Article(id=1156986621607367571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776706363, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776706363, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776706363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776706363, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3134, endPage=3141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986622454616982, articleId=1156986621607367571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Key Parameters and Influence Law of Downhole Heat Transfer in Medium-depth Coaxial Buried Tube Heat Exchangers, columnId=1156963929537733484, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the efficient heat transfer characteristics of medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchangers, a heat transfer model was constructed between the medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchanger and surrounding rock and soil based on the fluid flow heat transfer equation. COMSOL software was used for numerical analysis and calculation of heat transfer, and the nominal heat transfer of the model was studied under different burial depths, inner pipe thermal conductivity, circulating water flow rate, and cementing material thermal conductivity conditions. The research results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the inner pipe, the flow rate of circulating water, and the thermal conductivity of the cementing material have a significant impact on the nominal heat extraction. The thermal conductivity of the inner tube decreases from${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$to${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$, with a nominal increase in nominal heat extraction of${289.4}\%$. The circulating water flow rate from${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$rises to${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$, with a nominal increase in nominal heat extraction of${124}\%$. The thermal conductivity of cementing materials increases from${0.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$to${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$, with a nominal increase in heat extraction of$2\%$. Finally, relying on a Pilot Demonstration Project of Medium and Deep Geothermal Energy for Building Heating at CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., differential analysis was conducted on experimental and simulation data under continuous operation for${168}\mathrm{\;h}$of the project. The research results have certain guiding significance for the optimization design of medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchangers and the efficient development and utilization of medium-deep geothermal wells.

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为探明中深层同轴地埋管换热器的高效换热特性,基于流体流动传热方程,构建中深层同轴地埋管换热器与周围岩土体的传热模型,应用COMSOL软件进行换热数值分析与计算,研究该模型在不同埋深、内管导热系数、循环水流量、固井材料导热系数条件下名义取热量的变化情况。结果表明:内管导热系数、循环水流量及固井材料导热系数对名义取热量影响较大;内管导热系数从${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$降至${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量增幅为${289.4}\%$;循环水流量从${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$升至45${\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$,名义取热量增幅为 124%;固井材料导热系数从 0.8 W/(m·K) 升至 1.8W/(m·K),名义取热量增幅为2%。最后依托中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司中深层地热能建筑供热试点示范项目,对该项目连续运行(168 h)工况下实验与模拟数据进行差异化分析。研究成果对中深层同轴地埋管换热器优化设计及中深层地热井高效开发利用具有一定的指导意义。

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刘成路(1996—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:钻井工程及地热能开发利用。E-mail: 1343867994@qq.com。

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刘成路(1996—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:钻井工程及地热能开发利用。E-mail: 1343867994@qq.com。

