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Article(id=1156983792813560697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309636, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776031926, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776031926, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776031926, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776031926, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2049, endPage=2056, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983794348675966, articleId=1156983792813560697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Earthquake Damage and Mechanism Analysis on Multi-story Buildings in the Luding Earthquake, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In September 5, 2022, a M6.8 earthquake occurred in Luding County Sichuan Province. Quite a lot of store-front type buildings damaged or collapsed. Five representative buildings representing both positive and negative aspects were selected to analyze the earthquake damage mechanism through theoretical basis and model experiment. The results show that the earthquake damage is mainly concentrated in the bottom layer, which is composed of concrete column and masonry wall. The masonry wall with no lateral openings restrains the transverse and torsional deformation of the structure, and the floor only transports along the longitudinal direction, and the seismic shear force shared by each member is proportional to its longitudinal lateral stiffness. The rigid and brittle members with large stiffness will appear “internal force condensation”, and then reach “deformation saturation”, and lose the load-bearing capacity in the way of brittle failure, and the gravity of the upper layers will be borne by the transverse wall. If the earthquake does not stop at this time, the transverse wall will lose the role of “buttress” in the direction of exit plane, and the whole structure will collapse along the longitudinal contact with the ground. On the contrary, if the structure of the bottom layer avoids large differences in stiffness, it can significantly improve the seismic resistance.

, correspAuthors=Xun GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ce DONG, Xun GUO, Ruo-fan LUO, Qin-zhe ZHANG, Xiao-yao DONG, Jun ZHANG, Bo WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983961210671683, articleId=1156983792813560697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=泸定地震典型底商多层建筑震害与机理分析, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了探讨2022年9月5日四川省泸定县6.8级地震震中大量底商多层建筑严重破坏或倒塌。选取代表正反两方面的5栋有代表性的建筑,通过理论基础和模型实验进行震害机理剖析。结果表明:震害主要集中在底层,而底层由混凝土柱和砌体墙混搭而成。横向不开洞的砌体墙约束了结构横向及扭转变形,楼板只沿纵向平动,各构件分担的地震剪力与其纵向抗侧刚度成比例。刚度大的硬脆构件将出现“内力凝聚”,进而达到“变形饱和”,以脆性破坏的方式丧失承重能力,此时上部各层的重力转由横墙承担。如果此时地震还未停止,横墙因在出平面方向失去“扶壁”作用,结构整体将沿纵向触地倒塌。相反,底层的构造如果避免刚度的过大差异,就可显著提升抗震能力。, correspAuthors=郭迅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭迅(1967—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,研究员。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vqw/rEAUklwCeXOlf+Tj3w==, magXml=mWV5WKnoKzRpep5w8SoYaQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5B586f4/UU/1Qsaa3dj/Nw==, pdfFileSize=21758337, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EKzqKZQtmqjsD29P6uJTDg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=McMtA2eea9gXbZByDSrKxg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

董策(1995—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士研究生。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。

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董策(1995—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士研究生。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。

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董策(1995—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士研究生。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。

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泸定地震典型底商多层建筑震害与机理分析
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董策 1 , 郭迅 2, * , 罗若帆 3, 4 , 张钦哲 2 , 董孝曜 3 , 张俊 3 , 王波 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(5): 2049-2056
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(5): 2049-2056
泸定地震典型底商多层建筑震害与机理分析
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董策1 , 郭迅2, * , 罗若帆3, 4, 张钦哲2, 董孝曜3, 张俊3, 王波2
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京 100081
  • 2 防灾科技学院中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室, 三河 065201
  • 3 中国地震局工程力学研究所地震工程与工程振动重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150080
  • 4 嘉应学院土木工程学院, 梅州 514015

    • 董策(1995—),男,汉族,河北保定人,博士研究生。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。

通讯作者:

*郭迅(1967—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,研究员。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。
Earthquake Damage and Mechanism Analysis on Multi-story Buildings in the Luding Earthquake
Ce DONG1 , Xun GUO2, * , Ruo-fan LUO3, 4, Qin-zhe ZHANG2, Xiao-yao DONG3, Jun ZHANG3, Bo WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Geophysics, CEA, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 Institute of Disaster Prevention, Key Laboratory of Building Collapse Mechanism and Disaster Prevention, China Earthquake Administration, Sanhe 065201, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 4 School of Civil Engineering, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309636
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摘要
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为了探讨2022年9月5日四川省泸定县6.8级地震震中大量底商多层建筑严重破坏或倒塌。选取代表正反两方面的5栋有代表性的建筑,通过理论基础和模型实验进行震害机理剖析。结果表明:震害主要集中在底层,而底层由混凝土柱和砌体墙混搭而成。横向不开洞的砌体墙约束了结构横向及扭转变形,楼板只沿纵向平动,各构件分担的地震剪力与其纵向抗侧刚度成比例。刚度大的硬脆构件将出现“内力凝聚”,进而达到“变形饱和”,以脆性破坏的方式丧失承重能力,此时上部各层的重力转由横墙承担。如果此时地震还未停止,横墙因在出平面方向失去“扶壁”作用,结构整体将沿纵向触地倒塌。相反,底层的构造如果避免刚度的过大差异,就可显著提升抗震能力。
泸定地震  /  底商建筑  /  震害机理  /  内力凝聚  /  变形饱和

In September 5, 2022, a M6.8 earthquake occurred in Luding County Sichuan Province. Quite a lot of store-front type buildings damaged or collapsed. Five representative buildings representing both positive and negative aspects were selected to analyze the earthquake damage mechanism through theoretical basis and model experiment. The results show that the earthquake damage is mainly concentrated in the bottom layer, which is composed of concrete column and masonry wall. The masonry wall with no lateral openings restrains the transverse and torsional deformation of the structure, and the floor only transports along the longitudinal direction, and the seismic shear force shared by each member is proportional to its longitudinal lateral stiffness. The rigid and brittle members with large stiffness will appear “internal force condensation”, and then reach “deformation saturation”, and lose the load-bearing capacity in the way of brittle failure, and the gravity of the upper layers will be borne by the transverse wall. If the earthquake does not stop at this time, the transverse wall will lose the role of “buttress” in the direction of exit plane, and the whole structure will collapse along the longitudinal contact with the ground. On the contrary, if the structure of the bottom layer avoids large differences in stiffness, it can significantly improve the seismic resistance.

