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The drainage consolidation characteristics of municipal sludge are closely related to its water occurrence form. However, there is insufficient understanding of the water transformation law of municipal sludge after chemical conditioning and consolidation. Based on the theory of soil science, the soil-water potential curves of different types of municipal sludge were tested by centrifuge method, and the water forms of municipal sludge were divided into bound water, capillary water and gravitational water according to the range of soil-water potential. On this basis, the different forms of water content in the original sludge, consolidated samples and conditioned sludge samples were compared to reveal the water transformation law of municipal sludge under the action of consolidation and chemical conditioning. The results show that the bound water content of the sludge is reduced by 70%~80% and the free water content is doubled after the sludge is modified by ionic salt. Under the consolidation pressure of 3.1 kPa, only a part of gravity water is discharged from different types of municipal sludge, and the contents of capillary water and bound water are basically unchanged. Under the consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, the gravity water is completely discharged, the capillary water is significantly reduced, and the bound water is slightly reduced.

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市政污泥的排水固结特性与其水分赋存形式密切相关,然而目前对化学调质及固结作用后市政污泥水分转化规律的认识不足。结合土壤科学理论,采用离心机法测试不同类型市政污泥的土水势曲线,并根据土水势范围将市政污泥水分形式划分为结合水、毛细水和重力水。在此基础上比较原泥、固结试样、调质污泥试样中不同形式水分含量,分别揭示市政污泥在固结和化学调质作用下的水分转化规律。研究结果表明:污泥经10%氯化铁、10%氯化铝化学调质后,结合水含量降低70%~80%,自由水含量提升1倍。不同类型市政污泥在3.1 kPa固结压力作用下,基本只排出部分重力水,毛细水和结合水含量基本不变;在100 kPa固结压力作用下,重力水全部排干,毛细水明显减少,结合水小幅减少。

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占鑫杰(1986—),男,汉族,湖北浠水人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:软弱土与特殊土地基处理、基础工程和环境岩土工程。E-mail:

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占鑫杰(1986—),男,汉族,湖北浠水人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:软弱土与特殊土地基处理、基础工程和环境岩土工程。E-mail:

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占鑫杰(1986—),男,汉族,湖北浠水人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:软弱土与特殊土地基处理、基础工程和环境岩土工程。E-mail:

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Xi’an: Xi’an University of Technology, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225467183631872850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, awardId=42002290, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42002290), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225467170289791989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467170314957816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, companyId=1225467170289791989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Hydraulic Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467170319152121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, 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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of centrifugal method, figureFileSmall=laeUN9tLJ9Hu/qAjFkFLDQ==, figureFileBig=Zv0q2Oa0wDBc1s7gojIDQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467176530915745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=CN, label=图1, caption=土水势离心法原理示意图, figureFileSmall=laeUN9tLJ9Hu/qAjFkFLDQ==, figureFileBig=Zv0q2Oa0wDBc1s7gojIDQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467177990533560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Centrifugal tube for holding soil samples, figureFileSmall=UTlWk0Jh24wejtI5xJhpIw==, figureFileBig=pTIYqqDaAfvwn4H2LS9ZIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467178275746246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=CN, label=图2, caption=装土样的离心管, figureFileSmall=UTlWk0Jh24wejtI5xJhpIw==, 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figureFileBig=gqMh4jClVJIT6olUZnhkDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467182952395551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Different forms of water in sewage sludge and corresponding matrix pressure range

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分
类型
土壤科学
领域
强结
合水
弱结
合水
毛细水 重力水
水科学
领域
表面
结合水
间隙水 自由水
吸力范围/MPa >0.633 0.633~0.033 <0.033
土水势范围 >3.8 1.9~3.8 <1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183141139247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