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刘成路(1996—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:钻井工程及地热能开发利用。E-mail: 1343867994@qq.com。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Changes in nominal heat extraction under different burial depth conditions, figureFileSmall=qjgmys7hKceThOyrzY8wbg==, figureFileBig=u+1NSadXzS3Fg3bGV9rXCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986832987706094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同埋深条件下名义取热量变化图, figureFileSmall=qjgmys7hKceThOyrzY8wbg==, figureFileBig=u+1NSadXzS3Fg3bGV9rXCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833054814961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Trend chart of nominal nominal heat extraction over time under different burial depth conditions, figureFileSmall=g2qWOfSkW3xT+dfZblDK9A==, figureFileBig=CpfX6E0CF4v+02dbSitfuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833126118131, 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articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Changes in nominal heat extraction under different flow rates, figureFileSmall=HTcDb0fbkFm92oJoX2cPkg==, figureFileBig=TrPyM6xDOrGi3DfRsdT0DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833381970686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同流量下名义取热量变化图, figureFileSmall=HTcDb0fbkFm92oJoX2cPkg==, figureFileBig=TrPyM6xDOrGi3DfRsdT0DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833444885249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Trend chart of nominal heat extraction over time under different flow rates, figureFileSmall=/J8S0rgKNbf6Gw3lqMy6cg==, figureFileBig=8ybnJxqroXB/sCyZYng9ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833499411205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同流量下名义取热量随时间变化趋势图, figureFileSmall=/J8S0rgKNbf6Gw3lqMy6cg==, figureFileBig=8ybnJxqroXB/sCyZYng9ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833553937160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Diagram of the relationship between thermal conductivity of cementing materials and nominal heat extraction, figureFileSmall=p8ykapQFVQubpzH1xqRMdA==, figureFileBig=1psa9lvQNHpp7cfx1TeO3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833625240332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图7, caption=固井材料导热系数与名义取热量关系图, figureFileSmall=p8ykapQFVQubpzH1xqRMdA==, figureFileBig=1psa9lvQNHpp7cfx1TeO3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833688154894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Relationship between thermal conductivity of cementing 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label=图9, caption=不同固井材料导热系数地埋管换热器底部温度与时间分布关系图, figureFileSmall=6bo6CDydYTI7SAPHzQ0C5g==, figureFileBig=IBv2DcsWXMss3vfpgdhCgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986833964978967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Nominal heat extraction and heat transfer coefficient of insulation pipes, figureFileSmall=EPjfyf7rPNNGYT0tzJfGrw==, figureFileBig=eCD8WC7YRndg0wN4KL3rTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986834040476440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图10, caption=名义取热量与保温管传热系数, figureFileSmall=EPjfyf7rPNNGYT0tzJfGrw==, figureFileBig=eCD8WC7YRndg0wN4KL3rTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986834120168217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Time variation of inner tubes with different thermal conductivity 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986834350854944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Comparison of simulated and experimental water supply temperature changes over time, figureFileSmall=yrnKpVt8bjCs+T/R6CSI1g==, figureFileBig=2eEAb0tBUqPf3+nqQATleg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986834401186595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=图13, caption=模拟与实验供水温度随时间变化对比图, figureFileSmall=yrnKpVt8bjCs+T/R6CSI1g==, figureFileBig=2eEAb0tBUqPf3+nqQATleg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986834459906853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Model parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
