趋势。因此,建议实际工程中应当判断桥梁工程所处位置可能遭受的地震动类型,根据地震动类型实施对应的抗液化措施。

液化侧向扩展场地  /  地震输入角度  /  曲线桥  /  远场地震

Seismic soil liquefaction can lead to soil instability and slip, resulting in irreversible and severe damage to bridges. The seismic response of curved bridges in liquefied lateral extension sites is a major concern due to the complex stress state. Three representative far-field seismic waves were selected and applied to a four-span continuous curved bridge from 12 different directions. The maximum tilt angle of the site was set to be the same as the seismic input angle in order to investigate the seismic response behavior of the curved bridge in the liquefaction expansion site and conduct a comparative analysis. The results show that as the far site seismic input gradually changes from${0}^{\circ }$to${180}^{\circ }$, the pile top bending moment of the curved bridge decreases gradually, with the side piers experiencing larger bending moments compared to the secondary center piers and the center piers. When the seismic input wave changes gradually from${180}^{\circ }$to${360}^{\circ }$, the pile top bending moment gradually increases, with the middle pier and the second pier experiencing higher bending moments than the side piers. The maximum bending moment at the bottom of the pier alternates between the middle pier and the second pier as the seismic input angle changes, with the second pier experiencing a significantly higher number of occurrences of the largest bending moment compared to the middle pier. The relative displacement between the pier and beam and the ground shaking input angle exhibits a cyclic trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. Therefore, it is recommended that the location of a bridge project susceptible to ground vibration should be determined based on the type of ground vibration, and corresponding anti-liquefaction measures should be implemented accordingly.

laterally spreading liquefied site  /  angle of seismic input  /  curved bridge  /  far-field seismic
焦驰宇, 霍鹏翔, 曹跃, 张湘卓, 谢峰. 地震输入方向及液化扩展场地的夹角对曲线桥抗震的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3452 -3462 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401928
