Article(id=1156986620290359863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402989, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776706048, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776706048, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776706048, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776706048, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3372, endPage=3381, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986621364101693, articleId=1156986620290359863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Physical and Mechanical Properties and Damage Constitutive Model of Limestone under Dry-wet Cycle in Acidic Environment, columnId=1156963932482130535, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effect of dry-wet cycles in acidic environment on the physical and mechanical properties of limestone, and to evaluate the long-term stability of limestone rock mass in this environment, the limestone of the Jinfo Mountain of the Nanchuan District in Chongqing was selected as research subject. The limestone specimens were exposed to dry-wet cycles under neutral and acidic environments. The specimens were treated through mass loss test, hygroscopic property test, uniaxial compression test and tensile test. The results show that under the condition of the same pH of the soaking solution, with the increase of the times of dry-wet cycles, the mass loss rate and saturation water absorption rate of specimens increase; the tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus gradually decrease; with the same times of dry-wet cycles, the lower the pH of the soaking solution leads to the more serious the loss of physical and mechanical properties. Based on the experimental results, the damage theory, Weibull distribution, Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis and Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) strength criterion, the damage constitutive model of limestone by using a quadratic function to characterize the nonlinear features of the compaction stage of stress-strain curve was established and validated.

, correspAuthors=Xiang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-qiang ZHOU, Xiang ZHANG, Xiang FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986759948099932, articleId=1156986620290359863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的物理力学特性及损伤本构模型研究, columnId=1154013916129648643, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究酸性干湿交替作用对石灰岩物理力学性能的影响,评价石灰岩岩体在此环境中的长期稳定性,以重庆市南川区金佛山甑子岩的石灰岩为研究对象,对中性与酸性环境干湿循环处理后的石灰岩岩样进行质量损失试验、吸水性试验、单轴压缩试验和抗拉试验。结果表明:在同一pH 的浸泡溶液条件下,随着干湿循环次数的增加,岩样的质量损失率和饱水率增加;抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐降低;在相同干湿循环次数条件下,浸泡溶液的pH 越低,岩样的物理力学性能损失越严重。基于试验结果,采用损伤理论、Weibull 分布、Lemaitre 应变等效假说以及M-C(Mohr-Coulomb) 强度准则,用二次函数表征石灰岩应力-应变曲线压密阶段的非线性特征,建立并验证了石灰岩的损伤本构模型。

, correspAuthors=张翔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:x.zhang@ynu.edu.cn。
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周文强(1993—),男,汉族,四川广安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:1280095404@qq.com。

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周文强(1993—),男,汉族,四川广安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:1280095404@qq.com。

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周文强(1993—),男,汉族,四川广安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:1280095404@qq.com。

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参数 数值
自然密度 $/\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}}\right)$ 2.72
饱水率 $/\%$ 0.13
单轴抗压强度/MPa 151.74
抗拉强度/MPa 5.29
弹性模量/GPa 18.60
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773533450773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=CN, label=表1, caption=石灰岩的部分基本物理力学性质, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
自然密度 $/\left({\mathrm{g}\cdot {\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}}\right)$ 2.72
饱水率 $/\%$ 0.13
单轴抗压强度/MPa 151.74
抗拉强度/MPa 5.29
弹性模量/GPa 18.60
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773596365334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Average tensile strength, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用环境 平均抗拉强度 ${\overline{\mathbf{\sigma }}}_{t}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$
干湿循 干湿循 干湿循 干湿循 于湿循
环 0 次 环 1 次 环 5 次 环 10 次 环 20 次
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 3$ 5.29 4.49 3.80 3.35 3.19
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 5.29 4.58 4.09 3.67 3.50
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 7$ 5.29 4.67 4.30 4.04 3.89
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773650891287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=CN, label=表2, caption=抗拉强度平均值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作用环境 平均抗拉强度 ${\overline{\mathbf{\sigma }}}_{t}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$
干湿循 干湿循 干湿循 干湿循 于湿循
环 0 次 环 1 次 环 5 次 环 10 次 环 20 次
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 3$ 5.29 4.49 3.80 3.35 3.19
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 5.29 4.58 4.09 3.67 3.50
$\mathrm{{pH}}= 7$ 5.29 4.67 4.30 4.04 3.89