污泥中不同类型水分及对应的土水势范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水分
类型
土壤科学
领域
强结
合水
弱结
合水
毛细水 重力水
水科学
领域
表面
结合水
间隙水 自由水
吸力范围/MPa >0.633 0.633~0.033 <0.033
土水势范围 >3.8 1.9~3.8 <1.9
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183275356982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil mechanical properties of sludge from different sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 前端处理
工艺
含水
率/%
密度/
(g·c${{m}^{-}}^{3}$)
有机质
含量/%
相对
密度
平均渗透系数/
(cm·s-1)
颗粒组成占比/%
>0.075 mm 0.075~0.005 mm <0.005 mm
无锡 A2/O 420 1.09 30 2.20 3.2×10-7 4.6 57.9 37.5
南京 A2/O 601 1.00 52 1.67 1.6×10-6 32.7 58.0 9.3
金华 A2/O 384 1.10 44 2.37 1.9×10-7 17.8 72.9 9.2
上海 一级强化混凝土 379 1.07 53 1.87 3.9×10-8 43.4 51.9 4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1225467183384408894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983790141792497, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型市政污泥的土力学特性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 前端处理
工艺
含水
率/%
密度/
(g·c${{m}^{-}}^{3}$)
有机质
含量/%
相对
密度
平均渗透系数/
(cm·s-1)
颗粒组成占比/%
>0.075 mm 0.075~0.005 mm <0.005 mm
无锡 A2/O 420 1.09 30 2.20 3.2×10-7 4.6 57.9 37.5
南京 A2/O 601 1.00 52 1.67 1.6×10-6 32.7 58.0 9.3
金华 A2/O 384 1.10 44 2.37 1.9×10-7 17.8 72.9 9.2
上海 一级强化混凝土 379 1.07 53 1.87 3.9×10-8 43.4 51.9 4.8
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化学调质及固结作用下市政污泥水分转化规律
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占鑫杰 1, 2 , 吕冲 3 , 桂书润 1 , 李振亚 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(5): 2057-2065
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(5): 2057-2065
化学调质及固结作用下市政污泥水分转化规律
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占鑫杰1, 2 , 吕冲3, 桂书润1, 李振亚3
作者信息
  • 1 南京水利科学研究院岩土工程研究所, 南京 210029
  • 2 水灾害防御全国重点试验室, 南京 210098
  • 3 河海大学岩土力学与堤坝工程教育部重点实验室, 南京 210098
  • 占鑫杰(1986—),男,汉族,湖北浠水人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:软弱土与特殊土地基处理、基础工程和环境岩土工程。E-mail:

Moisture Transformation of Municipal Sludge under Chemical Conditioning and Consolidation
Xin-jie ZHAN1, 2 , Chong LÜ3, Shu-run GUI1, Zhen-ya LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Hydraulic Sciences, Nanjing 210029, China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory for water disaster Prevention, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Dam Engineering, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309696
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市政污泥的排水固结特性与其水分赋存形式密切相关,然而目前对化学调质及固结作用后市政污泥水分转化规律的认识不足。结合土壤科学理论,采用离心机法测试不同类型市政污泥的土水势曲线,并根据土水势范围将市政污泥水分形式划分为结合水、毛细水和重力水。在此基础上比较原泥、固结试样、调质污泥试样中不同形式水分含量,分别揭示市政污泥在固结和化学调质作用下的水分转化规律。研究结果表明:污泥经10%氯化铁、10%氯化铝化学调质后,结合水含量降低70%~80%,自由水含量提升1倍。不同类型市政污泥在3.1 kPa固结压力作用下,基本只排出部分重力水,毛细水和结合水含量基本不变;在100 kPa固结压力作用下,重力水全部排干,毛细水明显减少,结合水小幅减少。

市政污泥  /  化学调质  /  固结作用  /  水分形式  /  水分转化

The drainage consolidation characteristics of municipal sludge are closely related to its water occurrence form. However, there is insufficient understanding of the water transformation law of municipal sludge after chemical conditioning and consolidation. Based on the theory of soil science, the soil-water potential curves of different types of municipal sludge were tested by centrifuge method, and the water forms of municipal sludge were divided into bound water, capillary water and gravitational water according to the range of soil-water potential. On this basis, the different forms of water content in the original sludge, consolidated samples and conditioned sludge samples were compared to reveal the water transformation law of municipal sludge under the action of consolidation and chemical conditioning. The results show that the bound water content of the sludge is reduced by 70%~80% and the free water content is doubled after the sludge is modified by ionic salt. Under the consolidation pressure of 3.1 kPa, only a part of gravity water is discharged from different types of municipal sludge, and the contents of capillary water and bound water are basically unchanged. Under the consolidation pressure of 100 kPa, the gravity water is completely discharged, the capillary water is significantly reduced, and the bound water is slightly reduced.

