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Aiming at the problem of white noise amplification of differential microphone array, a design method of parametric differential beamformer was proposed. Through theoretical derivation, it is proved that the delay summing beamformers can maximize the white noise gain and the superdirected beamformers can maximize the directional gain. The orthogonal eigenvector was obtained by using the unitary diagonalization method to deal with the pseudo-correlation matrix between the steering vector and the white noise gain, and the parameters of the beamformer machine were designed based on it. Through simulation experiments, the performance of parametric differential beamformers under different parameter settings was analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can flexibly balance and adjust the white noise gain and directional gain by adjusting the parameters.

, correspAuthors=Fan-liang BU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chuan-ying ZHANG, Jing-yu ZHAO, Yang LIU, Fan-liang BU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983945784021161, articleId=1156983789349065575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于差分麦克风阵列的参数化波束形成器设计, columnId=1156908031230435950, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电子技术、通信技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对差分麦克风阵列的白噪声放大问题,提出了一种参数化差分波束形成器的设计方法。通过理论推导,证明了延迟求和波束形成器能最大化白噪声增益,超指向波束形成器能最大化指向性增益。利用酉对角化方法处理转向向量与白噪声增益的伪相关矩阵,得到正交特征向量,并以此为基础设计波束形成器的参数。通过仿真实验,分析了参数化差分波束形成器在不同参数设置下的性能表现。实验结果表明,通过调整参数,所提方法能够在白噪声增益和指向性增益之间实现灵活的权衡与调节。

, correspAuthors=卜凡亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卜凡亮(1965—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术。E-mail:
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张传营(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:音频信号处理。E-mail:

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基于差分麦克风阵列的参数化波束形成器设计
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张传营 , 赵景玉 , 刘扬 , 卜凡亮 *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025,25(5): 1973-1979
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电子技术、通信技术 2025, 25(5): 1973-1979
基于差分麦克风阵列的参数化波束形成器设计
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张传营 , 赵景玉, 刘扬, 卜凡亮*
作者信息
  • 中国人民公安大学信息网络安全学院, 北京 100032
  • 张传营(1998—),男,汉族,山东菏泽人,硕士研究生。研究方向:音频信号处理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*卜凡亮(1965—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术。E-mail:
Design of Parameterized Beamformer Based on Differential Microphone Array
Chuan-ying ZHANG , Jing-yu ZHAO, Yang LIU, Fan-liang BU*
Affiliations
  • College of Information and Network Security, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100032, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401939
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针对差分麦克风阵列的白噪声放大问题,提出了一种参数化差分波束形成器的设计方法。通过理论推导,证明了延迟求和波束形成器能最大化白噪声增益,超指向波束形成器能最大化指向性增益。利用酉对角化方法处理转向向量与白噪声增益的伪相关矩阵,得到正交特征向量,并以此为基础设计波束形成器的参数。通过仿真实验,分析了参数化差分波束形成器在不同参数设置下的性能表现。实验结果表明,通过调整参数,所提方法能够在白噪声增益和指向性增益之间实现灵活的权衡与调节。

差分波束形成  /  参数化  /  白噪声增益  /  指向性因子

Aiming at the problem of white noise amplification of differential microphone array, a design method of parametric differential beamformer was proposed. Through theoretical derivation, it is proved that the delay summing beamformers can maximize the white noise gain and the superdirected beamformers can maximize the directional gain. The orthogonal eigenvector was obtained by using the unitary diagonalization method to deal with the pseudo-correlation matrix between the steering vector and the white noise gain, and the parameters of the beamformer machine were designed based on it. Through simulation experiments, the performance of parametric differential beamformers under different parameter settings was analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can flexibly balance and adjust the white noise gain and directional gain by adjusting the parameters.