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773709611544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Related uniaxial compression data of limestone under different numbers of wet and dry cycles of soaking solution $\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$n$ ${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{e}}$ ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
0 151.74 0.010 98 53.10 0.005 45
1 130.28 0.010 77 55.53 0.006 07
5 117.56 0.01178 46.31 0.006 56
10 107.18 0.011 10 41.20 0.006 19
20 92.87 0.01280 44.52 0.008 14
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773797691929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=CN, label=表3, caption=浸泡溶液 $\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 时不同干湿循环次数条件下石灰岩单轴压缩相关数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$n$ ${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{e}}$ ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
0 151.74 0.010 98 53.10 0.005 45
1 130.28 0.010 77 55.53 0.006 07
5 117.56 0.01178 46.31 0.006 56
10 107.18 0.011 10 41.20 0.006 19
20 92.87 0.01280 44.52 0.008 14
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773848023578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Parameters related to the constitutive model of limestone at different number of wet and dry cycles of the soaking solution $\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干湿循环 次数 $n$ ${E}_{n}/\mathrm{{GPa}}$ $A$ $B$ $m$ ${\mathbf{F}}_{0}$
0 18.60 1 625 711.40 893.55 23.31 117.85
1 16.73 1 249 575.65 1 565.43 19.99 91.29
5 13.77 1023 091.51 337.46 116.72 74.86
10 12.14 885 351.52 1 169.69 15.36 84.13
20 10.39 604 640.06 549.95 616.53 48.93
), ArticleFig(id=1156986773910938139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986620290359863, language=CN, label=表4, caption=浸泡溶液 $\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 时不同干湿循环次数条件下石灰岩本构模型相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
干湿循环 次数 $n$ ${E}_{n}/\mathrm{{GPa}}$ $A$ $B$ $m$ ${\mathbf{F}}_{0}$
0 18.60 1 625 711.40 893.55 23.31 117.85
1 16.73 1 249 575.65 1 565.43 19.99 91.29
5 13.77 1023 091.51 337.46 116.72 74.86
10 12.14 885 351.52 1 169.69 15.36 84.13
20 10.39 604 640.06 549.95 616.53 48.93
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酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的物理力学特性及损伤本构模型研究
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周文强 , 张翔 * , 范翔
科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025,25(8): 3372-3381
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科学技术与工程 | 建筑科学 2025, 25(8): 3372-3381
酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的物理力学特性及损伤本构模型研究
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周文强 , 张翔* , 范翔
作者信息
  • 云南大学 建筑与规划学院 昆明 650504
  • 周文强(1993—),男,汉族,四川广安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:1280095404@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:x.zhang@ynu.edu.cn。
Physical and Mechanical Properties and Damage Constitutive Model of Limestone under Dry-wet Cycle in Acidic Environment
Wen-qiang ZHOU , Xiang ZHANG* , Xiang FAN
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Planning Yunnan University Kunming 650504 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402989
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为探究酸性干湿交替作用对石灰岩物理力学性能的影响,评价石灰岩岩体在此环境中的长期稳定性,以重庆市南川区金佛山甑子岩的石灰岩为研究对象,对中性与酸性环境干湿循环处理后的石灰岩岩样进行质量损失试验、吸水性试验、单轴压缩试验和抗拉试验。结果表明:在同一pH 的浸泡溶液条件下,随着干湿循环次数的增加,岩样的质量损失率和饱水率增加;抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐降低;在相同干湿循环次数条件下,浸泡溶液的pH 越低,岩样的物理力学性能损失越严重。基于试验结果,采用损伤理论、Weibull 分布、Lemaitre 应变等效假说以及M-C(Mohr-Coulomb) 强度准则,用二次函数表征石灰岩应力-应变曲线压密阶段的非线性特征,建立并验证了石灰岩的损伤本构模型。

石灰岩  /  酸性环境  /  干湿循环  /  物理力学特性  /  损伤本构模型

In order to explore the effect of dry-wet cycles in acidic environment on the physical and mechanical properties of limestone, and to evaluate the long-term stability of limestone rock mass in this environment, the limestone of the Jinfo Mountain of the Nanchuan District in Chongqing was selected as research subject. The limestone specimens were exposed to dry-wet cycles under neutral and acidic environments. The specimens were treated through mass loss test, hygroscopic property test, uniaxial compression test and tensile test. The results show that under the condition of the same pH of the soaking solution, with the increase of the times of dry-wet cycles, the mass loss rate and saturation water absorption rate of specimens increase; the tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus gradually decrease; with the same times of dry-wet cycles, the lower the pH of the soaking solution leads to the more serious the loss of physical and mechanical properties. Based on the experimental results, the damage theory, Weibull distribution, Lemaitre strain equivalence hypothesis and Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) strength criterion, the damage constitutive model of limestone by using a quadratic function to characterize the nonlinear features of the compaction stage of stress-strain curve was established and validated.

