Article(id=1156986619908674448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400709, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706025600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-24, revisedDate=1734192000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776705958, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776705958, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776705958, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776705958, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3480, endPage=3486, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986620802061201, articleId=1156986619908674448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Urban Motor Vehicle Energy Consumption Prediction Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network, columnId=1156963929462231640, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality in transportation, high-precision, fine-grained, and highly feasible real-time prediction methods for motor vehicle energy consumption have become key components in reducing carbon emissions. Addressing the issue of limited universality in traditional regression-based vehicle energy consumption models, a prediction model based on the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has been developed. Firstly, the influencing factors of vehicle energy consumption were analyzed, and the influence factor matrix was normalized using the Min-Max standardization method. Then, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm was employed to optimize the training of the centers of the hidden layer, the width of the Gaussian function, and the weights connecting the hidden layer to the output layer in the RBFNN algorithm. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the model's prediction accuracy was conducted through horizontal model comparisons and real-world vehicle measurements. The test results demonstrate that the RBFNN algorithm improves prediction accuracy by approximately 12% compared to traditional regression models, achieving an overall accuracy of over 90%. This makes it highly effective in accurately predicting the energy consumption of urban motor vehicles.

, correspAuthors=Yan-yan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-yang LI, Rui ZHANG, Ya-nan LI, He-peng CHEN, Yan-yan CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986728578895937, articleId=1156986619908674448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于 GWO-RBF 神经网络的城市机动车能耗预测, columnId=1154013916746211332, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在交通碳达峰和碳中和的背景下,高精度、细粒度、可实施性强的机动车能耗实时预测方法成为交通减碳关键组成之一。针对传统基于回归的车辆能耗模型普适性较差的问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBFNN) 的车辆能耗预测模型。首先分析车辆能耗影响因素并基于Min-Max 标准化方法对影响因素矩阵进行归一化处理,然后基于灰狼算法( grey wolf optimization,GWO) 优化RBFNN 算法隐藏层中心点、高斯函数的宽度和隐含层与输出层连接的权值的训练,最后从横向模型对比和实车实测数据进行模型预测准确度分析。测试结果表明:RBFNN 算法预测准确度较传统回归模型提高约12% ,整体准确度达到90% 以上,能够很好地对城市机动车能耗进行预测。

, correspAuthors=陈艳艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈艳艳(1970-),女,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通大数据、交通规划。E-mail:cdyan@bjut.edu.cn。