municipal sludge  /  chemical conditioning  /  consolidation  /  water form  /  water conversion
占鑫杰, 吕冲, 桂书润, 李振亚. 化学调质及固结作用下市政污泥水分转化规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2057 -2065 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309696
Xin-jie ZHAN, Chong LÜ, Shu-run GUI, Zhen-ya LI. Moisture Transformation of Municipal Sludge under Chemical Conditioning and Consolidation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2057 -2065 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309696
随着经济社会的快速发展,中国每年的市政污泥产量高达几千万吨[1-3]。市政污泥脱水技术的研发是工程界关注的焦点问题之一[4-6]。而市政污泥的脱水特性、排水固结特性与其水分赋存形式密切相关[7],因此研究并确定市政污泥的水分赋存形式及其转化规律具有重要的理论意义。目前市政污泥水分赋存形式的研究主要集中在水科学领域。近年来,Vesilind及其合作研究者定义的污泥水分赋存形式成为主流,即按照污泥中颗粒与水分的束缚方式(化学、物理、力学),将其划分为:自由水、间隙水、表面结合水、内部结合水,其中自由水不受固体颗粒约束,间隙水存在于污泥絮体间隙中,表面结合水吸附于污泥颗粒表面,内部结合水通过化学键结合于有机质细胞内[8-12]
在明确市政污泥水分赋存形式后,采用土力学参数来确定污泥中不同形式水分含量具有重要意义。划分水分形式的变量应是一个与污泥状态(应力水平、变形等)无关的量,水分结合能、土水势、吸力等参数满足以上条件。土壤学者提出采用土壤吸力(土水势)划分不同形式水分(强结合水、弱结合水、毛细水、重力水),为这一领域的研究指明了方向。Zhu等[13]、张春雷[14]和朱婧等[15]采用离心机土水势方法来划分固化淤泥、市政污泥中的自由水和结合水;毛华臻等[16]研究了水热处理对污泥水分分布的影响;李明霜等[17]研究了阴离子聚丙烯酰胺和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵对污泥水分分布的影响;吴佳欢等[18]和李思敏等[19]研究了生物炭处理对污泥水分分布、腐殖质组分及氨气排放的影响。
综上所述,目前对不同类型市政污泥中水分形式以及化学、力学作用后污泥水分转换规律的研究较少。同时现有研究中仅将污泥中水分形式划分为“结合水”和“自由水”,导致对污泥中水分转换规律的认识不足。基于此,现借鉴土壤科学理论,通过划分不同土水势范围来确定污泥中不同形式水分含量(毛细水、重力水、结合水)。在此基础上,采用离心机土水势方法测试不同类型市政污泥中水分分布,研究市政污泥在化学调质和固结作用后的水分转化规律。
土壤科学领域将土中水分可划分为以下4种形式:①强结合水,与土体颗粒牢固结合水分,也称为吸湿水;②弱结合水,土体扩散双电层外层水分;③毛细水,受土颗粒毛细力影响的水分;④重力水,不受土体颗粒影响的水分。上述4种水分与颗粒的结合能力依次为:强结合水>弱结合水>毛细水>重力水。研究对象市政脱水污泥的工程性质接近“超软土”,因此采用土壤科学的研究手段成为可能。比较土壤科学、水科学领域中水分赋存形式的划分如表1所示,可以发现两者概念基本一致:水科学领域表述的“表面结合水”对应于土壤科学的强结合水、弱结合水;水科学领域表述的“间隙水、自由水”分别对应于土壤科学的毛细水、重力水。土壤科学中没有内部(化学)结合水这一概念,由于内部结合水(细胞水)的势能较高,可归并为结合水进行考虑。
土壤科学中4种不同形式水分(强结合水、弱结合水、毛细水、自由水)对应的土水势(吸力)范围如表1所示。弱结合水与毛细水界限对应土水势pF为3.8;毛细水与重力水界限对应pF为1.9。结合土壤科学研究成果,并考虑后续高速冷冻离心机的试验能力,划分市政污泥中不同形式水分如表1所示:①结合水,pF>3.8;②毛细水,1.9<pF<3.8;③重力水,pF<1.9。由于污泥中内部(化学)结合水的结合能比强结合水高,因此可将化学结合水与结合水放在一起来研究。