limestone  /  acidic environment  /  dry-wet cycle  /  physical and mechanical properties  /  damage constitutive model
周文强, 张翔, 范翔. 酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的物理力学特性及损伤本构模型研究. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3372 -3381 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402989
Wen-qiang ZHOU, Xiang ZHANG, Xiang FAN. Physical and Mechanical Properties and Damage Constitutive Model of Limestone under Dry-wet Cycle in Acidic Environment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3372 -3381 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402989
岩石作为孔隙介质, 其物理力学性质容易受到外界环境因素变化的影响。重庆位于中国西南地区的酸雨中心地带,该地降水量较大且晴雨不定, 因此当地的岩体常常受到酸雨的侵蚀, 并且时常处于干湿交替的状态,即岩体受到酸性环境干湿交替作用的影响。一方面, 干湿交替作用对岩体产生的损伤劣化作用大于持续浸泡作用[1] ; 另一方面,在酸性环境下, 岩石如石灰岩中的一些矿物如方解石$\left({\mathrm{{CaCO}}}_{3}\right)$ 与白云石$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CaMg}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}\text{、}\mathrm{{CaFe}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ 易与酸发生化学反应从岩石上剥落[2]。相比于中性环境中的干湿交替,酸性环境与干湿交替共同作用对岩体的损伤劣化更为严重。受地震或降水等因素的影响,危岩体崩塌在山区地带屡见不鲜[3]。位于重庆市南川区金佛山甑子岩的石灰岩岩体发生过多次崩塌事故, 尤其是在暴雨或酸雨过后, 该岩体主要由石灰岩组成,部分岩体如今依然存在滚动或坠落的趋势[4]
中外学者围绕干湿交替作用下岩石物理力学性质的变化规律和损伤本构模型进行诸多研究[5-11],研究水化学溶液对岩石影响的成果也比较多[12-15]。针对岩石干湿循环物理力学性质方面,傅[5] 、Chen 等[6] 、Huang 等[7] 开展了岩石的干湿循环试验与力学试验, 发现随干湿交替次数的增加, 岩石的力学性能均降低; 王伟等[8] 开展大理岩的干湿循环试验,分析了围压及软化作用的影响方式。针对岩石干湿循环本构关系方面,黄震等[9-10] 研究了干湿循环与围压对粉砂岩力学特性的影响, 并从微观角度揭示其损伤劣化机制, 基于 Weibull 分布推导出损伤本构方程;霍树义等[11] 对砂岩进行了干湿循环次数为0,5,10,15,20次作用后的常规单轴加载和蠕变试验, 基于试验结果建立了考虑干湿循环作用初始损伤以及蠕变时效损伤的非线性本构模型。针对水化学溶液对岩石的影响方面, 刘志航等[12] 假定岩石受荷后微元的损坏服从 Weibull 分布,考虑压密相互作用和化学侵蚀与荷载耦合相互作用,建立了相关的分段损伤本构模型;$\mathrm{{Hu}}$[13] 根据化学动力学理论, 给出考虑化学破坏与内部应力和路径双重影响的耦合弹塑性本构模型;谢妮等[14] 研究了不同$\mathrm{{pH}}$${\mathrm{{Na}}}_{2}{\mathrm{{SO}}}_{4}$ 溶液及浸泡时间对砂岩力学特性的影响, 发现砂岩的腐蚀劣化在宏观上表现为强度、模量和断裂韧度减小; 王松等[15] 针对玛湖凹陷百口泉组砾岩分析了酸作用前后岩石孔/缝/ 面等微观结构的变化, 从微观角度探索了酸-岩反应机理。针对水化学溶液与干湿循环共同作用对岩石影响的研究较少。刘新荣等[16-17] 对不同$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 的浸泡溶液条件下干湿交替处理后的泥质砂岩进行了力学参数的测定, 发现其各项力学参数均随干湿循环次数增加而降低, 且在酸性环境下的劣化最严重。王章琼等[18] 研究了酸性环境干湿循环作用下红砂岩的崩解特性,揭示了红砂岩的崩解机制。
目前, 针对石灰岩在干湿循环与酸性环境共同作用下的研究较少, 且主要关注常规物理力学特性的变化, 缺少共同作用的损伤本构模型的研究。鉴于此, 以重庆甑子岩石灰岩为研究对象, 进行酸性条件干湿交替作用下岩石的劣化和本构研究,对于理解石灰岩在这两种作用下的性质变化, 分析石灰岩岩体的长期稳定和开展长远的防灾减灾工作具有一定的理论价值。
为了避免试验数据的离散性, 本试验所采用的石灰岩岩样均取材于重庆市南川区金佛山甑子岩的同一块石灰岩岩体, 然后通过钻取岩样、切割及打磨等工序获得国际岩石力学与岩石工程学会 (International Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM) 建议的尺寸为${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (直径)$\times {100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (高度)的圆柱体和${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (直径)$\times {25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ (厚度) 的圆盘试样分别用于单轴压缩试验和巴西劈裂试验, 两种试样各 50 个。借助 RS-ST01C 非金属超声波检测仪(声时测量精度为${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$) 进行岩样纵波波速测定,按波速相近的原则选出图1 所示的两种规格的岩样各 39 个。
为了获得干湿循环前石灰岩岩样的初始物理力学参数, 取圆柱体和圆盘试样各 3 块进行水理、物理和力学试验,结果作为后续试验的基准对照组, 即干湿循环 0 次的结果。结果如表1 所示。
根据本试验所设计的浸泡溶液$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 分别为3、5、$7(\mathrm{{pH}}= 3$$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 的浸泡溶液采用稀硫酸制得,$\mathrm{{pH}}= 7$ 的浸泡溶液为蒸馏水) 以及干湿循环次数所设置的 1、5、10、20 次,将制作好的岩样分为 12 组,每组 3 块。然后, 将岩样置于真空饱和缸 [图2(a)] 中并加蒸馏水淹没,采用$-{0.1}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 的压力连续抽真空$4\mathrm{\;h}$。按照组别分别将岩样置于盛有$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 分别为 3、5、7的浸泡溶液的烧杯中浸泡${48}\mathrm{\;h}\left\lbrack {\text{ 图}2\left(\mathrm{\;b}\right)}\right\rbrack$,再将岩样置于烘箱 [图2(c)], 将烘箱温度设置为 105 °C 烘干 24 h。以上过程为一个干湿循环周期。
