Article(id=1156986619002704782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403455, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=1735574400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776705742, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1742227200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776705742, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776705742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776705742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156963927277003616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='8', pageStart='3079', pageEnd='3528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753771295613, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753777038876, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1156988016305726154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156963927277003616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3123, endPage=3133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156986619661210511, articleId=1156986619002704782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Mudslide Susceptibility Based on Physical Source Characteristics : An Example of Shigu-Gangtuo River Section, columnId=1156963929537733484, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the impact of the spatial distribution of material sources within a watershed on the susceptibility to debris flows. The nearest neighbor index was adopted, based on the principles of mathematical statistics, to quantify the spatial clustering of material sources. Using 2243 small watersheds as evaluation units, the longitudinal gradient, area-elevation integral, topographic wetness index, peak ground acceleration of earthquakes, and rock hardness were taken as disaster-prone indicators, and the aggregation index of material sources, connectivity index, and material reserves were taken as the core material source indicators. The LightGBM model was relied on to investigate the susceptibility to debris flows in the Shigu-Gangtuo section of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. The research process calculated the index system of material source factors and the index system without material source factors. Both results indicate that the high and very high susceptibility areas are mainly concentrated in the Benzilan-Batang section. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve analysis shows that after incorporating the material source characteristic indicators, the area under the curve (AUC) value increases by 6% compared to the AUC value without material source characteristics, indicating that the model performs well and has high predictive accuracy after the inclusion of material source indicators. It also proves that the material source characteristic indicators are highly correlated with the probability of debris flow occurrence.

, correspAuthors=Yong-gang GE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-tong ZHOU, Yong-gang GE, Xing-chang CHEN, Yu-qing SUN, Xin FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156986738913661146, articleId=1156986619002704782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于物源特征的泥石流易发性评价:以石鼓-岗托河段为例, columnId=1154013912887448417, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究流域内物源的空间分布状态对泥石流易发性的影响,采用数学统计原理最近邻指数对物源的空间聚类进行量化,并基于2 243 条小流域为评价单元,以纵比降、面积-高程积分、地形湿度指数、地震峰值加速度、岩性坚硬度为孕灾指标,物源的聚集度指标、连通性指数、物源储量等物源指标为核心,依托LightGBM 模型探究金沙江上游石鼓-岗托河段的泥石流易发性。研究过程分别计算物源因子的指标体系与不包含物源因子的指标体系。两种结果均表明:较高、高易发区主要集中在奔子栏-巴塘河段。通过ROC( receiver operating characteristic curve) 曲线分析可得,加入物源特征指标后得出AUC(area under the curve) 值与不含物源特征的AUC 值相比提升了6% ,表明在加入物源指标后,模型呈现出良好表现,预测精度较高;也证明了物源特征指标对于泥石流发生概率的关联性很大。

, correspAuthors=葛永刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*葛永刚(1974—),男,汉族,陕西凤翔人,博士,研究员。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理及预警技术。E-mail:gyg@imde.ac.cn。
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周禹彤(1999-),女,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士。研究方向:山地灾害防灾减灾技术。E-mail:1756484496@qq.com。

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周禹彤(1999-),女,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士。研究方向:山地灾害防灾减灾技术。E-mail:1756484496@qq.com。

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周禹彤(1999-),女,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士。研究方向:山地灾害防灾减灾技术。E-mail:1756484496@qq.com。

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Discussion on risk assessment of debris flow[J]. Science Technology and Engi-neering, 2018. 18(32): 114-123., articleTitle=Discussion on risk assessment of debris flow, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1156986759151178283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, awardId=2019QZKK0902, language=CN, fundingSource=第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0902), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1156986745301586234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986745309974843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, companyId=1156986745301586234, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986745314169148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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remark=2 西藏大学 工学院 拉萨 850000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1156986745477747009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986745486135618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, companyId=1156986745477747009, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 