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A novel multi-objective optimization design method for permanent magnet roller based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and RMxprt co-simulation was developed to address the issue of low optimization efficiency when relying solely on expert experience. Firstly, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to enhance the convergence speed of the optimization process. Secondly, based on the analysis of the relationship between the structural and performance parameters of the permanent magnet roller, the variable parameters, constraint parameters, and optimization parameters for the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm were determined. Lastly, a MATLAB program for the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was developed to achieve closed-loop iteration and comparative optimization of the input and output parameters in RMxprt, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the optimization design for the permanent magnet roller.

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针对基于专家经验对永磁滚筒优化设计时,寻优效率比较低的问题,构建了一种基于改进粒子群优化算法和RMxprt联合仿真的永磁滚筒多目标优化设计方法。首先,提出了一种改进粒子群优化算法,提高了寻优收敛速度;其次,在永磁滚筒结构参数与性能参数关系分析的基础上明确了面向改进粒子群优化算法的变量参数、约束参数和优化参数;最后,通过MATLAB编写改进粒子群优化算法程序,利用改进粒子群优化算法程序实现RMxprt输入参数与输出参数的闭环迭代与比较寻优,提高了永磁滚筒优化设计的效率和优化效果。

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冯立杰(1966—),男,汉族,河南焦作人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电气、特种电机与控制。E-mail:

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冯立杰(1966—),男,汉族,河南焦作人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电气、特种电机与控制。E-mail:

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冯立杰(1966—),男,汉族,河南焦作人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电气、特种电机与控制。E-mail:

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θ为转矩角,代表$\stackrel{·}{U}$超前${\stackrel{·}{E}}_{0}$的角度;ψ为内功率因数角,代表${\stackrel{·}{I}}_{1}$超前${\stackrel{·}{E}}_{0}$的角度;ϕ为功率因数角,代表$\stackrel{·}{U}$超前${\stackrel{·}{I}}_{1}$的角度;${\stackrel{·}{E}}_{d}$为直轴电动势;${\stackrel{·}{E}}_{\delta }$为气隙合成电动势

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Main parameters

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基本参数 基本参数
额定功率/kW 55 额定频率/Hz 16
额定电压/V 1 140 额定转速/(r·min-1) 60
额定功率因数 0.97 转子外径/mm 630
极数 32 槽数 36
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主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基本参数 基本参数
额定功率/kW 55 额定频率/Hz 16
额定电压/V 1 140 额定转速/(r·min-1) 60
额定功率因数 0.97 转子外径/mm 630
极数 32 槽数 36
), ArticleFig(id=1225467188581150852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Range of variable values

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优化变量 最小值 最大值
定子内径/mm 250 350
定子外径/mm 500 575
槽满率/% 0.75 0.78
电机有效长度/mm 600 720
永磁体厚/mm 10 15
线径/mm 1 1.5
气隙/mm 1.5 2.5
极弧系数 0.7 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1225467188690202767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量取值范围

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优化变量 最小值 最大值
定子内径/mm 250 350
定子外径/mm 500 575
槽满率/% 0.75 0.78
电机有效长度/mm 600 720
永磁体厚/mm 10 15
线径/mm 1 1.5
气隙/mm 1.5 2.5
极弧系数 0.7 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1225467188857974937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Values of motor optimization variables before and after optimization

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优化变量 优化前 优化后
定子内径/mm 271 262
定子外径/mm 501 562
槽满率/% 0.778 0.760 71
电机有效长度/mm 701 690
极弧系数 0.75 0.701
永磁体厚度/mm 13.6 10.59
线径/mm 1.35 1.4
气隙/mm 2 2
), ArticleFig(id=1225467188992192676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电机优化变量优化前后数值

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优化变量 优化前 优化后
定子内径/mm 271 262
定子外径/mm 501 562
槽满率/% 0.778 0.760 71
电机有效长度/mm 701 690
极弧系数 0.75 0.701
永磁体厚度/mm 13.6 10.59
线径/mm 1.35 1.4
气隙/mm 2 2
), ArticleFig(id=1225467189109633202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Values of intermediate variables in motor before and after optimization

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参数 优化前 优化后
mCu/kg 186.807 181.784
mFe/kg 1 203.25 936.8
mci/kg 86.205 68.660 8
Xq/Ω 10.784 96 9.690 280
Xd/Ω 10.784 96 9.690 280
R1/Ω 1.213 86 1.021 3
I1/A 31.077 4 29.779 2
ψ/(°) -12.995 2 -15.771 9
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电机中间变量优化前后数值