Chi-yu JIAO, Peng-xiang HUO, Yue CAO, Xiang-zhuo ZHANG, Feng XIE. Effects of Seismic Input Direction and Liquefaction Expansion Site Direction on the Seismic Performance of Curved Bridges[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3452 -3462 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401928
中国是一个地震多发的国家, 自 21 世纪以来, 仅 6.0 级以上地震,就发生了 150 余起,呈现出分布广、频次高等特点。回顾世界过往的大地震,地震中的土壤液化问题近年来逐渐得到重视, 液化导致的土体失稳、土体滑移现象, 对工程结构的基础造成严重破坏。而在山谷地区的桥梁还面临一个复杂的问题:地震液化引起倾斜场地侧向扩展,其具体过程为当有不可液化土层覆盖可液化砂土层的倾斜场地, 地震作用下砂土中孔隙水向上渗透, 孔隙水受到低渗透性土层阻碍后积累在土层交界处, 使土层交界处土体变弱, 最终受重力影响上覆土层滑移。液化侧向扩展场地在地震中不仅会产生一般地震液化场地所存在的土体失稳现象,还会伴随着倾斜土体滑移, 对桥梁基础造成更大的破坏。因此近年来许多学者对液化水平场地和液化扩展场地下桩土相互作用进行了大量的研究。
首先, 学者们针对液化水平场地下的桩土相互作用展开了研究。Wilson[1] 在加州大学戴维斯分校进行了一系列研究桩基础在液化砂土上覆软黏土场地中强震下动力响应的离心机振动台试验,并对试验中桩与液化砂土的$p - y$ 行为进行反算。其中,$p$ 为单位宽度桩侧的水平反力,反映了土体与桩之间的相互作用力;$y$ 为桩的水平位移,反映了桩顶或桩身某点在水平荷载作用下的侧向位移, 这也是液化砂土中的$p - y$ 曲线首次通过试验手段被测定出来。Boulanger 等[2] 基于此次试验,并结合 Matlock[3] 提出的软黏土$p - y$ 曲线及 Murchison 等[4] 提出的砂土$p - y$ 曲线,开发了一种用于地震分析的动力$p - y$ 模型。许成顺等[5] 开展了液化场地-群桩-上部结构体系的振动台试验, 使用 OpenSees 软件建立了简化的动力$p - y$ 分析模型,与试验结果相比对,结果表明, 试验和模拟结果较吻合, 验证了简化模型的可靠性。Aygun 等[6] 针对美国某三跨连续钢箱梁桥,将一维的$p - y$ 弹簧、二维的土体、三维的桥梁结构相结合,建立全桥的动力$p - y$ 分析模型,在考虑地震液化的情况下对该模型进行了地震易损性评估。高霞[7] 开展了单桩的液化场地桩土相互作用振动台试验,并使用 OpenSees 软件建立了实体分析模型,讨论了不同土体类型、结构形式、地震输入下的桩基破坏模式。唐亮[8] 针对不同相对密实度的砂土开展了单桩的液化场地桩土相互作用振动台试验研究, 获取了一系列工况下中密砂和密砂的动力$p - y$ 曲线,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。
在液化水平场地研究的基础上, 学者们进一步开展了液化侧向扩展场地的相关研究。Boulanger 等[9] 于加州大学戴维斯分校展开了一系列液化侧向扩展场地下桩土相互作用离心机振动台试验研究, 解决了在液化侧向扩展中推进桩基设计的关键技术需求。Brandenberg 等[10] 结合此次试验与之前进行的液化水平场地试验, 开发了适用于液化场地地震分析的动力$p - y$ 模型。Wang 等[11] 针对液化侧向扩展场地下桩土相互作用数值模型建模方法进行研究, 开发了一种用于模拟滑动土层与液化土层间软弱土层的建模方法, 通过试验对比, 发现此方法很好地模拟了液化侧向扩展场地土体的动力响应。Xie 等[12] 开发了基于$p - y$ 弹簧的桥台-土相互作用模拟方法, 并将其应用于液化侧向扩展场地下桥梁动力响应分析中,对 8 个真实桥梁案例进行模拟,此方法得到了很好的验证。王晓伟等[13] 建立一座典型河谷场地三跨简支梁桥的动力$p - y$ 模型,分析场地液化与否对场地及简支梁桥各部件地震反应的影响。此后, 针对液化侧向扩展问题, 建立包括群桩基础简支梁桥、群桩基础连续梁桥和桩柱式基础简支梁桥 3 种桥型的动力$p - y$ 模型,对桥梁各部位变形进行分析, 探讨了不同形式桥梁的地震响应规律。对于液化场地桩-土-桥梁结构互作用问题,程浩等[14] 总结了两种典型数值模拟方法和三类实验研究方法, 并对它们的优劣进行了初步分析, 为液化场地下桩基础的抗震性能研究提供了宝贵的建议。冯忠居等[15] 依据实体工程,在 Midas/GTS 有限元软件中建立了桩-土相互作用模型, 对地震动峰值为${0.35g}(g$ 为重力加速度) 时 4 种类型地震波作用下的动力响应进行分析, 并根据计算结果评估了桩基在强震下的安全性。