School of Environment and Resource Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621000 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1156986745494524227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, companyId=1156986745477747009, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 西南科技大学 环境与资源学院 绵阳 621000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1156986757813195277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Geographical location and watershed distribution of the study area, figureFileSmall=BUY31y3q+6YoCOQrZbWyIQ==, figureFileBig=ZX3z475ffjq1Hl52pbOeWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986757867721230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置及流域分布, figureFileSmall=BUY31y3q+6YoCOQrZbWyIQ==, figureFileBig=ZX3z475ffjq1Hl52pbOeWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986757922247183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Types of debris flow sources in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River, figureFileSmall=q2VWtF/q25UXk5HO57QnSg==, figureFileBig=D9qyIhuoUyILOQjAqwyZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986757976773136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图2, caption=金沙江上游泥石流物源种类, figureFileSmall=q2VWtF/q25UXk5HO57QnSg==, figureFileBig=D9qyIhuoUyILOQjAqwyZhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758018716177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Debris flow susceptibility evaluation factors, figureFileSmall=LgdnxIfcIX4I7SF58iFx1g==, figureFileBig=7QEvy7lL2o6wAnWwg7mlDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758077436434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图3, caption=泥石流易发性评价因子, figureFileSmall=LgdnxIfcIX4I7SF58iFx1g==, figureFileBig=7QEvy7lL2o6wAnWwg7mlDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758119379475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Statistics on the proportion of evaluation indicators, figureFileSmall=BLS1w+DQ25b9ayWBTqVNWA==, figureFileBig=2t8TaXx6mlcXODoMAnlUqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758173905428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=评价指标占比统计, figureFileSmall=BLS1w+DQ25b9ayWBTqVNWA==, figureFileBig=2t8TaXx6mlcXODoMAnlUqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758236819989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=ROC curves of two types of indicator systems, figureFileSmall=7XlKVzNcfdWf3CbZG8N5OQ==, figureFileBig=+fXwjIhgzA4snMPI/h5+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758282957334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SHAP 值概要图

SHAP value (impact on model output) 为 SHAP 值 (对模型输出的影响); Feature value 为特征值; High 为高; Low 为低

, figureFileSmall=7XlKVzNcfdWf3CbZG8N5OQ==, figureFileBig=+fXwjIhgzA4snMPI/h5+PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758329094679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=ROC curves of two types of indicator systems, figureFileSmall=wtEzOKMcwDIH5/uvAI2plg==, figureFileBig=vxHgW41kJqR7ZuiCoSfrpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758375232024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图6, caption=两类指标体系 ROC 曲线, figureFileSmall=wtEzOKMcwDIH5/uvAI2plg==, figureFileBig=vxHgW41kJqR7ZuiCoSfrpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758429757977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Susceptibility partition result plot, figureFileSmall=pXfzwjIFJXEEB7AyI61Tgg==, figureFileBig=Svkb8hg/r8EOCr5DFABQEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758471701018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=图7, caption=易发性分区结果图, figureFileSmall=pXfzwjIFJXEEB7AyI61Tgg==, figureFileBig=Svkb8hg/r8EOCr5DFABQEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1156986758513644059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Results of selected nearest neighbor index, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道编号 最近邻指数 格局
1 3.541 980 分散
2 4.695 690 分散
3 1.083 246 分散
4 4.394 745 分散
5 2.056 288 分散
6 2.021 595 分散
7 0.474 822 聚集
... ... ...
1938 46.304 613 分散
1954 2.352 529 分散
1955 4.258 027 分散
1957 0.324 262 聚集
1960 31.219 917 分散
1961 2.150 367 分散
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758572364316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=部分最近邻指数结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道编号 最近邻指数 格局
1 3.541 980 分散
2 4.695 690 分散
3 1.083 246 分散
4 4.394 745 分散
5 2.056 288 分散
6 2.021 595 分散
7 0.474 822 聚集
... ... ...
1938 46.304 613 分散
1954 2.352 529 分散
1955 4.258 027 分散
1957 0.324 262 聚集
1960 31.219 917 分散
1961 2.150 367 分散
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758618501661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Formula for calculating reserves ${}^{\left\lbrack {13},{24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 关系式 影响因素
直接法 ${V}_{1}= {3.035}{A}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}^{0.95}$,${R}^{2}= {0.667}$ 崩滑物源面积
${V}_{2}= {4.398}{A}_{\mathrm{g}}^{1.223},$${R}^{2}= {0.790}$ 沟道物源面积
${V}_{3}= {1.369}{A}_{\mathrm{p}}^{0.898}$,${R}^{2}= {0.780}$ 坡面物源面积
间接法 ${V}_{0}= {n}^{0.184}{\mathrm{e}}^{0.006H}\left({{1.439A}+ {0.461}}\right)+$ 3.403 流域面积、距断 裂距离、高程
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758677221918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=储量计算公式 ${}^{\left\lbrack {13},{24}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 关系式 影响因素
直接法 ${V}_{1}= {3.035}{A}_{\mathrm{{bh}}}^{0.95}$,${R}^{2}= {0.667}$ 崩滑物源面积
${V}_{2}= {4.398}{A}_{\mathrm{g}}^{1.223},$${R}^{2}= {0.790}$ 沟道物源面积