物理试验包含质量损失试验和吸水性试验。在进行中性与酸性环境干湿循环试验的过程中, 浸泡溶液侵蚀作用会将石灰岩岩样中微量的方解石$\left({\mathrm{{CaCO}}}_{3}\right)$ 等岩屑自岩样的表面或空隙中剥落、 运移从而悬浮或沉淀在溶液中,同时在酸性环境中岩样中的某些矿物成分如方解石$\left({\mathrm{{CaCO}}}_{3}\right)$ 和白云石$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CaMg}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}\text{、}\mathrm{{CaFe}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ 易与酸发生如式 (1)$\sim$ 式 (3) 所示的化学反应从而自岩样的表面或空隙中剥落, 造成岩样质量的减小和内部空隙数量和大小的增加, 进而造成岩石吸水性的增大。
${\mathrm{{CaCO}}}_{3}+ 2{\mathrm{H}}^{+ }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +} +{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+ {\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\uparrow $
$\mathrm{{CaMg}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}+ 4{\mathrm{H}}^{+ }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +} +{\mathrm{{Mg}}}^{2 +} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+ 2{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\uparrow $
$\mathrm{{CaFe}}{\left({\mathrm{{CO}}}_{3}\right)}_{2}+ 4{\mathrm{H}}^{+ }\rightarrow {\mathrm{{Ca}}}^{2 +} +{\mathrm{{Fe}}}^{2 +} + 2{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+ 2{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}\uparrow $
在不同$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 浸泡溶液条件下石灰岩的质量损失率和吸水率与干湿循环次数的关系如图3 所示。可以看出,在$\mathrm{{pH}}= 7$$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 的浸泡溶液条件下,岩样的质量损失率和饱水率的试验结果相对接近, 而在$\mathrm{{pH}}= 3$ 的浸泡溶液条件下,数值及增幅明显较大, 表明酸性越强, 化学作用越明显, 岩石的劣化越严重。随着干湿循环次数的增加, 质量损失率和饱水率均增大, 但次数越多, 增幅越小。说明在中性与酸性环境干湿循环作用初期,岩样与浸泡溶液之间发生的物理化学反应较为剧烈, 随着次数的增加而趋于平缓,原因是石灰岩岩样与浸泡溶液发生物理化学反应的生成物[如硫酸钙$\left({\mathrm{{CaSO}}}_{4}\right)$ ] 附着在岩样的表面和内部, 干湿循环次数越多, 生成物越多, 对后续试验过程中浸泡溶液与岩样的物理化学反应的阻碍作用越大。
运用微机控制电液伺服万能试验机(图4)进行单轴压缩试验和抗拉试验(巴西劈裂试验)。具体地, 将各个完成中性与酸性环境干湿循环处理后的岩样置于万能试验机的承压板中心位置 (抗拉试验中, 则需将巴西劈裂夹具置于万能试验机的承压板中心, 将岩样置于巴西劈裂夹具中间, 使岩样端面处于竖直方向,并夹紧岩样)如图5 所示,然后手动调整球形支座使上下两个加载平面尽可能保持平行, 然后调整万能试验机的加载方式, 以 0.02 mm/min的速率连续匀速加载。
单轴压缩试验初期,岩样会经历压密和弹性阶段。继续加载,可听到岩样断裂与破碎的声响,岩样表面的某些部位出现碎屑掉落, 对应于力-位移图的塑性变形阶段。持续加载至岩样发出一声巨响后破坏,力-位移曲线猛然下跌。已经破裂的岩样继续受载直至完全被压碎,试验结束。记录试验数据并导出力-位移曲线图,再通过换算得出应力-应变曲线。每一试验组选取峰值应力最接近平均值的一条应力-应变曲线进行分析, 如图6 所示。
图6 可以看出, 在各个条件下, 曲线的走势基本上表现为从明显的压密阶段到近似的弹性阶段, 在短暂甚至几乎不发生屈服后表现出明显的破坏阶段。对于浸泡溶液$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 时进行 10 次干湿循环的岩样, 可以发现其应力-应变曲线与其他次数的结果相比有所不同, 原因在于该节点的 3 块试样中有 2 块的结果与 5 次循环的很接近, 未呈现出进一步劣化, 有 1 块由于岩样的突然崩解碎裂引起试验机停止工作, 进而导致未测出峰后破坏阶段的完整曲线。但总体而言, 随着酸性的增强和干湿循环次数的增多, 曲线的初始压密阶段增大, 斜率减小, 表明石灰岩的劣化愈发严重,峰值应力随着干湿循环次数与酸性的增强逐渐降低。对于峰值应变, 酸性环境下$\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 3\text{及}\mathrm{{pH}}= 5}\right)$ 基本呈现出逐渐增加,岩石延性一定程度增强。而对于中性环境$\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 7}\right)$,随着干湿循环次数的增加没有表现出明显的变化规律, 岩样的延性未必增强。例如, 循环 10 次与 20 次时岩样的峰值应变反而低于干湿循环 5 次时的岩样。故总体呈现的规律仅为峰值应力的下降, 且降低幅度小于同条件的酸性环境。
在抗拉试验中, 连续匀速加载直至岩样发出明显的断裂声,为防止夹具被压坏,此时立刻手动停止试验机的加载,记录试验机所显示的峰值荷载, 根据式 (4) 计算各个岩样的抗拉强度。
${\sigma }_{t}= \frac{2P}{\pi Dt}$
式 (4) 中:${\sigma }_{t}$ 为抗拉强度;$P$ 为峰值荷载;$D$ 为岩样直径;$t$ 为岩样厚度。
最后计算每组岩样的平均抗拉强度${\bar{\sigma }}_{\iota }$,整理结果如表2 所示。
假定石灰岩的各项力学参数随着干湿循环次数增加的变化是连续的,则可以对其使用函数$y =$ ${y}_{0}\left\lbrack {1 - a\ln \left({n + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 进行拟合[19]。其中,$y$ 为函数因变量,${y}_{0}$ 为自变量为 0 时的因变量取值,$a$ 为常数系数,$n$ 为函数的自变量干湿循环次数。