胡庆等[16] 为探究地下工程场地深层饱和砂土的抗液化强度特征和液化深度, 通过动三轴液化试验分析了深层饱和砂土试样的液化特性, 获得了试样的抗液化强度曲线, 并利用动三轴液化试验和标贯试验击数作为液化判别方法的指标, 比较分析了深层饱和砂土地震液化的可能性。蒋雪峰[17] 针对排水桩与不排水桩开展了重力式岸壁触发砂土液化侧向扩展现象的振动台试验研究, 得到了两种形式桩的不同动力特性, 对排水桩降低液化侧向扩展现象的性能进行综合验证。苏雷[18] 通过设置重力式岸壁触发砂土液化侧向扩展现象,开展了液化侧向扩展场地单桩和群桩的振动台试验研究, 并建立实体有限元模型, 分析阻尼系数、渗透系数和上部结构自重对桩动力响应的影响。Ebeido 等[19] 开展了 4 组液化侧向扩展场地单桩、群桩的大型振动台试验, 观察到桩基受到最大土体侧向荷载的时刻出现在了土体侧向变形的初始阶段, 随着液化土层剪切强度进一步降低, 土体对桩的侧向荷载可能会降低。
综上可知, 对于液化侧向扩展场地下桩土相互作用问题,中外学者开展了很多基础性研究,同时有的学者已经将其应用到桥梁整体分析中, 但目前大多数案例都是对直线桥进行了分析, 而曲线桥动力特性与直线桥相比有着很大差异, 曲线桥桩基在复杂的空间耦合受力作用下, 桥梁基础内力响应规律必然发生变化, 桩基抗震需求必然会显著提升。由于曲线桥属于非规则桥梁, 结构双方向耦合效应明显,并且液化侧向扩展场地由于地震导致表层土滑动后, 浅层基础受到滑动土体的侧向推力, 桩基受力更加复杂, 其安全性问题更加突出, 因此探究地震输入方向和液化场地倾斜方向的夹角对曲线桥地震下的内力响应影响就显得尤为重要。液化扩展场地下曲线桥随着地震输入角度变化的内力响应规律和针对内力响应规律应当采取何种措施值得深入研究。
为了对液化场地下曲线桥的桩土相互作用进行深入研究, 在总结分析中外研究方法的基础上, 提出液化倾斜场地上桩土结构相互作用的模拟方法, 并利用外国经典实验进行了对比验证分析, 在此基础上提出了精细化的数值模拟方法, 具体如下所述。
由于液化场地模拟需要考虑地震荷载、土壤特性、场地条件等多个因素的相互作用,土壤是一种非线性和多相介质, 其反应受到许多因素的影响, 如孔隙水压力、应力路径等。为准确描述和模拟土壤的行为和结构土之间的相互作用使用多尺度建模能力和多维结构耦合能力强的 Opensees 系统,开展液化场地下桩土相互作用数值模拟。
本文中模拟的桩体为群桩, 为准确的模拟桩土之间的相互作用需要进行非常庞大的计算。为了减小计算量,在三维空间中建立了$2 \times 3$ 群桩模型, 而后在$X - Y$ 平面内建立二维土体模型,以此获得与桩身连接的$p - y$ 弹簧模型所需的位移、孔压比数据, 将其输入到群桩模型的每根桩上。
土体模型采用二维土体单元 Four Node Quad$u - p$ Element 进行模拟。$u - p$ 模型中,$u$ 为固体相的位移,$p$ 为孔隙水压力,该单元为四节点平面应变单元, 可用于模拟流固耦合材料的动态响应, 每个节点具有 3 个自由度, 前两个自由度为位移, 第 3 个自由度为孔隙流体压力, 对于土体材料, 针对不同的需求, 黏土采用与压力无关的多屈服面土体本构模型 (pressure independ multi yield material, PIMY) 材料, 砂土采用与压力相关的多屈服面土体本构模型 (pressure depend multi yield material, PDMY) 材料。桩模型均采用基于位移的梁柱单元 (displacement-based beam-column element) 模拟, 采用弹性材料。
模型中对于桩土相互作用的部分采用土弹簧进行模拟, 单元均采用零长度单元模拟, 对不同土体、不同方向、不同位置的桩土相互作用关系采取不同土弹簧材料。由于黏土可不考虑液化问题,桩身与土体水平向的相互作用行为采用 PySimple1 单元材料定义, 桩身与土体竖向摩擦的相互作用行为采用 TzSimple1 单元材料定义; 在砂土中则是分别采用 PyLiq1 与 TzLiq1 单元材料定义; 桩底部与土体竖向的相互作用行为采用 QzSimple1 单元材料定义, 如图1 所示。
通常情况下土体并不是单一均质的, 在成层土的计算中,如土弹簧参数${p}_{\mathrm{{ult}}}\text{、}{t}_{\mathrm{{ult}}}$ 参考 Georgiadis[20] 的方法,其中,${p}_{\mathrm{{ult}}}$ 为极限水平承载力,反映了土体在水平加载下, 能够对桩产生的最大水平抗力, 表示土体承载的极限状态;${t}_{\mathrm{{ult}}}$ 为极限水平剪切力,表示桩周围单位长度土体能够提供的最大剪切阻力, 用于描述土体沿桩侧的水平抗剪能力。对于顶层土以下的土层进行深度上的 “等效”, 将成层土假定为均质土进行计算。