${V}_{3}= {1.369}{A}_{\mathrm{p}}^{0.898}$,${R}^{2}= {0.780}$ 坡面物源面积
间接法 ${V}_{0}= {n}^{0.184}{\mathrm{e}}^{0.006H}\left({{1.439A}+ {0.461}}\right)+$ 3.403 流域面积、距断 裂距离、高程
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758740136479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Collinearity analysis of non-material source indicators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因子 容差 VIF
纵比降 2.402 0.416
TWI 2.230 0.449
HI 1.018 0.982
PGA 1.082 0.924
岩石性质 1.314 0.761
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758790468128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=无物源指标共线性分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因子 容差 VIF
纵比降 2.402 0.416
TWI 2.230 0.449
HI 1.018 0.982
PGA 1.082 0.924
岩石性质 1.314 0.761
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758836605473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Collinearity analysis of source indicators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因子 容差 VIF
纵比降 1.075 0.930
TWI 5.244 0.191
HI 1.151 0.869
PGA 1.101 0.908
岩石性质 1.247 0.802
物源聚集度 2.593 0.386
物源储量 1.089 0.918
物源连通性 1.027 0.973
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758895325731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=表4, caption=有物源指标共线性分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价因子 容差 VIF
纵比降 1.075 0.930
TWI 5.244 0.191
HI 1.151 0.869
PGA 1.101 0.908
岩石性质 1.247 0.802
物源聚集度 2.593 0.386
物源储量 1.089 0.918
物源连通性 1.027 0.973
), ArticleFig(id=1156986758958240293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Comparison of susceptibility results of different index systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易发性分区 无物源指标易发性结果 有物源指标易发性结果
分区流域 总数/条 流域占比/% 分区流域 总数/条 流域占比/$\%$
低易发 302 13 306 14
较低易发 504 22 505 23
中易发 482 21 408 18
较高易发 575 26 586 26
高易发 380 17 438 20
), ArticleFig(id=1156986759025349159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156986619002704782, language=CN, label=表5, caption=不同指标体系易发性结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
易发性分区 无物源指标易发性结果 有物源指标易发性结果
分区流域 总数/条 流域占比/% 分区流域 总数/条 流域占比/$\%$
低易发 302 13 306 14
较低易发 504 22 505 23
中易发 482 21 408 18
较高易发 575 26 586 26
高易发 380 17 438 20
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基于物源特征的泥石流易发性评价:以石鼓-岗托河段为例
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周禹彤 1, 2 , 葛永刚 1, * , 陈兴长 3 , 孙聿卿 1 , 冯鑫 3
科学技术与工程 | 天文学、地球科学 2025,25(8): 3123-3133
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科学技术与工程 | 天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(8): 3123-3133
基于物源特征的泥石流易发性评价:以石鼓-岗托河段为例
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周禹彤1, 2 , 葛永刚1, * , 陈兴长3, 孙聿卿1, 冯鑫3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 成都 610041
  • 2 西藏大学 工学院 拉萨 850000
  • 3 西南科技大学 环境与资源学院 绵阳 621000
  • 周禹彤(1999-),女,汉族,黑龙江双鸭山人,硕士。研究方向:山地灾害防灾减灾技术。E-mail:1756484496@qq.com。

通讯作者:

*葛永刚(1974—),男,汉族,陕西凤翔人,博士,研究员。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理及预警技术。E-mail:gyg@imde.ac.cn。
Evaluation of Mudslide Susceptibility Based on Physical Source Characteristics : An Example of Shigu-Gangtuo River Section
Yu-tong ZHOU1, 2 , Yong-gang GE1, * , Xing-chang CHEN3, Yu-qing SUN1, Xin FENG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
  • 2 Engineering College Tibet University Lhasa 850000 China
  • 3 School of Environment and Resource Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621000 China
出版时间: 2025-03-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403455
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为探究流域内物源的空间分布状态对泥石流易发性的影响,采用数学统计原理最近邻指数对物源的空间聚类进行量化,并基于2 243 条小流域为评价单元,以纵比降、面积-高程积分、地形湿度指数、地震峰值加速度、岩性坚硬度为孕灾指标,物源的聚集度指标、连通性指数、物源储量等物源指标为核心,依托LightGBM 模型探究金沙江上游石鼓-岗托河段的泥石流易发性。研究过程分别计算物源因子的指标体系与不包含物源因子的指标体系。两种结果均表明:较高、高易发区主要集中在奔子栏-巴塘河段。通过ROC( receiver operating characteristic curve) 曲线分析可得,加入物源特征指标后得出AUC(area under the curve) 值与不含物源特征的AUC 值相比提升了6% ,表明在加入物源指标后,模型呈现出良好表现,预测精度较高;也证明了物源特征指标对于泥石流发生概率的关联性很大。

泥石流易发性  /  物源特征  /  机器学习  /  金沙江上游

To explore the impact of the spatial distribution of material sources within a watershed on the susceptibility to debris flows. The nearest neighbor index was adopted, based on the principles of mathematical statistics, to quantify the spatial clustering of material sources. Using 2243 small watersheds as evaluation units, the longitudinal gradient, area-elevation integral, topographic wetness index, peak ground acceleration of earthquakes, and rock hardness were taken as disaster-prone indicators, and the aggregation index of material sources, connectivity index, and material reserves were taken as the core material source indicators. The LightGBM model was relied on to investigate the susceptibility to debris flows in the Shigu-Gangtuo section of the upper reaches of the Jinsha River. The research process calculated the index system of material source factors and the index system without material source factors. Both results indicate that the high and very high susceptibility areas are mainly concentrated in the Benzilan-Batang section. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve analysis shows that after incorporating the material source characteristic indicators, the area under the curve (AUC) value increases by 6% compared to the AUC value without material source characteristics, indicating that the model performs well and has high predictive accuracy after the inclusion of material source indicators. It also proves that the material source characteristic indicators are highly correlated with the probability of debris flow occurrence.