differential beamforming  /  parameterization  /  white noise gain  /  directivity factor
张传营, 赵景玉, 刘扬, 卜凡亮. 基于差分麦克风阵列的参数化波束形成器设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1973 -1979 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401939
Chuan-ying ZHANG, Jing-yu ZHAO, Yang LIU, Fan-liang BU. Design of Parameterized Beamformer Based on Differential Microphone Array[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1973 -1979 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401939
在语音处理领域,声音信号的采集是一个至关重要的环节。麦克风阵列搭载适当的波束形成算法能够实现高质量的声音信号采集,这项技术在许多领域都得到了广泛应用,例如电话会议、智能家居、声学监控、人形机器人和人机界面[1-2],用来恢复目标语音信号,同时抑制噪声、干扰和混响[3-4]。在过去几十年中发展起来的许多波束形成方法中,延迟求和(delay-and-sum,DS)波束形成[5-8]和超指向(super directive,SD)波束形成[9-11]是两种常见的技术。延迟求和波束形成通过对来自多个麦克风的信号进行加权求和来控制波束方向,以抑制不需要的信号,从而增强感兴趣方向的信号。超指向波束形成则利用阵列中的多个麦克风进行复杂的信号处理,以实现更加精细的方向性控制,从而提高信号的捕获效率和质量。近年来,差分波束形成方法备受关注,因为它具备实现频率不变的波束模式,并通过小型阵列实现高指向性的潜力[12-15]。差分麦克风阵列中常用的是均匀线性的阵列结构,称为线性差分麦克风阵列(linear differential microphone array,LDMA),线性差分麦克风阵列设计方法涉及多级结构,通过减法合并两个(L-1)阶LDMA的输出,形成一个L阶LDMA[16]。虽然这种设计原理简单,但是LDMA存在一个严峻的问题:白噪声的放大程度受阶数和频率影响。通常来说,随着阶数的增加,指向性能随之提高,而白噪声放大问题变得更为突出。在相同的阶数下,白噪声增益与频率成反比,在低频时显著程度更高。在评估阵列性能时,白噪声增益(white noise gain,WNG)[17]和指向性因子(directivity factor,DF)[18]是两种常用的性能指标。WNG是指在接收信号时引入的噪声级别,而DF则是指系统在某个方向上的信号增益相对于其他方向的相对增益。通常情况下,最大化指向性因子(maximizing directional factor,MDF)波束形成器可实现较高的指向性因子值,但会伴随白噪声增益的增加;而最大化白噪声增益(maximizing white noise gain,MWNG)波束形成器则实现了高白噪声增益,但牺牲了一定的方向性。
为了解决差分麦克风阵列白噪声放大问题以及能够在MWNG和MDF之间灵活调节,现提出一种在短时傅立叶变换[19](short-time Fourier transform,STFT)域中设计线性差分麦克风阵列的方法,并引入一种参数化的波束形成器[20-21]。通过在STFT域中求解零点约束,使得波束方向图在零点方向上具有无失真约束;然后引入一个可调参数,对零点的转向向量和白噪声增益的伪相关矩阵进行酉对角化来得到的参数化波束形成器,使其能够在最大化白噪声增益和最大化指向性增益之间进行参数调节;调节过程中尽可能提高在特定方向上的信号接收性能,有效地捕获和增强目标方向上的声音信号,同时最大限度地抑制背景噪声。通过仿真对比实验来证明该优化方法的优越性与有效性。
在本研究中,考虑一个由M个全向麦克风组成的均匀线性阵列,如图1所示,其中元素间距为δ。假设存在一个平面波,在一个具有声速的无回声环境中传播,即波速c=340 m/s,并以θ的入射角撞击该阵列。在这个场景中,长度为M的转向向量可以定义为
$\boldsymbol{d}(\omega, \cos \theta)=\left[\begin{array}{llll} 1 & \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \bar{\omega} \cos \theta} & \cdots & \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}(M-1) \bar{\omega} \cos \theta} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
式(1)中:上标T表示转置运算;j为虚数单位;$\stackrel{-}{\omega }$cosθ为两个相邻麦克风信号接收的时间延迟,其中$\stackrel{-}{\omega }$=ωδ/c,ω=2πf为角频率,f为时间频率。
当以入射角θ=0o撞击该阵列,则转向向量可以写成
$\boldsymbol{d}_{0}(\omega)=\left[\begin{array}{llll} 1 & \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} \bar{\omega}} & \cdots & \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j}(M-1) \bar{\omega}} \end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$
在远场场景下,可以将长度为M的频域观测信号向量写为
$\begin{array}{l}y\left(\omega \right)=[{Y}_{1}\left(\omega \right){Y}_{2}\left(\omega \right)\dots {Y}_{M}{\left(\omega \right)]}^{T}\\ ={d}_{0}\left(\omega \right)X\left(\omega \right)+v\left(\omega \right)\end{array}$