Luding earthquake  /  multi-story building  /  damage mechanism  /  shear force concentration  /  deformation saturation
董策, 郭迅, 罗若帆, 张钦哲, 董孝曜, 张俊, 王波. 泸定地震典型底商多层建筑震害与机理分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2049 -2056 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309636
Ce DONG, Xun GUO, Ruo-fan LUO, Qin-zhe ZHANG, Xiao-yao DONG, Jun ZHANG, Bo WANG. Earthquake Damage and Mechanism Analysis on Multi-story Buildings in the Luding Earthquake[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2049 -2056 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309636
正文
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底商多层建筑在中国城乡都普遍应用,21世纪以来的各次地震中,底商多层建筑的破坏首当其冲。统计显示汶川地震中北川县城的底商多层房屋倒塌率达到了80%,玉树地震、芦山地震、长宁地震等,底商多层建筑的破坏也都是最突出的[1-2]。通过震害调查、模型实验和理论分析探讨底商多层建筑的破坏倒塌机理对建筑的抗震设计和加固具有十分重要的意义。周洋等[3]以北川极震区的电信局职工宿舍为例,总结了底商多层建筑震害特点,结合振动台实验分析了破坏原因,提出了“平衡刚度、增加延性”的加固方法。王波等[4]基于实际震害并结合模型振动台实验,提出了结构构件“凝震聚力、各个击破”的认识等。以上对底商多层房屋的研究都指出刚度不均是房屋破坏的重要原因,刚度均衡的房屋在地震中表现出很强的抗震能力。郭迅[5]对结构地震破坏倒塌机理研究进行了总结,指出结构中硬脆构件因内力凝聚而发生“变形饱和”,由此触发结构破坏和倒塌。
2022年9月5日四川省泸定县发生了6.8级地震,位于震中附近的磨西镇、得妥镇房屋破坏尤为严重。在受损的众多建筑中底商建筑占比最大,有一些在受损程度上可判定为“倒塌”,成为一座座站立的“废墟”。这些结构处于将塌未塌的临界状态,为分析结构破坏原因提供了极其珍贵的环境。现以“变形饱和”理论为指导,结合在泸定地震后详细地现场调查,对一些典型的底商建筑破坏机制进行深入地探讨,以期为抗震设计和加固提供有价值的参考。
1 底商多层建筑震害特点
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泸定地震极震区内严重损坏的底商多层建筑有一个共同的特点:底层通常是由框架柱和砌体承重墙混搭而成,临街一侧是框架柱,外围其他三面(有时含内纵墙和横墙)是砌体承重墙;二层及以上通常为内走廊式的客房,墙体分布均匀,为纯砌体结构。该类建筑在地震中破坏模式相近。选取处于Ⅸ度区的得妥镇和磨西镇中的几个典型案例进行分析。
1.1 富有小卖部
富有小卖部位于得妥镇南头村1组,是一栋三层(局部四层)底商建筑,结构外观如图1(a)所示。震后结构从正面看基本完好,然而内部和背面破坏十分严重。底层平面图[图1(b)]显示,该结构横向有5道轴线,均设置了不开洞的砌体墙;纵向有三道轴线,A轴是空旷的框架柱,B轴由构造柱以及③-⑤跨间的砌体墙组成,C轴是开设窗洞的含构造柱的砌体承重墙。横向总刚度明显大于纵向总刚度,横向各道墙的破坏轻微。纵向是震害分析的重点,纵向A轴线框架柱仅柱端出现少许混凝土剥落[图1(c)];B轴各构造柱基本完好,但③-⑤轴间的两道砌体墙发生严重剪切破坏[图1(d)];C轴破坏更严重,窗间墙被X形裂缝分成4块,左右两块外移,挤扁的窗框,上下两块高度相对缩短,显示楼板已经下坠,结构接近倒塌[图1(e)、图1(f)]。
1.2 得妥南头1组7号
得妥镇南头村1组7号建筑与富有小卖部仅相隔百米,结构形式基本一致,是一栋五层框架-砌体混杂式的底商建筑,其正面和背面如图2(a)、图2(b)所示。底层为饭店,空间开阔,图2(c)所示的底层平面图显示纵向A、B两道轴线采用混凝土框架柱,C轴线为带构造柱的砌体墙。横向①、②、⑥三道轴线为不开洞的承重墙。