图7 为不同$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 条件下的抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量与干湿循环次数的关系及其拟合曲线。可以看出, 从 0 次干湿循环到 20 次, 抗拉强度试验值从${5.29}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 分别降低至${3.89}\mathrm{{MPa}}(\mathrm{{pH}}=$ 7)、3.${50}\mathrm{{MPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 5}\right)$ 和3.${19}\mathrm{{MPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 3}\right)$,降低的幅度分别约为 26.47%、33.84% 和 39.70%,单轴抗压强度试验值从${151.74}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 分别降低至${100.62}\mathrm{{MPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 7}\right)\text{、}{92.87}\mathrm{{MPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 5}\right)$${63.78}\mathrm{{MPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 3}\right)$,降低的幅度分别约为 33.68%、38.80% 和 57.97%,弹性模量试验值从${18.60}\mathrm{{GPa}}$ 分别降低至${13.70}\mathrm{{GPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 7}\right)$、 10.60 GPa$\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 5}\right)$${6.08}\mathrm{{GPa}}\left({\mathrm{{pH}}= 3}\right)$,降低的幅度分别为${26.36}\%\text{、}{43.01}\%$${67.33}\%$。三者均随着干湿循环次数增加的而减小,且初期的劣化效应更加明显,酸性越强,劣化的情况越严重。
基于石灰岩岩样中性与酸性环境干湿循环条件处理后的单轴压缩试验结果, 将损伤耦合到本构模型当中, 并运用 Weibull 分布完成损伤本构模型的推导。主要步骤为损伤本构模型的推导、求解相关参数和模型验证。
结合统计强度理论与连续损伤理论可得损伤模型为
$\mathbf{\sigma }= E\mathbf{\varepsilon }\left({1 -\frac{n}{N}}\right)$
式(5)中:$n$ 为岩石内部发生破坏的微元体数目;$\mathbf{\sigma }$ 为名义应力矩阵;$\varepsilon$ 为应变矩阵;$N$ 为总的微元体数目;$E$ 为弹性模量。
根据 Lemaitre 应变等效假说可以得出岩石的基本损伤本构表达式为
${\mathbf{\sigma }}^{* }= \frac{\mathbf{\sigma }}{1 - D}= \frac{C\varepsilon }{1 - D}$
式(6)中:${\mathbf{\sigma }}^{* }$ 为有效应力矩阵;$\mathbf{C}$ 为弹性模量矩阵;$D$ 为损伤变量。
由于受到外部荷载给岩石微元体带来的破坏具有随机性, 因此损伤变量即为岩石内部发生破坏的微元体数目${N}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 与其微元体总数$N$ 之比。岩石微元强度$\mathbf{F}$ 的分布概率为$P\left(\mathbf{F}\right)$,则岩石由于外荷载作用引起的损伤变量为
$ D =\frac{{N}_{\mathrm{f}}}{N}= \frac{{\int }_{0}^{F}{NP}\left(x\right)\mathrm{d}x}{N}$
采用两参数的 Weibull 分布来对岩石微元体强度进行描述, 其概率密度函数为
$ P\left(\mathbf{F}\right)= \frac{m}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}{\left(\frac{\mathbf{F}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m - 1}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{\mathbf{F}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack $
将式 (8) 代入式 (7), 则岩石损伤变量可表示为
$ D = 1 -\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{\mathbf{F}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack $
式中:$m$${\mathbf{F}}_{0}$ 为岩石 Weibull 分布中的两个参数。
$\mathrm{M}- \mathrm{C}$ 强度准则来衡量岩石的微元体强度,则岩石的微元强度$\mathbf{F}$
$\mathbf{F}= f\left({\mathbf{\sigma }}^{* }\right)= {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}^{* }- {\tan }^{2}\left({{45}^{\circ }+ \frac{\varphi }{2}}\right){\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}^{* }$
${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{i}^{* }= \frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{i}}{1 - D},\;i = 1,2,3 $
式中:$\varphi$ 为岩石的内摩擦角,$\left({}^{\circ }\right);{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{i}^{* }$ 为有效应力, 其对应的名义应力为${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{i}$
再结合式(6)得
$ 1 - D =\frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}- {\tan }^{2}\left({{45}^{\circ }+ \frac{\varphi }{2}}\right){\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}}{\mathbf{F}}$
根据应变等效假说,联立式 (6)、式 (10)$\sim$ 式(12),可以得出对应于${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}$ 的主应变${\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{1}$ 的表达式为