钻孔深度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 3 500
钻孔半径/mm 241.3
内管半径/mm 114.3
外管半径/mm 177.8
外管导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 40
地层导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3.25
固井材料导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1.1
水的导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.63
内管体积热容/($\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$) $4 \times {10}^{6}$
地层体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${2.87}\times {10}^{6}$
固井材料体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${2.5}\times {10}^{6}$
水的体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${4.19}\times {10}^{6}$
水的密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 996
水的黏度/$\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$ ${0.73}\times {10}^{-3}$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986834514432808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986621607367571, language=CN, label=表1, caption=模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
钻孔深度 $/\mathrm{m}$ 3 500
钻孔半径/mm 241.3
内管半径/mm 114.3
外管半径/mm 177.8
外管导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 40
地层导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3.25
固井材料导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1.1
水的导热系数 $/\left({\mathrm{W}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.63
内管体积热容/($\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$) $4 \times {10}^{6}$
地层体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${2.87}\times {10}^{6}$
固井材料体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${2.5}\times {10}^{6}$
水的体积热容/$\left({\mathrm{J}\cdot {\mathrm{K}}^{-1}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${4.19}\times {10}^{6}$
水的密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 996
水的黏度/$\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$ ${0.73}\times {10}^{-3}$
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中深层同轴地埋管换热器井下换热关键参数及影响规律分析
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刘成路 1, 2 , 胡振阳 1, 2 , 赵永哲 1, 2 , 苟立 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 天文学、地球科学 2025,25(8): 3134-3141
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科学技术与工程 | 天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(8): 3134-3141
中深层同轴地埋管换热器井下换热关键参数及影响规律分析
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刘成路1, 2 , 胡振阳1, 2, 赵永哲1, 2, 苟立1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司 西安 710065
  • 2 西安煤科地热能开发有限公司 西安 710086
  • 刘成路(1996—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向:钻井工程及地热能开发利用。E-mail: 1343867994@qq.com。

Analysis of Key Parameters and Influence Law of Downhole Heat Transfer in Medium-depth Coaxial Buried Tube Heat Exchangers
Cheng-lu LIU1, 2 , Zhen-yang HU1, 2, Yong-zhe ZHAO1, 2, Li GOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd. Xi'an 710065 China
  • 2 Xi'an Coal Science Geothermal Energy Development Co., Ltd. Xi'an 710086 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403013
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为探明中深层同轴地埋管换热器的高效换热特性,基于流体流动传热方程,构建中深层同轴地埋管换热器与周围岩土体的传热模型,应用COMSOL软件进行换热数值分析与计算,研究该模型在不同埋深、内管导热系数、循环水流量、固井材料导热系数条件下名义取热量的变化情况。结果表明:内管导热系数、循环水流量及固井材料导热系数对名义取热量影响较大;内管导热系数从${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$降至${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量增幅为${289.4}\%$;循环水流量从${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$升至45${\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$,名义取热量增幅为 124%;固井材料导热系数从 0.8 W/(m·K) 升至 1.8W/(m·K),名义取热量增幅为2%。最后依托中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司中深层地热能建筑供热试点示范项目,对该项目连续运行(168 h)工况下实验与模拟数据进行差异化分析。研究成果对中深层同轴地埋管换热器优化设计及中深层地热井高效开发利用具有一定的指导意义。