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参数 优化前 优化后
mCu/kg 186.807 181.784
mFe/kg 1 203.25 936.8
mci/kg 86.205 68.660 8
Xq/Ω 10.784 96 9.690 280
Xd/Ω 10.784 96 9.690 280
R1/Ω 1.213 86 1.021 3
I1/A 31.077 4 29.779 2
ψ/(°) -12.995 2 -15.771 9
), ArticleFig(id=1225467189327737026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Values of constraint conditions and optimization objectives before and after optimization

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类别 参数 优化前 优化后
约束条件 功率因数 0.957 0.985 4
线感应电压有效值/V 1 087.3 1 098.5
最大转矩倍数 1.838 6 2.134
热负荷/(A2·mm-3) 131.177 91.030 9
优化目标 效率/% 92.912 94.205
成本/元 40 037 35 245.072
), ArticleFig(id=1225467189411623116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787751035741, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

约束条件和优化目标优化前后数值

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类别 参数 优化前 优化后
约束条件 功率因数 0.957 0.985 4
线感应电压有效值/V 1 087.3 1 098.5
最大转矩倍数 1.838 6 2.134
热负荷/(A2·mm-3) 131.177 91.030 9
优化目标 效率/% 92.912 94.205
成本/元 40 037 35 245.072
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基于改进粒子群算法和RMxprt的永磁滚筒多目标优化设计
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冯立杰 1 , 付帅帅 1 , 张虎翼 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(5): 1936-1943
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(5): 1936-1943
基于改进粒子群算法和RMxprt的永磁滚筒多目标优化设计
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冯立杰1 , 付帅帅1, 张虎翼2
作者信息
  • 1 上海海事大学物流工程学院, 上海 201306
  • 2 上海飞机制造有限公司航空制造技术研究所, 上海 201324
  • 冯立杰(1966—),男,汉族,河南焦作人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能电气、特种电机与控制。E-mail:

Multi-objective Optimization Design of Permanent Magnet Roller Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and RMxprt
Li-jie FENG1 , Shuai-shuai FU1, Hu-yi ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2 Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Aviation Manufacturing Technology Research Institute, Shanghai 201324, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309312
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针对基于专家经验对永磁滚筒优化设计时,寻优效率比较低的问题,构建了一种基于改进粒子群优化算法和RMxprt联合仿真的永磁滚筒多目标优化设计方法。首先,提出了一种改进粒子群优化算法,提高了寻优收敛速度;其次,在永磁滚筒结构参数与性能参数关系分析的基础上明确了面向改进粒子群优化算法的变量参数、约束参数和优化参数;最后,通过MATLAB编写改进粒子群优化算法程序,利用改进粒子群优化算法程序实现RMxprt输入参数与输出参数的闭环迭代与比较寻优,提高了永磁滚筒优化设计的效率和优化效果。

永磁滚筒  /  改进粒子群优化算法  /  多目标优化设计  /  联合仿真

A novel multi-objective optimization design method for permanent magnet roller based on improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and RMxprt co-simulation was developed to address the issue of low optimization efficiency when relying solely on expert experience. Firstly, an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed to enhance the convergence speed of the optimization process. Secondly, based on the analysis of the relationship between the structural and performance parameters of the permanent magnet roller, the variable parameters, constraint parameters, and optimization parameters for the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm were determined. Lastly, a MATLAB program for the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm was developed to achieve closed-loop iteration and comparative optimization of the input and output parameters in RMxprt, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the optimization design for the permanent magnet roller.