现有土力学研究工作中,测试土壤水势(吸力)的方法包括张力计法、离心机法、压力膜法、渗析法、相对湿度法等[20-26],其中离心机法操作较为简便,测试吸力范围较广,是一种常用的方法[27]。1935年Schofield采用离心机法测定土壤吸力,并提出pF的概念,其原理和土柱法是一致的。土壤水势是指移走单位质量的水体到某一参照水平所需的功。在重力场中通常用土柱法测定土壤水势,一定质量的水体被抬高到参照水平上一定高度H时,其重力势Eg
Eg=mgH
式(1)中:Eg为重力势;m为质量;g为重力加速度;H为距参照水平的高度。
图1所示,用离心法测定水土势,实际上就是把重力场装置搬移到离心场。在重力场中,H高度的水体是受重力加速度g作用。在离心场中,重力加速度g的作用由离心加速度2代替(r为运转半径,ω为角速度)。土柱法测定水土势的范围很窄,一般只能测到10~20 kPa土水势范围。因为g大体上是常数,通过加高H来得到较高的水势是很难办到的。而离心法最高可以测得高达2 MPa的土水势,因2可随rω的增大而增大若干倍。在离心场内,把土柱底面滤纸视为参照水平,其水势为ϕ0,它同任意高度的土水势ϕ1的差值表达式为
$\begin{aligned} \varphi_{0}-\varphi_{1} & =\int_{r_{1}}^{r_{2}} r w^{2} \mathrm{~d} r=\frac{1}{2} w^{2}\left(r_{1}+r_{2}\right)\left(r_{1}-r_{2}\right) \\ & =w^{2} \frac{1}{2}\left[r_{1}+\left(r_{1}-h\right)\right] h=w^{2}\left(r_{1}-\frac{h}{2}\right) h \end{aligned}$
式(2)中:r1为参照水平运转半径,cm;r2为土样中心运转半径,cm;h=r1-r2,即中心土柱高度(如图2所示),cm。
把离心场的水势换算成重力场内之毛管水势ρgH,并以水头高度表示如下。
ρgH=ρ$\left({r}_{1}-\frac{h}{2}\right)$2
H=$\left({r}_{1}-\frac{h}{2}\right)$h$\frac{{\omega }^{2}}{g}$
H=$\left({r}_{1}-\frac{h}{2}\right)$h$\frac{{\left(\frac{2\pi n}{60}\right)}^{2}}{980}$
H=1.118×10-5$\left({r}_{1}-\frac{h}{2}\right)$hn2
式中:ρ为水的密度,g/cm3;n为转速,r/min。
两边取对数即为pF,表达式为
$\mathrm{pF}=2 \lg n+\lg \left(r_{1}-r_{2}\right)+\lg \left(\frac{r_{1}+r_{2}}{2}\right)-4.95$
市政污泥试验样品分别取自南京、无锡、金华以及上海某污水处理厂,污泥的前端污水处理工艺分别为A2/O工艺和一级强化混凝工艺。其中A2/O为厌氧-缺氧-好氧生物脱氮除磷工艺;一级强化混凝是向处理水中投加混凝剂并控制pH,从而提高天然有机物的去除效果。试样基本性质测试方法参照文献[28],典型污泥试样的土力学性质指标如表2所示。
在高速冷冻离心机开展pF离心试验,分别设定转速n为1 000、3 000、5 000、7 000、10 000 r/min,每级转速运行至试样质量基本稳定为止。取出环刀,称量环刀加湿土的质量mk,使用游标卡尺量测旋杯顶面到试样表面的距离h,然后在下一级转速下继续进行离心试验;最后在10 000 r/min转速结束后,将环刀连同湿土在65 ℃下烘干至恒重,测量环刀加干土重m1。将试验的数据代入式(7)就可以得到不同转速时的pF。
pF=2lgn+lg(r0-r1)+lg$\frac{{r}_{0}+{r}_{1}}{2}$-4.95
式(8)中:r0为旋杯底即试样底到离心机转盘中心距离,9.8 cm;r1为试样中心到离心机旋转中心距离,r1=r0-(5.09-h)/2;h为旋杯顶到试样表明的距离,试验量测值,cm。试样的质量含水率wk计算公式为
wk=$\frac{{m}_{k}-{m}_{1}}{{m}_{1}-{m}_{0}}$×100%
式(9)中:mk为转速n下运行稳定后环刀加土的质量;
m1为65 ℃烘干后环刀加土的质量;m0为环刀的质量。