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李四洋(1989—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通大数据与智能控制。E-mail:buaalisyang@163.com。

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李四洋(1989—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通大数据与智能控制。E-mail:buaalisyang@163.com。

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李四洋(1989—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通大数据与智能控制。E-mail:buaalisyang@163.com。

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2023. 23(31): 13407-13414., articleTitle=Research on the response calculation method of wind-induced transmission tower based on GWO improved neural network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986749487501725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, awardId=2022YFB2602104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2602104), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986738464870595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986738469064901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, companyId=1156986738464870595, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Urban Transportation Collaborative Innovation Center Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986738477453510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, companyId=1156986738464870595, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京工业大学 北京城市交通协同创新中心 北京 100124)]), AuthorCompany(id=1156986738662002890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986738670391499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, companyId=1156986738662002890, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd. Beijing 100010 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986738674585804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, companyId=1156986738662002890, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中交公路规划设计院有限公司 北京 100010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156986747977552252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Changes in speed and energy consumption, figureFileSmall=h4tfMF+1rytrzvp76rwGYg==, figureFileBig=CIaTeBPIDvneixmo2cVNGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748040466814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图1, caption=速度能耗变化, figureFileSmall=h4tfMF+1rytrzvp76rwGYg==, figureFileBig=CIaTeBPIDvneixmo2cVNGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748107575680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Simplify VSP and energy consumption changes, figureFileSmall=73Vtjwq3A/+CCeMEjHYbmA==, figureFileBig=kBbWYcn0l7uGiC1PCJhltA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748183073154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图2, caption=简化 VSP 与能耗变化, figureFileSmall=73Vtjwq3A/+CCeMEjHYbmA==, figureFileBig=kBbWYcn0l7uGiC1PCJhltA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748271153540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flow chart of vehicle energy consumption