permanent magnet roller  /  improved particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  multi-objective optimization design  /  co-simulation
冯立杰, 付帅帅, 张虎翼. 基于改进粒子群算法和RMxprt的永磁滚筒多目标优化设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1936 -1943 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309312
Li-jie FENG, Shuai-shuai FU, Hu-yi ZHANG. Multi-objective Optimization Design of Permanent Magnet Roller Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and RMxprt[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1936 -1943 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309312
永磁滚筒作为一种新型外转子表贴式永磁电机,与传统滚筒相比,省去了减速器、联轴器,拥有体积小、故障率低、系统效率高、占地空间小、重量轻等优点,在煤矿行业中被高度重视[1-3]。传统的永磁滚筒设计多基于专家经验选择电机参数;然后通过仿真求出性能指标;最后对比多种方案,考虑成本和电机性能,最终确定最优方案。但是该设计流程较多依赖专家经验,同时寻优效率比较低。因此,亟须寻找一种快速优化设计方案的新流程和新方法。
针对电机优化设计方法,众多学者进行了多种探索。主要通过构建优化效率更高的优化算法[4-7]以及准确性更高的电机模型。其中电机模型主要分为解析模型[8]和代理模型[9-12]两种,针对解析模型,佟文明等[13]基于磁场解析模型与遗传算法相结合的方法,对轴向磁通永磁电机的电磁转矩平均值和电机有效成本进行优化;倪有源等[14]提出了一种其转子含有半圆形辅助槽的解析模型,推导齿槽转矩峰值与槽型尺寸的解析关系,并对辅助槽型尺寸进行优化分析,获得齿槽转矩脉动的极小值。
针对代理模型,赵玫等[15]提出一种表面响应法与粒子群算法相结合的多目标优化设计方法,对一种新型动子三面墙聚磁式结构的横向磁通永磁直线电机进行优化。Han等[16]基于响应面法构建周向励磁永磁电机的效率、功率因数、转矩波动和永磁体的涡流损耗代理模型,并应用粒子群优化算法对其代理模型进行优化;Pan等[17]基于机器学习算法构建混合励磁双定子永磁同步电机的优化目标代理模型,并利用非支配排序遗传算法对其反电动势、反电动势谐波、转矩和转矩波动进行优化;Verma等[18]基于田口法构建表面嵌入式永磁同步电机的优化目标代理模型,并利用遗传算法对其转矩、转矩波动和齿槽转矩进行优化。
综上所述,各位学者均取得了较好的优化效果,但是解析模型对公式的精确度要求高,代理模型则需要大量的数据支持。而基于RMxprt的电机模型可避免上述问题,却鲜有人将其与智能优化算法结合起来进行永磁电机的多目标优化设计。
基于此,现以永磁滚筒为研究对象,提出基于改进粒子群优化(improved particle swarm optimization,IPSO)算法和RMxprt的联合仿真,对永磁滚筒进行多目标优化设计。首先,介绍粒子群优化算法,并对其进行改进,通过标准测试函数Ackley’s Function进行测试;然后,在分析永磁滚筒结构参数和性能参数关系的基础上,设计面向IPSO算法的优化变量、约束条件和优化目标,建立永磁滚筒优化模型;最后,论述IPSO和RMxprt联合仿真的机理,并以55 kW永磁滚筒为例开展多目标优化设计,对优化前后的目标和约束条件进行对比分析。
粒子群优化算法属于群智能优化算法,因易于理解,参数少且容易实现,常用于解决全局优化问题[19]
粒子群优化算法主要步骤如下。
步骤1 构建增广适应度函数。首先,构建适应度函数f(x)。
其次,加入约束条件,约束条件如下。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{g}_{1}\left(X\right)={g}_{1}({x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots,{x}_{n})\le 0\\ {g}_{2}\left(X\right)={g}_{2}({x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots,{x}_{n})\le 0\\       ︙\\ {g}_{m}\left(X\right)={g}_{m}({x}_{1},{x}_{2},\dots,{x}_{n})\le 0\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:gm(X)为约束函数。