中深层同轴地埋管换热器  /  高效换热  /  流体传热模型  /  名义取热量

In order to explore the efficient heat transfer characteristics of medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchangers, a heat transfer model was constructed between the medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchanger and surrounding rock and soil based on the fluid flow heat transfer equation. COMSOL software was used for numerical analysis and calculation of heat transfer, and the nominal heat transfer of the model was studied under different burial depths, inner pipe thermal conductivity, circulating water flow rate, and cementing material thermal conductivity conditions. The research results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the inner pipe, the flow rate of circulating water, and the thermal conductivity of the cementing material have a significant impact on the nominal heat extraction. The thermal conductivity of the inner tube decreases from${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$to${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$, with a nominal increase in nominal heat extraction of${289.4}\%$. The circulating water flow rate from${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$rises to${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}/\mathrm{h}$, with a nominal increase in nominal heat extraction of${124}\%$. The thermal conductivity of cementing materials increases from${0.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$to${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$, with a nominal increase in heat extraction of$2\%$. Finally, relying on a Pilot Demonstration Project of Medium and Deep Geothermal Energy for Building Heating at CCTEG Xi’an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., differential analysis was conducted on experimental and simulation data under continuous operation for${168}\mathrm{\;h}$of the project. The research results have certain guiding significance for the optimization design of medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchangers and the efficient development and utilization of medium-deep geothermal wells.

medium-deep coaxial buried pipe heat exchangers  /  efficient heat exchange  /  fluid heat transfer model  /  nominal heat extraction
刘成路, 胡振阳, 赵永哲, 苟立. 中深层同轴地埋管换热器井下换热关键参数及影响规律分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3134 -3141 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403013
Cheng-lu LIU, Zhen-yang HU, Yong-zhe ZHAO, Li GOU. Analysis of Key Parameters and Influence Law of Downhole Heat Transfer in Medium-depth Coaxial Buried Tube Heat Exchangers[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3134 -3141 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403013
随着全球能源危机愈演愈烈, 地热能作为一种清洁型能源正逐渐发挥其优势作用, 地热能是一种从地下抽取的天然的热能,这种能量源于地球内部的熔岩,以热力形式存储于地下,是导致火山爆发和地震的直接能量来源。透过地下水的流动和熔岩涌至离地面$1 \sim 5\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 的地壳,热力得以被转送至较接近地面的地方。作为蕴藏在地球内部的天然热能和一种极具竞争力的清洁可再生能源,地热能具有储量大、分布广、绿色低碳、适用性强、稳定性好等优势。高温地热资源将成为未来能源结构调整、发展清洁能源的主力之一。
目前主流的地热能开发利用方式分为浅层地源热泵、中深层水热型、中深层换热型及干热岩地热 4 种。其中以中深层换热型方式开发地热能的特点是“只取热不取水”,对地下水资源及地质环境几乎没有影响, 其基本原理是在地层中埋藏由内管和外管构成的中深层同轴地埋管换热器, 用以提取地壳下干热岩的热量并利用循环水输送至地面能源站。不同于浅地埋管技术, 中深层及深层地埋管系统受到地埋管全段周围的分层岩土岩性以及温度梯度分布[1-5] 影响较大。文献[6-7] 利用格林函数和线性叠加原理,提出有限长线热源模型和有限长圆柱热源模型, 该模型从钻孔长度有限性层面对无限长线热源模型和无限长圆柱热源模型进行了改进和优化。Luo 等[8-9] 提出了一种适用于 C-DGHE 换热分析的分段有限长线热源模型和分段有限长圆柱热源模型, 该模型考虑中深层地埋管换热器周围岩层温度分布的非均匀性, 进一步改进优化了有限长线热源模型和有限长圆柱热源模型。中外已有不少学者对中深层同轴地埋管换热器的换热性能进行研究,并分析如井型与井径[10-11] 、流速与流量[12-13] 、地层条件与渗流[14-15] 等因素对地热井取热能力与换热效率的影响。唐晓音 等[16] 基于 FEFLOW软件模拟了入口流量、入口温度、换热井深度以及供水管管材导热系数 4 种参数对地埋管换热器换热性能的影响。张育平等[17] 通过研究分析钻井也循环过程中的传热特性, 并建立钻井液与地层瞬态传热解析解模型,给出了一种计算原始地温梯度、初始地层温度高效算法, 对于精确刻画中深层地热井与岩层换热特性具有实际意义。韩永亮等[18] 通过建立地热井分层换热模型,精细刻画地层并构建均质模型和分层模型。采用数值模拟分析方法, 对地热井换热性能及连续运行过程的取热能力进行系统分析, 对中深层同轴套管式换热系统设计和地温场热恢复研究提供了借鉴和参考。
