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In order to study the stability of the tunnel structure under the airport runway when the aircraft is running, the numerical calculation model of the runway, soil layer and tunnel structure co-deformation was constructed by establishing the six-degree-of-freedom dynamic equation of the “five-point contact” aircraft. The influence of the aircraft type, pavement type and buried depth on the stability of the tunnel structure was analyzed. The results show that the more concentrated the distribution position of the main landing gear wheel is, the greater the influence on the stability of the tunnel structure under different aircraft loads. The attenuation effect of stress diffusion on the flexible tunnel surface is obviously better than that on the rigid tunnel surface, and the deformation degree of the arch top is more significant than other locations. With the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel structure, the disturbance effect of aircraft load on the tunnel structure shows a decreasing trend. When the buried depth of the tunnel structure exceeds${64}\mathrm{\;m}$, the tunnel structure no longer bears the disturbance effect of aircraft load.

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为研究飞机滑跑时机场跑道下伏隧道结构的稳定性,通过建立“五点接触式”飞机六自由度的动力学方程,构建机场跑道-土层-隧道结构协同变形数值计算模型,重点分析机型、道面类型和埋置深度等因素对隧道结构稳定性的影响。结果表明:在不同机型的飞机荷载作用下,主起落架机轮的分布位置越集中,对隧道结构的稳定性影响越大;柔性道面在应力扩散的衰减效应方面明显优于刚性道面,隧道结构的拱顶位置变形程度比其他位置更为显著;随着隧道结构埋置深度的增加,飞机荷载对隧道结构的扰动效应呈现衰减趋势,当隧道埋深结构超过${64}\mathrm{\;m}$时,隧道结构不再承受飞机荷载的扰动效应。

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魏晓刚(1984—),男,汉族,河南新密人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土地震工程、岩层移动与控制。E-mail: zzxmwxg@163.com。

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魏晓刚(1984—),男,汉族,河南新密人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土地震工程、岩层移动与控制。E-mail: zzxmwxg@163.com。

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魏晓刚(1984—),男,汉族,河南新密人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土地震工程、岩层移动与控制。E-mail: zzxmwxg@163.com。

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figureFileBig=nRuHAvDb7+um8Hqvt6AuNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986846896022496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Main landing gear form, figureFileSmall=E0qMv5zIAaOXvPGLG2eUZw==, figureFileBig=epQRwwz4WoZtsLHAZiT+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986846950548450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图3, caption=主起落架形式, figureFileSmall=E0qMv5zIAaOXvPGLG2eUZw==, figureFileBig=epQRwwz4WoZtsLHAZiT+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847000880100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=-b Pressure-time history curve of aircraft main landing gear, figureFileSmall=vOI3OFvaRPy2cscxY9PADA==, figureFileBig=rFABllStsTwMmXfBVNhhBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847063794662, 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${\mathrm{S}}_{i}$ 为各监测点位置;$D$ 为隧道直径 (外径),$\mathrm{m};R$ 为隧道内径 (半径),$\mathrm{m}$

, figureFileSmall=yK6X9bF6bzGYk+MlWkuGkA==, figureFileBig=/OrY39aX0Kg9j6NLxf8Gow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847239955436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Radial stress and peak displacement of tunnel structure, figureFileSmall=io+l+PGrFZhGcOa2TLZMjg==, figureFileBig=B2GW8Rief0+ye468kqB8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847302870000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图6, caption=隧道结构径向应力及位移峰值图, figureFileSmall=io+l+PGrFZhGcOa2TLZMjg==, figureFileBig=B2GW8Rief0+ye468kqB8aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847365784564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Vertical acceleration-time history curve of monitoring points, figureFileSmall=4i2hW0M5VyqecDlfRWAPyw==, figureFileBig=TPCzscL6x0zgkUgvKZjfvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847424504824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图7, caption=监测点竖向加速度-时程曲线, figureFileSmall=4i2hW0M5VyqecDlfRWAPyw==, figureFileBig=TPCzscL6x0zgkUgvKZjfvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847491613693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Vertical