${\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{1}= \frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}^{* }- \nu \left({{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{2}^{* }+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}^{* }}\right)}{E}= \frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}- \nu \left({{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{2}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}}\right)}{E\left({1 - D}\right)} $
式 (13) 中:$\nu$ 为泊松比。
进而可得
$ 1 - D =\frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}- \nu \left({{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{2}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}}\right)}{E{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{1}}$
比较式 (12) 和式 (14) 可得
$\mathbf{F}= \frac{E{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{1}\left\lbrack {{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}- {\tan }^{2}\left({{45}^{\circ }+ \frac{\varphi }{2}}\right){\sigma }_{3}}\right\rbrack }{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{1}- \nu \left({{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{2}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{3}}\right)} $
在单轴压缩试验中,${\sigma }_{2}= {\sigma }_{3}= 0$,由此可得
$\mathbf{F}= {E\varepsilon }$
引入劣化系数$K$,得到$n$ 次干湿循环作用后岩样的弹性模量拟合值${E}_{n}$
${E}_{n}= {E}_{0}\left\lbrack {1 - K\ln \left({n + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack $
式 (17) 中:${E}_{0}$ 为基准对照组岩样的弹性模量。
酸性干湿交替作用下岩石的单轴压缩微元强度 Weibull 分布随机变量${\mathbf{F}}_{n}$ 可表示为
${\mathbf{F}}_{n}= {E}_{n}\mathbf{\varepsilon }$
将式 (18) 代入式 (9) 可得岩石的损伤变量$D$
$ D = 1 -\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{E}_{n}\varepsilon }{{F}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack $
将式(19)代入式(6)可得基于 Weibull 分布的岩石损伤本构方程为
$\mathbf{\sigma }= {E}_{0}\left\lbrack {1 - K\ln \left({n + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack \mathbf{\varepsilon }\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{E}_{n}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack $
对式 (16) 进行求导得
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\sigma }}{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}= {E}_{n}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{\mathbf{F}}_{n}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack +\\{E}_{n}\mathbf{\varepsilon }\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{\mathbf{F}}_{n}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {-m{\left(\frac{{\mathbf{F}}_{n}^{m - 1}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack \frac{{E}_{n}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}$
$\mathbf{\varepsilon }= \mathbf{0}$ 时,$\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\sigma }}{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}= {E}_{n}$,可以得出岩石弹性模量${E}_{n}$ 在数值上恰好等于其损伤本构模型中$\mathbf{\varepsilon }= \mathbf{0}$ 时的切线斜率。
对于一些高强度、低孔隙率的岩石, 其应力-应变曲线初始阶段没有下凹的特点, 即压密段, 因此其损伤本构关系用式 (20) 便能准确表达。而对于具有压密段的岩石, 仅式 (20) 进行其损伤本构关系的描述则不够准确, 需加以修正。采用压密阶段的平均割线模量${E}_{\text{ncc }}$ 来表示该段应力-应变曲线是一种简单的修正方法。
修正后的损伤本构方程为
$\mathbf{\sigma }= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{{ncc}}}\mathbf{\varepsilon }\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left(\frac{{E}_{\mathrm{{ncc}}}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right)}^{m}}\right\rbrack ,\\\mathbf{\varepsilon }< {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\\{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}},\\\mathbf{\varepsilon }\geq {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\end{array}\right.$