prediction algorithm, figureFileSmall=yINucLviLj32z3FYA+lD/A==, figureFileBig=D4MdaXkMAi61C71XhvkleA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748334068101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图3, caption=车辆能耗预测算法流程图, figureFileSmall=yINucLviLj32z3FYA+lD/A==, figureFileBig=D4MdaXkMAi61C71XhvkleA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748384399750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of model accuracy, figureFileSmall=kH9J9y4NVY9f1C30KGShIQ==, figureFileBig=rrEaWL8eO4fLcZed3/I5NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748464091527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模型准确度对比, figureFileSmall=kH9J9y4NVY9f1C30KGShIQ==, figureFileBig=rrEaWL8eO4fLcZed3/I5NQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748531200392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Analysis of model accuracy based on measured data, figureFileSmall=hlsNAKEsF31sh1hrOHS07w==, figureFileBig=YEiMxPyL2A18/gMgAIxVzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748598309258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实测数据下模型准确性分析, figureFileSmall=hlsNAKEsF31sh1hrOHS07w==, figureFileBig=YEiMxPyL2A18/gMgAIxVzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748711555469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Predicted and actual values of vehicle energy consumption, figureFileSmall=8mcm6oRai5Z0lL948vIndw==, figureFileBig=aqnBJgM9cgmJhs2d6WN0bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748782858639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=图6, caption=车辆能耗预测值与真实值, figureFileSmall=8mcm6oRai5Z0lL948vIndw==, figureFileBig=aqnBJgM9cgmJhs2d6WN0bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986748891910546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Data Explanation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段名 字段格式 示例
车辆编号 Int 1021
车牌号 String 京 B02715
发动机类型 String 944
排量/L Float 1
出厂年份/年 String 2020
时间 /s String 20200927200948
瞬时速度 $/\left({\mathrm{{km}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}}\right)$ Float 46.12
经度 Float 117.364 102
纬度 Float 39.236 541
瞬时喷油量 $/\mu \mathrm{L}$ Float 204.65
道路结构 Json \{ID:'42100', RG:'2', RS:'0.231', EVE:${}^{\prime }{0}^{\prime },\mathrm{{SL}}: {}^{\prime }{1}^{\prime },\mathrm{{BS}}: {}^{\prime }{0}^{\prime }$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986748975796628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=数据说明, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段名 字段格式 示例
车辆编号 Int 1021
车牌号 String 京 B02715
发动机类型 String 944
排量/L Float 1
出厂年份/年 String 2020
时间 /s String 20200927200948
瞬时速度 $/\left({\mathrm{{km}}\cdot {\mathrm{h}}^{-1}}\right)$ Float 46.12
经度 Float 117.364 102
纬度 Float 39.236 541
瞬时喷油量 $/\mu \mathrm{L}$ Float 204.65
道路结构 Json \{ID:'42100', RG:'2', RS:'0.231', EVE:${}^{\prime }{0}^{\prime },\mathrm{{SL}}: {}^{\prime }{1}^{\prime },\mathrm{{BS}}: {}^{\prime }{0}^{\prime }$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986749118402967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Road test result information, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试时间 持续时间/min 实际油耗 $/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 预测油耗 $/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 准确率 $/\%$
