Article(id=1156983788774449386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402974, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713801600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-23, revisedDate=1731945600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030963, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030963, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2146, endPage=2152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983789781082350, articleId=1156983788774449386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Impact of Plunging Motion on Airfoil Unsteady Aerodynamic Force, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A numerical calculation model for airfoil dynamic stall numerical simulation was established by computational fluid dynamics method, and the influence of plunging motion on airfoil unsteady aerodynamic force was analyzed. The simulation results were compared to the pitching motion wind tunnel experimental data of NACA0012 airfoil, and the results of the model under mild stall and deep stall conditions were in good agreement with the experimental values, which verified the accuracy and feasibility of the numerical calculation model. The plunging motion of NACA23012 airfoil was equivalent to the pitching motion, the lift characteristics of airfoil under the two motion modes are very close, but the moment characteristics are obviously different. With the increase of amplitude of plunging motion and inflow Mach number, the difference of moment characteristics is further expanded. With the increase of amplitude of plunging motion, the damping effect of aerodynamic moment of pitching and plunging motions is obviously enhanced, with the increase of inflow Mach number, the damping effect is reduced, and the moment divergence occurs when the Mach number is 0.85.

, correspAuthors=Zhi-hao YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu PENG, Zhi-hao YU, Qi-huang JIANG, Yong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983988175856228, articleId=1156983788774449386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响, columnId=1156262731373208516, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·航空、航天, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用计算流体力学的方法,建立了针对翼型动态失速数值模拟的数值计算模型,分析沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响。通过与NACA0012翼型的俯仰运动风洞实验数据进行比较,模型在轻度失速和深度失速状态下的模拟结果与试验值吻合较好,验证了所提数值计算模型的准确性和可行性。将NACA23012翼型的沉浮运动等效为俯仰运动,两种运动方式计算得到的翼型升力特性很接近,但力矩特性差异明显,随着沉浮幅值和来流马赫数的增大,力矩特性差异进一步扩大。增加沉浮幅值,俯仰和沉浮运动气动力矩的阻尼作用明显增强,增大来流马赫数,力矩阻尼作用减小,并在马赫数为0.85时出现力矩发散现象。

, correspAuthors=虞志浩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*虞志浩(1981—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,讲师。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学与气动弹性。E-mail:
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彭裕(2001—),男,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学。E-mail:

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彭裕(2001—),男,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学。E-mail:

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彭裕(2001—),男,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学。E-mail:

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Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 2020, 41(11): 1683-1688., articleTitle=Unsteady aerodynamic model of NACA0012 associated with forced oscillations and translations in transonic flight, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1225467180750385853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, awardId=xcxjh20210105, language=CN, fundingSource=南京航空航天大学科研与实践创新计划(xcxjh20210105), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1225467180955906763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1225467166116459286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467166150013721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, companyId=1225467166116459286, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 National Key Laboratory of Helicopter Dynamics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467166162596634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, companyId=1225467166116459286, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京航空航天大学直升机动力学全国重点实验室, 南京 210016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1225467166254871333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467166259065639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, companyId=1225467166254871333, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 China Helicopter Research and Development Institute, Jingdezhen 333001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1225467166267454247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, companyId=1225467166254871333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国直升机设计研究所, 景德镇 333001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1225467171074125877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Pitching motion diagram of NACA0012 airfoil, figureFileSmall=ttxnaMV+saUoxEQcleo4bQ==, figureFileBig=osqPpoJ/YOfOa/AuXzC6kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467171208343615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=图1, caption=NACA0012翼型俯仰运动示意图