displacement diagram of pavement structure, figureFileSmall=my1zhJgakzw14zOr2X1PmA==, figureFileBig=0Tm7QjoEMTh7G+AUA1wRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847558722558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图8, caption=路面结构竖向位移图, figureFileSmall=my1zhJgakzw14zOr2X1PmA==, figureFileBig=0Tm7QjoEMTh7G+AUA1wRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847625831424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Vertical displacement curve of the ${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ monitoring point, figureFileSmall=lnhayH2kzPW2jsczA1kkwQ==, figureFileBig=0OjnK/ZQ8CiBPCn+cFLU/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847705522178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图9, caption= ${\mathrm{\;S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 监测点竖向位移曲线, figureFileSmall=lnhayH2kzPW2jsczA1kkwQ==, figureFileBig=0OjnK/ZQ8CiBPCn+cFLU/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847751659523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=shear stress cloud picture of the tunnel center section, figureFileSmall=TsXZmzG2EksV24fehu4SKQ==, figureFileBig=CtCrTrr+r9JzXPyWmgoXGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986847806185476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig. 12, caption=First principal stress-time history curve of monitoring points, figureFileSmall=DqnOHMN3T+mW2QMNsGlLGQ==, figureFileBig=nkyVNqB1wTBWelEnXHr5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986848003317768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图12, caption=监测点第一主应力-时程曲线, figureFileSmall=DqnOHMN3T+mW2QMNsGlLGQ==, figureFileBig=nkyVNqB1wTBWelEnXHr5Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986848049455113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Peak vertical displacement at ${S}_{1}$ (top panel), figureFileSmall=DhJs3VKUBaO9Dh3rlDmfDg==, figureFileBig=y//rSpUJ7cctXQjB1U93Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986848099786762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=图13, caption=${\mathrm{\;S}}_{1}$ (顶板) 处竖向位移峰值, 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机型 飞机最大 重量/kN 飞机主起 落架荷载 分配系数 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 一个主起 落架的轮 子数/个 主起落架 个数量/个 飞机主起 落架单轮 荷载 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$
A380-800 5 620.0 0.970 10 2 272.6
B-747-400 3 978.0 0.952 4 4 236.7
B-737-800 792.6 0.950 2 2 188.2
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848384999446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=表1, caption=3 种机型单轮荷载, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型 飞机最大 重量/kN 飞机主起 落架荷载 分配系数 ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 一个主起 落架的轮 子数/个 主起落架 个数量/个 飞机主起 落架单轮 荷载 $/\mathrm{{kN}}$
A380-800 5 620.0 0.970 10 2 272.6
B-747-400 3 978.0 0.952 4 4 236.7
B-737-800 792.6 0.950 2 2 188.2
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848443719703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Dynamic load equation and pressure-time equation of the main landing gear of the three types of single-wheel load, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型 荷载方程 压强-时间方程
A380-800 ${F}_{{M}_{1}}= {272.6}+ {27.26}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{1}}= {1456.19}+ {145.62}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
B-747-400 ${F}_{{M}_{2}}= {236.7}+ {23.67}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{2}}= {1420.77}+ {142.08}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
B-737-800 ${F}_{{M}_{3}}= {188.2}+ {18.82}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{3}}= {1458.91}+ {145.89}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848506634265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=表2, caption=3 种机型单轮荷载主起落架动荷载、压强-时间方程, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型 荷载方程 压强-时间方程
A380-800 ${F}_{{M}_{1}}= {272.6}+ {27.26}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{1}}= {1456.19}+ {145.62}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