debris flow susceptibility  /  material source characterization  /  machine learning  /  upper Jinsha River
周禹彤, 葛永刚, 陈兴长, 孙聿卿, 冯鑫. 基于物源特征的泥石流易发性评价:以石鼓-岗托河段为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3123 -3133 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403455
Yu-tong ZHOU, Yong-gang GE, Xing-chang CHEN, Yu-qing SUN, Xin FENG. Evaluation of Mudslide Susceptibility Based on Physical Source Characteristics : An Example of Shigu-Gangtuo River Section[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (8) : 3123 -3133 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403455
1928 年,美国地质学家 Blackwelder[1] 最早提出泥石流是自然界的一种地貌现象, 具有爆发突然, 来势凶猛等特点,它和地震等自然灾害一样,已成为山区经济开发和建设中不可忽视的一大灾害[2]。据统计, 中国泥石流灾害在干旱河谷以及地震带内集中分布[3],因其流域高差大、地形陡峭,降水多集中于夏季且降水强度较大; 地震导致岩体破碎产生松散碎屑物质堆积于沟道内,在降水条件下使泥石流发生的频率大大增加[4-5],而物源是泥石流形成的决定性因素之一[6],丰富的物源直接影响了泥石流冲出规模和灾害威胁范围[7],也严重威胁居民的生命财产安全和水利水电工程的建设, 这使得中外许多学者对于物源问题展开研究。学者们将在水动力作用下, 能够参与泥石流活动的碎屑物质定义为物源${}^{\left\lbrack 8\text{-}{10}\right\rbrack }$。李朝安[11] 将当次及以后都不能参加泥石流运动的固体物质定义为静态物源。根据物源分布特征, 基于遥感手段和野外调查所研究的物源类型可分为崩塌滑坡型、坡面侵蚀堆积型、沟道堆积型、人工弃渣堆积型[12] 等。在此基础上,中外学者又经过人工判读获取泥石流固体物质分布面积, 进一步得出与体积间的关系, 并通过现场调查进行核验, 获取物源储量。方群生等[13] 、乔建平等[14] 、Guzzetti 等[15] 建立了崩滑体体积、厚度与面积的关系。此外, 还有灰色模型法、比例统计法、多元回归模型等可以用来计算储量。目前尚未固定统一的定量标准。关于将物源指标加入对泥石流的研究,高延超等[16] 将流域内的松散碎屑物稳定性和储量作为泥石流沟的判断依据。熊江等[17] 分析并量化了物源数量、物源面积、物源密度、物源连接度、物源长轴长、物源形状系数等动态变化, 为物源的演化规律提供了有力的数据支撑。陈剑等[18] 在金沙江上游泥石流进行易发性评价时发现, 使用物源区指标对的易发性评价结果准确度更高。
目前, 鲜有学者从空间分布的角度开展研究, 当物源处于分散或集中状态时, 泥石流的发生概率及规模程度也大不相同。鉴于此, 基于数理统计方法对流域内泥石流物源的空间分布进行分析量化, 同时将物源储量、连通性等物源特征指标共同作为物源指标体系, 通过与孕灾特征指标体系进行对比,分析其贡献度;采用 LightGBM 模型分别计算其易发性等级并分别讨论物源指标的加入对评价结果的影响, 为后续的泥石流易发性评价提供新的指标思路。
研究区位于金沙江上游的石鼓-岗托河段, 地处横断山脉的青藏高原向云贵高原及四川盆地的过渡地带 (图1),地理坐标${26}^{\circ }{51}^{\prime }\mathrm{N}\sim {31}^{\circ }{33}^{\prime }\mathrm{N}$${98}^{\circ }{33}^{\prime }\mathrm{E}\sim {99}^{\circ }{58}^{\prime }\mathrm{E}$。研究河段金沙江主河道长约${900}\mathrm{\;{km}}$,总面积为${7.3}\times {10}^{4}{\mathrm{\;{km}}}^{2}$,海拔介于${1.55}\sim$ ${6.12}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ;区域内有重要川藏交通线路 G318、北线 G317 及南北向公路 G214, 是连接中国东部地区与青藏高原地区的重要交通廊道;研究区地质条件复杂, 大部分基岩裸露, 植被覆盖程度低, 出露地层主要是花岗岩、闪长岩、灰岩及第四系冲洪积和残坡积为主;断裂构造十分发育,以金沙江断裂带为主, 顺金沙江沿岸$\mathrm{{SN}}$ 向延伸至德钦东侧,受北东向巴塘断裂和北西向中甸-德钦断裂的切割, 有明显分段特征,断裂以南区域无活动迹象,以北活动迹象明显;据历史记载 1870 年巴塘县附近发生 7 级地震, 近期在云南德荣县附近也多次发生 5 级以上地震。