α为翼型迎角;c为翼型弦长

, figureFileSmall=ttxnaMV+saUoxEQcleo4bQ==, figureFileBig=osqPpoJ/YOfOa/AuXzC6kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467171397087307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Overlapping grid division diagram of airfoil, figureFileSmall=TBFm6r76jBmTJhUM1CQSnQ==, figureFileBig=ESDvhowHvcAC7dqfUu0OeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467171510333523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=图2, caption=翼型重叠网格划分示意图, figureFileSmall=TBFm6r76jBmTJhUM1CQSnQ==, figureFileBig=ESDvhowHvcAC7dqfUu0OeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467171610996828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Body-fitted grid diagram of airfoil, figureFileSmall=1Puj5ch944H64nfVhCxe6g==, figureFileBig=HMT8yROkBWTu4WHMn6fgwA==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.5, caption=Variation of pitching moment coefficient in mild stall, figureFileSmall=ZK4m4rI46Xw0E7IY/dAaRA==, figureFileBig=6uGhDRt/S1D6LF+010EAhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467173674594467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=图5, caption=轻度失速力矩系数变化规律, figureFileSmall=ZK4m4rI46Xw0E7IY/dAaRA==, figureFileBig=6uGhDRt/S1D6LF+010EAhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467173930447037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Variation of lift coefficient in deep stall, figureFileSmall=/Uy41eJm8AaXCFAc5FFsUQ==, figureFileBig=3Ld9l7RzgiXVBlW95joJaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467174106607820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=图6, caption=深度失速升力系数变化规律, figureFileSmall=/Uy41eJm8AaXCFAc5FFsUQ==, 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ArticleFig(id=1225467179160744463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=图16, caption=变来流马赫数下沉浮运动力矩系数对比, figureFileSmall=+ldLNAOJmInyAC5nWdiQVw==, figureFileBig=GWHIlbBqHWydHtKEWADDug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467179341099553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Plunging motion law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉浮幅值/m 沉浮运动表达式
0.08 H=-0.08sin(44.5t)
0.16 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.2 H=-0.2sin(44.5t)
0.32 H=-0.32sin(44.5t)
), ArticleFig(id=1225467179496288820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

沉浮运动规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉浮幅值/m 沉浮运动表达式
0.08 H=-0.08sin(44.5t)
0.16 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.2 H=-0.2sin(44.5t)
0.32 H=-0.32sin(44.5t)
), ArticleFig(id=1225467179617923656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pitching motion law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉浮幅值/m 俯仰运动表达式
0.08 α=1.24°-arctan[0.021 7cos(44.5t)]
0.16 α=2.48°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
0.2 α=3.12°-arctan[0.086 8cos(44.5t)]
0.32 α=4.96°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
), ArticleFig(id=1225467179739558482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

俯仰运动规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沉浮幅值/m 俯仰运动表达式
0.08 α=1.24°-arctan[0.021 7cos(44.5t)]
0.16 α=2.48°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
0.2 α=3.12°-arctan[0.086 8cos(44.5t)]
0.32 α=4.96°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
), ArticleFig(id=1225467179949273707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Plunging motion law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来流马赫数 沉浮运动表达式
0.36 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.48 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.6 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.7 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.85 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
), ArticleFig(id=1225467180150600322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

沉浮运动规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来流马赫数 沉浮运动表达式
0.36 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.48 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.6 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.7 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
0.85 H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
), ArticleFig(id=1225467180314178196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Pitching motion law

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来流马赫数 俯仰运动表达式
0.36 α=3.33°-arctan[0.058 2cos(44.5t)]
0.48 α=2.48°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
0.6 α=2°-arctan[0.034 9cos(44.5t)]
0.7 α=1.71°-arctan[0.029 9cos(44.5t)]
0.85 α=1.49°-arctan[0.024 6cos(44.5t)]
), ArticleFig(id=1225467180490338978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983788774449386, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

俯仰运动规律

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来流马赫数 俯仰运动表达式
0.36 α=3.33°-arctan[0.058 2cos(44.5t)]
0.48 α=2.48°-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
0.6 α=2°-arctan[0.034 9cos(44.5t)]
0.7 α=1.71°-arctan[0.029 9cos(44.5t)]
0.85 α=1.49°-arctan[0.024 6cos(44.5t)]
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沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响
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彭裕 1 , 虞志浩 1, * , 江期凰 2 , 刘勇 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(5): 2146-2152
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(5): 2146-2152
沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响
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彭裕1 , 虞志浩1, * , 江期凰2, 刘勇1
作者信息
  • 1 南京航空航天大学直升机动力学全国重点实验室, 南京 210016
  • 2 中国直升机设计研究所, 景德镇 333001
  • 彭裕(2001—),男,汉族,江西赣州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*虞志浩(1981—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,讲师。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学与气动弹性。E-mail:
Impact of Plunging Motion on Airfoil Unsteady Aerodynamic Force
Yu PENG1 , Zhi-hao YU1, * , Qi-huang JIANG2, Yong LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Helicopter Dynamics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2 China Helicopter Research and Development Institute, Jingdezhen 333001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402974
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采用计算流体力学的方法,建立了针对翼型动态失速数值模拟的数值计算模型,分析沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响。通过与NACA0012翼型的俯仰运动风洞实验数据进行比较,模型在轻度失速和深度失速状态下的模拟结果与试验值吻合较好,验证了所提数值计算模型的准确性和可行性。将NACA23012翼型的沉浮运动等效为俯仰运动,两种运动方式计算得到的翼型升力特性很接近,但力矩特性差异明显,随着沉浮幅值和来流马赫数的增大,力矩特性差异进一步扩大。增加沉浮幅值,俯仰和沉浮运动气动力矩的阻尼作用明显增强,增大来流马赫数,力矩阻尼作用减小,并在马赫数为0.85时出现力矩发散现象。