B-747-400 ${F}_{{M}_{2}}= {236.7}+ {23.67}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{2}}= {1420.77}+ {142.08}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
B-737-800 ${F}_{{M}_{3}}= {188.2}+ {18.82}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$ ${P}_{{M}_{3}}= {1458.91}+ {145.89}\sin \left({106.66t}\right)$
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848586326047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Main material parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 材料类型 结构层 密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 弹性模量/ 泊松比 阻尼常数 阻尼常数 $\beta /{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ Mohr-Coulomb 模型
厚度/m $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ $\alpha /{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 黏聚力 $c/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 内摩擦角 $\varphi /\left({}^{\circ }\right)$
刚性道面 水泥混凝土道面板 0.4 2 440 36 000 0.20 0.1 0.001 - -
水泥稳定碎石基层 0.4 2100 1 500 0.25 0.1 0.002 - -
柔性道面 沥青混凝土面层 0.2 2380 1 800 0.25 0.1 0.001 - -
水泥稳定碎石基层 0.3 2100 1 500 0.25 0.1 0.002 - -
碎石垫层 0.3 2000 200 0.20 0.1 0.002 - -
土基 80.0 1 800 30 0.40 1.0 0.010 0.001 25
隧道衬砌 混凝土 1.5 2 440 36 000 0.20 - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848666017826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=表3, caption=主要材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 材料类型 结构层 密度/$\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ 弹性模量/ 泊松比 阻尼常数 阻尼常数 $\beta /{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ Mohr-Coulomb 模型
厚度/m $\mathrm{{MPa}}$ $\alpha /{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ 黏聚力 $c/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 内摩擦角 $\varphi /\left({}^{\circ }\right)$
刚性道面 水泥混凝土道面板 0.4 2 440 36 000 0.20 0.1 0.001 - -
水泥稳定碎石基层 0.4 2100 1 500 0.25 0.1 0.002 - -
柔性道面 沥青混凝土面层 0.2 2380 1 800 0.25 0.1 0.001 - -
水泥稳定碎石基层 0.3 2100 1 500 0.25 0.1 0.002 - -
碎石垫层 0.3 2000 200 0.20 0.1 0.002 - -
土基 80.0 1 800 30 0.40 1.0 0.010 0.001 25
隧道衬砌 混凝土 1.5 2 440 36 000 0.20 - - - -
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848783458342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of peak vertical displacement of monitoring points, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点 柔性道面/mm 刚性道面/mm 差值/mm
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 0.972 1.156 0.184
${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 0.867 1.085 0.218
${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 0.837 1.077 0.240
${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 0.901 1.106 0.205
${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 1.031 1.187 0.156
${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 1.203 1.347 0.144
${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$ 1.316 1.456 0.140
${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 1.191 1.349 0.158
), ArticleFig(id=1156986848854761514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619883512374, language=CN, label=表4, caption=监测点竖向位移峰值对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点 柔性道面/mm 刚性道面/mm 差值/mm
${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 0.972 1.156 0.184
${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 0.867 1.085 0.218
${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 0.837 1.077 0.240
${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 0.901 1.106 0.205
${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 1.031 1.187 0.156
${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 1.203 1.347 0.144
${\mathrm{S}}_{7}$ 1.316 1.456 0.140
${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ 1.191 1.349 0.158
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飞机滑跑作用下隧道结构的稳定性分析
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魏晓刚 1 , 秦志帆 1 , 王世翱 1 , 法靖宇 1 , 路沙沙 2 , 杨柳川 1 , 李广慧 1
科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025,25(8): 3425-3437
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科学技术与工程 | 交通运输 2025, 25(8): 3425-3437
飞机滑跑作用下隧道结构的稳定性分析
