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In order to explore the effects of different internal fixation systems on the biomechanical characteristics of the spine after orthopedic idiopathic scoliosis, a theoretical basis for the improvement of the internal fixation system was provided from the perspective of biomechanics. Based on reverse engineering, topology optimization and finite element modeling techniques, the finite element model of idiopathic scoliosis was established by taking actual cases as examples. The personalized fusion device was designed. Two kinds of internal fixation systems were established, namely full fixation and interval fixation. To simulate idiopathic scoliosis surgery and compare the biomechanical differences between spine and internal fixation system under different physiological conditions. The results show that the average stress of cortical bone and cancellous bone is increased by 17.19% and 12.37%, respectively, compared with that of interlocking nails. The maximum equivalent stress of fibrous annulus matrix and nucleus pulposus is increased by 1.78% and 1.1%, respectively, compared with that of full nailing. The maximum equivalent stress of pedicle screws is 11.64% higher than that of interlocking screws. The average stress of interbody fusion is increased by 6.15% compared with that of interbody fusion. In conclusion, compared with the interspaced nailing scheme, the total nailing scheme is better in vertebrae safety, but the risk of screw slip and screw loss is higher. Compared with the total nailing scheme, the interstice nailing scheme has better spinal fusion effect and effectively alleviates stress occlusion, but the incidence of bone hyperplasia is increased.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rong-chang FU, Huai-yue ZHANG, Zhao-yao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1156983896832299316, articleId=1156983787235136346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=特发性脊柱侧凸矫正手术不同置钉体系生物力学对比, columnId=1156262732526637414, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·医药、卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为了探究特发性脊柱侧凸矫形时不同内固定系统对术后脊柱的生物力学特性影响,从生物力学的角度为内固定系统的改进提供理论依据。基于逆向工程、拓扑优化及有限元建模技术,以实际病例为例,建立特发性脊柱侧凸脊柱有限元模型;对个性化融合器进行设计;建立全置钉与间隔置钉两种不同的内固定系统。模拟特发性脊柱侧凸手术,对比术后不同置钉系统下,脊柱与内固定系统在各生理工况下的生物力学差异。结果表明:皮质骨与松质骨在全置钉方案下平均应力较间隔置钉分别提高了17.19%、12.37%;纤维环基质与髓核最大等效应力在间隔置钉下较全置钉分别提高了1.78%、1.1%;椎弓根螺钉最大等效应力在全置钉下较间隔置钉提高了11.64%;椎间融合器平均应力在全置钉下较间隔置钉提高了6.15%。可知,相较于间隔置钉方案,全置钉方案在椎骨安全性上较优,但是螺钉滑移与脱落风险较高;相较于全置钉方案,间隔置钉方案椎骨融合效果更好,有效缓解了应力遮挡,但是产生骨质增生几率有所增加。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=h6WOedagyVA9pAlZfARnmA==, magXml=COKMBtvByvGYW2RC9yzuHA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=L682GvmboC7myuWZ43m7rw==, pdfFileSize=11047328, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=lzQYJMLWNzBImiGWWmtEgQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=1OdUkpqF4cnkdISzfgYD2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

富荣昌(1965—),男,锡伯族,新疆伊犁人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:骨的生物力学及血流动力学。E-mail:

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富荣昌(1965—),男,锡伯族,新疆伊犁人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:骨的生物力学及血流动力学。E-mail:

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富荣昌(1965—),男,锡伯族,新疆伊犁人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:骨的生物力学及血流动力学。E-mail:

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Unit selection and material parameters for each part of the lumbar spine model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构 单元类型 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 横截面积/
mm2
皮质骨 S4R/S3 12 000 0.3
松质骨 C3D8R/C3D4 100 0.2
终板 S4R 24 0.4
纤维环基质 C3D10 4.2 0.3
髓核 C3D10 1 0.49
关节软骨 C3D8R 20 0.3
前纵韧带(ALL) T3D2 7.8 0.3 63.7
后纵韧带(PLL) T3D2 10 0.3 20
黄韧带(LF) T3D2 15 0.3 40
棘间韧带(ISL) T3D2 10 0.3 40
棘上韧带(SSL) T3D2 8 0.3 30
横突韧带(TL) T3D2 10 0.3 1.8
关节囊韧带(CL) T3D2 20 0.3 30
钛合金 C3D8R 110 000 0.32
), ArticleFig(id=1225467176409285389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