式(3)中:YM(ω)为第M个麦克风信号;X(ω)为零均值期望源信号;v(ω)与y(ω)定义类似,是零均值加性噪声信号矢量。
在复值线性滤波器作用下,波束形成器的输出为
$\begin{aligned} Z(\omega) & =\sum_{m=1}^{M} H_{m}^{*}(\omega) Y_{m}(\omega)=\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{y}(\omega) \\ & =\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}(\omega) X(\omega)+\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{v}(\omega) \end{aligned}$
式(4)中:Z(ω)为波束形成器输出信号,即期望信号X(ω)的估计;上标*和H分别表示复共轭算子和共轭转置算子;h为复值线性滤波器,hH(ω)v(ω)为残余噪声。
应用于观测信号向量y(ω)的复值线性滤波器h(ω)可以表示为
$h\left(\omega \right)=\left[{H}_{1}\right(\omega \left) {H}_{2}\right(\omega) \dots  {H}_{M}{\left(\omega \right)]}^{T}$
为了让期望信号能够通过波束形成器而不失真,因此在给出的信号模型中,无失真约束为
$\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}(\omega)=1$
假设在所有麦克风上噪声的方差都是相同的,即ϕV=${\varphi }_{{V}_{1}}$=${\varphi }_{{V}_{2}}$=…=${\varphi }_{{V}_{m}}$,其中${\varphi }_{{V}_{m}}$=E(${\left|{V}_{m}\right|}^{2}$),m=1,2,…,M,E(·)为数学期望。为了简洁起见,将省略对角频率ω的表示,进一步从式(3)中可以得到y的协方差矩阵为
$\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{\boldsymbol{y}}=\boldsymbol{E}\left(\boldsymbol{y} \boldsymbol{y}^{\mathrm{H}}\right)=\varphi_{X} \boldsymbol{d}_{0} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}+\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{\boldsymbol{v}}$
式(7)中:ϕX=E(${\left|X\right|}^{2}$)为X的方差;Φv=E(vvH)为v的协方差矩阵,则式(7)还可以表示为
$\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{y}=\varphi_{X} \boldsymbol{d}_{0} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}+\varphi_{V} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{v}$
式(8)中:Γv为噪声的伪相关矩阵。在各向同性漫射噪声场中,式(8)可以表示为
$\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{y}=\varphi_{X} \boldsymbol{d}_{0} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}+\varphi_{d} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}$
式(9)中:ϕd为扩散噪声的方差;Γd为扩散噪声的伪相关矩阵,其元素为
$\left(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}\right)_{i j}=\operatorname{sinc}\left[\bar{\omega}_{0}(i-j)\right]$
式(10)中:sinc(x)=sinx/x
可以得到Z(ω)的协方差矩阵为
$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{z} & =E\left(z z^{\mathrm{H}}\right) \\ & =\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}{ }^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{h}(\omega) \varphi_{X}+\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{h}(\omega) \varphi_{V_{1}} \\ & =\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2} \varphi_{X}+\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{h}(\omega) \varphi_{V_{1}} \end{aligned}$
对于设计的波束形成器的性能进行评估,通常,白噪声增益和指向性因子是波束形成器性能的衡量指标[22]
从式(8)中可以定义y的输入信噪比iSNR为
$\mathrm{iSNR}=\mathrm{SNR}_{y}=\frac{\operatorname{tr}\left(\varphi_{X} d_{0} d_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}\right)}{\operatorname{tr}\left(\varphi_{V} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{v}\right)}=\frac{\varphi_{X}}{\varphi_{V}}$