非定常气动力  /  翼型  /  动态失速  /  沉浮运动  /  计算流体力学

A numerical calculation model for airfoil dynamic stall numerical simulation was established by computational fluid dynamics method, and the influence of plunging motion on airfoil unsteady aerodynamic force was analyzed. The simulation results were compared to the pitching motion wind tunnel experimental data of NACA0012 airfoil, and the results of the model under mild stall and deep stall conditions were in good agreement with the experimental values, which verified the accuracy and feasibility of the numerical calculation model. The plunging motion of NACA23012 airfoil was equivalent to the pitching motion, the lift characteristics of airfoil under the two motion modes are very close, but the moment characteristics are obviously different. With the increase of amplitude of plunging motion and inflow Mach number, the difference of moment characteristics is further expanded. With the increase of amplitude of plunging motion, the damping effect of aerodynamic moment of pitching and plunging motions is obviously enhanced, with the increase of inflow Mach number, the damping effect is reduced, and the moment divergence occurs when the Mach number is 0.85.

unsteady aerodynamic force  /  airfoil  /  dynamic stall  /  plunging motion  /  computational fluid dynamics
彭裕, 虞志浩, 江期凰, 刘勇. 沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2146 -2152 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402974
Yu PENG, Zhi-hao YU, Qi-huang JIANG, Yong LIU. Impact of Plunging Motion on Airfoil Unsteady Aerodynamic Force[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 2146 -2152 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402974
直升机旋翼桨叶存在挥舞运动、变距运动和摆振运动,因其独特的工作方式,直升机旋翼始终处在非常复杂的流场当中,承受交变气动载荷作用,后行侧桨叶存在失速和反流区。翼型在经历动态失速过程中产生的非定常气动力将使翼型产生较大振动。研究桨叶上的动态失速特性对提高直升机旋翼气动效率和旋翼气动弹性分析都非常有利[1]
