Article(id=1156983787256107866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2400465, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705334400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-16, revisedDate=1731340800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753776030600, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1739808000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753776030600, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753776030600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753776030600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1156983783787421903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='5', pageStart='1753', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753776029774, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769691857141, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1223739602251436919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1156983783787421903, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1980, endPage=1987, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156983789047075685, articleId=1156983787256107866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Semi-supervised Curriculum Learning of Multi-label under Dual Structure, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Multi-label learning is a common problem in real application scenarios. The construction of large-scale multi-label datasets often means high cost, so semi-supervised learning technology appears. At present, most semi-supervised learning is mainly used in the field of single label classification. Although semi-supervised learning in the field of multiple labels classification has made some progress, there is still much room for improvement in training time consumption, training effects and the use of potential relationships between labels. A multi-label semi-supervised curriculum learning model was proposed under the dual structure semi supervised course learning under dual structure(SSCD) to solve the above problems. Firstly, a curriculum learning scheme based on dual difference was designed, which greatly reduces the training time and improves the robustness of the model. Secondly, a single attention mechanism was designed to explore the potential relevance between labels. The performance of SSCD in the prediction task was evaluated on three open test datasets, and the results compared with four benchmark models show that the comprehensive indicators of SSCD are optimal in all aspects. Finally, the structure ablation experiment was carried out to prove the effectiveness of the proposed single attention mechanism.
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多标签学习是现实应用场景中的一个常见问题。大规模多标签数据集的构建往往意味着高昂的成本,因此出现了半监督学习技术。目前,大多数半监督学习主要用于单标签分类领域,尽管半监督学习在多标签分类领域取得了一些进展,但在训练时间消耗、训练效果和标签之间潜在关系的利用方面仍有很大的改进空间。针对上述问题,提出了一种二元结构下的多标签半监督课程学习模式(semi-supervised course learning under dual structure,SSCD)。首先,设计了一种基于对偶差分的课程学习方案,大大减少了训练时间,提高了模型的稳健性;其次,设计了一个单一注意力机制来探索标签之间的潜在相关性。在3个开放测试数据集上评估了SSCD在预测任务中的性能,并与4个基准模型进行了比较,结果表明SSCD的综合指标在各个方面都是最优的;最后,通过结构消融实验验证了所提出的单注意力机制的有效性。
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1 College of Information Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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谢晓兰(1974—),女,汉族,广西桂林人,博士,教授。研究方向:大数据及云计算。E-mail:xie_xiaolan@foxmail.com。
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谢晓兰(1974—),女,汉族,广西桂林人,博士,教授。研究方向:大数据及云计算。E-mail:xie_xiaolan@foxmail.com。
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Model Structure of SSCD, figureFileSmall=R3tdKpUoqABpsEK30VFtPQ==, figureFileBig=CbrC0ob/dUv5MLJwOErEBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167089537878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
SSCD的模型框架 设{Xl,Yl}为给定的标记数据;Xl∈Rnl×d为标记样本的特征向量矩阵;Yl∈Rnl×dl为相应的标签矩阵;nl为标签的样本数量;d和dl分别为特征和标签类别的数量;xi∈Rd为第i个样本,即Xl的一行;yi为 xi的对应标签;Xu∈Rnl×d和Yu∈Rnl×dl分别为未标记样本的特征矩阵和标签矩阵。
, figureFileSmall=R3tdKpUoqABpsEK30VFtPQ==, figureFileBig=CbrC0ob/dUv5MLJwOErEBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167206978396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Curriculum learning of SSCD, figureFileSmall=E7B+YNqkAbxLWfSlLIh6Wg==, figureFileBig=+CQfJh77UomzRQ8hs3QvCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167299253092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