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魏晓刚1 , 秦志帆1, 王世翱1, 法靖宇1, 路沙沙2, 杨柳川1, 李广慧1
作者信息
  • 1 郑州航空工业管理学院 土木与环境学院 郑州 450046
  • 2 辽宁工程技术大学 土木工程学院 阜新 123000
  • 魏晓刚(1984—),男,汉族,河南新密人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:岩土地震工程、岩层移动与控制。E-mail: zzxmwxg@163.com。

Stability Analysis of Tunnel Structure under the Action of Aircraft Running
Xiao-gang WEI1 , Zhi-fan QIN1, Shi-ao WANG1, Jing-yu FA1, Sha-sha LU2, Liu-chuan YANG1, Guang-hui LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering College Zhengzhou Aviation Industry Management University Zhengzhou 450046 China
  • 2 School of Civil Engineering College Liaoning Technical University Fuxin 123000 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402756
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为研究飞机滑跑时机场跑道下伏隧道结构的稳定性,通过建立“五点接触式”飞机六自由度的动力学方程,构建机场跑道-土层-隧道结构协同变形数值计算模型,重点分析机型、道面类型和埋置深度等因素对隧道结构稳定性的影响。结果表明:在不同机型的飞机荷载作用下,主起落架机轮的分布位置越集中,对隧道结构的稳定性影响越大;柔性道面在应力扩散的衰减效应方面明显优于刚性道面,隧道结构的拱顶位置变形程度比其他位置更为显著;随着隧道结构埋置深度的增加,飞机荷载对隧道结构的扰动效应呈现衰减趋势,当隧道埋深结构超过${64}\mathrm{\;m}$时,隧道结构不再承受飞机荷载的扰动效应。

飞机荷载  /  机场跑道  /  隧道工程  /  数值模拟

In order to study the stability of the tunnel structure under the airport runway when the aircraft is running, the numerical calculation model of the runway, soil layer and tunnel structure co-deformation was constructed by establishing the six-degree-of-freedom dynamic equation of the “five-point contact” aircraft. The influence of the aircraft type, pavement type and buried depth on the stability of the tunnel structure was analyzed. The results show that the more concentrated the distribution position of the main landing gear wheel is, the greater the influence on the stability of the tunnel structure under different aircraft loads. The attenuation effect of stress diffusion on the flexible tunnel surface is obviously better than that on the rigid tunnel surface, and the deformation degree of the arch top is more significant than other locations. With the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel structure, the disturbance effect of aircraft load on the tunnel structure shows a decreasing trend. When the buried depth of the tunnel structure exceeds${64}\mathrm{\;m}$, the tunnel structure no longer bears the disturbance effect of aircraft load.

aircraft load  /  airport runways  /  tunnel engineering  /  numerical simulation
魏晓刚, 秦志帆, 王世翱, 法靖宇, 路沙沙, 杨柳川, 李广慧. 飞机滑跑作用下隧道结构的稳定性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3425 -3437 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402756
Xiao-gang WEI, Zhi-fan QIN, Shi-ao WANG, Jing-yu FA, Sha-sha LU, Liu-chuan YANG, Guang-hui LI. Stability Analysis of Tunnel Structure under the Action of Aircraft Running[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3425 -3437 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402756
近年来, 随着经济的飞速发展 “碳中和” 已成为全球范围内备受瞩目的讨论焦点, 地铁作为公共交通备受推崇。飞机出行具有快捷、高效等优势,越来越多的人选择乘坐飞机以实现节省时间成本。目前,许多城市的地铁与机场已实现了互联互通, 实现站内换乘可以最大限度节省乘客时间${}^{\left\lbrack 1\text{-}5\right\rbrack }$。如英国希思罗机场在滑行道和站坪机位下方修建的两条铁路隧道;北京首都国际机场的内部货运车道穿越机场的 L 滑行道; 成都天府国际机场则拥有一个庞大的明挖深基础隧道网络;广东珠海机场的地下服务车道贯穿整个停机坪。旨在推动城市交通系统的协同发展,更好地满足人们对便捷、高效出行的需求。然而, 目前针对机场下穿隧道结构的稳定性分析中, 较少考虑飞机滑跑的影响, 这对于隧道服役过程中的安全性带来较大的隐患。
目前学者们对飞机荷载作用下机场跑道动力响应及稳定性已开展了一定的研究工作。邵俐等[6] 通过 MIDAS GTS NX 软件数值模拟,认为当飞机从单线隧道的左侧滑行至右侧时, 地表沉降最大值由左侧逐渐移至中间偏右位置, 且该最大值呈逐渐增大趋势。在飞机滑行穿过双线隧道工程上方时, 地表沉降最大值会从先行隧道上方逐渐转移到后行隧道上方。无论是单线隧道还是双线隧道, 最大沉降都出现在拱顶位置,并沿周围方向逐渐减小。刘凯等[7] 针对高速铁路运营期间,飞机降落冲击荷载对高铁隧道衬砌结构的动力响应规律及疲劳损伤问题,采用有限元分析方法研究隧道的动力响应和疲劳损伤规律, 认为在单次粗暴着陆工况下, 拱顶位移和受力最大, 但未观察到衬砌结构出现塑性损伤。穆一凡等[8] 为了研究机场刚性道面在飞机着陆瞬态冲击荷载作用下的动力响应,基于主起落架单自由度振动系统,使用半波正弦曲线来模拟冲击荷载。钟科等[9] 针对高模量沥青机场道面,利用 ABAQUS 有限元软件进行结构力学响应计算, 对飞机多轮荷载对道面力学响应的敏感性进行分析, 研究高模量沥青混合料在机场道面中的应用效果。
当前研究主要集中在探究飞机荷载对隧道结构、道面或土体的动力响应,较少关注机场道面-基层-土层-隧道衬砌之间的相互作用和协同变形。鉴于此, 采用数值模拟的方法, 建立考虑升力的飞机六自由度数学模型, 建立机场跑道-土层-隧道结构整体计算模型,重点探讨机型、道面类型和埋置深度等因素对隧道结构稳定性的影响, 为机场建设中隧道下穿跑道结构设计提供参考。
前期的研究工作仅考虑了飞机静止状态下的受力状态[10-12],较少考虑飞机滑跑运动状态 (起降、 滑行)中的受力状态。
为了后续开展数值模拟工作, 在前人研究的基础上, 建立考虑升力效应的 “五点接触” 式飞机六自由度数学模型和动力学方程。
为了更全面地考虑飞机多自由度的运动状态, 基于经典的 1/4 车辆模型理论[13],建立考虑飞机运动状态(包括起降和滑行)的六自由度 “五点接触” 式大型飞机动力学模型,如图1 所示,为后续飞机动力学方程的建立提供了科学合理的理论依据。