在模拟液化场地下桩土相互作用时, 还考虑了倾斜场地群桩承台与土相互作用和群桩效应。承台承受坡面上的被动土压力与承台土体之间的摩擦力,参照 Boulanger 等[21] 的方法进行计算。对于群桩效应的影响, 在地震作用下, 桩的运动方向是随时间变化的,在这种往复运动中考虑各排桩推、 拉方向不同的折减系数,是一大问题。对此,参考 Lemnitzer 等[22] 和 Curras 等[23] 的做法,将群桩桩身所有$p - y$ 弹簧的${P}_{\mathrm{{ult}}}$ 统一按 0.7 倍进行折减。
加州大学戴维斯分校开展了一系列离心机振动台试验研究,包括液化水平场地、液化侧向扩展场地下桩土相互作用的研究[8-9]。离心机振动台被公认为是研究岩土地震工程和土动力学的最先进、最有效的科学试验平台, 其原因是离心场中的离心力对模型可产生与重力场的重力对原型相似的物理效应, 离心机振动台的工作原理可参见文献[10]。
SJB03 由加州大学戴维斯分校半径${9.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的大型离心机完成,该离心机最大承重${2500}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,可用面积$4{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$,离心机配备${1.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ 长的振动台,振动台可提供${15g}$ 最大水平加速度,试验共进行了 5 次不同地震动的输入,本次对其中一条加速度峰值为${0.67}\mathrm{g}$ 的 Santa Cruz 地震波进行模拟, 如图2 所示。试验模型如图3 所示, 试验土体参数如表1 所示。
利用所提出的模拟方法, 对该实验建立液化侧向扩展场地模型, 进行对比分析。通过对 Santa Cruz 地震波输入下的 SJB03 试验土体模拟值及试验值结果进行对比,如图4~图6 所示。可以看出,所提出的模拟方法在二维平面问题中对于倾斜扩展的土体孔压比、土体加速度及结构顶部的土体侧向位移, 均与实验值吻合度较高。因而可用于向三维结构拓展使用。
将所提方法向一座典型工程案例曲线桥拓展, 具体工程概况如下。
选取某互通式立交匝道桥中一座四跨连续曲线梁桥进行数值模型分析,桥梁全长${100}\mathrm{\;m}(4 \times$ ${25}\mathrm{\;m}$),宽度${8.51}\mathrm{\;m}$,曲率半径${65}\mathrm{\;m}$。主梁截面形式为单箱单室钢筋混凝土箱梁,梁高${1.6}\mathrm{\;m}$,上缘宽度${8.51}\mathrm{\;m}$,下缘宽度${4.55}\mathrm{\;m}$。桥梁两侧采用 GPZ4000D 单向滑动支座, 中间采用 GPZ (kz) 4GD 固定支座。对于下部结构, 两侧为盖梁-双柱墩-承台$- 2 \times 2$ 群桩体系;盖梁高${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$,宽${2.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;桥墩长度${7.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,直径${1.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;承台高$2\mathrm{\;m}$,长宽均为${5.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;桩基长度${20}\mathrm{\;m}$,直径${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$。中间为独柱墩- 承台$- 2 \times 2$ 群桩体系,桥墩高度${8.7}\mathrm{\;m}$,直径${1.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 承台高$2\mathrm{\;m}$,长宽均为${5.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;桩基长度${20}\mathrm{\;m}$,直径${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$。全桥群桩基础处于由黏土、松砂、密砂组成的一个倾斜度为 3 度的液化侧向扩展场地上。场地土参数与 SJB03 试验中相同。经场地评价,液化预期会发生在黏土和砂土交界位置处。
桥梁截面示意图如图7 所示, 桥梁平面布置图如图8 所示, 承台桩基布置图如图9 所示。