式(12)中:tr(·)为矩阵的迹。根据式(11),将输出信噪比定义为
$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{oSNR}[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)] & =\varphi_{X}(\omega) \frac{\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{v}(\omega) \boldsymbol{h}(\omega)} \\ & =\frac{\varphi_{X}(\omega)}{\varphi_{V_{1}}(\omega)} \frac{\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{v}(\omega) \boldsymbol{h}(\omega)} \end{aligned}$
式(13)中:v(ω)的相关矩阵Φv(ω)=E[v(ω)vH(ω)],v(ω)的伪相关矩阵Γv(ω)=Φv(ω)/${\varphi }_{{V}_{1}}$(ω)。
结合输入输出信噪比,定义信噪比增益SNR为
$\begin{aligned} G[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)] & =\frac{\operatorname{oSNR}[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)]}{\operatorname{iSNR}(\omega)} \\ & =\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{v}(\omega) \boldsymbol{h}(\omega)} \end{aligned}$
Γv(ω)=IM时,此时式(14)即为白噪声增益,是衡量麦克风阵列对麦克风白噪声鲁棒性的指标,公式可以表示为
$W[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)]=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{h}(\omega)}$
能够实现MWNG的延迟求和波束形成器可表示为
$\boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{DS}}(\omega)=\frac{\boldsymbol{d}_{0}}{M}$
代入式(14)可以推导出此波束形成器最大可能的WNG为W[hDS(ω)]=Wmax=M。表明此滤波器可以实现WNG的最大化。
在各向同性漫射噪声场中的测量指标是指向性因子,将Γv(ω)替换成Γd(ω)可得
$D[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)]=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}(\omega) \boldsymbol{h}(\omega)}$
式(17)中:Γd(ω)为对应于各向同性漫射噪声场的噪声伪相关矩阵,其元素为
$\begin{aligned} {\left[\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}(\omega)\right]_{i j} } & =\frac{\sin \left[\omega(j-i) \tau_{0}\right]}{\omega(j-i) \tau_{0}} \\ & =\operatorname{sinc}\left[\omega(j-i) \tau_{0}\right] \end{aligned}$
式(18)中:i,j=1,2,…,M。由此推导出超指向波束形成器为
$\boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{SD}}(\omega)=\frac{\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}^{-1}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}}{\boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}^{-1}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}}$
将式(19)代入式(14)中,可以得到增益为
$\begin{aligned} D\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{SD}}(\omega)\right] & =D_{\max }(\omega) \\ & =\boldsymbol{d}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega, \theta) \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}^{-1}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}(\omega, \theta) \end{aligned}$
波束形成技术通常采用固定的参数设置,例如固定权重或固定的信号处理算法。然而,在实际应用中,环境条件和通信场景可能会不断变化,这种静态的波束形成方式可能无法适应不断变化的环境条件和通信需求。在第1节的分析中,推导出了延迟求和波束形成器和超指向波束形成器,并发现DS波束形成器可以实现最大化白噪声增益,而SD波束形成器可以实现最大化指向性因子,但两者不能权衡,并且WNG与DF这两个指标都可以进行单独的极值推导,但带来的代价是另一方的指标会变差。因此,需要一种波束形成器能够根据不同的情况灵活地调整参数以实现最佳性能。