$L$ 为起落架到$y$ 轴的垂直距离;下标 1~5 分别为飞机主起落架非簧载质量前轮、左后、右后、左后翼轮、右后翼轮位置;$Z$ 为簧载质量起落架的竖向位移;下标$\mathrm{a}\sim \mathrm{e}$ 分别为飞机主起落架前轮、左后、右后、左后翼轮、右后翼轮位置;$z$ 为非簧载质量起落架的竖向位移;$M$ 为飞机的簧载质量;$m$ 为起落架的非簧载质量;$N$ 为飞机受到的升力;$a$ 为前起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离;$b$ 为后起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离;$c$ 为翼轮起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离;$q$ 为起落架非簧载质量承受的道路不平整导致的激励作用;$C$ 为起落架的阻尼;$K$ 为起落架整体刚度系数;$k$ 为飞机非簧载质量下各个机轮的刚度系数;$\theta$ 为飞机簧载质量的侧倾转动位移;$\Psi$ 为飞机簧载质量的侧倾转动位移
在飞机的运动状态 (包括起降和滑行), 升力的作用至关重要。假设飞机在起降和滑行运动中做均匀加速运动,并具有恒定的升力系数。
根据《空气动力学概念、量和符号第 4 部分:飞机的空气动力、力矩及其系数和导数》($\mathrm{{GB}}/\mathrm{T}$ ${16638.4}- {2008}{)}^{\left\lbrack {14}\right\rbrack }$ 中相关规范,通过 “五点接触” 式飞机六自由度数学模型可以推导得到飞机的受力状态,如式 (1) 所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} F = G - N \\ N =\frac{1}{2}{C}_{y}{\rho S}{V}_{0}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
式 (1) 中:$F$ 为飞机受到的合力,$\mathrm{{kN}};G$ 为飞机的滑行重量,$\mathrm{{kN}};N$ 为飞机受到的升力,$\mathrm{{kN}};{C}_{y}$ 为升力系数,无量纲;$\rho$ 为空气密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};S$ 为机翼面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{V}_{0}$ 为相对速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
根据达朗贝尔原理,以飞机的质心位置为原点[15-17],推导出由于路面不平整所产生的振动激励作用下, 飞机在滑跑阶段的振动平衡方程。
簧载质量$M$ 的竖向振动平衡方程为
$ M{\ddot{Z}}_{\text{entire }}+ {C}_{1}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{a}}- {\dot{z}}_{1}}\right)+ {K}_{1}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{a}}- {z}_{1}}\right)+ \\{C}_{2}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{b}}- {\dot{z}}_{2}}\right)+ {K}_{2}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{b}}- {z}_{2}}\right)+ \\{C}_{3}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\dot{z}}_{3}}\right)+ {K}_{3}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}- {z}_{3}}\right)+ \\{C}_{4}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{d}}- {\dot{z}}_{4}}\right)+ {K}_{4}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{4}}\right)+ \\{C}_{5}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{e}}- {\dot{z}}_{5}}\right)+ {K}_{5}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{e}}- {z}_{5}}\right)+ \\{Mg}- N = 0 $
式 (2) 中:$M$ 为飞机的簧载质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};{Z}_{\text{entire }}$ 为飞机整机竖向位移,$\mathrm{m};Z$ 为簧载质量起落架的竖向位移,$\mathrm{m}$ ;下标$\mathrm{a}\sim \mathrm{e}$ 分别为前轮、左后起落架、右后起落架、左后翼轮起落架、右后翼轮位置;$C$ 为起落架的阻尼,$\mathrm{{kN}}/\left({\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}}\right);K$ 为起落架的刚度,$\mathrm{{kN}}/\mathrm{m};z$ 为非簧载质量起落架的竖向位移,$\mathrm{m}$ ;下标 1~5 分别为前轮、左后起落架、右后起落架、左后翼轮起落架、 右后翼轮位置;$g$ 为重力加速度,$\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$
簧载质量$M$ 的俯仰转动方程为
${I}_{x}\dot{\theta }+ {C}_{1}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{a}}- {\dot{z}}_{1}}\right) a +{K}_{1}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{a}}- {\dot{z}}_{1}}\right) a -\\{C}_{2}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{b}}- {\dot{z}}_{2}}\right) b -{K}_{2}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{b}}- {z}_{2}}\right) b -\\{C}_{3}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\dot{z}}_{3}}\right) b -{K}_{3}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}- {z}_{3}}\right) b -\\{C}_{4}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{d}}- {\dot{z}}_{4}}\right) c -{K}_{4}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{4}}\right) c -\\{C}_{5}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{e}}- {\dot{z}}_{5}}\right) c -{K}_{5}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{e}}- {z}_{5}}\right) c = 0 $
式 (3) 中:${I}_{x}$ 为飞机模型绕$x$ 轴的转动惯量,$\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{2};a$ 为前起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离,$\mathrm{m};b$ 为后起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离,$\mathrm{m};c$ 为翼轮起落架到$x$ 轴的垂直距离,$\mathrm{m};\theta$ 为飞机簧载质量的侧倾转动位移,(°)。
簧载质量$M$ 的侧倾转动平衡方程为