早高峰 43.15 890.36 808.98 90.86
平峰 29.50 791.84 732.21 92.47
晚高峰 54.20 1 002.47 900.72 89.85
), ArticleFig(id=1156986749181317529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619908674448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=路测结果信息, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试时间 持续时间/min 实际油耗 $/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 预测油耗 $/\mathrm{{mL}}$ 准确率 $/\%$
早高峰 43.15 890.36 808.98 90.86
平峰 29.50 791.84 732.21 92.47
晚高峰 54.20 1 002.47 900.72 89.85
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基于 GWO-RBF 神经网络的城市机动车能耗预测
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李四洋 1 , 张瑞 2 , 李雅男 1 , 陈贺鹏 1 , 陈艳艳 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3480-3486
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3480-3486
基于 GWO-RBF 神经网络的城市机动车能耗预测
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李四洋1 , 张瑞2, 李雅男1, 陈贺鹏1, 陈艳艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 北京工业大学 北京城市交通协同创新中心 北京 100124
  • 2 中交公路规划设计院有限公司 北京 100010
  • 李四洋(1989—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,博士研究生。研究方向:交通大数据与智能控制。E-mail:buaalisyang@163.com。

通讯作者:

*陈艳艳(1970-),女,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通大数据、交通规划。E-mail:cdyan@bjut.edu.cn。
Urban Motor Vehicle Energy Consumption Prediction Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network
Si-yang LI1 , Rui ZHANG2, Ya-nan LI1, He-peng CHEN1, Yan-yan CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Urban Transportation Collaborative Innovation Center Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
  • 2 CCCC Highway Consultants Co., Ltd. Beijing 100010 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400709
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在交通碳达峰和碳中和的背景下,高精度、细粒度、可实施性强的机动车能耗实时预测方法成为交通减碳关键组成之一。针对传统基于回归的车辆能耗模型普适性较差的问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数神经网络(radial basis function neural network,RBFNN) 的车辆能耗预测模型。首先分析车辆能耗影响因素并基于Min-Max 标准化方法对影响因素矩阵进行归一化处理,然后基于灰狼算法( grey wolf optimization,GWO) 优化RBFNN 算法隐藏层中心点、高斯函数的宽度和隐含层与输出层连接的权值的训练,最后从横向模型对比和实车实测数据进行模型预测准确度分析。测试结果表明:RBFNN 算法预测准确度较传统回归模型提高约12% ,整体准确度达到90% 以上,能够很好地对城市机动车能耗进行预测。

机动车  /  能耗  /  径向基函数神经网络(RBFNN)  /  灰狼算法(GWO)

In the context of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality in transportation, high-precision, fine-grained, and highly feasible real-time prediction methods for motor vehicle energy consumption have become key components in reducing carbon emissions. Addressing the issue of limited universality in traditional regression-based vehicle energy consumption models, a prediction model based on the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has been developed. Firstly, the influencing factors of vehicle energy consumption were analyzed, and the influence factor matrix was normalized using the Min-Max standardization method. Then, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm was employed to optimize the training of the centers of the hidden layer, the width of the Gaussian function, and the weights connecting the hidden layer to the output layer in the RBFNN algorithm. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the model's prediction accuracy was conducted through horizontal model comparisons and real-world vehicle measurements. The test results demonstrate that the RBFNN algorithm improves prediction accuracy by approximately 12% compared to traditional regression models, achieving an overall accuracy of over 90%. This makes it highly effective in accurately predicting the energy consumption of urban motor vehicles.

motor vehicles  /  energy consumption  /  radial basis function neural network (RBFNN)  /  grey wolf optimization (GWO)
李四洋, 张瑞, 李雅男, 陈贺鹏, 陈艳艳. 基于 GWO-RBF 神经网络的城市机动车能耗预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3480 -3486 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400709
Si-yang LI, Rui ZHANG, Ya-nan LI, He-peng CHEN, Yan-yan CHEN. Urban Motor Vehicle Energy Consumption Prediction Based on GWO-RBF Neural Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3480 -3486 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400709
中国城市化进程加快, 机动车保有量急剧增长,交通碳排放日益严重,交通碳排放占比超过${20}{\%}^{\left\lbrack 1\right\rbrack }$,是中国实现“双碳目标”的关键行业。由于机动车具有规模体量大、分散性强、移动性高特点, 导致其监测难度巨大, 因此高精度、细粒度、可实施性强的机动车能耗实时图册方法成为当前阶段的迫切需求。
车辆能耗预测模型的研究起步最早,研究对象主要为单独车辆, 逐秒模拟交通流中的单独机动车的能耗规律。微观能耗模型基于机动车采集到的日常行驶数据与机动车自身的配置参数信息, 研究这些参数与车辆能耗值之间的关系[2]。利用采集到的时间粒度精确到秒的瞬时速度来计算加减速以及平均机动车比功率等并结合机动车的自身参数 (如车重、排量等) 来预测车辆的瞬时能耗值。根据模型的参数不同,微观能耗模型可以分为基于物理参数的模型、基于速度-加速度的模型以及基于机动车功率需求的模型等。微观能耗模型的研究思路以及成果为后续的中观能耗模型以及宏观能耗模型奠定了坚实的基础。
CMEM[3] (comprehensive modal emissions model) 是基于物理参数的模型典型应用。该模型由美国加州大学河边分校开发, 基于机动车的功率需求, 利用车辆自身参数、瞬时行驶参数等计算发动机的负载, 然后结合空燃比、发动机转速等计算车辆能耗。由于 CMEM 模型应用较早,中外研究成果较为丰富。Kan 等[4] 基于 CMEM 模型预测和分析了单独车辆行驶轨迹和路网的燃料消耗及排放情况,并且通过案例分析验证了模型的准确率超过${90}\%$。赵欣然[5] 基于 CMEM 尾气排放模型,结合模型的驾驶模式、理论参数设置以及尾气排放,构建了机动车尾气排放模型。并通过验证发现, 模型估算的结果误差在${10}\%$ 以内。可见,基于物理参数的能耗模型最大优点是物理意义明确。如果可以获得详细准确参数, 模型的准确率相对较高。但其缺点也显而易见, 所需的参数过于细致复杂, 应用时需要校正的参数多达 46 个, 需要大量的数据为其提供支持, 因此 CMEM 模型一般只适用于实验环境。
基于速度-加速度的能耗模型的输入参数比较简单, 仅以速度与加速度为基础进行分析, 主要通过对速度与加速度进行二维矩阵建模, VT-Micro 模型较为典型[3]。杨庆芳等[6] 基于VT-Micro 模型结合交通流参数模型, 构建了环形交叉口处的燃油消耗估算模型。基于速度-加速度的能耗模型的优点是可以结合计算机仿真软件或者地理定位设备对历史数据进行分析, 但模型中没有考虑道路状况以及车辆自身因素, 完全脱离机动车发动机的功率需求。
为了进一步降低能耗模型的时间和空间粒度, 并提高模型的准确率, 许多研究者将目光投向了基于机动车比功率 (vehicle specific power, VSP) 分布的方法[7]。彭飞等[8] 将车辆 VSP 分布作为能耗排放和行驶状态耦合关系的表征参数, 构建混合动力车辆的能耗和碳排放因子测算模型。$\mathrm{{Ye}}\xrightarrow[]{\left\lbrack 9\right\rbrack }$ 基于 VSP 估算车辆排队引导策略 (vehicle platoon guidance strategy, VPGS) 优化模型在交叉路口的节能潜力。由此可见, VSP 的区间分布可以很大程度地涵盖机动车的行驶状态变化对不同等级道路也做了区分, 但是仍没有降低空间粒度, 无法反映出更加精细的道路结构下 (如信号灯路段或者公交车站附近路段)的能耗值变化。
由此可见, CMEM 模型、VT-Micro 模型以及 VSP 模型对于车辆与能耗的映射关系进行深入的分析, 但从研究者对其应用可以发现, 针对于每种车或者具体的道路场景下, 需要进行复杂的调整, 不具有普适性, 也不适用于多车型、复杂路网下大规模数据场景下的应用。鉴于此, 提出一种基于径向基函数神经网络 (radial basis function neural network, RBFNN)的车辆能耗模型构建方法, 解决传统回归模型在处理大数据集时的适用性问题。通过大规模数据学习, 该方法能够准确逼近不同车型的非线性能耗规律, 并实现高精度的瞬时能耗计算。所提算法能够显著提升模型在多车型、复杂路网下的普适性和准确性, 为智能交通系统和绿色出行提供强有力的数据支持。