结构破坏集中在底层。图2(d)、图2(e)显示,C轴的窗间墙出现X形贯穿裂缝,墙面像四块三角形块体构成的拼图,左右两块“离心”而去并挤扁了窗框。上边的倒锥体随楼板一道下沉(量测显示下沉8 cm)。斜裂缝交叉处构造柱混凝土剥落、钢筋屈曲呈S形也是楼板下沉的证据。墙面破损的状态应该经历两个阶段:墙段分担的剪力首先造成贯通X形裂缝;左右两个块体在地震惯性力作用下单向往外移动,裂缝宽度迅速扩展,上部块体下沉。值得注意的是,图2(f)所显示的③轴两柱一墙破坏状态的强烈对比。尽管窗间墙崩解为块体、高度降低,可是两根柱的上下端并无明显损伤,既没有混凝土剥落,也没有屈曲的钢筋出露。这说明在地震过程中,柱上下端所经历的层间位移并不大。两柱一墙破坏形态的强烈反差说明,楼板相对地面的位移很有限,否则柱端会有明显的破坏。柱与墙的上端都嵌固于现浇的楼板内,运动是同步的。楼板受不开洞的横墙约束在横向几乎不变形,只能沿着纵向平动,震害显示楼板的纵向平动主要由C轴的墙来阻止,墙因为分担了绝大部分地震剪力才导致自身粉碎性破坏。这种位移小、破坏重的现象与文献[5]中所描述的“变形饱和”非常一致。
1.3 毅博酒店
毅博酒店位于磨西镇海螺沟大道,是一栋五层(局部六层)底商建筑,整体外观如图3(a)、图3(b)所示。横向三道轴线:①、③两道轴线是不开洞的含构造柱砌体承重墙,②轴A、B为混凝土柱,底层平面如图3(c)所示。纵向5道轴线:A轴和B轴局部为混凝土柱,C轴、D轴为开门洞的砌体墙,E轴为开窗洞的砌体墙。震害集中在底层,横墙基本完好,纵向破坏严重。如图3(d)所示,纵向A轴和B轴构件基本完好,C轴D轴墙体剪切破坏,最严重的是E轴窗间墙,X形裂缝将窗间墙分隔成4个三角形块体,左右两侧楔形块体外移导致了铝合金窗户挤压变形,如图3(e)所示,上下两块高度相对缩短,显示楼板已经下坠,结构接近倒塌。
1.4 磨西天一宾馆
天一宾馆与毅博酒店相距约50 m,是一栋五层底商建筑,正面和背面如图4(a)、图4(b)所示。图4(c)所示的底层平面图显示,横向共五道轴线,除④轴外,其他各轴都有不开洞的砌体墙。纵向由三道轴线构成,A轴和B轴局部是混凝土柱,柱间和墙间空旷,C轴为开窗洞的砌体墙。震害集中在底层,横向破坏轻微,纵向破坏严重且差异明显。关键在于纵向A、B轴框架柱破坏不明显,如图4(d)所示;而C轴线的窗间墙发生了严重的剪切破坏[图4(e)、图4(f)], X形裂缝扩张明显,窗户受挤压变形,楼板下坠。
综合以上4个案例可以看出,结构类型一致,同为底商多层框架-砌体混杂结构,遭受地震作用后的破坏特点也一致。目前对此类破坏现象的解释都是分析单体构件的表现,缺乏共性规律的总结[6-15]。通过现场调查、模型实验等手段,对结构地震倒塌机理进行了多年的深入研究,提出了结构破坏倒塌机理的“变形饱和”机制[16-19],故结合以上实际案例进行具体阐释。
2 震害原因分析
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凡是在地震中破坏或倒塌的建筑必定存在一定的缺陷,通过大量的地震现场调查与分析总结,可将破坏或倒塌的建筑缺陷归为4类:“散、脆、偏、单”[16]。每一个破坏的建筑都会体现出至少一种主要的缺陷,上述4个案例所代表的底商多层建筑主要缺陷表现为“偏”,即纵向各道轴线纵墙的抗侧刚度差异超过了3倍等[17]。以得妥镇南头村富有小卖部底商建筑破坏现象为例,结合以往的实验研究对其破坏原因进行剖析。
该建筑破坏形式如图1所示。从平面布置图可知,横向总刚度明显大于纵向刚度,约束了结构横向变形,地震作用下,各层现浇刚性楼板以纵向平动为主,这在振动台实验中也得到了验证[20]。如图5(a)、图5(b)所示,缩尺比为1∶4的三层框架模型在底层楼板纵向两侧布置了精密的DT-10型位移计,结构在模拟地震作用下(输入卧龙地震波,含X、Y和Z向),得到了两个位移计的反应曲线[图5(c)],两个测点的位移几乎重合,这说明楼板没有扭转,横向的层间位移小到难以识别,楼板只有纵向平动[18]。
模型纵向轴线是由不同类型的构件混搭而成,A轴及B轴中间为自由的混凝土柱,C轴设半高窗下墙,墙顶有钢筋混凝土压顶。窗下墙与混凝土构成的组合构件(称为约束柱)剪跨比小、刚度大。以自由柱和约束柱为代表,制作了两组1∶4比例的缩尺模型[图6(a)、图6(d)]构件展开了拟静力实验[21],得到两类构件的力-变形关系曲线,进一步观察和分析了其破坏模式。从拟静力实验得到的骨架曲线[图6(c)、图6(f)]可以看出,墙柱组合构件的曲线又高又陡,侧移很小时就发生了剪切破坏[图6(b)],把这类构件称为硬脆构件。相反,自由柱的力-位移曲线低缓而绵长,变形很大时柱身尚且完整,延性较好[图6(e)],将这类构件称为弱延构件。依据骨架曲线将这两类构件在初始阶段0.4 mm振幅工况时计算其抗侧刚度,得到的硬脆构件刚度是弱延构件的约8倍,刚度差异巨大[18]。将这两类构件混搭在同一楼层中,导致结构刚度不均衡出现了“偏”的缺陷。