在前人研究的基础上, 基于流体流动传热方程, 构建中深层同轴地埋管换热器与周围岩土体的传热模型,以名义取热量[19] 为研究目标,讨论单个中深层同轴地埋管换热器换热性能评估参数下某个因素独立作用时的地理管换热性能, 旨在探索特定工况下中深层同轴地埋管换热器的最佳换热性能, 对中深层地热能的开发利用具有指导意义。
中深层同轴地埋管换热器是中深层地热井井下换热系统的核心, 其组成结构及工作原理如图1 所示, 主体为单井井内闭式循环换热结构, 包括岩土体、井壁、外管和内管。通过向高温地层钻进数千米深度, 应用固井工艺封闭地热井, 并在井内安装内管和井底装置, 建立中深层同轴地埋管换热器系统,以 “取热不取水” 形式在地面循环泵的作用下, 循环水从环空流入经井底加热后从中心内管流出至能源站。
中深层同轴地埋管换热器工作原理是一个复杂且非稳态的传热过程, 为了便于对传热过程进行量化,给出如下基本假设:① 下各个分段地层岩土循环水为各向同性; ② 固井材料、管内循环水及内外管热物理性质参数稳定不变;③根据卢德唐等[19] 研究表明,地层垂直方向的温度梯度与水平方向温度梯度比值总是小于 1%, 因此忽略垂直方向上的地层及内外管热传导;内管内及环空内同一截面上循环水任一点的温度、流速均匀一致; ④忽略大气与地表之间的热对流交换,将地表温度看做定值, 不考虑地下水对传热的影响;⑤忽略井筒及环空内循环水流动过程中的摩擦生热。
将流体在中深层同轴地埋管换热器中的循环总结为两个阶段, 既下注段和上返段。下注段循环水进入环空, 外管受岩土体与固井材料之间的热传导, 循环水下注过程不断被加热最终到达地埋管底部后温度升至最高。上返段循环水从内管底部升至出口,由于受内管传热系数的影响,管壁内外之间循环水存在热交换, 循环水温度不断降低。结合前面模型假定条件将上述复杂传热问题简化为以钻孔轴线为轴的圆柱体导热问题。
(1) 岩土体内传热方程。
$\frac{1}{{a}_{\mathrm{g}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{g}}r\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{\partial r}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{g}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{g}}}{\partial z}}\right)$
式(1)中:${a}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为不同地层岩土体热扩散率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};{T}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为岩土体温度,${}^{c}\mathrm{C};r$ 为径向坐标,$\mathrm{m};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为岩土体导热系数;$\tau$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};z$ 为距地面距离,$\mathrm{m}$
(2)固井水泥环内传热方程。
$\frac{1}{{a}_{\mathrm{s}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}r\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial r}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\partial z}}\right)$
式(2)中:${a}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为固井材料热扩散率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为固井材料温度,${}^{o}\mathrm{C};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为固井材料导热系数。
(3)外管内传热方程。
$\frac{1}{{a}_{\mathrm{o}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{o}}r\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\partial r}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{o}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\partial z}}\right)$
式(3)中:${a}_{0}$ 为外管热扩散率,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$${T}_{0}$ 为外管温度,${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};{\lambda }_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为外管导热系数。
(4)内管传热方程。
$\frac{1}{{a}_{\mathrm{i}}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{i}}r\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\partial r}}\right)+ \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({{\lambda }_{\mathrm{i}}\frac{\partial {T}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\partial z}}\right)$
式(4)中:${a}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管热扩散率,$\mathrm{s};{T}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管温度,${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${\lambda }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管导热系数。
(5)环空内能量守恒方程。
${c}_{\mathrm{o}}\frac{\partial {t}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\partial \tau }= \frac{{t}_{\mathrm{b}}- {t}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{R}_{1}}+ \frac{{t}_{\mathrm{i}}- {t}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{R}_{2}}- C\frac{\partial {t}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\partial t}$