使用 OpenSees 软件进行数值模型建立, 如图10 所示。本桥坐标系以过渡墩中间位置处首尾顺次连接作为$x$ 轴,平面上垂直于$x$ 轴方向为$y$ 轴,竖直方向作为$z$ 轴。本文模型主梁、盖梁、桥墩、桩基均采用基于位移的梁柱单元模拟,其中主梁、盖梁采用弹性单元,桥墩、桩基采用纤维单元。混凝土材料采用 Concrete01 本构,钢筋材料采用 Steel01 本构;对于承台的模拟则认为其保持刚性, 使用RigidLink单元将桩顶与墩底单元连接在承台形心处,并在承台形心节点施加承台节点质量; 支座的模拟均采用 Two-NodeLink 单元, 固定向选用大刚度弹性材料, 活动向选用双线性材料, 原则上不设置转动刚度, 但为了增加模型收敛性设置了极小的弹性刚度。土体、桩身均使用前文提到的模拟方法进行模拟, 并考虑桩土相互作用、承台-土相互作用和群桩效应。对倾斜场地土体 (也称液化侧向扩展场地) 建模时, 考虑到地震动在土体中传播规律的一致性, 在水平场地的基础上对黏土层施加$g\sin {3}^{\circ }$ 的水平重力加速度,并于黏土层与松砂土层间设置软弱土层。
为体现不同地震动输入下的普遍规律, 本次模型输入地震波从美国太平洋地震工程研究中心的强震数据库中(PEER Ground Motion Database) 选具有代表性的 3 条远场地震波,其中,${R}_{\mathrm{{jb}}}$ 表示目标场地与震源断层投影边界的最短水平距离,${R}_{\text{rup }}$ 表示目标场地到断层实际破裂面三维空间中的最短距离,在使用 PEER 数据库选取地震波时,结合${R}_{\mathrm{{jb}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{rup}}}$ 能够更合理地选择符合工程需求的远场地震记录, 如表2 所示。同时因主要考虑场地液化后对曲线桥动力响应的影响, 故不再对过低加速度峰值的地震波进行计算, 统一将地震动峰值加速度调整为${0.2g}\text{、}{0.3g}\text{、}{0.4g}$ 后进行地震动输入。取场地倾斜方向与曲线桥 1 #墩到 5 #墩连线方向在$X - Y$ 平面投影的夹角为$\theta$,如图11 所示。
通过改变$\theta$ 实现不同方向的地震动输入,以探究不同场地条件下曲线桥最不利响应规律。为减小计算量,应当选择有代表性的$\theta$ 进行对比分析。为确定具有代表性的$\theta$,选择1#墩与2#墩连线、2#墩与3#墩连线、1#墩与 5#墩连线的切向和法向作为地震输入和场地倾斜方向,共确定 12 个不同的$\theta$,如图12 所示。因模型的对称性, 确认不同输入方向的最不利响应时,只在左侧边墩、次中墩、中墩进行分析。
为探究液化扩展场地倾斜方向和地震输入方向对曲线桥地震响应结果的影响, 通过改变图12 所示的$\theta$ 角度,得到曲线桥内力响应结果并进行分析。在结果分析过程中, 假定不同角度下的曲线桥内力响应结果基本连续。
根据桩基分析结果可知,远场地震动下液化侧向扩展场地桩基地震响应随场地、桥梁夹角$\theta$ 的变化规律有显著不同。如图13 所示, 输入远场地震动时:当${0}^{\circ }< \theta <{180}^{\circ }$,桩顶弯矩呈减小趋势; 当${180}^{\circ }< \theta <{360}^{\circ }$,桩顶弯矩呈增大趋势。当${0}^{\circ }<$ $\theta <{180}^{\circ }$,边墩桩顶弯矩大于次中墩、中墩桩顶弯矩;当${180}^{\circ }< \theta <{360}^{\circ }$,中墩、次中墩桩顶弯矩大于边墩桩顶弯矩。
需要说明的是:当夹角为${0}^{\circ }$${360}^{\circ }$ 时,场地倾斜方向为 1 # 墩 ~ 5 # 墩连线切向方向,当夹角为${180}^{\circ }$ 时,场地倾斜方向为 5 #墩 ~ 1 #墩连线切向方向, 此时由于桥梁的对称性, 在两个相反方向地震动输入下, 中墩墩底弯矩最大值结果相近。而本文所有工况下对于桩基的研究对象均为 1 # 桩,其在空间上不具备对称性,所以当夹角为${0}^{\circ }$${180}^{\circ }$ 时,允许出现中墩 1 #桩桩顶弯矩最大值结果相差较大情况。
因此, 在进行液化侧向扩展场地曲线桥桩基抗液化设计前需要注意两点:① 判断桥梁工程所处位置可能遭受的地震动类型, 应注意远场地震动的影响;②根据地震波类型需求与场地、桥梁夹角$\theta$,进一步确认需加强抗液化措施的桩基。
利用与 3.1 节相同的角度向曲线桥输入地震动,可以发现墩底弯矩随着地震动方向、种类的不同呈现出不同响应规律, 得到的变化趋势如图14 所示。根据结果分析可知: ①随着地震动峰值加速度的增加, 墩底弯矩呈增大趋势; ② 墩底最大弯矩在中墩与次中墩之间交替变化, 其中次中墩出现弯矩最大的次数要明显多于中墩。
对于次中墩、中墩:①沿墩与墩连线的法向输入地震动时, 中墩墩底会受到更大弯矩; ② 沿墩与墩连线的切向输入地震动时, 次中墩墩底会受到更大弯矩。