${I}_{y}\ddot{\psi }+ {C}_{3}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{c}}- {\dot{z}}_{3}}\right){L}_{3}+ {K}_{3}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}- {z}_{3}}\right){L}_{3}+ \\{C}_{5}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{e}}- {\dot{z}}_{5}}\right){L}_{5}+ {K}_{5}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{e}}- {z}_{5}}\right){L}_{5}- \\{C}_{2}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{b}}- {\dot{z}}_{2}}\right){L}_{2}- {K}_{2}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{b}}- {z}_{2}}\right){L}_{2}- \\{C}_{4}\left({{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{d}}- {\dot{z}}_{4}}\right){L}_{4}- {K}_{4}\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{d}}- {z}_{4}}\right){L}_{4}= 0(4 $
式(4)中:$L$ 为起落架到$y$ 轴的垂直距离;下标$2 \sim 5$ 分别为左后起落架、右后起落架、左后翼轮起落架、 右后翼轮位置;$\Psi$ 为飞机簧载质量的侧倾转动位移,(°)。
前后翼轮起落架非簧载质量在竖直方向的平衡方程为
$\begin{cases}{m}_{1}\ddot{{z}_{1}}- {C}_{1}\left({\dot{{Z}_{1}}- {\dot{z}}_{1}}\right)- {K}_{1}\left({{Z}_{a}- {z}_{1}}\right)+ &{K}_{1}\left({{Z}_{a}- {z}_{1}}\right)+ \\{c}_{1}\dot{{z}_{1}}+ {k}_{1}{z}_{1}- {c}_{1}\dot{{q}_{1}}- {k}_{1}{q}_{1}& = 0 \\{m}_{2}\ddot{{z}_{2}}- {C}_{2}\left({\dot{{Z}_{1}}- {\dot{z}}_{2}}\right)- {K}_{2}\left({{Z}_{b}- {z}_{2}}\right)& +\\{c}_{2}{z}_{2}+ {k}_{2}{z}_{2}- {c}_{2}\dot{{q}_{2}}- {k}_{2}{q}_{2}& = 0 \\{m}_{3}\ddot{{z}_{3}}- {C}_{3}\left({{Z}_{3}- {z}_{3}}\right)- {K}_{3}\left({{Z}_{3}- {z}_{3}}\right)& +\\{c}_{3}{z}_{3}+ {k}_{3}{z}_{3}- {c}_{3}\dot{{q}_{3}}- {k}_{3}{q}_{3}& = 0 \\{m}_{4}{\dot{z}}_{4}- {C}_{4}{Z}_{4}- {d}_{4}{q}_{4}& ={C}_{4}{Z}_{4}\\{m}_{5}{z}_{5}- {C}_{5}\left({{Z}_{5}- {z}_{5}}\right)- {K}_{5}\left({{Z}_{5}- {z}_{5}}\right)& +{K}_{5}\left({{Z}_{5}- {z}_{5}}\right)+ \\{m}_{6}{z}_{6}- {C}_{6}{Z}_{6}- {C}_{6}{Z}_{6}- {C}_{6}{Z}_{6}- {K}_{6}\left({{Z}_{6}- {z}_{6}}\right)& ={C}_{6}{Z}_{6}- {C}_{6}{Z}_{6}- {C}_{6}{Z}_{6}\end{cases}$
式(5)中:$m$ 为起落架的非簧载质量;下标 1~5 分别为前轮、左后起落架、右后起落架、左后翼轮起落架、右后翼轮位置。
簧载质量和非簧载质量下的竖向位移之间存在等价关系。簧载质量各点的竖向位移分布关系可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{\mathrm{a}}= {Z}_{\text{entire }}+ {a\theta }\\{Z}_{\mathrm{b}}= {Z}_{\text{entire }}- {b\theta }- {L}_{2}\psi \\{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}= {Z}_{\text{entire }}- {b\theta }+ {L}_{3}\psi \\{Z}_{\mathrm{d}}= {Z}_{\text{entire }}- {c\theta }- {L}_{4}\psi \\{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}= {Z}_{\text{entire }}- {c\theta }+ {L}_{5}\psi \end{array}\right.$
通过分析飞机滑跑作用下机场跑道下伏隧道结构动力学响应,为隧道结构的稳定性提供理论依据。
受研究费用高、周期长和资源占用多等因素的影响, 地铁隧道下穿机场跑道相关的研究工作, 较多采用数值模拟计算的研究方法。飞机荷载具有强烈的冲击效应和破坏性,如何合理有效地将其应用于有限元数值模型成为急需解决的问题。飞机荷载的施加方法目前主要有以下三类。
(1)早期飞机荷载的处理通常将其简化为圆形[18-20]。这是因为圆形能够在数学上简化计算,并更直观地反映荷载在接触面上的分布特点。
(2)根据《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范》(MH/T 5004-2010), 按照面积等效的原则, 飞机主起落架单轮印形状被等效为矩形的接触区域, 并采用节点力或均布载荷的方式进行加载 。
(3)将飞机荷载简化为集中力,以${45}^{\circ }$ 冲切角度施加到道面底板上,形成荷载扩散区域[25]
飞机动荷载方程的确定是分析飞机滑跑作用下机场跑道下伏隧道结构动力学响应的关键。基于《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范">(2010) 中第 5.0.2.1 条的规定, 采用等效面积法对飞机机轮接地轮印的形状进行处理, 具体简化方式如图2所示。
为了比较不同飞机荷载作用下机场跑道下伏隧道结构的稳定性,需要重点观测最不利条件下隧道结构的薄弱部位,根据《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范》(MH/T 5004-2010)附录 A 中的道面设计飞机参数表数据,选择 A380-800、B-747-400 和 B-737-800 这 3 种具有代表性的不同起落架配置形式的飞机。
这 3 种机型均为各类型规格中质量最大的机型, 主起落架构型如图3 所示。图3 中标注了各机型主起落架的荷载施加位置 (质心点即为荷载加载位置), 通过编写 Dload 子程序, 沿飞机滑跑方向施加飞机荷载。
为了实现有限元数值计算中飞机荷载的科学有效的加载, 通过编写 Dload 子程序来实现在有限元数值软件 ABAQUS 中飞机荷载的加载。基于《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范》$(\mathrm{{MH}}/\mathrm{T}{5004}-$ 2010)计算飞机荷载激励方程。
飞机主起落架单轮荷载的计算公式为
${F}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{{co}}}{G}_{\max }}{{n}_{{\mathrm{c}}_{2}}{n}_{{\mathrm{w}}_{2}}}$
式(7)中:${\rho }_{\mathrm{{co}}}$ 为飞机主起落架荷载分配系数,$\mathrm{{kN}}$${G}_{\max }$ 为飞机最大重量,$\mathrm{{kN}};{n}_{{\mathrm{c}}_{2}}$ 为主起落架数量,个;${n}_{{\mathrm{w}}_{2}}$ 为一个主起落架的轮子数,个。
3 种机型单轮荷载如表1 所示。
飞机滑跑运动 (起降、滑行) 阶段,可将飞机荷载转化为循环变化简谐振动荷载[20],由此可以得到主起落架动荷载方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{M}}= {F}_{\mathrm{s}}+ {0.1}{F}_{\mathrm{s}}\sin \left({\omega t}\right)\\ f =\frac{v}{\pi D}\\\omega ={2\pi f}\end{array}\right.$
式 (8) 中:$\omega$ 为机轮转动圆频率, rad/s;${F}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 为飞机动荷载;$t$ 为时间,$\mathrm{s};f$ 为频率,$\mathrm{{Hz}};D$ 为机轮直径,$\mathrm{m};v$ 为飞机滑行速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s}$