${c}_{\mathrm{o}}= \pi \left({{d}_{\mathrm{{oi}}}^{2}- {d}_{\mathrm{{io}}}^{2}}\right){\rho c}+ \pi \left({{d}_{\mathrm{{oo}}}^{2}- {d}_{\mathrm{{oi}}}^{2}}\right){\rho }_{{\mathrm{{oc}}}_{\mathrm{o}}}+ \\\pi \left({{d}_{\mathrm{b}}^{2}- {d}_{\infty }^{2}}\right){\rho }_{\mathrm{s}{c}_{\mathrm{s}}}\\ C ={mc}$
式中:${c}_{0}$ 为外管道热流通道单位长度的热容量,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);C$ 为循环水的热容量,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{s}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{t}_{\mathrm{i}}\text{、}{t}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为内、外管中循环水的温度,${}^{o}\mathrm{C};t$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};{t}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为钻孔壁的温度,${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};\rho \text{、}{\rho }_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}{\rho }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为循环水、外管、固井材料的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};c\text{、}{c}_{\mathrm{o}}\text{、}{c}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 分别为循环水、外管、 固井材料的比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$${d}_{\mathrm{{oi}}}$${d}_{\mathrm{{io}}}$${d}_{\mathrm{{oo}}}$${d}_{\mathrm{{ob}}}$ 分别为外管内半径、内管外半径、外管外半径、钻孔半径,$\mathrm{m};\mathrm{m}$ 为循环水的质量流量,$\mathrm{{kg}}/\mathrm{s}$
(6)内管能量守恒方程。
${C}_{\mathrm{i}}= \pi {d}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}^{2}{\rho c}+ \pi \left({{d}_{\mathrm{{io}}}^{2}- {d}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}^{2}}\right){\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}{c}_{\mathrm{i}}$
式 (8) 中:${c}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管热流通道单位长度的热容量,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{d}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ 为内管内半径,$\mathrm{m};{\rho }_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);{c}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管的比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$
初始条件: 假设内管循环水、环空循环水及初始地层温度三者相等,地温梯度为${0.03}\mathrm{\;K}/\mathrm{m}$,地表温度取${280.15}\mathrm{\;K}$,则岩土体初始温度为
$ T ={280.15}+ {0.03z}$
边界条件:外部环空循环水与内管循环水能量方程的边界体条件为
${t}_{0}= {t}_{\mathrm{i}}- \frac{Q}{C}, z = 0,{t}_{0}= {t}_{\mathrm{i}}, z = H $
式 (10) 中:$Q$ 为取热功率,$\mathrm{{kW}};H$ 为地理管底部距地面的深度。
地层中的热量传递过程为: 地层$\rightarrow$ 固井材料$\rightarrow$ 外管$\rightarrow$ 循环水,其中由地层到固井材料、固井材料到外管的换热方式主要是热传导,则总热阻$R$
$ R ={R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}$
${R}_{1}= \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}N{u}_{\mathrm{o}}}+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{o}}}\ln \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{io}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}}+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}}\ln \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{io}}}}$
${R}_{2}= \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{{oi}}}N{u}_{\mathrm{i}}}+ \frac{1}{{2\pi }{\lambda }_{\mathrm{i}}}\ln \frac{{d}_{\mathrm{{oo}}}}{{d}_{\mathrm{{oi}}}}+ \frac{1}{\pi {d}_{\mathrm{{oo}}}N{u}_{\mathrm{o}}}$
式中:${R}_{1}$ 为固井材料到环空循环水之间的热阻;${R}_{2}$ 为内外管循环水之间的热阻;$N{u}_{0}$ 为环空对流换热系数;$N{u}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为内管对流换热系数。
为精确分析评价不同单个因素作用时中深层同轴地埋管换热性能特性, 传热模型来自中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司中深层地热能建筑供热试点示范项目,模型所用参数如表1 所示,考虑到实际工况的持续性,取该项目连续运行一周(168h) 的数据进行模拟分析。
名义取热量定义为在特定运行工况下,一个地埋管换热器可以提供的最大取热量[20]。这种特定工况 为:①地下岩土体初始温度为定值,既认为井下换热开始时未受中深层同轴地埋管换热器系统的影响;②中深层同轴地埋管换热器系统在连续运行${90}\mathrm{\;d}$ 后的流体入井温度不低于${5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
名义取热量的计算公式为
${Q}_{\text{nom }}= {cm\Delta T}$
式 (14) 中:${Q}_{\text{nom }}$ 为名义取热量;$c$ 为循环水的比热容,$\mathrm{J}/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right);m$ 为水的质量流量,${\mathrm{m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h};{\Delta T}$ 为地埋管换热器进出水温差,${\mathrm{K}}_{\circ }$