固结试验用于研究化学调理对污泥固结系数的影响规律。试验采用固结渗透试验仪开展,针对污泥初始含水率高、强度较低的特点,第一级荷载从3.1 kPa开始逐级施加,以防止试样在瞬时较大压力作用下挤出。渗透系数根据固结试验所得固结系数及压缩系数计算得到。为保证试验结果的可靠性,每组试验均采用2 个试样进行平行试验。
为研究市政污泥的水分形式及其转换规律,分别测试原泥、固结后试样、化学调质后试样的土水势-含水率(pF-w)分布曲线。
固结试样分别采用3.1 kPa和100 kPa固结压力,每组试验均采用2个试样进行平行试验。
化学调质分别采用无机离子盐氯化铁(10%)和氯化铝(10%)作为调理剂,其中10%为调质剂质量与污泥干重的比值。对调质后污泥试样进行不同土水势的含水率测试,每组试验均采用2个试样进行平行试验。
不同类型市政污泥的固结系数对比如图3所示。可知,不同水处理工艺污泥的固结特性差异较大:采用一级强化混凝工艺的上海污泥固结排水性能最差,6.25 kPa时固结系数为9.8×10-6 cm2/s,且在6.25~100 kPa压力范围内固结系数均低于10-5 cm2/s;3种采用A2/O水处理工艺污泥的固结排水特性相对较好。在3.1~12.5 kPa低压范围内,南京污泥固结排水特性最好,无锡、金华污泥接近;在12.5~100 kPa压力范围内,无锡、金华、南京污泥的固结系数均随固结压力增加而不断降低:100 kPa固结压力作用下,无锡污泥固结系数最大,为1.5×10-4 cm2/s;金华污泥次之,为7.5×10-5 cm2/s;南京污泥最差,仅为3.2×10-5 cm2/s。
不同类型市政污泥的渗透系数如表1所示。采用一级强化混凝工艺上海污泥的平均渗透系数最低,为3.9×10-8 cm/s,比常规淤泥的渗透系数要低一个数量级;而采用A2/O水处理工艺的无锡、南京和金华污泥平均渗透系数在1.9×10-7~1.6×10-6 cm/s,与上海污泥相比,高出1或2个数量级。
不同类型市政污泥中水分含量及其占比如图4所示,DS为污泥中水分质量与污泥干基质量的比值,括号内为不同形式水分占比。可知,上海污泥的结合水含量及占比(1.78DS、47%)最高,自由水含量及占比(0.38DS、10%)最低,无锡污泥的结合水含量及占比最低(1.00DS、24%), 自由水占比最高(33%),这一结果表明上海污泥水分结合能最高,水分最难脱除,无锡污泥的水分结合能最低,水分最易脱除,这一结果与固结试验中上海污泥固结系数最低及无锡污泥固结系数最高的结果相吻合。南京污泥由于初始含水率比无锡污泥更高,所以在低离心力下,水土结合能更低,水分相对更易脱除,这与南京污泥在3.1~12.5 kPa固结系数最高的结果相一致。金华污泥毛细水占比最高(54%)、结合水占比相对较高(32%),这与3.1节金华污泥固结系数介于上海、无锡污泥之间的结果相吻合。
4种市政污泥在固结压力作用后(3.1 kPa和100 kPa)的水分形式测试结果如图5~图8所示。根据试验结果可知,3.1 kPa固结作用下,南京、金华、上海与无锡污泥结合水、毛细水含量基本保持不变,重力水含量分别降低了0.46DS、0.33DS、0.21DS、0.80DS,这表明4类市政污泥在低压力作用下仅有重力水排出,是孔隙中自由水的排出,且不同类型污泥排出重力水的数量有一定差异。而在100 kPa固结作用下,南京、金华、上海与无锡污泥重力水基本排尽。毛细水含量分别降低1.47DS、0.96DS、1.2DS、0.76DS,相比原泥,毛细水降幅分别为54%、47%、75%、42%。结合水含量分别降低0.23DS、0.22DS、0.47DS、0.41DS,相比原泥,结合水降幅分别达到16%、18%、26%、41%。以上测试结果表明:在低固结压力作用下,不同类型市政污泥基本只排出部分重力水,毛细水、结合水含量基本不变;在高固结压力作用下,市政污泥重力水全部排尽,毛细水大幅降低,结合水小幅降低。
上海市政泥化学调质前后的离心土水势试验的试验结果如图9图10所示,调质污泥pF曲线相对原泥明显左移,表明调质污泥基质与水分结合势能降低,污泥的持水能力减弱。
根据图10可知,10%氯化铁、氯化铝调质效果十分接近,调质污泥的结合水含量明显降低(70%DS~80%DS)。重力水含量增大1倍,毛细水含量提升在40%DS左右。这与上海污泥经氯化铁、氯化铝化学调质后固结系数大幅提升(13.5~101倍)相一致[28]
化学调质后市政污泥固结排水特性提高的原因分析如下。