机轮直径为${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$,取飞机起飞滑行速度${80}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$,再根据上述公式计算即可得到飞机机轮转动频率及圆频率分别为$f ={16.97}\mathrm{\;{Hz}};\omega =$ 106.66 rad/s。
以 Dload 子程序调用, 对有限元数值计算模型施加压强的形式进行加载, 基于方程式
${P}_{\mathrm{M}}= \frac{{F}_{\mathrm{M}}}{S}$
式(9)中:$S$ 为简化后的机轮轮印面积,mm${}^{2};{P}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 为飞机主起落架压强。
将飞机主起落架动荷载方程变换成压强-时间方程。3 种不同飞机机型的主起落架动荷载方程、 主起落架压强-时间方程如表2 所示。利用 MATLAB绘制 3 种机型的飞机主起落架荷载、压强- 时程曲线如图4 所示。
基于 ABAQUS 建立机场跑道-基层-土层-隧道协同变形的整体有限元数值计算模型, 模型的基本尺寸为${80}\mathrm{\;m}\times {80}\mathrm{\;m}\times {80.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ (图5),重点分析飞机荷载作用下隧道混凝土衬砌的力学响应。
利用 Visual Studio 编写 Dload 子程序, 并结合 ABAQUS 中的自带子程序接口, 实现对飞机移动荷载的加载。鉴于整体结构模型相较于飞机轮印区域尺寸更大, 为保证后处理模块结果的精度,采取局部加密的方式对关键区域进行网格划分。
全局结构网格尺寸为$4\mathrm{\;m}\times 4\mathrm{\;m}\times 4\mathrm{\;m}$,跑道区域网格尺寸为$1\mathrm{\;m}\times 1\mathrm{\;m}\times 1\mathrm{\;m}$,隧道衬砌结构在环向被切割为 8 部分,每部分按照限制网格个数的原则划分为 12 个网格, 总环向网格数为 96 个。具体的网格划分尺寸如图5 所示。机场跑道-基层-土层-隧道协同变形的整体有限元数值计算模型的网格数量为 158 928, 隧道衬砌结构的网格数量为 38016。
飞机荷载有强烈的激励冲击效应, 在数值模拟中需要考虑土体边界中应力波反射引起的问题。针对土体内应力波反射问题, 采用扩展模型尺寸的方法进行处理。
本文有限元数值模型的尺寸较大, 为解决土体的应力波反射问题, 在土层模型中设置人工静力透射性边界。即在有限元数值模型计算过程中,将模型前后面及左右面的$X$$Y$ 方向上的法向位移$U$ 设定为 0 , 并采用完全固定的方式对模型底部进行处理,用${U}_{1}$ 表示$X$ 方向,${U}_{2}$ 表示$Y$ 方向,${U}_{3}$ 表示$Z$ 方向 (即${U}_{1}= {U}_{2}= {U}_{3}= 0$)。
选择 C3D8R (8 节点线性单元) 单元来模拟有限元数值计算模型的各个组成部分。
为了保证有限元数值计算结果的收敛性, 基于有限元三维模型中弹性层状体系的基本假定[26],采用以下假定:① 各类材料(除土体外)均由各向同性、均质的线弹性材料构成;②土层在水平和深度方向为透射性边界, 道面结构层在深度方向上具有限制;③ 土层之间的接触问题则视为完全接触,各层之间的连接是连续的, 通过切割的方法创建了土层模型。
采用弹塑性 Mohr-Coulomb 破坏准则作为土体本构模型。在材料阻尼方面,采用 Rayleigh 阻尼,并基于 Rayleigh 阻尼公式设置小应变阻尼。
$\mathbf{C}= \alpha \mathbf{M}+ \beta \mathbf{K}$
式 (10) 中:$\mathbf{M}$ 为质量矩阵;$\mathbf{K}$ 为刚度矩阵;$\alpha$$\beta$ 为 Rayleigh 阻尼系数, 其计算公式分别为
$\alpha =\zeta \frac{2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}}{{\omega }_{1}+ {\omega }_{2}}$
$\beta =\zeta \frac{2}{{\omega }_{1}+ {\omega }_{2}}$
式中:$\zeta$ 为阻尼比;${\omega }_{1}$${\omega }_{2}$ 分别为系统的第一、第二固有频率。
根据《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范》(MH/T 5004-2010) 和《民用机场沥青道面设计规范》(MH/T 5010-2017) 选用的数值模型主要材料属性如表3所示。
在有限元数值模型建立过程中, 将硬接触设置为隧道结构和土体之间的法向接触, 同时使用 “罚函数”描述二者之间的切向接触, 摩擦系数的数值为 0.577[28-29]
在数值模拟中采取预先对整个模型进行地应力平衡的方式, 同时施加初始应力, 以消除由于结构自重引起的大变形和位移。
在设定完成初始条件后, 通过 ABAQUS 中自带的 UMAT 接口, 运行编写的 Dload 子程序, 实现对飞机荷载的加载和动力学分析。因整体模型较大, 为合理有效节省计算资源,选择在${0.005}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的时间步长内进行分析, 并输出 100 帧的计算结果。
为分析飞机荷载作用下隧道结构的稳定性, 重点从机型、道面类型、埋深等方面来探讨对隧道结构的影响。
飞机机型不同,其主起落架结构差异较大,飞机荷载分配系数各异, 飞机滑跑时产生的动荷载激励效果也各有不同。为深入研究不同机型的飞机荷载对跑道下方隧道结构动力响应的影响, 重点对隧道结构的薄弱位置进行研究。
图6 为飞机荷载作用下隧道衬砌结构的径向应力和位移方面的峰值情况。基于第 1.3 节中各机型的压强-时间方程, 发现 B-737-800 机型的荷载作用下隧道结构的径向内力响应最大, A380-800 机型次之, B-747-400 机型的响应最为微弱。
B-747-400 机型的飞机荷载作用下隧道结构径向位移最为强烈, B-737-800 型的扰动作用最小, A380-800 机型的结构扰动介于两者之间。由此可以判断主起落架构型差异对隧道结构的力学响应影响较大。这主要是因为 B-737-800 型飞机采用 “双轮”形式的主起落架, 其与道面的接触面积相对较小,又由于机身重量明显较小,因此对结构的扰动效应较为有限; A380-800 机型和 B-747-400 机型的主起落架分别采用 “三轴双轮” 和 “双轴双轮” 形式, 尽管 B-747-400 机型的滑行重量远不及 A380-800 机型, 但在计算各机型动荷载方程时, 两者主起落架的分配系数不同,导致 B-747-400 机型主起落架的宽度和占地面积较小。虽然 B-747-400 机型的滑行重量较小, 但其荷载分布更为集中, 使得结构在承受该机型飞机荷载作用时产生比 A380-800 机型更为显著的响应。
分析图6(a) 所示的隧道结构径向应力可知:隧道顶板的径向应力峰值出现在正方向,表明该部分顶板受到拉应力的作用, 其他部位的应力值呈现负方向,表示受到压应力的影响。在图6(b) 中,隧道顶板位置发生的径向位移为正值, 在底板位置的位移峰值为负值, 这与隧道衬砌结构径向应力的变化趋势相一致。
混凝土是抗压的材料, 飞机荷载作用下隧道结构的顶板位置容易形成薄弱区域。在对隧道结构进行设计和加固时, 应密切关注此位置。
图7 为 3 种机型在不同监测点的竖向加速度- 时程曲线, 通过分析图7 不同机型的飞机荷载作用下隧道衬砌结构的不同监测位置的加速度时程曲线发现:在 B-737-800 机型的飞机荷载作用下,隧道结构的竖向加速度的时程曲线变化较为平缓;隧道结构在 A380-800 机型和 B-747-400 两机型荷载作用下的加速度力学响应较为接近。
出现差异的原因是在飞机滑跑速度相同时, 受到主起落架数量和构型、单轮荷载、机轮等效简化面积等因素的影响, 导致飞机荷载方程的不同。基于飞机压强-时间方程, A380-800 机型的飞机荷载的冲击效应最大, B-737-800 机型的最小。
基于图7 可知, 当飞机荷载施加在隧道正上方时,竖向加速度时程曲线发生突变,隧道结构的顶板位置竖向加速度变化幅度最大,达到 259%,说明飞机荷载对隧道结构冲击效应不可忽视。其顶板位置承载荷载较大。
为了保证隧道结构的安全储备, 基于最不利条件以及 A380-800 机型的飞机重量最大,因此选择 A380-800 机型的飞机荷载作为最不利荷载。
柔性道面和刚性道面是机场跑道的道面主要类型。柔性道面通常使用沥青材料, 对高温条件要求较高, 而改性沥青技术尚未完善。因此, 在机场跑道建设中,仍采用以水泥混凝土为主的刚性道面。
为深入研究不同道面材料对飞机荷载作用下隧道结构稳定性的影响规律, 重点探讨 A380-800 机型在机场跑道上的力学响应。