式(22)中:${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 为应力-应变曲线压密段终点所对应的应力,也称为裂隙闭合应力;${\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 为裂隙闭合应力所对应的应变, 称为裂隙闭合应变。
式(22)虽然无法考虑岩石应力-应变曲线在压密阶段的非线性特征, 但是由于不必对损伤本构方程进行较大改动,在实际应用中可操作性强,尤其对于压密阶段应力-应变曲线有一定非线性特征但曲率较小的岩石非常适用。当$\varepsilon \geq {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 时,对式 (22) 求导,同理可得,石灰岩的弹性模量${E}_{n}$ 在其损伤本构模型中恰为$\varepsilon ={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 时的切线。
对于所研究的石灰岩,其压密阶段的应力-应变曲线曲率较大, 具有非常明显的非线性特征。若考虑压密阶段的非线性特征, 需对损伤本构方程进行进一步改动, 最简单直接的方式就是用幂函数对压密段的应力-应变曲线进行描述。选用二次函数进行表征,因此可假设该阶段应力-应变函数为$\mathbf{\sigma }=$ $A{\varepsilon }^{2}+ {B\varepsilon }$,得到酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的损伤本构模型为
$\mathbf{\sigma }= \left\{\begin{array}{l} A{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}^{2}+ B\mathbf{\varepsilon },\\\mathbf{\varepsilon }< {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\\{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack {E}_{n}\frac{\left(\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}+ {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}},\\\mathbf{\varepsilon }\geq {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\end{array}\right.$
在石灰岩损伤本构模型中,参数$m$${\mathbf{F}}_{0}$ 关系着函数分布的形状和位置, 求解的精确性高低对理论模型的走势有显著影响。求解这两个参数时, 在石灰岩的单轴压缩应力-应变曲线中找到一个特殊的点,即应力的峰值点$\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}},{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$。根据石灰岩在中性与酸性环境干湿循环条件下的损伤本构方程表达式,在点$\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}},{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$ 处须满足以下两个条件: ①石灰岩的损伤本构方程的函数值等于峰值应力${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}$ ; ②损伤本构方程的导数为${0}^{\left\lbrack {20}\right\rbrack }$,由此可得
${\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\sigma }}{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}\right|}_{\varepsilon ={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{c}}}= {E}_{n}\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}+ \\{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}\times \\\left\{{-m{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m - 1}}\right\}\frac{{E}_{n}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\\= 0 $
${E}_{n}\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}\neq 0$,故式 (24) 可以简化为
$ 1 - m{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}= 0 $
将点$\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}},{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$ 代入式 (19) 得
${\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}= -\ln \left\lbrack \frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}{{E}_{n}\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
最终解得$m$
$ m =\ln {\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{\left({\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }^{-1}$
将式(27)代入式(26)得
${\mathbf{F}}_{0}= {E}_{n}\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)\exp {\left\{\frac{1}{m}\ln \left\lbrack -\ln \frac{{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}{{E}_{n}\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}\right\rbrack \right\}}^{-1}\\= {E}_{n}\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right){m}^{\frac{1}{m}}$
求解这两个参数时, 需要考虑系数能够满足和试验曲线的拟合, 也要考虑两段分段函数的衔接流畅,也就是满足两段函数在压密段终点$\left({{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}},{\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)$ 处, 石灰岩的损伤本构方程 [式 (23)] 应连续可导, 因此有