使用北京市 600 辆机动车的瞬时油耗轨迹数据,历时 4 个月,总计约$1 \times {10}^{9}$ 条记录,并依托四维地图对 GPS 数据进行地图匹配处理[10],为轨迹数据添加了道路结构(如路段编号 ID、道路等级 RG、坡度 RS、出入口 EAE、信号灯 SL、公交车站 BS 等),详细信息如表1 所示。
由于道路周边环境和采集设备自身状况的影响, 车载数据采集设备的稳定性并不完美, 导致采集到的油耗数据中存在异常值 65535 以及能耗数据的缺失。
将直接剔除连续间断超过$3\mathrm{\;s}$ 的异常数据,以确保信息准确度, 并将包含这部分数据的连续行驶轨迹分割为多个子片段。将使用线性插值法修复和补全$3\mathrm{\;s}$ 以内的数据异常间断,如式 (1) 所示。
${x}_{{t}_{j}}= \frac{\left({{t}_{j}- {t}_{i}}\right){x}_{{t}_{k}}+ \left({{t}_{k}- {t}_{j}}\right){x}_{{t}_{i}}}{{t}_{k}- {t}_{i}}$
式 (1) 中:${t}_{j}$ 为数据出现问题的时刻;${t}_{i}$${t}_{k}$ 分别为与${t}_{j}$ 最为接近的左邻和右邻不等于 0 的数据对应的时刻;${x}_{{t}_{j}}$${t}_{j}$ 时刻修正后的数据;${x}_{{t}_{i}}$${x}_{{t}_{k}}$ 分别为${t}_{i}$${t}_{k}$ 时刻对应的数据。
考虑到车辆属性对能耗的影响, 选取易采集且关联性较大的车龄、排量和车重 3 个因素, 其中随着使用年限增长,发动机和车辆部件出现磨损和老化,影响能源利用效率[11] ; 车辆的重量对能耗有直接影响。较重的车辆需要更大的动力来推动它们行驶, 从而增加燃料消耗和能耗。此外, 重量还会增加制动距离, 导致在启动和停止时产生更多的能耗[12] ; 发动机排量是指发动机每分钟容积的测量指标, 通常以升为单位表示。较大排量的发动机通常能够提供更多的动力, 但也表明在单位时间内喷射更多的燃油,导致燃料消耗和能耗增加[13]
机动车加速度和减速度是度量机动车速度变化最直接的参数。机动车的加减速过程与油耗的变化趋势对比结果如图1 所示, 在不同的速度下, 机动车的油耗在加减速阶段有明显不同的变化规律。
考虑到 VPS(vehicle specific power) 比较完善的描述了车辆行驶时的功率需求情况[14]。如图2 所示, 通过简化后的式 (3) 得到的 VPS 的变化曲线的起伏和能耗基本一致, VSP 综合了速度、加减速对车辆能耗的影响, 可以更好地反映车辆行驶信息与能耗的关系,如式 (2) 所示。
$\text{ VSP }= v\{{1.1a}+ {9.18}\left\lbrack {a\tan \left({\sin {g}_{\text{rade }}}\right)}\right\rbrack \\{0.132}\}+ {0.000302}{v}^{2}$
式 (2) 中:$v$ 为车辆瞬时速度;$a$ 为车辆瞬时加速度;${g}_{\text{rade }}$ 为道路坡度,无量纲。
由于道路坡度难以获取且影响有限且后续会考虑道路结构信息, 因此, 使用的 VSP 忽略坡度因素, 如式 (3) 所示。
$\text{ VSP }= v\left({{1.1a}+ {0.132}}\right)+ {0.000302}{v}^{2}$
由于不同的季节平均气温相差较大, 因此车辆的空调使用情况、车辆冷启动时间长度等都有较大区别, 这样的差别对能耗的影响可以达到微观模型的辨识度范围[15]
道路作为车辆运行的载体, 道路结构到车辆的能耗有直接的影响[16],因此车道数、车道宽度、公交站点、道路等级及道路类型为道路参数信息。
基于以上分析, 共提取 10 个与机动车瞬时油耗相关性较强的影响参数, 可以较为全面的刻画机动车瞬时能耗的变化, 通过数据整合, 形成车辆能耗数据集${Q}_{X}= \left\lbrack {T,{X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,{X}_{m}, Y}\right\rbrack$,其中,$T$ 为时间戳,单位:$\mathrm{s};{X}_{i}$ 为影响参数,$i = 1,2,\cdots , m;Y$ 为对应的瞬时能耗。
RBFNN 是单隐层的三层前馈网络, 具有结构简单、训练简洁、学习收敛速度快、能够逼近任意非线性函数,克服局部极小值问题等优势[17]。其中输入层${Q}_{X}= \left\lbrack {T,{X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,{X}_{m}, Y}\right\rbrack$ 为模型的数据来源, 在车辆能耗预测问题中输入向量包含上述第 2 节中提取的影响因素, 隐藏层利用径向基函数对输入数据进行复杂的非线性变换, 以解决低维空间内的线性不可分问题。这种方法可以将输入空间的维度映射到高维空间, 从而实现线性不可分问题在高维空间内的线性可分, 选择高斯函数为 RBFNN 的径向基函数, RBFNN 可表示为
$ F\left(\mathbf{X}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}{\varphi }_{ij}\left({x,{p}_{i}}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}\exp \left({-\frac{1}{2{\sigma }_{i}^{2}}{\begin{Vmatrix}\mathbf{X}- {\mathbf{c}}_{i}\end{Vmatrix}}^{2}}\right)$
式 (4) 中:${\varphi }_{ij}\left({x,{p}_{i}}\right)$ 为基于欧式距离的径向基函数, 即高斯函数;$x$ 为样本点;${p}_{i}$ 为 RBF 神经网络隐藏层中心点; 已知数据向量$\mathbf{X}$,数据点${\mathbf{c}}_{i}$ 为径向基函数的中心;${\omega }_{i}$ 为待求解的权值;${\sigma }_{i}$ 为高斯函数的宽度。
通常 RBFNN 在训练过程中,隐藏层个数$k$,高斯函数的宽度${\sigma }_{i}$ 及隐含层与输出层连接的权值向量${\mathbf{\omega }}_{i}$ 的确定是讨论的热点,对模型预测准确度影响较大,借助灰狼群智能优化算法进行确定。
灰狼算法 (grey wolf optimization, GWO) 是一种通过模拟灰狼的等级制度与狩猎行为的群智能优化算法[18],具有收敛速度快,参数少,易于实现等优点。
灰狼主要分为 4 个等级,分别为$\alpha \text{、}\beta \text{、}\delta \text{、}\omega$ 狼,下级服从和执行上级的支配和决策。灰狼算法的优化过程主要通过包围、追捕、攻击 3 个阶段实现, 完成全局优化的搜索, 主要步骤如下。