研究区属于典型的干热河谷区, 降水量具有明显的季节变化特征,降雨分布集中,$6 - 9$ 月可达全年降雨量的约 80%。因其水量丰沛、天然落差大, 是金沙江水电基地的重要组成部分。由于研究区受快速构造隆升和河流下蚀作用影响, 两岸坡面破坏强烈,崩塌、滑坡等灾害分布广泛,为泥石流的发育提供良好的物源条件,在遇到夏季集中降水时, 泥石流发生的概率大大增加。
数据来源如下:①1:250 000 地质图;②ASTER${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ 分辨率$\mathrm{{DEM}}$ 数据; ③采用小流域为评价单元, 基于水文学地表径流模拟的 DEM 流域分析模型的理论依据, 对研究区内的子流域进行提取, 最终通过遥感解译和野外调查进行边界的修正, 得到 2 243 条小流域单元 (图1), 其中, 泥石流沟为 1238 条, 非泥石流沟为 1005 条。
物源数据的获取是利用 Google 遥感影像, 经室内遥感目视解译和野外灾害调查, 对研究区内典型的物源进行解译和统计分析。但因沟道物源主要来自于坡面物源的侵蚀搬运, 加之崩塌物源与滑坡物源堆积形态、启动和参与泥石流的方式相似, 在后续的储量计算中将划分为一类, 故而将总体物源分为两类进行分析识别, 此次共识别解译流域内的崩塌滑坡及坡面碎屑物源共 6562 处。
泥石流的易发性评价包括单沟尺度评价及区域尺度评价, 其中, 区域尺度研究主要分为直接指标法和间接指标法。评价方法也从最开始的定性研究到现在较为客观的定量评价。随着人工智能技术的不断发展, 机器学习中的随机森林模型、极限随机树模型、梯度提升决策树 (gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT) 模型、LightGBM (light gradient boosting machine) 和 XGB(extreme gradient boosting) 模型在泥石流危险性和易发性评估中被广泛使用, 并且模型呈现出效果表现良好[19]。LightGBM 是通过梯度提升迭代进行优化的模型[20],支持高效率的并行训练, 该模型优化了对类别特征的支持, 不需要做 one-hot 编码, 提高了空间和时间的效率, 并在决策树算法上增加了类别特征的决策规则, 具有训练效果好、不易过拟合等优点,非常适合处理复杂繁多的数据。在综合分析各类模型的优缺点后, 依托 Python 的 LightGBM 安装包来实现。选择 1238 个发生过泥石流的流域单元和 1005 个未发生泥石流的流域单元作为正负样本数据用于 LGBM 建模, 同时将样本按 7:3 分为训练集和测试集。
根据野外实地考察, 研究区流域内主要分布的物源种类主要有坡面型、沟道型碎屑物源和崩塌滑坡型物源 4 类, 流域内出露第四系冲洪积堆积体、三叠系砂砾岩及新近系泥岩, 在地震或降雨作用下砂泥岩斜坡体结构变得松散, 产生崩塌、滑坡、流沙坡,坡面堆积物受流水侵蚀形成坡面型物源,如图2(a) 所示。崩塌、滑坡堆积物源图2(b) 因节理裂隙发育, 易形成高陡危岩体所致, 多呈带状或锥状堆积于坡脚;坡面侵蚀的固体物质和崩滑流灾害体搬运至沟道堆积, 成为沟道型物源, 组成成分主要为泥石流过后堆积在沟床上的冲洪积卵砾石土, 如图2(c) 所示。
物源在地质灾害发生的随机性下会呈现出不同的分布状态与聚类程度, 为了探究潜在固体物质聚集程度与泥石流易发性之间的关系, 点格局识别方法主要包括:样方分析、最邻近指数法、层次分析法和 Ripley’s K 函数[21]。由于最临近统计量为累积分布函数, 能保留平均距离之外的有用信息, 可描述尺度结构相关特征。因此选择使用最邻近指数法进行物源聚类程度的分析。因点要素的分布模式是受到观察尺度影响, 研究方法尺度统一为小流域尺度。
最邻近指数法是一种基于空间距离的分析方法, 其核心原理为将实际观测到的最近邻点的平均距离与预期的随机分布模式下最邻近点平均距离的比值。这种方法通过比较实际数据中最近邻点对的平均距离与在随机分布情况下应有的平均距离, 来评估数据的空间分布模式。如果实际观测到的最近邻点对平均距离小于随机分布模式下的预期值, 则可能表明数据点存在聚集现象; 反之, 如果实际观测值大于预期值, 则可能意味着数据点呈现分散分布。计算方法用两者比值 (NNI) 判断实际观测与随机分布的偏差。实际观全球生态测到的最邻近指数的计算公式为