SSCD课程学习流程, figureFileSmall=E7B+YNqkAbxLWfSlLIh6Wg==, figureFileBig=+CQfJh77UomzRQ8hs3QvCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467167437665133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Comparison structure 1, figureFileSmall=F4r2XhfNAVN+osSykuvuhg==, figureFileBig=jYK1iIkgTuwBfjNry/OcFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467168859534204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
对比结构1, figureFileSmall=F4r2XhfNAVN+osSykuvuhg==, figureFileBig=jYK1iIkgTuwBfjNry/OcFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467168989557641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparison structure 2, figureFileSmall=vOvmPeFQq91frf8xEu+y/Q==, figureFileBig=2V0QA6VqqPcMIobMykTPcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467169123775377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
对比结构2, figureFileSmall=vOvmPeFQq91frf8xEu+y/Q==, figureFileBig=2V0QA6VqqPcMIobMykTPcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467169211855771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Comparison structure 3, figureFileSmall=3doIFem/dKxfJ2zLe3RJHw==, figureFileBig=YXxOvA05R4id7J9ms+KfRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467169312519074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
对比结构3, figureFileSmall=3doIFem/dKxfJ2zLe3RJHw==, figureFileBig=YXxOvA05R4id7J9ms+KfRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1225467169388016554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Prediction performance of each model on each data set
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
| Corel5K | FastTag | 0.008 01 | 0.012 53 | 0.570 39 | 0.067 01 | 0.097 05 |
| SAE | 0.188 37 | 0.016 89 | 0.218 47 | 0.132 01 | 0.118 06 |
| DRML | 0.008 01 | 0.012 83 | 0.189 41 | 0.077 51 | 0.077 25 |
| SDRL | 0.016 03 | 0.011 82 | 0.601 41 | 0.264 97 | 0.301 82 |
| SSCD | 0.030 06 | 0.006 89 | 0.631 41 | 0.320 63 | 0.341 51 |
| CUB | FastTag | 0.002 51 | 0.082 45 | 0.174 51 | 0.036 46 | 0.027 78 |
| SAE | 0.031 11 | 0.051 59 | 0.193 68 | 0.119 11 | 0.101 21 |
| DRML | 0.005 11 | 0.098 33 | 0.378 34 | 0.022 38 | 0.032 62 |
| SDRL | 0.008 51 | 0.051 88 | 0.335 71 | 0.162 25 | 0.171 17 |
| SSCD | 0.010 51 | 0.048 78 | 0.388 63 | 0.195 43 | 0.194 75 |
| Yeast | FastTag | 0.015 17 | 0.228 07 | 0.733 69 | 0.999 81 | 0.800 16 |
| SAE | 0.282 75 | 0.119 31 | 0.328 15 | 0.325 28 | 0.284 82 |
| DRML | 0.015 17 | 0.228 07 | 0.743 34 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
| SDRL | 0.137 93 | 0.139 81 | 0.704 04 | 0.550 84 | 0.509 84 |
| SSCD | 0.018 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.754 18 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467169480291253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
每个模型对每个数据集的预测性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 数据集 | 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
| Corel5K | FastTag | 0.008 01 | 0.012 53 | 0.570 39 | 0.067 01 | 0.097 05 |
| SAE | 0.188 37 | 0.016 89 | 0.218 47 | 0.132 01 | 0.118 06 |
| DRML | 0.008 01 | 0.012 83 | 0.189 41 | 0.077 51 | 0.077 25 |
| SDRL | 0.016 03 | 0.011 82 | 0.601 41 | 0.264 97 | 0.301 82 |
| SSCD | 0.030 06 | 0.006 89 | 0.631 41 | 0.320 63 | 0.341 51 |
| CUB | FastTag | 0.002 51 | 0.082 45 | 0.174 51 | 0.036 46 | 0.027 78 |
| SAE | 0.031 11 | 0.051 59 | 0.193 68 | 0.119 11 | 0.101 21 |
| DRML | 0.005 11 | 0.098 33 | 0.378 34 | 0.022 38 | 0.032 62 |
| SDRL | 0.008 51 | 0.051 88 | 0.335 71 | 0.162 25 | 0.171 17 |
| SSCD | 0.010 51 | 0.048 78 | 0.388 63 | 0.195 43 | 0.194 75 |
| Yeast | FastTag | 0.015 17 | 0.228 07 | 0.733 69 | 0.999 81 | 0.800 16 |
| SAE | 0.282 75 | 0.119 31 | 0.328 15 | 0.325 28 | 0.284 82 |
| DRML | 0.015 17 | 0.228 07 | 0.743 34 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
| SDRL | 0.137 93 | 0.139 81 | 0.704 04 | 0.550 84 | 0.509 84 |
| SSCD | 0.018 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.754 18 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467169568371646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Performance of each model under different proportion of label training data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 标记数据集 | 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