最后,利用惩罚函数将有约束问题转化为无约束问题,采用惩罚函数P(X,γ),对应的增广适应度函数为F(X,γ)。
$P(X, \gamma)=\gamma \sum_{j=1}^{M} \max \left[0, g_{j}(X)\right]$
$\min F(X, \gamma)=f(X)+P(X, \gamma)$
式中:γ为惩罚因子。
步骤2 设定粒子维数、粒子群个数、迭代次数及第k次迭代的位置和速度为
$X_{i}^{k}=\left(x_{i 1}^{k}, \cdots x_{i j}^{k}, \cdots, x_{i D}^{k}\right)$
$V_{i}^{k}=\left(v_{i 1}^{k}, \cdots v_{i j}^{k}, \cdots, v_{i D}^{k}\right)$
式中:D为粒子维数;N为粒子群个数;T为迭代总次数;i为第i个粒子;j为空间的维数;k为迭代次数;${X}_{i}^{k}$${V}_{i}^{k}$分别为k次迭代时,第i个粒子的位置和速度;${x}_{ij}^{k}$${v}_{ij}^{k}$分别为k次迭代时,第i个粒子第j维的位置和速度分量。
步骤3 求解出每个粒子的个体最优解和全局最优解,可表示为
$P_{i}^{k}=\left(p_{i 1}^{k}, \cdots p_{i j}^{k}, \cdots, p_{i D}^{k}\right)$
$P^{k}=\left(p_{1}^{k}, \cdots p_{j}^{k}, \cdots, p_{D}^{k}\right)$
式中:${p}_{ij}^{k}$为第k次迭代第i粒子的j维个体最优位置分量;${p}_{j}^{k}$为第k次迭代的j维全局最优位置分量。
步骤4 更新粒子的速度及位置。
$v_{i j}^{k+1}=\omega v_{i j}^{k}+c_{1} r_{1}\left(p_{i j}^{k}-x_{i j}^{k}\right)+c_{2} r_{2}\left(p_{j}^{k}-x_{i j}^{k}\right)$
$x_{i j}^{k+1}=x_{i j}^{k}+v_{i j}^{k+1}$
式中:${v}_{ij}^{k+1}$${x}_{ij}^{k+1}$为第k+1次迭代第i粒子的j维速度和位置分量;ω为惯性权重;c1c2为学习因子;r1r2为0~1的随机数。
步骤5 处理速度和位置边界条件。速度取值范围为[Vmin,Vmax],位置取值范围为[Xmin,Xmax],速度和位置取值为
$V_{i d}^{k+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} r\left(V_{\max }-V_{\min }\right)+V_{\min }, & V<V_{\min } \\ r\left(V_{\max }-V_{\min }\right)+V_{\min }, & V>V_{\max } \\ V_{\text {new }}, & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
$X_{i d}^{k+1}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} r\left(X_{\max }-X_{\min }\right)+X_{\min }, &X<X_{\min } \\ r\left(X_{\max }-X_{\min }\right)+X_{\min }, & X>X_{\max } \\ X_{\text {new }}, & \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
式中:r为0~1的随机数。
传统粒子群优化算法易陷入局部最优,故需要对其进行改进[20]。因惯性权重影响全局寻优能力和局部寻优能力,所以通过寻优前期较大的惯性权重可以增强全局寻优能力,避免陷入局部最优。同时,在后期迅速减小的惯性权重可以增强局部寻优能力,收敛性更好。
对于惯性权重的改进,虽然线性递减惯性权重是常用的方法,但是式(12)表示的改进惯性权重更新公式更具有优越性。因为改进惯性权重比线性递减惯性权重在搜索初期惯性权重更大,搜索后期惯性权重变小的速度更快。
$\begin{aligned} \omega(k)= & \omega_{\max }-\left(\omega_{\max }-\omega_{\min }\right)\left(2^{\frac{k}{T}}-1\right) \times \\ & \tan \left(\frac{\pi}{4} \frac{k}{T}\right) \end{aligned}$
为验证所选用的惯性权重可行性,运用Ackley’s Function测试函数分别对固定惯性权重、线性递减惯性权重和改进惯性权重进行测试。测试情况如图1所示。
图1中可以看出,改进的惯性权重收敛速度明显高于线性递减惯性权重和固定惯性权重的收敛速度。因此,所提出的惯性权重更新公式使IPSO有更优的收敛速度。