$ r =\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\min \left({{d}_{ij}\mid \forall j}\right)$
式 (1) 中:$r$ 为实际观测到的最邻近点的平均距离;$n$ 为样本点总数;${d}_{ij}$ 为第$i$ 点到第$j$ 点的距离;$\forall j$ 为穷尽所有点;$\min \left({{d}_{ij}\mid \forall j}\right)$ 为第$i$ 点到最临近点的距离。
定义最临近指数为
$\mathrm{{NNI}}= \frac{r}{{E}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
式 (2) 中:${E}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为随机分布模式下的预期值;$\mathrm{{NNI}}= 1$ 时,样本随机分布; NNI < 1 时, 聚类程度高, 样本呈聚集状态分布, 最近点对间平均距离会小于平均随机距离;当 NNI > 1 时,样本聚类程度低,数据较随机分布更加发散, 最邻近点对间平均距离大于平均随机距离,指数值越大,聚集程度越低。
使用 ArcGIS 中的空间统计工具平均最近邻指数法与模型构建器进行批量计算。最后将得出结果进行统计 (表1), 除了单点坡面物源或崩滑体物源在物源补给上所展现的单一性特征, 研究区内物源分布在空间上可呈现出聚集分布、分散分布。在将两种方法计算出的结果进行对比, 发现样方分析所得结果存在差异。这可能是由于流域面积不同所导致的样方尺度不同导致结果存在差异。因此通过对实际物源情况进行校对, 选择最邻近指数法计算的聚类指数。研究区内共有 550 条泥石流沟物源呈分散分布,131 条呈聚集分布。在不考虑物源类型、储量等因素的单一条件下, 聚类程度高的物源格局相比于分散型的物源, 有更大的概率引发大规模泥石流灾害的形成。
目前, 固体物源储量调查方法可分为直接法和间接法[22],直接法即通过形态特征进行现场调查, 间接法即遥感解译法, 经过人工判读获取泥石流固体物质分布面积, 进而利用分布面积与体积间的关系, 并通过现场调查进行校核, 获取固体物质储量的一种方法[23] ; 通过对多个经验公式 (表${2}^{\left\lbrack {13},{24}\right\rbrack }$) 计算结果进行统计分析后建立回归关系, 尽管这些公式存在一定的局限性, 但在无法准确获取这些物源的真实堆积厚度时, 通过分析以往的经验公式, 可以对研究区内的物源储量作出一定的参考, 通过对现有物源储量分析较多的公式进行统计分析后可得
$ V ={1.6873}{A}^{0.438},\;{R}^{2}= {0.889}$
式 (3) 中:$V$ 为物源总储量;$A$ 为物源面积;${R}^{2}$ 为判定系数。
泥石流的物源连通性可以使用泥沙连通性指数 IC 来表征, 量化物源参与泥石流的形成和运移过程; 将 IC 定义为
$\mathrm{{IC}}= \lg \left(\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{{up}}}}{{D}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}}\right)$
式(4)中:坡分量${D}_{\mathrm{{up}}}$ 通常指泥石流形成区,即坡面上可能产生泥沙等沉积物的区域,${D}_{\mathrm{{up}}}$ 反映了这些形成区产生的沉积物向下流动的潜力, 即物源从坡面向河道输送的能力, 坡度、坡向、植被覆盖度、土壤类型和土壤湿度等因素都会影响${D}_{\mathrm{{up}}};{D}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}$ 为从物源区到河道的加权距离, 表征水流路径的复杂性和水流的强度。
${D}_{\text{up }}= {WS}\sqrt{A}$
${D}_{\mathrm{{dn}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\frac{{d}_{i}}{{w}_{i}{S}_{i}}$