| 30% | FastTag | 0.008 01 | 0.012 53 | 0.570 39 | 0.067 01 | 0.097 05 |
| SAE | 0.188 37 | 0.010 81 | 0.218 47 | 0.132 01 | 0.118 06 |
| DRML | 0.008 01 | 0.012 83 | 0.189 41 | 0.077 51 | 0.077 25 |
| SDRL | 0.016 03 | 0.011 82 | 0.601 41 | 0.264 97 | 0.301 82 |
| SSCD | 0.030 06 | 0.006 89 | 0.631 41 | 0.320 63 | 0.341 51 |
| 20% | FastTag | 0.016 03 | 0.101 25 | 0.909 09 | 0.032 15 | 0.056 14 |
| SAE | 0.112 22 | 0.010 99 | 0.136 79 | 0.101 52 | 0.073 47 |
| DRML | 0 | 0.013 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SDRL | 0.066 13 | 0.010 19 | 0.308 75 | 0.205 01 | 0.170 62 |
| SSCD | 0.028 05 | 0.009 51 | 0.477 53 | 0.370 34 | 0.318 43 |
| 10% | FastTag | 0.012 60 | 0.012 60 | 0.320 06 | 0.090 82 | 0.108 91 |
| SAE | 0.202 40 | 0.010 78 | 0.148 88 | 0.169 1 | 0.090 17 |
| DRML | 0 | 0.011 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SDRL | 0.038 07 | 0.010 16 | 0.167 60 | 0.179 24 | 0.173 22 |
| SSCD | 0.026 05 | 0.005 31 | 0.417 67 | 0.195 31 | 0.225 81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467169702589381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同比例标签训练数据下各模型的性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 标记数据集 | 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
| 30% | FastTag | 0.008 01 | 0.012 53 | 0.570 39 | 0.067 01 | 0.097 05 |
| SAE | 0.188 37 | 0.010 81 | 0.218 47 | 0.132 01 | 0.118 06 |
| DRML | 0.008 01 | 0.012 83 | 0.189 41 | 0.077 51 | 0.077 25 |
| SDRL | 0.016 03 | 0.011 82 | 0.601 41 | 0.264 97 | 0.301 82 |
| SSCD | 0.030 06 | 0.006 89 | 0.631 41 | 0.320 63 | 0.341 51 |
| 20% | FastTag | 0.016 03 | 0.101 25 | 0.909 09 | 0.032 15 | 0.056 14 |
| SAE | 0.112 22 | 0.010 99 | 0.136 79 | 0.101 52 | 0.073 47 |
| DRML | 0 | 0.013 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SDRL | 0.066 13 | 0.010 19 | 0.308 75 | 0.205 01 | 0.170 62 |
| SSCD | 0.028 05 | 0.009 51 | 0.477 53 | 0.370 34 | 0.318 43 |
| 10% | FastTag | 0.012 60 | 0.012 60 | 0.320 06 | 0.090 82 | 0.108 91 |
| SAE | 0.202 40 | 0.010 78 | 0.148 88 | 0.169 1 | 0.090 17 |
| DRML | 0 | 0.011 53 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SDRL | 0.038 07 | 0.010 16 | 0.167 60 | 0.179 24 | 0.173 22 |
| SSCD | 0.026 05 | 0.005 31 | 0.417 67 | 0.195 31 | 0.225 81 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467169811641297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Performance of SCD under different structures
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
单一注意力 机制 | 0.018 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.754 18 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
| 对比结构1 | 0.015 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.733 69 | 0.984 71 | 0.800 16 |
| 对比结构2 | 0.015 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.733 69 | 0.982 31 | 0.800 16 |
| 对比结构3 | 0.355 11 | 0.337 85 | 0.743 34 | 0.195 76 | 0.044 13 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467169912304600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
SSCD在不同结构下的性能
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基准方法 | 绝对匹配率 | 汉明损失 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
单一注意力 机制 | 0.018 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.754 18 | 0.999 81 | 0.806 44 |
| 对比结构1 | 0.015 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.733 69 | 0.984 71 | 0.800 16 |
| 对比结构2 | 0.015 17 | 0.108 71 | 0.733 69 | 0.982 31 | 0.800 16 |
| 对比结构3 | 0.355 11 | 0.337 85 | 0.743 34 | 0.195 76 | 0.044 13 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170063299558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Training time of each model
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| 基准方法 | 训练花费时间/s |
| FastTag | 67 |
| SEA | 13 147 |
| DRML | 84 302 |
| SDRL | 21 284 |
| SSCD | 7 400 |
), ArticleFig(id=1225467170231071729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787256107866, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
每个模型的训练时间
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| 基准方法 | 训练花费时间/s |
| FastTag | 67 |
| SEA | 13 147 |
| DRML | 84 302 |
| SDRL | 21 284 |
| SSCD | 7 400 |
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