为简化永磁滚筒成本计算,只考虑电机主材料成本,主要包括电机铜线、铁芯和永磁体的成本,简化后的电机成本构成如下。
$C=C_{1} m_{\mathrm{Cu}}+C_{2} m_{\mathrm{Fe}}+C_{3} m_{\mathrm{ci}}$
$m_{\mathrm{Cu}}=2 p q \pi N_{\mathrm{s}} d_{1}^{2} N_{\mathrm{t}} a L_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{Cu}}$
$m_{\mathrm{Fe}}=\pi\left[\left(D_{2}-D_{\mathrm{i} 2}\right)^{2}+\left(D_{1}-D_{\mathrm{i} 1}\right)^{2}-2 p q A_{\mathrm{s}}\right] L_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{Fe}}$
$m_{\mathrm{ci}}=\pi\left(D_{1}+2 \delta\right) \alpha_{\mathrm{i}} h_{\mathrm{MP}} L_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{ci}}$
式中:mCu为铜质量;mFe为铁的质量;mci为永磁铁质量;C1为铜的价格;C2为铁的价格;C3为永磁体的价格;p为极对数;q为每极每相槽数;Ns为每槽导体数;αi为极弧系数;a为并联支路数;Nt为并绕根数;d1为绕组线规;L1为电机有效长度;D1为定子外径;δ为气隙;ρCu为铜的密度;ρFe为铁的密度;ρci为永磁体的密度;hMP为永磁体厚度;As为槽面积;Di1为定子内径;D2为转子外径;Di2为转子内径。
影响成本的参数在优化后,会改变电机内部相应部件阻值的变化,继而对电压产生影响,所以需要对电压进行分析,根据双反应理论可知永磁滚筒电压方程为
$\begin{aligned} \dot{U} & =\dot{E}_{0}+\dot{I}_{1} R_{1}+\mathrm{j} \dot{I}_{1} X_{1}+\mathrm{j} \dot{I}_{d} X_{\mathrm{a} d}+j \dot{I}_{q} X_{\mathrm{a} q} \\ & =\dot{E}_{0}+\dot{I}_{1} R_{1}+\mathrm{j} \dot{I}_{d} X_{d}+\mathrm{j} \dot{I}_{q} X_{q} \end{aligned}$
式(17)中:$\stackrel{·}{U}$为外部输入相电压有效值;${\stackrel{·}{E}}_{0}$为每相空载感应电动势有效值;I1为定子相电流有效值;R1为定子绕组相电阻;X1为定子漏抗;${\stackrel{·}{I}}_{d}$为直轴电枢电流;Xad为直轴电枢反应电抗;${\stackrel{·}{I}}_{q}$为交轴电枢电流;Xaq为交轴电枢反应电抗;XqXd为交、直轴同步电抗。
由电压方程绘制永磁滚筒稳定运行时的相量图如图2所示。
其中功率因数、定子绕组相电阻、定子漏抗、交、直轴电枢反应电抗和交、直轴电枢电流分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \cos \varphi=\cos (\theta-|\psi|) \\ R_{1}=\frac{2 \rho L_{\mathrm{av}} p q N_{\mathrm{s}}}{\pi a^{2} N_{t}\left(d_{1} / 2\right)^{2}} \\ X_{1}=\frac{15 \cdot 5 f p q N_{\mathrm{s}}^{2} L_{1} \sum \lambda}{10^{8} a^{2}} \\ X_{\mathrm{a} q}=\frac{L_{1}\left(D_{1}+2 \delta\right) K_{d q} q N_{\mathrm{s}} B_{\mathrm{a} q 1}}{a I_{q} 10^{4}} \\ X_{\mathrm{a} d}=\frac{L_{1}\left(D_{1}+2 \delta\right) K_{d q} q N_{\mathrm{s}} B_{\mathrm{a} d 1}}{a I_{d} 10^{4}} \\ I_{d}=\frac{R_{1} U \sin \theta+X_{q}\left(E_{0}-U \cos \theta\right)}{R_{1}^{2}+X_{d} X_{q}} \\ I_{q}=\frac{X_{d} U \sin \theta-R_{1}\left(E_{0}-U \cos \theta\right)}{R_{1}^{2}+X_{d} X_{q}} \end{array}\right.$
式(18)中:f为频率;ρ为电阻率;Lav为绕组平均半匝长;∑λ为总漏磁导系数;Kdq为绕组因数;Baq1Bad1分别为交、直轴电枢反应基波磁密幅值。
永磁滚筒的效率为