式中:$W$ 为指流域内的位置所对应的上游集水区平均权重;$S$ 为位于上游集水区某处的平均坡降,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{m};A$ 为指某处位置所对应的上游集水区面积,${\mathrm{m}}^{2};{d}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 处位置沿流路路径到达沟道的距离;${S}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 处的坡降值;${w}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 处的权重因子。
使用泥沙连通性指数表征沟道内物源到主沟或沟口的难易程度, 作为泥石流易发性评价的物源指标; 连通性模型通过在 ArcGIS 中的模型构建器与 TauDEM 工具完成实现。
评价因子的选取是进行泥石流灾害易发性的基础[25],综合考虑泥石流形成的地形、物源和环境条件, 结合研究区内泥石流灾害的分布规律从地形地貌、地质条件、物源特征, 利用 SPSS 和 SHAP 概要图分析其相关性和贡献度, 最终得出 8 个对金沙江上游流域内泥石流有关键影响作用的环境因子。包括:纵比降、地形湿润度指数 (terrain moisture index, TWI)、面积-高程积分 (hypsometric integral, HI)、地震峰值加速度 (peak ground acceleration, PGA)、岩石性质、物源聚集度指标、单位面积物源储量、物源连通性, 各评价因子分级如图3 所示。
所选取的地形地貌指标包括:纵比降、面积-高程积分 (HI)、地形湿度指数 (TWI)。通过因子分级所占流域总数与泥石流数的频率比可以客观分析出该因子各层级的影响力。沟床纵比降反映了地形的陡峭程度, 而且直接影响着泥石流的能量转换和运动特性,统计结果如图4(a) 所示,当纵比降 > 200%o时,频率比$> 1$,说明当沟道内纵比降大于 200%o时,越易发生泥石流。如图4(b) 所示,沟道处于地貌演化阶段强烈的幼年期与青年期的频率比最高, 表明在未来一段时间内, 还会有一部分的泥石流会出现持续的活动。地形湿度指数一般是量化水文过程对地形的控制, 可用来理解地形与降雨变化之间的关系,有助于识别降雨径流模式、潜在土壤含水量增加区域和积水区域; 统计结果如图4(c) 所示,致灾程度最高区间为当 TWI > 1.17 时, 说明地形湿润度越高, 致灾可能性就越大。
地层岩性是地质灾害形成的基础条件, 不同类型岩石的硬度、结构和风化敏感性存在显著差异。研究区内岩石主要受到风化作用的影响, 岩石较为破碎, 为泥石流等地质灾害提供了关键的物源条件。根据岩石性质对研究区内地质岩组分为 5 类, 如图4(d) 所示, 其中坚硬岩的贡献率最大, 分布频率比为 1.1 。原因在于:一是其分布面积最广;二是其岩性致密坚硬,受到风化水流侵蚀等产生崩解的特性, 且局部地区存在大量孤石, 客观上提供了崩塌落石源,在激发条件下易发生崩滑松散物质。
研究区内的地震峰值加速度主要集中在${0.1}\sim$ 0.3,由图4(e) 可知, PGA 为 0.2~0.3 时泥石流受影响程度最大,也说明地震峰值加速度控制着泥石流的分布与发育情况。
物源的聚集度指标所表征的是物源在小流域单元内的聚类程度, 使用最近邻指数来量化, 统计结果如图4(f) 所示。使用频率比验证分析, 当物源在小流域尺度内呈现出聚集分布$\left({\mathrm{{NNI}}< 1}\right)$,流域发生泥石流的危险程度越高。通过分析物源储量与高程、流域面积、距断层距离等因素的经验关系得到小流域内的物源总储量,如图4(g) 所示,频率比与物源储量呈正相关, 随着储量的增加泥石流发生概率也随之增大。物源连通性 IC 反映物源在特定条件下转化为实际泥石流事件的可能性, 通过分析图4(h) 可知,$- 4 \sim - 3$ 区间内的物源成为参与泥石流发生的动储量的概率最大。
通过 SPSS 软件共线性检验来判断指标因子是否冗余,方差膨胀系数 (VIF) 是现阶段探究指标相关性最常用的指标; 当 VIF > 10 时, 代表因子之间之间存在多重共线性。如表3表4 所示, 两组评价指标中各因子之间相互独立,可以进行后续计算。
SHAP (Shapley additive explanation) value 是一种解释机器学习模型预测的方法, 它基于博弈论中的 Shapley 值概念。SHAP 概要图可以很清晰的解读各因素与泥石流易发性是呈正相关还是负相关, 同时也可以解读出每个指标对易发性结果的影响。通过 Python 进行实现, 如图5 所示。因子贡献度为:纵比降 > 地震峰值加速度 > 地形湿润度 > 物源储量 > 物源聚集度 > 地貌演化程度 > 物源连通性$>$ 岩性坚硬程度。由抖动的重叠点可以看出各指标如何影响易发性结果。由抖动的重叠点可以看出聚集度指数越低, 也就是物源越聚集, 则泥石流发生的易发性越高。该结果表明,所计算的物源指标对泥石流的发生起到控制作用, 研究结果具有一定的表征意义。