$ A{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}^{2}+ B{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}= {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$
${\left.\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\sigma }}{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{\varepsilon }}\right|}_{\varepsilon ={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}= {E}_{n}\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}+ \\{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)\exp \left\{{-{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m}}\right\}\times \\\left\{{-m{\left\lbrack \frac{{E}_{n}\left({\mathbf{\varepsilon }- {\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right)}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\right\rbrack }^{m - 1}}\right\}\frac{{E}_{n}}{{\mathbf{F}}_{0}}\\= {2A}{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}+ B $
联立式 (29) 和式 (30) 解得$A$$B$
$ A =\frac{{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}{E}_{n}- {\mathbf{\sigma }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}{{\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}^{2}}$
$ B =\frac{2{\sigma }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}- {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}{E}_{n}}{{\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}$
合理的石灰岩损伤本构模型有助于揭示中性与酸性环境干湿循环作用下石灰岩的本构演化规律。前文完成了石灰岩在中性与酸性环境干湿循环条件下的损伤本构模型的推导和参数的求解, 现还需将理论模型实际运用以判断其合理性。限于篇幅本文仅以浸泡溶液$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 的情况为例进行说明,求解石灰岩损伤本构模型需要用到一些单轴压缩试验得出的相关数据, 如表3 所示。
根据前文模型参数的求解方法以及石灰岩的单轴压缩试验结果,将浸泡溶液$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 时不同干湿循环次数条件下石灰岩的相关数据代入模型中, 并逐一进行求解, 即可以得到各项相关参数数值, 如表4 所示。
当确定了不同条件下石灰岩损伤本构模型的全部参数, 根据模型求解得到的数据, 就可以绘制出石灰岩损伤本构模型的应力-应变理论曲线。同时, 获得了石灰岩损伤本构模型的应力-应变理论曲线后, 需要将理论曲线和单轴压缩试验获得的石灰岩应力-应变试验曲线进行对比, 以完成理论模型的验证, 如图8 所示。
根据图8 可以看出,对比浸泡溶液$\mathrm{{pH}}= 5$ 时不同干湿循环次数条件下石灰岩单轴压缩的试验数据与理论数据, 在曲线的压密阶段, 运用二次函数可以较好地与试验结果进行拟合, 吻合度较高, 在曲线的弹塑性阶段,拟合值与实际值基本吻合。对于破坏阶段, 可以看出, 试验曲线在岩样达到峰值强度之后主要呈迅速破坏趋势,一方面可能是由于试验机存在刚度不够问题,前期积累的应变能在试件破坏后释放, 加剧了试件的碎裂; 另一方面可能是试验机的伺服系统不够优良, 应变控制与反馈不够完善, 造成有的呈近似的直线掉落, 有的略有波动再掉落, 有的波动较多然后掉落, 因此该阶段部分曲线的拟合效果不及峰前阶段。例如,对于$n = 0$ 时的试验曲线,相较于理论曲线破坏阶段的降幅明显更大, 这可能是因为未经过干湿循环的岩样完整且脆性强,峰前积累的应变能更大, 峰值点后的变形更加复杂, 难以与理论解良好匹配。而对于$n ={10}$ 的情况,如前文所说,试验未测得峰后的曲线, 故对比仅到峰值点附近。但从整体的拟合情况来看, 由于主要关注峰前阶段的拟合, 石灰岩岩样的试验值和理论值拟合较好, 其变化趋势基本相同, 基本可以描述石灰岩的损伤劣化情况, 说明所提出的石灰岩损伤本构模型具有一定的适用性。
进行石灰岩岩样的干湿循环与酸性干湿循环试验, 并对处理后的岩样进行部分物理力学指标的测定。基于单轴压缩试验数据, 完成石灰岩损伤本构模型的推导、求解与验证, 得出主要结论。
(1)干湿循环次数和浸泡溶液的$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 对石灰岩的质量损失率、饱水率、单轴抗压强度、弹性模量和抗拉强度有显著影响。在同一$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 的浸泡溶液条件下,随着干湿循环次数的增加, 岩样的质量损失率和饱水率增加, 增幅逐渐减小, 抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐降低, 降幅逐渐减小; 在相同干湿循环次数条件下,浸泡溶液的$\mathrm{{pH}}$ 越低,岩样的质量损失率和饱水率越大,抗拉强度、单轴抗压强度和弹性模量越小。
(2)基于损伤理论、Weibull 分布、Lemaitre 应变等效假设以及 M-C 强度准则, 运用二次函数描述石灰岩岩样应力-应变曲线的压密段, 建立石灰岩的损伤本构模型, 理论值与试验值基本吻合。
  • 云南省科技厅基础研究专项面上项目(202401AT070446)
  • 云南大学第十三届研究生科研创新项目(2021Y288)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402989
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
云南省科技厅基础研究专项面上项目(202401AT070446)
云南大学第十三届研究生科研创新项目(2021Y288)
作者信息
    云南大学 建筑与规划学院 昆明 650504

通讯作者:

*张翔(1989—),男,汉族,云南昆明人,博士,副教授。研究方向:岩石力学。E-mail:x.zhang@ynu.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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