为了研究不同同轴地埋管换热器埋深条件下名义取热量的变化情况, 采用所举项目实际工况为基本条件,以${30}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 为固定循环水流量进行模拟分析和数据整合, 得到图2图3 所示结果。从数据层面来看,埋深从${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加到${3500}\mathrm{\;m}$,名义取热量由${369}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增长至${2795}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,名义取热量与埋深呈正相关性, 即同轴地埋管换热器埋深越深受到地心温度影响越大,加热段越长,循环水换热量越高, 返出循环水温度越高, 名义取热量越高。该正相关性与地温梯度密切相关, 由图4 可知, 地区平均地温梯度越高则同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量越高。不同地区的地温梯度也略有不同, 以关中地区为例, 其各构造单元的地温梯度均随深度增大而逐渐减小,且减小幅度也逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定,每百米增温范围在${1.64}\sim {3.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,大部分地区${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处地温梯度为${2.5}\sim {3.0}\mathrm{C}/{100}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{\left\lbrack {21}\right\rbrack }$。但总体考虑到同轴地埋管换热器的成本随着埋深的增加大幅提高, 实际工程项目应当均衡考虑取热效益与埋深成本。
为了研究不同循环水流量条件下的同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量变化特征,在埋深${3500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的同轴地埋管换热器中,分别以 20、25、30、35、40、${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的循环水流量运行工况进行模拟分析和数据整合, 得到图5图6 所示结果。名义取热量的高低与循环水流量基本成线性相关的关系, 即循环水流量越大,则名义取热量越高,当循环水流量从${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 增至${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,名义取热量增长幅度为 124%, 增幅明显。但从另一方面来看当循环水流量增加, 名义取热量随时间的变化幅度也越明显, 以循环水流量为${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 两种运行工况为例,名义取热量上升至峰值的时间分别为$5\mathrm{\;h}$$2\mathrm{\;h}$ ;下降至平均值的时间分别为${61.5}\mathrm{\;h}$${49}\mathrm{\;h}$。因为较大的循环水流量会加速地埋管换热器与周围岩土层的换热过程, 使地埋管的换热效率大大提高,名义取热量相应增加。但增加循环水流量会减少外管流体与井眼周围岩土层换热时间,地埋管底部温度随着流量的增加有所降低, 造成底部流体温度衰减的更快, 表现在图6 中则是取热量曲线下降幅度更为明显。综上,对供暖效果没有过高要求时,维持同轴地埋管换热器循环系统低流量 (低流速) 运行可以在一定程度上提高系统性能, 并且可降低循环泵耗能,提高运行效率。
为了研究固井材料导热系数对名义取热量的影响,在埋深${3500}\mathrm{\;m}$,循环水流量${30}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 的同轴地埋管换热器中,取导热系数分别为${0.8}\text{、}{1.0}\text{、}{1.2}$${1.4}\text{、}{1.6}\text{、}{1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 的固井材料进行模拟分析和数据整合,得到图7~图9 所示结果。同轴地埋管换热器固井材料导热系数从${0.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 增长至${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量由${2741.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增长至${2795.9}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。提高固井材料导热系数便降低了岩土体与固井材料之间的热阻${R}_{1}$,同时也降低了热损失, 地理管换热器周围岩土体与固井材料之间的换热更加充分。从沿地埋管温度分布图可以看出, 当固井材料导热系数从${0.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 增长至${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,地埋管底部最高温度仍为${117}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$, 供水平均温度从${44.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 升至${51.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,沿地埋管全段温度分布均值从${69.6}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 增长至${77.6}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,这是因为经长时间充分换热后按照地温梯度计算${117}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 为该目标地层的最高温, 但因固井材料导热系数提高使得地埋管与周围岩土体之间的换热效率提升, 平均温度上升,供水平均温度上升。综上,固井材料的变化带来名义取热量提升比例为 2%, 由此可知, 单方面提升固井材料导热系数对名义取热量影响较小, 开发同轴地埋管换热器项目时可优先考量其他因素。
为了研究内管导热系数对名义取热量的影响, 在埋深${3500}\mathrm{\;m}$,循环水流量${30}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$,的同轴地埋管换热器中,分别以 0、0.002、0.005、0.02、0.2、${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 的内管导热系数进行模拟分析和数据整合, 得到图10图11 所示结果。由图11 可知,在同轴地埋管换热器连续运行的$7\mathrm{\;d}\left({{168}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ 内, 可大致分为三个阶段, 升温段、降温段、维稳段。升温段井身岩土体温度较高, 循环水吸收热量返出温度快速上升,名义取热量快速提升;降温段底部岩土体导热系数低, 随着运行时间推移, 周围地层热量无法快速传递至地埋管换热器并在井壁造成冷堆积, 循环流体从井底吸取热量减少, 返出循环水温度和取热量到达峰值后逐渐下降,直至维持稳定状态进入维稳段。进一步, 内管导热系数越低, 升温段越短, 降温段和维稳段越长, 反之内管导热系数越高,升温段越长,降温段和维稳段越短。由图10图11 可知, 当内管导热系数为 0 时, 地埋管换热器全程无热量损失,名义取热量${3037.