所提出的参数化最佳差分波束形成器是一种根据MWNG和MDF来调整参数的波束形成器。在实际应用中,无论是需要最大化白噪声增益以应对高噪声环境,还是追求更高的指向性因子以增强信号接收的定向性,通过调整参数,该波束形成器能够在MWNG和MDF之间找到最合适的平衡点,以满足不同场景下的性能需求。
对零点的转向向量和白噪声增益的伪相关矩阵d0IdH0进行酉对角化可得
$\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{d}_{0} \boldsymbol{I} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}=\boldsymbol{\Lambda}$
式(21)中:特征向量Q=[q1 q2qM]为一个大小为M×M的满秩矩阵;特征值Λ=diag(λ1,0,…,0)是大小M×M的对角矩阵,且λ1为矩阵d0dH0的唯一非零实数特征值,并且满足条件为
$\lambda_{1}=\boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}\left(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}$
λ1对应的特征向量为q1,可以表示为
$\boldsymbol{q}_{1}=\frac{\left(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}}{\sqrt{\boldsymbol{d}_{0}^{\mathrm{H}}\left(\boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}}}$
由于h(ω)为M×1的矩阵,所以可由Q的线性组合来表示,因此定义一个向量α,使得h(ω)=,其中α=$({\alpha }_{1} {\alpha }_{2} \dots  {\alpha }_{M}{)}^{T}$为长度为N的向量。
代入式(4)可得
$\begin{aligned} Z(\omega) & =\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{d}_{0}(\omega)+\boldsymbol{h}^{\mathrm{H}}(\omega) \boldsymbol{v}(\omega) \\ & =\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}(\omega)+\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{v}(\omega) \end{aligned}$
引入一个参数N,并构造大小为M×N的矩阵Q1:N
$\boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}=\left[\begin{array}{llll} \boldsymbol{q}_{1} & \boldsymbol{q}_{2} & \cdots & \boldsymbol{q}_{N}\end{array}\right]$
式(25)中:1≤NM。所以差分波束形成器可以写成
$\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)=\boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N} \boldsymbol{\alpha}$
然后将WNG和DF分别表示为
$W[h(\omega)]=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{I} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N} \boldsymbol{\alpha}}=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\alpha}}$
$D[\boldsymbol{h}(\omega)]=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{d}_{0}\right|^{2}}{\boldsymbol{\alpha}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N}^{\mathrm{H}} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{d} \boldsymbol{Q}_{1: N} \boldsymbol{\alpha}}$
因此,如果要在WNG和DF之间进行调节以达到一个良好的平衡状态,可以最大化式(15)中给出的WNG,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}min{\alpha }^{H}\alpha \\ s.t. {\alpha }^{H}{Q}^{H}{d}_{0}=1\end{array}\right.$
式(29)中:由αHQH1:Nd0=1可以得出α1=1/${\sqrt{\lambda }}_{1}$。将最大化式(17)中给出的DF中的Q替换为Q1:N,可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}min{\alpha }^{H}{{Q}^{H}}_{1:N}{\Gamma }_{d}{Q}_{1:N}^{}\alpha \\ s.t. {\alpha }^{H}{{Q}^{H}}_{1:N}{d}_{0}=1\end{array}\right.$
从而可以推导出
α=$\frac{({{Q}^{H}}_{1:N}{\Gamma }_{d}{Q}_{1:N}{)}^{-1}{{Q}^{H}}_{1:N}{d}_{0}}{{{d}^{H}}_{0}{Q}_{1:N}^{}({{Q}^{H}}_{1:N}{\Gamma }_{d}{Q}_{1:N}^{}{)}^{-1}{Q}_{1:N}^{H}{d}_{0}}$
可以发现N=1时,α为最大化MWNG的α,得到MWNG差分波束形成器。
同理可得,N=M时,α为最大化MDF的α,得到MDF差分波束形成器。