$\eta=\left(1-\frac{\sum P}{m U I_{1} \cos \varphi}\right) \times 100 \%$
$\sum P=K_{\mathrm{t}} P_{\mathrm{t}} m_{\mathrm{t}}+K_{\mathrm{j}} P_{\mathrm{j}} m_{\mathrm{j}}+K_{\mathrm{e}} m I_{1}^{2} R_{1}+P_{\mathrm{fw}}+P_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中:∑P为总损耗;m为相数;Kt为定子齿部铁耗校正系数;Kj为定子轭部铁耗校正系数;PtPj分别为齿部单位铁耗和轭部单位铁耗,分别与齿磁密和轭磁密有关;mt为定子齿质量;mj为定子轭质量;Ps为杂散损耗;Pfw为机械损耗,参考同系列电机实测数据。
每相感应电压为
$E=\frac{4.44 f K_{d q} p q N_{\mathrm{s}} K_{\Phi} \Phi}{a}$
式(21)中:KΦ为气隙磁通波形系数;Φ为每极气隙磁通。
图2可得随转矩角变化的转矩倍数为
$\begin{aligned} T_{\mathrm{po}}= & \frac{m U\left[E_{0}\left(X_{q} \sin \theta-R_{1} \cos \theta\right)-0.5 U X_{q} \sin (2 \theta)\right]}{P_{\mathrm{N}}\left(R_{1}^{2}+X_{\mathrm{d}} X_{\mathrm{q}}\right)}+ \\ & \frac{\mathrm{m} U\left[R_{1} U+0.5 U X_{d} \sin (2 \theta)\right]-\left(R_{1}^{2}+X_{d} X_{q}\right) \sum P}{P_{\mathrm{N}}\left(R_{1}^{2}+X_{d} X_{q}\right)} \end{aligned}$
式(22)中:PN为额定功率。
热负荷公式为
$T=\frac{2 m p q N_{\mathrm{s}} I_{1}^{2}}{a^{2} \pi^{2} D_{1} N_{\mathrm{t}}\left(d_{1} / 2\right)^{2}}$
综上,影响成本因素的变化会引起定子漏抗、定子绕组相电阻和交、直轴电枢反应电抗变化,影响相感应电压、功率因数、最大转矩倍数和热负荷的大小,继而影响电机的性能。其中由相感应电压换算的线感应电压反映永磁滚筒电能向机械能转化的强弱,功率因数反映永磁滚筒对电能利用率的高低,通过转矩倍数求出的最大转矩倍数反映电机的过载能力,热负荷反映电机的温升,所以在优化成本时须将以上性能指标设为约束参数。
在保证永磁滚筒电气性能和机械性能的前提下,需要降低其制造成本,并增加效率。所以选择成本和效率为优化目标。目标函数为
$F(X)=G_{1} \frac{C}{C_{\mathrm{r}}}+G_{2} \frac{\eta_{\mathrm{r}}}{\eta}$
式(24)中:Cr为成本参考值;C为成本优化值;η为效率优化值;ηr为效率参考值;G1G2为成本和效率的权重函数。
添加功率因数、线感应电压、最大转矩倍数和热负荷为约束目标。约束条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} g_{1}(X)=\frac{\cos \varphi_{1}-\cos \varphi_{2}}{\cos \varphi_{1}} \leqslant 0 \\ g_{2}(X)=\frac{E_{1}-E_{2}}{E_{1}} \leqslant 0 \\ g_{3}(X)=\frac{T_{\mathrm{po} 1}-T_{\mathrm{p} 0} 2}{T_{\mathrm{po} 1}} \leqslant 0 \\ g_{4}(X)=\frac{T_{2}-T_{1}}{T_{2}} \leqslant 0 \end{array}\right.$
式(25)中:cosϕ1E1Tpo1T1分别为功率因数、线感应电压、最大转矩倍数和热负荷符合要求的标准值;cosϕ2E2Tpo2T2分别为优化解的功率因数、线感应电压、最大转矩倍数和热负荷。
改进粒子群优化算法是无约束算法,通过增加惩罚函数将有约束问题转化为无约束问题。增广目标函数F(X,γ)为
$F(X, \gamma)=G_{1} \frac{C}{C_{\mathrm{r}}}+G_{2} \frac{\eta_{\mathrm{r}}}{\eta}+\gamma \sum_{j=1}^{M} \max \left[0, g_{j}(X)\right]$
制约成本的核心参数是铜的质量、铁的质量和永磁体的质量。铁的质量主要由定子内径、定子外径和电机有效长度决定;永磁体的质量主要由极弧系数、永磁体厚度、定子内径、气隙和电机有效长度决定;铜的质量主要由绕组线径、每槽导体数和电机有效长度决定,每槽导体数通过选定线径和槽满率来确定。所以选择定子内径、定子外径、气隙、极弧系数、永磁体厚度、绕组线径,槽满率,电机有效长度为约束变量。