(1) 无机离子盐压缩双电层的作用使得污泥颗粒的结合水膜变薄,让原本阻塞的孔隙通道变为畅通。市政污泥颗粒表面形成扩散双电层结构,包括吸附层与扩散层,如图11所示[29]。处于双电层内的水称为结合水,而处于双电层外不受影响的水称为毛细水及自由水(重力水)[30]。在静电作用力的影响下,位于吸附层的水分子与土颗粒表面紧密结合,基本不能自由流动,称作强结合水。位于扩散层的水分子在受到外力时可发生少量的蠕动,但仍表现出一定的黏滞性,如市政污泥表现出的可塑性。而处于扩散双电层之外的毛细水和自由水则完全不受土静电作用力的影响,可以在水压作用下自由流动[31]。当向污泥中加入大量无机盐FeCl3及AlCl3溶液时,大量Fe3+/Al3+电解质就会涌入扩散层甚至吸附层,增加扩散层及吸附层中的正离子浓度,从而使胶核表面负电性降低,扩散层变薄,双电层被压缩,因而位于吸附、扩散层的结合水含量降低,并转化为结合能更低的毛细水及自由水。
(2) 氯化铁、氯化铝化学调质后污泥颗粒表面带有正电荷,使得污泥颗粒之间的静电斥力增强,这样的排斥作用会使得污泥颗粒更加分散,污泥体积更大、更松散,因此水分更容易从污泥中排出。在细颗粒的黏性土中,孔隙包括有效孔隙和无效孔隙两部分。其中,有效孔隙是指相互连通,孔隙水可顺利流通的孔隙;而无效孔隙则是指受结合水膜相互重叠影响,所形成的相对封闭的孔隙,孔隙水无法流通[32]。如图12所示,未调质污泥由于较厚的结合水膜而存在较多的无效孔隙,使得有效渗流通道较少,渗透性差。经过FeCl3/AlCl3调质后,污泥表面双电层被压缩,结合水膜厚度降低,有效渗流通道增多,污泥渗透性显著提升。
为确定影响市政污泥固结特性的关键指标,对化学调质前后污泥中水分形式、固结渗透特性进行相关性分析,分析对象(目标变量和因变量)包括固结系数与重力水含量,固结系数与毛细水含量,固结系数与结合水含量。
分析结果如图13所示,可以看出,污泥固结对数值与结合水含量的拟合结果呈现出良好的线性负相关性(R2=0.87~0.97),而与毛细水、重力水的相关性并不明显(R2<0.1)。这一结果说明,对于市政污泥赋存水分形式,影响污泥固结渗透特性的关键指标是其结合水含量。
针对不同类型市政污泥,首先根据pF划分了不同势能范围的水分形式:结合水(pF>3.8),毛细水(3.8>pF>1.9),重力水(pF<1.9)。在此基础上,通过离心法测试了化学调质前后、固结作用前后污泥水分形式,分析试验结果,得出如下结论。
(1)市政污泥的固结特性与其水分形式密切相关。固结排水特性越差的污泥其结合水和含量占比越高,重力水含量和占比越低。上海污泥的结合水含量及占比(1.78DS、47%)最高,重力水含量及占比(0.38DS、10%)最低,无锡污泥的结合水含量及占比最低(1.00DS、24%), 自由水占比最高(33%)。
(2)不同类型污泥固结前后水分转化结果表明,在低压3.1 kPa作用下,污泥基本只排出部分重力水,毛细水、结合水含量几乎不变;在高压100 kPa作用下,不同类型污泥重力水全部排尽,毛细水大幅减少(42%~72%),结合水小幅减小(16%~41%)。
(3)10%氯化铁、10%氯化铝调质效果十分接近,市政污泥经10%氯化铁、10%氯化铝调质后,结合水含量明显降低(70%DS~80%DS)。自由水含量增大1倍,毛细水含量提升在40%DS左右。调质污泥中结合水膜变薄,有效渗流孔道增多是其固结渗透提高的重要原因。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42002290)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309696
  • 接收时间:2023-12-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-08
  • 修回日期:2024-11-14
基金
国家自然科学基金(42002290)
作者信息
    1 南京水利科学研究院岩土工程研究所, 南京 210029
    2 水灾害防御全国重点试验室, 南京 210098
    3 河海大学岩土力学与堤坝工程教育部重点实验室, 南京 210098
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309696
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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