由于此类建筑在地震作用下楼板沿纵向平动为主,底层的各竖向构件纵向侧移基本一致,构件所承担的地震剪力与其刚度成比例,这就导致纵向由硬脆构件和弱延构件组成的轴线内力分配差异巨大(图7),硬脆构件侧移很小时就粉碎性破坏,而此时弱延构件分担的剪力很小,没有任何破坏。
将硬脆构件和弱延构件的力-变形(Q-δ)曲线画在同一坐标系下,如图8所示,在初始阶段,所有构件都处于弹性阶段,侧移很小时,硬脆构件分担的地震剪力是弱延构件的若干倍,将这种现象称为“内力凝聚”。侧移继续加大到图9所示的状态时,硬脆构件达到极限承载力,相对于弱延构件的极限变形而言,而此时侧向变形仍然很小,但是硬脆构件已无法承担任何侧移的增加,定义硬脆构件达到了“变形饱和”状态。硬脆构件的承重失效将会触发结构倒塌,而此时弱延构件的延性作用并未得到发挥。这样就容易理解图2(f)显示的现象,窗间墙粉碎时同一轴线上的柱还几乎完好。窗间墙粉碎后无法承重,导致楼板下沉,同时各道横墙也失去“扶壁”作用,如果此时地震没有停止,横墙将发生平面破坏,使整体结构沿纵向倒塌,柱被动成铰,结果呈现“弱柱强梁”的层屈服破坏现象。
在震区内也有表现良好的建筑,经仔细调查发现,表现好的建筑都避免了“偏”的缺陷。磨西镇天主教堂旁边一栋底商建筑在泸定地震后完好。该建筑为四层底框架结构[图10(a)],底层横向多道轴线皆由满砌填充墙组成;纵向三道轴线,C轴线开窗洞,A、B轴线横墙之间空旷,但是在横向A、B轴线中间都设置了一道纵向落地剪力墙,如图10(b)所示。两道落地剪力墙的设置大大降低了纵向各轴线之间的刚度差异,因此,地震剪力分配较为均衡[图10(e)],地震作用下就不会产生内力凝聚,进而各构件也不会达到变形饱和[图10(c)],构件变形都在弹性范围内,震后没有任何裂缝。
3 结论
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现场调查发现,泸定地震地震区内底商多层建筑破坏十分严重,破坏原因主要概括如下。
(1)底层大多为框架和砌体的混杂结构,横向由多道不开洞且带构造柱的砌体墙组成,纵向一般有三道或四道轴线,由硬脆构件和弱延构件混搭而成,临街一侧为框架柱,后侧为开窗洞的带构造柱的砌体墙,导致纵向各轴线刚度差异巨大,表现为“偏”。
(2)结构横向总刚度明显大于纵向刚度,约束了结构的横向变形,使结构在地震作用下以纵向平动为主。底层各竖向构件纵向侧移一致,硬脆构件分担的剪力大,产生内力凝聚,纵向侧移很小时就率先达到变形饱和,构件发生脆性剪切破坏,继而上部结构的重力作用到横向墙柱上,缺少纵向扶壁支撑的横墙出平面破坏,最后形成结构整体纵向触地倒塌。
硬脆构件在侧移很小时就严重破坏,此时弱延构件的延性优势并未发挥。这类底商多层建筑的最大缺陷体现在“偏”,而避免了“偏”的房屋在地震中就表现良好,原因是结构布置刚度均衡,各构件未达到变形饱和。由此在新建房屋的抗震设计和原有缺陷的房屋抗震加固中用刚度均衡的理念进行设计,就会使房屋韧性增强,避免严重的人员伤亡和财产的损失。
基金
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  • 地震科技星火计划攻关项目(XH23064A)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52278489)
文献
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2025年第25卷第5期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309636
  • 接收时间：2023-12-06
  • 首发时间：2025-07-29
  • 出版时间：2025-02-18
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2023-12-06
  • 修回日期：2024-07-19
基金
地震科技星火计划攻关项目(XH23064A)
国家自然科学基金(52278489)
作者信息
    1 中国地震局地球物理研究所, 北京 100081
    2 防灾科技学院中国地震局建筑物破坏机理与防御重点实验室, 三河 065201
    3 中国地震局工程力学研究所地震工程与工程振动重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150080
    4 嘉应学院土木工程学院, 梅州 514015

通讯作者:

*郭迅(1967—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,研究员。研究方向:结构抗震。E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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