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 为最高值, 循环水吸收的热量全部返出至供水口。内管导热系数在${0.002}\sim {0.005}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量由${2795.9}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 降至${2657.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,变动幅度为${0.05}\%$。内管导热系数高于${0.005}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 时会受到热短路现象的影响, 即内管热循环水在上返过程中与环空冷循环水发生热交换, 不断释放热量降低自身温度。当内管导热系数从${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 降至${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量增长幅度为 289.4%, 由此可知同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量的大小与内管导热系数密切相关, 且随着内管导热系数的增加而降低, 在项目开发中应着重考虑内管的选用。
除分析影响同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量的因素外, 对中煤科工西安研究院 (集团) 有限公司中深层地热能建筑供热试点示范项目与所建传热模型进行了连续运行工况下的差异化分析, 模型结果旨在对实际运行工况进行改进和指导, 以下分别提取了模型和实验$7\mathrm{\;d}\left({{168}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ 内的同轴地埋管换热器供水温度数据和名义取热量数据,如图12图13 所示。
图12图13 可知, 从数据层面来看模拟平均供水温度和平均取热量分别为${50.95}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${1254.35}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ;实验平均供水温度和平均取热量分别为${50.61}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${1242.58}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,其温度和取热量相对误差分别为 0.67% 和 0.94%。模拟数据与实验数据整体趋势一致, 但存在一定的误差, 其原因是多方面的。首先同轴地埋管换热器实验数据中名义取热量和供水温度均高于模拟数据, 受大地热流不规律分布的影响导致同轴地埋管换热器底部目标地层的热资源分布也具有随机性, 实验同轴地埋管换热器有可能在钻井过程中钻遇异常高温地层。其次因为模拟工况中以恒定流量连续运行, 而实际工况中则需要根据供暖现状实时调整供热系统循环流量大小,由前文可知,同轴地埋管换热器供水温度和取热量随循环水流量变化而变化; 因同轴地埋管换热器底部周围岩土层地质环境复杂, 可能存在地下水渗流等因素影响, 导致取热量难以维持恒定数值, 但该因素对取热量影响较小。从实验数据可以看出同轴地埋管换热器在连续运行$7\mathrm{\;d}\left({{168}\mathrm{\;h}}\right)$ 后供水温度仍能保持在${43}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,取热量维持在${1077}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,说明同轴地埋管换热器与底部岩土层达到换热均衡状态, 虽然底部产生一定量冷堆积, 但在非运行期间可以缓慢恢复至初始状态[22-23]
在深入研究中深层同轴地埋管换热器运行原理的基础上, 构建适用的传热模型, 并结合实际工程案例对所构建模型进行差异化对比分析, 得到如下结论。
(1)同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量与埋深呈正相关,埋深从${500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加到${3500}\mathrm{\;m}$,名义取热量由${369}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增长至${2795}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,可在合理的成本预算内适当增加埋深, 均衡考虑取热效益与埋深成本。
(2)同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量与循环水流量基本成线性相关,当循环水流量从${20}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 增至${45}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{3}/\mathrm{h}$ 时,名义取热量增长幅度为${124}\%$,但随着循环水流量的增加, 取热量随时间的下降趋势也愈明显, 在实际运行中应根据热负荷合理调整循环水流量。
(3)固井材料导热系数从${0.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 增长至${1.8}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量由${2741.3}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 增长至${2795.9}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,增长幅度为$2\%$,对名义取热量能力的提升有限, 因此开发同轴地埋管换热器项目时可优先考虑其他因素。
(4)同轴地埋管换热器名义取热量的大小受内管导热系数影响较大,高于${0.005}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 时会受到热短路现象的影响,当内管导热系数从${0.5}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$ 降至${0.002}\mathrm{\;W}/\left({\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{K}}\right)$,名义取热量增长幅度为 289.4%, 在同轴地埋管换热器开发项目中应着重考虑选用低导热性能的内管。
(5)连续运行模式下同轴地埋管换热器取热能力最终会达到稳定状态, 届时底部岩土层与地埋管换热器之间达到换热均衡状态,虽然底部会产生一定量冷堆积, 但在非运行期间可以缓慢恢复至初始状态。
  • 中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司科技创新基金(2022XAYJS03)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403013
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
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中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司科技创新基金(2022XAYJS03)
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    1 中煤科工西安研究院(集团)有限公司 西安 710065
    2 西安煤科地热能开发有限公司 西安 710086
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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