步骤 1 包围。
灰狼在狩猎过程中利用以下位置更新公式实现对猎物的包围。
$\mathbf{D}= \left|{\mathbf{C}{\mathbf{X}}_{p}\left(t\right)- \mathbf{X}\left(t\right)}\right|$
$\mathbf{X}\left({t + 1}\right)= {\mathbf{X}}_{p}\left(t\right)- \mathbf{{AD}}$
式中:$t$ 为迭代次数;$\mathbf{A}\text{、}\mathbf{C}$ 为系数向量;${\mathbf{X}}_{p}$$\mathbf{X}$ 分别为猎物和灰狼的位置向量。
位置更新参数${A}^{\prime }$${C}^{\prime }$ 的计算公式为
${A}^{\prime }= {2a}{r}_{1}- a $
${C}^{\prime }= 2{r}_{2}$
$ a = 2 -\frac{2t}{T}$
式中:$a$ 为收敛因子,随着迭代次数从 2 线性递减到$0;{r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$ 服从$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$ 区间的均匀分布。
步骤 2 追捕。
在追捕过程中, 各狼的位置更新策略数学表达为
${\mathbf{D}}_{\alpha }= \left|{{\mathbf{C}}_{1}{\mathbf{X}}_{\alpha }- \mathbf{X}}\right|$
${\mathbf{D}}_{\beta }= \left|{{\mathbf{C}}_{2}{\mathbf{X}}_{\beta }- \mathbf{X}}\right|$
${\mathbf{D}}_{\delta }= \left|{{\mathbf{C}}_{3}{\mathbf{X}}_{\delta }- \mathbf{X}}\right|$
式中:${\mathbf{D}}_{\alpha }\text{、}{\mathbf{D}}_{\beta }$${\mathbf{D}}_{\delta }$ 分别为$\alpha \text{、}\beta$$\delta$ 与其他个体间的距离;${\mathbf{X}}_{\alpha }$${\mathbf{X}}_{\beta }$${\mathbf{X}}_{\delta }$ 分别为$\alpha$$\beta$$\delta$ 狼的当前位置;${\mathbf{C}}_{1}$${\mathbf{C}}_{2}$${\mathbf{C}}_{3}$ 为随机向量;$\mathbf{X}$ 为当前迭代灰狼的位置。
灰狼的位置更新计算公式为
${\mathbf{X}}_{1}= {\mathbf{X}}_{\alpha }- {\mathbf{A}}_{1}\left({\mathbf{D}}_{\alpha }\right)$
${\mathbf{X}}_{2}= {\mathbf{X}}_{\beta }- {\mathbf{A}}_{2}\left({\mathbf{D}}_{\beta }\right)$
${\mathbf{X}}_{3}= {\mathbf{X}}_{\delta }- {\mathbf{A}}_{3}\left({\mathbf{D}}_{\delta }\right)$
$\mathbf{X}\left({t + 1}\right)= \frac{{\mathbf{X}}_{1}+ {\mathbf{X}}_{2}+ {\mathbf{X}}_{3}}{3}$
式中:${\mathbf{A}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathbf{A}}_{2}$${\mathbf{A}}_{3}$ 为每次迭代过程中的系数向量。
步骤 3 攻击。
灰狼在猎物停止移动时通过攻击猎物来完成捕猎。攻击猎物确定猎物位置,即得到最优解,这一过程主要通过迭代过程中收敛因子$a$$2 \sim 0$ 的递减来实现, 于是群体在迭代结束后, 获取最优解。
基于 GWO 算法对 RBF 神经网络模型参数训练的实现具体步骤如下, 计算过程如图3 所示。
步骤 1 构建能耗影响因素矩阵${\mathbf{Q}}_{X}$,并依托 Min-Max 标准化方法, 按列进行归一化处理, 如式 (17)、式 (18) 所示,并按照 70% 和 30% 的比例随机抽取训练数据集和测试数据集, 作为模型的输入。
${\mathbf{Q}}_{X}= \left\lbrack {{\mathbf{X}}_{1},{\mathbf{X}}_{2},\cdots ,{\mathbf{X}}_{m}}\right\rbrack \\= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{x}_{11}& {x}_{21}& \cdots &{x}_{m1}\\{x}_{12}& {x}_{22}& \cdots &{x}_{m2}\\\vdots &\vdots && \vdots \\{x}_{1n}& {x}_{2n}& \cdots &{x}_{mn}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\{X}^{\prime }= {a}^{\prime }+ \frac{\left({{X}_{\text{Max }}- {X}_{\text{Min }}}\right)\left({b -{a}^{\prime }}\right)}{{X}_{\text{Max }}- {X}_{\text{Min }}}$
式中:${X}_{\mathrm{{Min}}}$ 为原始数据中最小值;${X}_{\mathrm{{Max}}}$ 为原始数据中最大值;${X}^{\prime }$ 为归一化后的数据;${a}^{\prime }$$b$ 为所需缩放的范围,归一化后各参数取值范围为$\left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack$,因此,${a}^{\prime }= 0, b = 1$
步骤 2 对 RBFNN 参数进行初始化设置, 设定最大迭代次数,最大迭代次数 5000 ,把径向基函数中心点、宽度及权重作为 GWO 算法的输入。
步骤 3 根据式 (19) 计算灰狼适应度。
$\text{ RMS }= \sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}{\left({f}_{\text{actual }}^{i}- {f}_{\text{prediction }}^{i}\right)}^{2}}{N}}$