针对翼型的动态失速问题,早期研究了俯仰和沉浮的弹性振动对翼型失速迎角附近的气动力影响,发现相比于定常条件下的翼型,考虑弹性变形情况下翼型的失速将提前,为定常计算得到的失速迎角要高于试飞试验结果的现象提供了一个思路[2]。随着计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)数值模拟技术的发展,科研人员研究了翼型气动参数对动态失速特性的影响[3-4],翼型表面分离涡的分离和气流重新附着会随着俯仰振幅的增大逐渐推迟,导致气动力迟滞现象明显增强。与此同时,抬头力矩峰值随俯仰振幅增大向前移动,低头力矩向后移动,并伴随峰值突增现象。为了提高动态失速计算精度,近几年提出了一种基于转捩点位置的动态失速模型,通过使用梯度下降法优化转捩点位置来计算非定常气动力,在小迎角状态下的计算结果更加准确[5]。由于直升机工作环境始终伴随着俯仰运动和沉浮运动,翼型的非定常气动特性不仅与翼型迎角变化有关,也受到沉浮运动的影响,直升机旋翼桨叶的气动弹性分析中,采用俯仰运动等效代替沉浮运动会造成一定的误差。史志伟[6]研究了翼型运动方式对非定常气动特性的影响,俯仰实验表明随着俯仰频率和幅值增大,升力系数迟滞回线增大,来流风速会影响沉浮运动翼型的表面压力分布。通过对强迫沉浮运动和俯仰运动的翼型流场进行分析,发现相比自然振动,沉浮和俯仰运动都会导致升力系数发生明显变化,且沉浮频率和俯仰振幅都会对气流分离产生影响[7]。早期的沉浮实验发现,随着沉浮运动频率的增大,最大升力系数和失速迎角有减小的趋势[8]。最近的风洞实验结果表明,对于沉浮振荡翼型,频率越大,翼型上浮和下沉时对应的升力系数差值越大[9]
现运用CFD计算方法,采用重叠网格对翼型进行CFD建模,通过对NACA0012翼型进行数值模拟来验证气动模型的准确性。并将NACA23012翼型的沉浮运动转换为俯仰运动,分别计算两种运动方式下的升力、力矩特性,对比两者差异。在此基础上,进一步研究沉浮幅值和来流马赫数对俯仰和沉浮运动的影响。
翼型的非定常气动力模拟计算采用Fluent仿真软件,首先要对翼型进行CFD建模,以NACA0012翼型为例,翼型形状以及具体尺寸如图1所示。
翼型绕1/4弦线处的变距中心进行俯仰运动,俯仰运动过程通过用户自定义函数(user-defined functions,UDF)来控制,翼型迎角变化规律表达式为
α=α0+α1sin(ωt)
式(1)中:α0为翼型初始迎角;α1为俯仰振幅;ω为俯仰偏转频率。
k=$\frac{\omega c}{2U}$
式(2)中:k为缩减频率;c为翼型弦长;U为远前方来流速度。
采用基于雷诺平均的N-S方程[10](RANS)数值计算方法,控制方程为
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}{\int }_{\Omega }^{}$WdΩ+${\oint }_{\partial \Omega }^{}$(FCFV)dS=0
式(3)中:Ω为需要计算流场的控制体;W为守恒变量;∂Ω为流体边界;FCFV分别为无黏和黏性通量;dS为流体边界上的面元。
控制方程的离散方法采用有限体积法,对于所需要计算的控制体Ω,表达式为
$\frac{\partial {W}_{i,j,k}}{\partial t}$=$\frac{1}{{\Omega }_{i,j,k}}\sum _{m=1}^{{N}_{F}}$(FC-FV)mΔSm
式(4)中:ΔS为控制体各个面的面积;NF为所需计算控制体Ωi,j,k面的总个数。
控制方程采用SST(切应力运输模型)形式的k-ω湍流模型。
采用重叠网格[11]划分方法对翼型建模,重叠网格包括前景网格和背景网格。如图2图3所示,翼型周围的前景网格和远场的背景网格均采用结构网格,为确保模拟精度,需要对翼型贴体网格进行加密,并保证翼型边界处网格尺寸尽可能接近背景网格尺寸,确保流场插值光滑,从而更好地进行信息传递和交换。
边界条件设置是进行Fluent仿真求解的关键,使用压力远场边界条件模拟无穷远处来流,其中来流马赫数和静态条件可根据计算状态设置,重叠边界设置为overset,前后方远场边界约为弦长19倍,翼型网格数为377 12,重叠网格总数为217 712,第一层贴体网格高度为5×10-6,贴体网格高度增长率为1.2倍。动网格设置通过使用UDF来控制网格进行俯仰运动。背景网格与翼型网格虽然在空间上重叠,但是相互独立,在重叠网格运动过程中,背景网格不动,翼型网格相对背景网格转动,重叠网格部分通过相互插值、挖洞等方法完成各个子区域间的数据交换。