通过调整正整数N,可以得到性能介于hMDFhMWNG之间的不同波束形成器。
为了解决白噪声增大的问题,实验验证了所提出的可以在白噪声增益和指向性因子之间进行调节的波束形成器。通过滤波器的波束方向图比较以及MWNG和MDF的对比实验,结果表明所设计的波束形成器性能更优且实现增益可调节。
实验所使用的均匀线性麦克风阵列由M=4个麦克风组成,相邻两个麦克风之间的间距为δ=1cm。设置正整数N=1和N=M,得到的波束形成器三维宽带波束方向图如图2(a)图2(b)所示,根据式(16)和式(19)所得到的延迟求和波束形成器和超指向波束形成器的波束方向图如图2(c)图2(d)所示。
根据图2显示的实验结果,可以看出,当N=1时与DS的波束方向图几乎一致,表明当N=1时所得到的波束形成器可以退化为延迟求和波束形成器,此时该波束形成器白噪声增益最好,而在低频时指向性能较差;当N=M时与SD的波束方向图一致,表明当N=M时所得到的波束形成器可以退化为超指向波束形成器,此时可以看出该波束形成器在低频时也能表现出良好的指向性,但白噪声增益相对较弱。
通过调节参数N,使N=1,2,3,4,并确定每个参数值下波束形成器出现旁瓣的起始频率,实验结果如图3所示。通过实验观察发现,随着参数N的逐渐增加,旁瓣的起始频率呈现逐渐降低的趋势。具体而言,当参数N=1时,旁瓣的起始频率最高,意味着在低于该起始频率的范围内,波束形成器的指向性能相对较弱。当参数N=4时,旁瓣的起始频率降到最低,可以反映出此时波束形成器的指向性能得到了显著提升。
根据式(16)所设计的延迟求和波束形成器,由麦克风数量M=2,3,4,5进行实验,其白噪声增益和指向性因子随频率变化的函数图,如图4图5所示。通过对实验,能够观察到不同数量麦克风的阵列在波束形成效果上的差异,随着增加麦克风的数量,WNG和DF都会提高,也可以看出DS波束形成器的WNG随频率的变化比较稳定。这意味着在不同频率下,DS波束形成器对白噪声的增益水平相对一致,显示了其在不同频率下的稳定性和可靠性,同时也能保持较高的白噪声增益。DF随着频率的增大而增大,表明增加麦克风数量可以改善波束形成器的性能,但指向性能还是处于较低的水平。
根据式(19)设计的超指向波束形成器,通过对麦克风数量M=2,3,4,5进行对比实验,可以观察其白噪声增益和指向性因子随频率变化的函数图,如图6图7所示。与延迟求和波束形成器相比,超指向波束形成器表现出相反的趋势:随着频率的变化,DF的变化相对稳定,且保持较高的水平;WNG则随频率增大而增大,但与DS波束形成器相比,其白噪声增益相对较弱。
虽然延迟求和波束形成器和超指向波束形成器各有优势,从WNG和DF随频率变化的函数图中,可以清晰地观察到它们之间的性能差异。SD波束形成器具有较高的DF值,这使其在需要高指向性的场景中表现出色。然而,这种高指向性是以牺牲一定的白噪声增益为代价的,因此其WNG水平相对较低。这意味着在噪声环境较为复杂的情况下SD波束形成器的性能可能会受到一定限制。另一方面,DS波束形成器具有较高的WNG,这使得它在噪声环境下具有较好的鲁棒性。然而,由于其DF相对较低,DS波束形成器在指向性要求较高的场景中可能表现不如SD波束形成器。
根据所设计的参数化波束形成器,为此研究了其性能。采用由4个麦克风组成的麦克风阵列,分别令参数N=1、N=MN=(1+M)/2,将设置不同的参数与DS波束形成器和SD波束形成器对比,其WNG和DF随频率变化的函数图如图8图9所示。
可以清楚地看到,参数化波束形成器能够实现DF和WNG之间的权衡,随着N的增大,波束形成器的DF增大,WNG减小,反之亦然。这证实了第3节中的分析,即当N=1时,此时WNG和DF随频率变化曲线与DS波束形成器几乎完全重合,此时的参数化波束形成器的白噪声增益达到最大值;而当N=M时,此时WNG和DF随频率变化曲线与SD波束形成器几乎完全重合,此时的参数化波束形成器DF达到最大值。当参数设置为N=(1+M)/2即麦克风数量的一半,可以发现WNG和DF随频率变化曲线介于MWNG和MDF之间。由此可见,当调大参数N的值,波束形成器会更接近于MDF波束形成器,因此其DF会相对较高,但同时也能保持一定水平的WNG。这种情况下的波束形成器在应对信号捕捉和抑制噪声方面可能会展现出更加平衡的表现。当调小参数N,波束形成器更接近于MWNG波束形成器,此时具有较高的WNG,但同时也能保持一定水平的DF,这种情况下的波束形成器更适用于一些对信号分辨率要求不是特别严格,但需要较好的噪声抑制能力的场景。
参数化波束形成器作为MWNG和MDF波束形成器的结合体,不仅可以实现DF和WNG之间的平衡,还具有灵活的调节能力和自适应性。在各种不同的应用场景中,参数化波束形成器能够提供优秀的性能,满足用户的需求并提高系统的整体性能表现。
研究了线性差分麦克风阵列的理论和方法,并提出了一种参数化波束形成器的方法。通过在MWNG波束形成器和MDF波束形成器之间引入可调参数,利用酉对角化方法处理转向向量与白噪声增益的伪相关矩阵来得到参数化波束形成器。通过仿真实验验证,参数化波束形成器在不同的参数设置下展现出了卓越的性能。根据仿真结果得到如下结论。
(1)能够在最大化白噪声增益和最大化指向性因子之间灵活地权衡与调节,更好地适应不同环境和应用场景。
(2)能够提高信号捕获效率和质量,有效抑制背景噪声,其优化效果相较于延迟求和波束形成器和超指向波束形成器具有显著优势。
所设计的参数化波束形成器为语音信号处理领域提供了一种创新的解决方案。其可调节性使得波束形成器能够灵活应对各种信号捕获需求,为用户提供更加个性化和定制化的声音处理体验。
  • 中国人民公安大学双一流创新研究项目(2023SYL08)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2401939
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
  • 修回日期:2024-11-14
基金
中国人民公安大学双一流创新研究项目(2023SYL08)
作者信息
    中国人民公安大学信息网络安全学院, 北京 100032

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*卜凡亮(1965—),男,汉族,江苏徐州人,博士,教授。研究方向:信息技术。E-mail:
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