通过分析图8 所示的飞机荷载作用下道面结构的峰值竖向位移 (定义$Z$ 向向下为正方向,$Z$ 向形变的正值表示向下的变形)发现:在飞机荷载作用下,刚性路面的竖向位移峰值为${14.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,柔性路面的竖向位移峰值为${19.6}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,两者的差值达到 37.1%。主要是由于刚性道面主要以水泥混凝土为主,而水泥混凝土的弹性模量大于沥青混凝土柔性道面的弹性模量, 因此刚性道面不易发生变形。
分析图9图10 可知,在飞机荷载作用下,观察隧道结构中心截面上各监测点的竖向位移和剪切应力发现:刚性道面下的隧道结构中各个监测点的竖向位移明显大于柔性道面下隧道结构中各个监测点的竖向位移, 这表明柔性道面的耗能衰减能力明显强于刚性道面, 尽管刚性道面的抗变形能力较佳, 但并不利于力的耗散。随着飞机荷载施加位置的变化, 隧道结构各个监测点的变形程度也存在较大差异;当飞机滑行至隧道结构正上方时,监测点的竖向位移达到最大值。因此, 飞机荷载对隧道结构稳定性的干扰效应不可忽视。
为了更直观地比较不同道面结构的各个监测点的峰值位移,相关数据如表4 所示。
分析表4 所示的不同道面类型的飞机荷载作用下隧道结构中心截面上各个监测点的竖向峰值位移可知: 在飞机荷载的作用下, 不同类型的道面在隧道结构中表现出的总体位移差异主要集中在左右拱帮位置,顶板和底板位置的位移差异相对较小。
图10 所示, 飞机荷载作用下隧道结构的剪切应力较大, 剪切应力的正、负极值出现在上、下拱帮部位。
由于不同道面结构在力传播和衰减效应上存在差异,因此剪切应力的变化较为显著。在剪切应力的作用下, 隧道结构发生了变形。拱帮的竖向位移变化相对较大, 导致两种道面类型下的隧道结构在拱帮位置的位移差异较其他部位更为明显。
隧道结构的埋深会对其自身的稳定性产生一定的影响。由于飞机荷载的多频次强冲击效应对隧道结构的影响不可忽视, 所以需要探讨隧道结构埋深对其稳定性的影响规律。
选用 8 种不同的埋置深度$({0.5D}\text{、}{1D}\text{、}{1.5D}$${2D}\text{、}{2.5D}\text{、}{3D}\text{、}{3.5D}\text{、}{4D})$,其中$D$ 为隧道直径 (外径), 同时考虑了浅埋隧道的设置条件, 建立 8 个不同深度的数值计算模型。通过施加 A380-800 机型的飞机荷载, 并对隧道结构的力学响应进行详细分析, 为机场建设提供理论支持。
图11 可以看出, 在飞机荷载作用下, 各监测点的变化频率与飞机荷载的滑行规律一致, 同时随着飞机荷载的移动而发生相应的变化。当飞机荷载施加在结构正上方时,监测点呈现出加速度峰值。其中监测点${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的振动幅度最大,验证了顶板位置所受到的干扰最为显著。
图11 可知, 飞机荷载对结构的扰动作用与结构的埋置深度呈反比关系, 即随着埋置深度的增加, 结构受到的飞机荷载引起的振动逐渐减弱。为进一步研究埋深对隧道结构的影响效果, 选择顶板$\left({\mathrm{S}}_{1}\right)$ 和底板$\left({\mathrm{S}}_{5}\right)$ 绘制第一主应力的时程曲线,如图12 所示。
分析图12 所示的不同埋深隧道结构各监测点的第一主应力的时程曲线可知, 随着埋置深度的增加,顶板$\left({\mathrm{S}}_{1}\right)$ 和底板$\left({\mathrm{S}}_{5}\right)$ 两个监测点的第一主应力曲线逐渐趋于平缓,这表明飞机荷载对结构的影响正在逐步减弱。埋置深度越大, 隧道结构受到的飞机荷载的扰动效应越小。
分析图13图14 所示的隧道结构顶板竖向峰值位移及拟合曲线可知, 随着隧道结构埋置深度的增加, 受到飞机荷载扰动效应影响后的竖向位移逐渐减小。隧道结构各监测点的位移均呈现$Z$ 方向正向, 因此提取顶板竖向位移峰值, 并使用拟合曲线建立相应关系式为
$ y ={1.843}- {0.487}{\mathrm{e}}^{x/{47.618}},\;{R}^{2}= {0.996}$
式 (13) 中:$y$ 为竖向位移峰值,$\mathrm{{mm}};x$ 为隧道埋置深度,$\mathrm{m};{R}^{2}$ 为拟合度决定系数。
通过 MATLAB 绘制的拟合曲线如图14所示, 在埋置深度为63. 37 m时,隧道结构的竖向峰值位移为零。结合《民用机场水泥混凝土道面设计规范》(MH/T 中关于飞机动荷载方程计算的条款, 以及附录 A 的相关内容, 可以得到: A380-800 机型的飞机动荷载方程具有峰值。由此可推断:当机场跑道下方隧道结构的埋置深度超过 时,飞机荷载对其稳定性的影响可以忽略不计。
通过建立“五点接触式”飞机六自由度的动力学方程, 构建机场跑道-土层-隧道结构协同变形数值计算模型,重点研究不同影响因素下机场跑道下伏隧道结构动力学响应。得出如下主要结论。
(1)主起落架机轮的分布位置对隧道结构的稳定性产生影响, 较集中的机轮分布会对隧道结构的稳定性产生较大的干扰。在飞机荷载作用下, 隧道结构的顶板位置受拉,其竖向加速度变化幅度可达 259%, 是易发生损伤部位, 需要在设计中重点关注。
(2)不同道面材料对飞机荷载作用下隧道结构的稳定性的影响较大。在飞机荷载作用下, 刚性道面的弹性模量较高, 因此不容易发生变形, 但并不利于力的扩散。柔性道面对于下部隧道结构而言, 比刚性道面具有更强的耗能衰减能力。不同道面材料的下伏隧道结构上、下拱帮处的剪切应力差异较大, 拱帮处会发生较大的移动变形, 拱帮处较其他位置的变形更为剧烈。
(3)随着隧道结构埋置深度的增加,受到飞机荷载扰动效应影响后的竖向位移逐渐减小,因此飞机荷载的扰动效应对隧道结构的影响呈现衰减趋势。根据隧道结构顶板竖向峰值位移的拟合曲线可知,当隧道埋深结构超过${64}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,隧道结构不再承受飞机荷载的扰动效应。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41902266)
  • 中原科技创新领军人才项目(194200510015)
  • 河南省高校青年骨干教师培养计划(2021GGJS116)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(23A440002)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(202102600007)
  • 河南省人才托举项目(2022HYTP011)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(242102321014)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(232102320052)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(232102320242)
  • 辽宁省废弃矿区生态修复技术重点实验室开放基金(LNTUCEF-2302)
  • 河南省住房城乡建设科技计划项目(HNJS-2020-K38)
  • 河南省本科高校研究性教学系列项目
  • 郑州航空工业管理学院研究生教育创新计划基金(2024CX136)
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402756
  • 接收时间:2024-04-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-16
  • 修回日期:2024-12-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(41902266)
中原科技创新领军人才项目(194200510015)
河南省高校青年骨干教师培养计划(2021GGJS116)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(23A440002)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(202102600007)
河南省人才托举项目(2022HYTP011)
河南省科技攻关项目(242102321014)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102320052)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102320242)
辽宁省废弃矿区生态修复技术重点实验室开放基金(LNTUCEF-2302)
河南省住房城乡建设科技计划项目(HNJS-2020-K38)
河南省本科高校研究性教学系列项目
郑州航空工业管理学院研究生教育创新计划基金(2024CX136)
作者信息
    1 郑州航空工业管理学院 土木与环境学院 郑州 450046
    2 辽宁工程技术大学 土木工程学院 阜新 123000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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