为了验证CFD模型计算方法的准确性,对比模型计算结果和风洞试验结果,使用上述建模方法对文献[12]中的NACA0012翼型进行模拟,分别计算轻度失速和深度失速状态下的升力系数和力矩系数。
轻度失速状态:初始迎角α0=4.94°,振幅α1=5°,远前方来流速度U=0.301Ma,缩减频率k=0.099,翼型俯仰运动状态表达式为
α=4.94°+5°sin(33.22t)
计算得到的升力系数CL和力矩系数CM结果与试验值对比如图4图5所示。可知,在轻度失速条件下,CFD模型的翼型升力系数和力矩系数计算值与风洞实验结果拟合程度较高,能够较好地描述翼型非定常气动力在轻度失速状态下随迎角的变化。
对于深度失速状态:初始迎角α0=14.84°,振幅α1=9.87°,远前方来流速度U=0.28Ma,缩减频率k=0.097,此时俯仰运动规律表示为
α=14.84°+9.87°sin(30.28t)
深度失速条件下,翼型的升力系数和力矩系数计算值随迎角变化与试验值整体吻合较好,如图6所示,当迎角大于20.2°时,翼型开始失速,升力系数快速下降,CFD计算值与试验值吻合变差。如图7所示,失速前力矩系数与试验值吻合程度较好,进入失速区后,力矩系数峰值与试验值略有差别,但总体上能够拟合出力矩的曲线特征。
从轻度失速和深度失速的仿真结果可知,CFD模型计算的翼型非定常气动力与风洞试验值吻合程度较好,能够正确预测翼型做小幅振荡和大幅振荡时的非定常气动特性,验证了CFD模型计算方法的准确性。
为了确保沉浮运动数值模拟结果的准确性,对文献[13]中的NACA0012翼型进行沉浮运动验证,计算沉浮振荡翼型的法向力系数。文献中翼型弦长为1 m,来流马赫数Ma=0.8,缩减频率k=0.8,翼型沉浮运动表达式为
H=0.2sin(163.2t)
式(7)中:H为每个时刻的沉浮位移,沉浮幅值为0.2 m。
将沉浮运动规律编写成UDF后导入Fluent中进行计算,法向力系数Cn的计算结果与文献值的对比如图8所示,可以看出,模型的计算结果与文献值的吻合程度很高,CFD模型对沉浮运动翼型的气动力计算准确。
为了验证模型对沉浮运动翼型的升力和力矩特性计算的准确性,进一步对文献[14]中的NACA0012翼型建模计算。其中翼型弦长为1 m来流马赫数Ma=0.755,缩减频率k=0.081 4,沉浮幅值为0.1 m。沉浮运动表达式为
H=0.1sin(41.79t)
计算收敛后,取出一个周期中升力系数和力矩系数关于时间历程变化的结果,与文献值进行对比验证,结果如图9图10所示。
图10可知,沉浮运动数值模拟结果对翼型升力系数吻合程度很高,对力矩系数的吻合稍差,但总体能够满足计算要求。
从两种验证结果可知,在不同幅值和频率下,CFD模型对沉浮运动翼型的气动力计算结果均与文献[13]吻合较好,能够准确预测翼型沉浮运动的非定常气动力,验证了模型的正确性。
直升机旋翼工作时兼具俯仰运动和沉浮运动,来流速度已知时,俯仰运动和沉浮运动在某种程度上是可以转换的,为对比这两种翼型运动方式所产生的非定常气动力差异,对BO105旋翼的NACA23012翼型进行建模,翼型弦长为0.3m,选择前飞时的桨叶剖面进行计算。
一般来说,桨叶挥舞运动的幅值与旋翼预锥角βp有关,一般为[-βp,βp]。桨叶主要产生升力的剖面在0.75R附近,因此对0.75R剖面处的翼型进行模拟计算,沉浮运动的表达式可以描述为
H=-hsin(ωt)
h=0.75Rsinβp
式中:h为沉浮幅值;旋翼转速ω=425 r/min=44.5 rad/s;旋翼半径R=4.91 m;预锥角βp=2.5°。
将翼型沉浮运动等效为俯仰运动后俯仰变化规律可表示为
$\alpha=\alpha_{0}-\arctan \left(\frac{\dot{H}}{U}\right)$
式(11)中:来流速度U=0.48Ma。因此,0.75R剖面处翼型沉浮运动表达式为
H=-0.16sin(44.5t)
俯仰运动表达式为
α=2.48-arctan[0.043 4cos(44.5t)]
分别将两种运动规律编写为UDF,计算升力系数和力矩系数,结果如图11图12所示,从升力系数对比图(图11)可以看出,将沉浮运动等效为俯仰运动时,两种振荡方式下翼型产生的升力几乎一致。从力矩系数对比图(图12)可知两种运动产生的力矩差异明显,俯仰运动时,力矩回线为环形,而沉浮运动时力矩回线呈“8”字形。
为了进一步研究俯仰运动和沉浮运动的力矩特性差异,分析这种差异对直升机带来的影响。将沉浮运动转换为俯仰运动,分别改变沉浮运动的幅值和来流马赫数,改变沉浮幅值后两种运动规律表达式如表1表2所示。