将得到的结果导入 ArcGIS 进行可视化处理, 使用自然断点法将研究区内易发性划分为高易发区、 较高易发区、中易发区、低易发区以及较低易发区 5 个等级。分别对比加入物源指标体系与不含物源指标结果如表5图6 所示。可以看出, 两种指标体系所得易发性结果在高易发区差别很大, 加入物源指标后, 高易发的流域从 380 条增加到了 438 条, 中易发等级得到流域却从 21% 下降到了 18%,说明在加入物源指标后, 中易发以上的流域易发等级有所提高。较高、高易发区主要集中在奔子栏-巴塘段, 该河段断层活跃,岩体破碎,坡面物源、崩滑物源和沟道物源均较多, 沟道内形成较为典型的聚集分布格局,易发等级偏高。
采用 ROC 曲线分别对加入物源因子与剔除物源因子的易发性区划结果进行准确性检验, 分析图7 可知, 使用两类指标体系所得的易发性结果均 > 0.75,表明两类指标体系与 LGBM 模型能有效计算金沙江上游的泥石流易发性。在加入物源指标后, 泥石流的 AUC 由 0.78 提升到 0.84 , 表明在加入物源指标后, 模型呈现出良好表现, 预测精度较高; 也证明了物源指标对于泥石流发生概率的关联性很大。
影响泥石流发生主要因素包括地形地貌、物源、地质、激发条件。物源在流域内分布的状态不同, 泥石流的易发程度也大不相同, 定量的认识这种空间分布规律对于有效的研究地质灾害, 揭示地质灾害本质及其规律有着重要的意义。基于传统的数学统计原理计算物源聚集性指标,将物源指标进行细化分析, 提高泥石流易发性结果的准确度, 探究物源的空间分布状态对其发生概率的影响。但是在此过程中, 只考虑了现期所存在的物源, 在下一步的研究中需要开展随时间的动态演变规律的研究, 通过不同时期的影像解译物源, 得到物源特征的动态变化规律, 并预测未来物源特征的变化。
(1)对评价指标进行分级统计可知, 流域纵比降 > 200%o时、地貌演化阶段处于青年期时、地形湿润度指标$>{1.17}$、流域内岩性为软岩与坚硬岩时、 PGA > 0.2 时泥石流的发生概率更大。当流域内物源越聚集, 物源储量越多、连通性指数越大时, 泥石流的易发程度越高。
(2)通过 SHAP 概要图得出影响泥石流发生的因子贡献度,纵比降$>$ 地震峰值加速度$>$ 地形湿润度>物源储量>物源聚集度>地貌演化程度>物源连通性>岩性坚硬程度。同时,由抖动的重叠点可以解读各指标对易发性结果的影响力。纵比降、 地震峰值加速度、地形湿润度、物源储量、地貌演化程度、物源连通性 6 个指标为正向因子, 岩石坚硬程度、物源聚集度为负向因子。
(3)选择 1 238 个发生过泥石流的流域单元和 1 005 个未发生泥石流的流域单元作为正负样本数据用于 LGBM 建模,同时将样本按 7:3 分为训练集和测试集。分别对不含有物源因子的指标体系与含有物源因子的体系进行输出, 发现加入物源指标的 AUC 明显提高, 说明模型精度明显提升。同时, 中易发以上的流域易发等级有所提高, 较高、高易发区主要集中在奔子栏-巴塘段,该河段断层活跃,岩体破碎,坡面物源、崩滑物源和沟道物源均较多, 物源因素影响着泥石流的发育。
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2025年第25卷第8期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403455
  • 接收时间:2024-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-03-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-31
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第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0902)
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    1 中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 成都 610041
    2 西藏大学 工学院 拉萨 850000
    3 西南科技大学 环境与资源学院 绵阳 621000

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*葛永刚(1974—),男,汉族,陕西凤翔人,博士,研究员。研究方向:山地灾害形成机理及预警技术。E-mail:gyg@imde.ac.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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