式(19)中:RMS 为 RBF 神经网络预测误差;${f}_{\text{actual }}^{i}$ 为第$i$ 个采样点的油耗真实值;${f}_{\text{prediction }}^{i}$ 为第$i$ 个采样点油耗 RBF 神经网络预测值。
步骤 4 根据式 (10)~ 式 (16) 计算$\alpha$$\beta$$\delta$ 狼及其他狼位置,并进行排序更新灰狼位置。
步骤 5 判断是否达到最大迭代次数,如果没有达到最大迭代次数, 根据步骤 4 更新 RBF 神经网络参数, 并进行模型训练, 并转到步骤 3 进行迭代。
根据以上步骤得到最优的 RBF 神经网络算法参数, 并根据测试数据进行车辆能耗预测。
测试数据采自 2020 年 9 月 1 日 -2020 年 9 月 15 日,试验车重新采集的数据记录约为$5 \times {10}^{6}$ 条,数据采集车辆仍为征集的志愿车,数据采集范围覆盖环路、支路以及郊区高速等。测试所用电子地图为四维图新公司提供的 2020 年北京市导航电子地图。
选取预测模型常用的评价准则:平均相对误差。它表示总体预测误差的平均大小, 平均相对误差${\delta }_{\text{MAPE }}$ 的计算公式为
${\delta }_{\text{MAPE }}= \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{N}\frac{\left|{f}_{\text{actual }}^{i}- {f}_{\text{prediction }}^{i}\right|}{{f}_{\text{actual }}^{i}}$
式 (20) 中:${f}_{\text{prediction }}^{i}$ 为第$i$ 个采样点的油耗预测值;${f}_{\text{actual }}^{i}$ 为第$i$ 个采样点的油耗真实值。
则准确率${A}_{\mathrm{{ccu}}}$ 计算公式为
${A}_{\text{ceu }}= \left({1 -{\delta }_{\text{MAPE }}}\right)\times {100}\%$
为了对比本文算法的准确率, 选取比较典型的 VT-Micro模型以及 BP 神经网络算法, 从整体上以及工作日的早晚高峰(早高峰:07:00-09:00,晚高峰:17:00-20:00)、平峰(09:00-17:00)以及周末进行分析各算法在不同路况下的表现情况。
图4 所示, BP 神经网络算法预测稳定性不足, 在早晚高峰路况复杂情况下, 预测效果较差, VT-Micro 整体表现稳定,但是预测准确率较差,本文算法预测准确率在整体、早晚高峰以及周末预测效果比较稳定, 相对于 VT-Micro 算法提高了约 12%,预测准确率均在 90% 以上。
为了进一步测试道路能耗模型预测的准确性, 选用排量 2.0 的奔腾 B70 试验车进行路测。为较完整的验证耗油量模型的准确性, 采集各种路况条件和道路环境下的实际行驶数据。车辆数据采集线路为京藏高速经过北五环到安立路,总长度${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$, 行驶环境涉及封闭快速路,信号控制下的主干路, 立交桥等道路特征。数据采集时间为早高峰$\left({{08}: {00}- {09}: {00}}\right)$、平峰$\left({{14}: {00}- {15}: {00}}\right)$ 及晚高峰$\left({{19}: {00}- {20}: {00}}\right) 3$ 个典型的城市交通路况条件,得到 3 组测试数据, 通过本文 RBFNN 能耗预测算法处理, 结果如表2 所示, 然后分道路结构进行预测准确性分析,结果如图5 所示。
表2 所示, 通过所构建的 RBFNN 算法对 3 次实际路测轨迹数据的能耗预测准确率都在 89% 以上, 尤其对于早晚高峰交通状态较为复杂的情况下, 预测的精度较平峰下降并不大, 说明本文模型对于路况变化具有很好的适应性。由图5 所示, 在平直路、高架桥以及信号灯路口这 3 类典型道路结构下,预测误差在 10% 以下样本比例均达到 90% 以上,累计误差 20% 以下的样本比例达到 95% 以上, 可见所构建的车辆能耗预测模型在城市交通典型的时空运行状态下具有较高准确性和较强的泛化能力。
为了进一步印证算法效果, 从路测数据中随机抽取 50 秒的连续行驶数据, 通过模型处理, 实际能耗与预测值如图6 所示, 其中, 红线为模型预测值, 蓝点为通过 CAN 总线采集的实际能耗值。可见, 预测值变化趋势和真实值基本一致,对于 90% 以上的轨迹点预测值等于或接近真实值。由此可见, 本文模型对车辆瞬时状态的能耗的预测达到了较高的精度。
近年来, 城市交通拥堵和环境污染问题日益严重,因此城市交通节能减排成为研究的重点。针对常用的回归预测模型在精确度和普适性方面存在不足, 提出一种基于 RBF 神经网络算法的城市机动车能耗预测方法。得出如下结论。
(1) 通过大量带有能耗信息的浮动车数据, 首先进行车辆能耗异常数据处理, 然后通过分析车辆属性、车辆动态行驶数据和道路结构等信息与车辆能耗的相关性, 建立车辆能耗预测影响因素矩阵, 并采用 Min-Max 标准化方法进行数据归一化, 以降低数据量纲不统一对预测模型的影响。
(2)利用灰狼算法优化 RBFNN 算法的隐藏层中心点、高斯函数的宽度和隐含层与输出层连接的权值的训练。最后通过横向模型对比和实车实测数据进行模型预测测试。测试结果显示, 与传统回归模型相比, RBFNN 算法的预测准确度提高了约 12%, 整体准确度达到 90% 以上, 对城市机动车能耗的预测效果良好。
(3)由于模型输入包含本地天气和道路结构等参数, 该模型可能在一定程度上依赖于地域特征。因此, 后续将对不同地区的数据进行比较和研究, 以提高模型的普适性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2602104)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400709
  • 接收时间:2024-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-15
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB2602104)
作者信息
    1 北京工业大学 北京城市交通协同创新中心 北京 100124
    2 中交公路规划设计院有限公司 北京 100010

通讯作者:

*陈艳艳(1970-),女,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,教授。研究方向:交通大数据、交通规划。E-mail:cdyan@bjut.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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