力矩系数的计算结果如图13图14所示。在图13中,4个沉浮幅值状态下俯仰运动的力矩回线方向均为1—4,是一个逆时针环形,随着沉浮幅值的增加,回线面积增大。沿着回线作积分,可知逆时针回线围成的面积为负值,即翼型气动力矩作负功,对翼型运动起阻尼效果,使振荡衰减。在图14中,沉浮运动的力矩的回线均为1—6的方向,呈一个“8”字形,左回线为顺时针,右回线为逆时针。在左回线部分,气动力矩做正功,气动力矩给翼型充当负阻尼作用,促使振荡扩散,右回线部分则相反。此外,随着沉浮幅值的增加,逆时针回线的占比逐渐增大。因此,增加沉浮幅值能够增强俯仰运动和沉浮运动力矩的阻尼作用。力矩系数的这种差异对于直升机桨叶气动弹性分析影响较大。细长桨叶的弹性扭转以及操纵线系刚度使得桨距受气动力矩的影响不能忽略,此外桨叶变距方向的阻尼较弱,“8”字形的力矩回线显著削弱了气动力矩的阻尼作用,会对桨叶振动计算产生明显的影响。
关于翼型不同的运动方式造成的力矩差异,主要原因为:翼型的俯仰力矩是关于1/4弦线的变距中心计算的,而变距中心两侧的翼型面积差别大,相比与俯仰运动,翼型做上下沉浮运动时,垂向速度导致两侧的动压差距变大,因此加大了力矩的变化量,所以加大沉浮幅值会使翼型在经过平衡点处的垂向速度进一步增大,导致力矩差异也进一步放大。
改变来流马赫数后两种运动规律表达式如表3表4所示。
采用CFD模型的计算结果如图15图16所示,在俯仰运动图中,力矩回线依然均为逆时针,随着来流马赫数增加,回线面积逐渐减小,说明增加来流速度会削落翼型俯仰运动力矩的阻尼效果。从沉浮运动图可知,力矩回线的特征与改变沉浮幅值时相同,“8”字形方向也一致。随来流速度的增加,逆时针回线的占比逐渐减小,当Ma=0.7时,逆时针回线几乎消失。所以来流速度的增加会使翼型的负阻尼增大,与俯仰运动结果一致。此外,当Ma=0.85时,出现了力矩发散现象。气动力矩突增,此时力矩回线完全变成顺时针的环形。
从以上结果可知,同一状态下沉浮运动和俯仰运动的气动力矩差异很大,并且随着沉浮幅值和来流马赫数的增加,力矩差异将进一步增大。在直升机前飞状态下,桨叶外段的沉浮幅值和来流马赫数大于内段,沉浮运动的占比增加,此时沉浮运动和俯仰运动的力矩差异很大,此外,如果出现“8”字形力矩的负阻尼面积大于正阻尼面积,则很可能发生桨叶失速颤振。因此,过去采用俯仰运动代替沉浮运动计算非定常气动力是不合理的,沉浮运动对翼型非定常气动力的影响不能被忽略。
(1)建立的翼型非定常气动力计算模型可以正确计算非定常气动力,失速状态升力、力矩特性计算结果与实验值吻合度较高。
(2)将翼型的沉浮运动等效为俯仰运动后,计算获得的升力特性接近,力矩特性差异明显,增大沉浮幅值和来流马赫数会放大这种差异,旋翼桨叶气动力计算不适合采用俯仰近似沉浮。
(3)随着沉浮幅值的增加,翼型的俯仰和沉浮运动的力矩阻尼作用显著增强,随着来流马赫数增加,力矩阻尼作用削落,并出现力矩发散现象。
(4)俯仰和沉浮运动带来的气动力差异为后续直升机旋翼气动力计算是否采用俯仰等效沉浮提供了一些参考。
  • 南京航空航天大学科研与实践创新计划(xcxjh20210105)
  • 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2402974
  • 接收时间:2024-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-23
  • 修回日期:2024-11-19
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南京航空航天大学科研与实践创新计划(xcxjh20210105)
江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目
作者信息
    1 南京航空航天大学直升机动力学全国重点实验室, 南京 210016
    2 中国直升机设计研究所, 景德镇 333001

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*虞志浩(1981—),男,汉族,江苏南通人,博士,讲师。研究方向:直升机旋翼动力学与气动弹性。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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