对于边墩:① 沿墩与墩连线的内法向输入地震动时,边墩内柱底会受到更大弯矩;②沿墩与墩连线的外法向输入地震动时, 边墩外柱底会受到更大弯矩;③沿墩与墩连线的切向向次中墩、中墩输入地震动时, 边墩外柱与边墩内柱底出现最大弯矩次数相近; ④沿墩与墩连线的切向向边墩输入地震动时,边墩外柱底会受到更大弯矩。
通过对比分析, 发现当地震输入与场地倾斜角度沿着切向时次中墩的墩底弯矩明显大于中墩, 这主要是由于当地震输入和场地倾斜角度沿切向时活动墩位置处产生的内力对次中墩的影响更直接。因此在实际工程中应当结合场地倾斜方向与可能的地震动角度着重关注各墩的内力情况。
对边墩的墩梁相对位移计算结果进行分析, 通过对液化扩展场地倾斜角度和地震输入角度的墩梁相对位移结果进行对比, 如图15 所示, 可以发现: ①随着地震动峰值的增加,墩梁相对位移逐渐增大;②随着地震动输入角度的变化,墩梁相对位移呈现先增大后减小的周期变化趋势;③ 通过对比各角度墩梁相对位移的大小, 发现沿着墩与墩连线的切向角度输入地震动时墩梁相对位移值远大于沿法向输入地震动时。
通过分析可知, 墩梁相对位移较大值主要出现在地震输入角度和场地角度与桥墩连线夹角为切向时, 因此在实际工程中应当根据可能遇到的地震方向和场地倾斜方向对桥位进行调整,避免出现过大的墩梁相对位移。
选取 3 条不同远场地震波进行输入, 对比液化扩展场地倾斜角度和地震动输入角度对曲线桥地震响应的影响。发现液化侧向扩展场地下曲线桥桩顶弯矩、墩底弯矩、墩梁相对位移与地震动类型、 地震动输入方向、地震动峰值加速度等因素有显著关联性。得出如下结论。
(1)随着地震动峰值加速度增加,桩顶弯矩、墩顶弯矩、墩梁相对位移呈增大趋势。
(2)桩顶弯矩随着地震动方向、种类的不同呈现出不同响应规律。① 当${0}^{\circ }< \theta <{180}^{\circ }$,桩顶弯矩呈减小趋势,且边墩桩顶弯矩大于次中墩、 中墩桩顶弯矩;② 当${180}^{\circ }< \theta <{360}^{\circ }$,桩顶弯矩呈增大趋势,且中墩、次中墩桩顶弯矩大于边墩桩顶弯矩。
(3)墩底弯矩随着地震动方向、种类的不同呈现出不同响应规律。对于次中墩、中墩, 沿墩与墩连线的法向输入地震动时, 中墩墩底会受到更大弯矩;沿墩与墩连线的切向输入地震动时,次中墩墩底会受到更大弯矩。对于边墩, 沿墩与墩连线的内法向输入地震动时, 边墩内柱底会受到更大弯矩;沿墩与墩连线的外法向输入地震动时,边墩外柱底会受到更大弯矩;沿墩与墩连线的切向向次中墩、中墩输入地震动时,边墩外柱与边墩内柱底出现最大弯矩次数相近; 沿墩与墩连线的切向向边墩输入地震动时, 边墩外柱底会受到更大弯矩。
(4)随着地震动输入角度的变化,墩梁相对位移呈现先增大后减小的周期变化趋势, 通过对比各角度墩梁相对位移的大小, 发现沿着墩与墩连线的切向角度输入地震动时墩梁相对位移值远大于沿法向输入地震动时。
因此, 提出进行液化侧向扩展场地曲线桥桩基抗液化设计思路:① 判断桥梁工程所处位置可能遭受的地震动类型, 应注意远场地震动的影响; ② 根据地震波类型需求与场地、桥梁夹角$\theta$,实施对应的抗液化措施。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378472)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52078023)
  • 北京市基金-市教委科技计划重点项目(23JH0014)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401928
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-12-15
基金
国家自然科学基金(52378472)
国家自然科学基金(52078023)
北京市基金-市教委科技计划重点项目(23JH0014)
作者信息
    1 北京建筑大学 工程结构与新材料北京市高等学校工程研究中心 北京 100044
    2 北京建筑大学 古桥研究院 北京 100044
    3 北京建筑大学 大型多功能振动台阵实验室 北京 100044
    4 北京国道通公路设计研究院股份有限公司 北京 100053
    5 中国建筑西南设计研究院有限公司 成都 610042

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{"content":"

焦驰宇(1980—),男,汉族,陕西渭南人,博士,教授。研究方向:桥梁抗震、桥梁结构检测及桥梁安全评定方法。E-mail: jcy@bu-cea.edu.cn。

"}
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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