RMxprt建模主要基于电机等效电路和磁路的设计理念来计算、仿真各种电机模型。因其仿真准确性高,经常被用于电机设计仿真验证中。图3为RMxprt仿真设置框图,首先,选择适合的电机模块;其次,设置电机转子和定子相关参数;最后,设置仿真参数。
RMxprt和IPSO联合仿真的基本原理是利用MATLAB软件编写IPSO算法,通过程序调用RMxprt软件,实现电机参数的自动输入,并将仿真结果输出到MATLAB中进行比较寻优[21]。其具体流程图如图4所示。
图4可知,RMxprt和IPSO之间通过优化变量、约束条件和优化目标来实现联合操作。具体为IPSO通过优化变量控制RMxprt生成新的电机结构;RMxprt根据新的电机结构,输出新的约束条件和优化目标数值;IPSO根据读取的新的约束条件和优化目标数值来调整优化变量。
以55 kW永磁滚筒为例,基于RMxprt和IPSO联合仿真对永磁滚筒的成本和效率进行多目标优化。
通过RMxprt建立基础的永磁滚筒模型,以便IPSO调用。永磁滚筒主要参数见表1
优化变量为定子内径、定子外径、气隙、极弧系数、永磁体厚度、绕组线径、槽满率和电机有效长度,考虑工艺要求,表2为变量合理的取值范围。
G1G2分别取0.5、0.5,设置10个粒子,每个粒子维数为8,共经过50次迭代寻优后,得到适应度函数随迭代次数变化图。如图5所示。可知,适应度值在逐渐减小,全局最优点适应度值为0.933 289。
优化变量在优化前后的对比值见表3。根据优化前后的变量值,在RMxprt中搭建物理模型。并通过仿真求出中间变量、优化目标和约束条件优化前后的数值,以及效率和输出功率随转矩角的变化曲线、线感应电压随时间变化的曲线、转矩倍数随转矩角变化的曲线。
表4为电机中间变量优化前后的数值。根据RMxprt仿真结果、原理分析和表4可知,铁质量减少,与定子内径减小和电机有效长度减小有关;铜的质量减少和定子绕组相电阻减少,与电机有效长度减小、每槽导体数减少和线径增加有关;永磁体质量减少,与极弧系数降低、永磁体厚度降低、定子外径增加和气隙降低有关;交、直轴同步电抗同时降低,与定子外径、气隙、电机有效长度、每槽导体数有关;内功率因数角绝对值增加,与定子绕组相电阻、线感应电压和交、直轴同步电抗有关;定子相电流有效值减少,与定子绕组相电阻、线感应电压和交、直轴同步电抗有关。
图6为效率和输出功率随转矩角的变化曲线,可知,优化后在达到额定功率时,所对应的效率高于优化前。
图7为线感应电压随时间变化的曲线以及输出功率倍数随转矩角变化的曲线,可知,优化后线感应电压和最大输出功率倍数明显优于优化前。
表5为约束条件和优化目标优化前后数值。由仿真结果和理论分析可知,效率的增加主要与定子相电流降低、定子绕组相电阻降低和铁的质量降低有关;线感应电压的增加主要与定子绕组相电阻降低、定子相电流降低和交、直轴同步电抗降低有关;最大转矩倍数的增加主要与定子绕组相电阻降低、总损耗降低和交、直轴同步电抗降低和线感应电压增加有关。功率因数的增加与转矩角降低和内功率因数角绝对值增加有关;热负荷的降低与每槽导体数减少、定子相电流降低、定子外径增加和线径增加有关。
综上可得,优化后,成本降低了11.97%,效率增加了1.293%,功率因数增加0.028 4,线感应电压有效值增加11.2 V,最大转矩倍数增加了0.295 4,热负荷降低了40.146 1 A2/mm3。因此所提出的基于IPSO和RMxprt联合仿真对永磁滚筒成本和效率有较好的优化效果。
提出了一种改进粒子群优化算法与RMxprt联合仿真进行多目标优化设计的方法,并以永磁滚筒为例开展验证研究。在永磁滚筒结构参数与性能参数关系进行分析的基础上,明确了面向IPSO的变量参数、约束参数和优化参数,参数与目标函数的设计满足永磁滚筒优化仿真的实际需求;通过MATLAB编写IPSO算法程序,利用IPSO算法程序实现RMxpr输入参数与输出参数的闭环迭代与比较寻优。仿真结果表明:成本降低了11.97%,效率增加了1.293%,提高了永磁滚筒优化设计的效率,达到了预期的优化效果。该方法不仅能使永磁滚筒得到较好的优化,也可以为其他电机开展优化设计提供参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0608700)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2309312
  • 接收时间:2023-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-15
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFF0608700)
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    1 上海海事大学物流工程学院, 上海 201306
    2 上海飞机制造有限公司航空制造技术研究所, 上海 201324
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