腰椎模型各部分单元选择与材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型结构 单元类型 弹性模量/
MPa
泊松比 横截面积/
mm2
皮质骨 S4R/S3 12 000 0.3
松质骨 C3D8R/C3D4 100 0.2
终板 S4R 24 0.4
纤维环基质 C3D10 4.2 0.3
髓核 C3D10 1 0.49
关节软骨 C3D8R 20 0.3
前纵韧带(ALL) T3D2 7.8 0.3 63.7
后纵韧带(PLL) T3D2 10 0.3 20
黄韧带(LF) T3D2 15 0.3 40
棘间韧带(ISL) T3D2 10 0.3 40
棘上韧带(SSL) T3D2 8 0.3 30
横突韧带(TL) T3D2 10 0.3 1.8
关节囊韧带(CL) T3D2 20 0.3 30
钛合金 C3D8R 110 000 0.32
), ArticleFig(id=1225467177843737385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Stress of each structure under different grid sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 应力/MPa 0.7 mm与
0.9 mm相差
百分比/%
0.7 mm
与1.3 mm
相差百分比/%
0.7 mm 0.9 mm 1.3 mm
皮质骨 82.57 78.59 76.14 4.8 7.8
小关节 111.8 116.6 112.7 4.3 0.81
松质骨 26.97 26.42 26.05 2.03 3.4
基质 7.829 7.987 7.903 2.01 0.95
髓核 0.526 0.529 0.530 0.57 0.76
终板 7.265 7.269 7.271 0.055 0.083
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178162504511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同网格尺寸下各结构的应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 应力/MPa 0.7 mm与
0.9 mm相差
百分比/%
0.7 mm
与1.3 mm
相差百分比/%
0.7 mm 0.9 mm 1.3 mm
皮质骨 82.57 78.59 76.14 4.8 7.8
小关节 111.8 116.6 112.7 4.3 0.81
松质骨 26.97 26.42 26.05 2.03 3.4
基质 7.829 7.987 7.903 2.01 0.95
髓核 0.526 0.529 0.530 0.57 0.76
终板 7.265 7.269 7.271 0.055 0.083
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178531603301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of average stresses in various parts of the spine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 全置钉平均
应力/MPa
间隔置钉平均
应力/MPa
δ/δmin)/%
皮质骨 75.93 64.79 17.19
松质骨 6.45 5.74 12.37
纤维环基质 2.30 2.26 1.77
髓核 0.34 0.41 20.59
椎弓根螺钉 255.69 249.33 2.55
融合器 1.90 1.79 6.15
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178674209655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

脊柱各部分平均应力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 全置钉平均
应力/MPa
间隔置钉平均
应力/MPa
δ/δmin)/%
皮质骨 75.93 64.79 17.19
松质骨 6.45 5.74 12.37
纤维环基质 2.30 2.26 1.77
髓核 0.34 0.41 20.59
椎弓根螺钉 255.69 249.33 2.55
融合器 1.90 1.79 6.15
), ArticleFig(id=1225467178930062224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of maximum equivalent stresses in various parts of the spine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 全置钉最大
应力/MPa
间隔置钉最大
应力/MPa
δ/δmin)/%
皮质骨 238.70 229.80 3.87
松质骨 20.01 19.38 3.25
纤维环基质 15.44 15.61 1.10
髓核 2.22 2.28 2.70
椎弓根螺钉 525.60 478.80 9.77
融合器 23.04 21.89 5.25
), ArticleFig(id=1225467179232052133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1156983787235136346, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

脊柱各部分最大等效应力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 全置钉最大
应力/MPa
间隔置钉最大
应力/MPa
δ/δmin)/%
皮质骨 238.70 229.80 3.87
松质骨 20.01 19.38 3.25
纤维环基质 15.44 15.61 1.10
髓核 2.22 2.28 2.70
椎弓根螺钉 525.60 478.80 9.77
融合器 23.04 21.89 5.25
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特发性脊柱侧凸矫正手术不同置钉体系生物力学对比
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富荣昌 , 张怀悦 , 王召耀
科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025,25(5): 1840-1849
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·医药、卫生 2025, 25(5): 1840-1849
特发性脊柱侧凸矫正手术不同置钉体系生物力学对比
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富荣昌 , 张怀悦, 王召耀
作者信息
  • 新疆大学智能制造现代产业学院, 乌鲁木齐 830017
  • 富荣昌(1965—),男,锡伯族,新疆伊犁人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:骨的生物力学及血流动力学。E-mail:

Biomechanical Comparison of Different Nail Placement Systems in Idiopathic Scoliosis Correction Surgery
Rong-chang FU , Huai-yue ZHANG, Zhao-yao WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Intelligent Manufacturing Modern Industry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
出版时间: 2025-02-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403617
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为了探究特发性脊柱侧凸矫形时不同内固定系统对术后脊柱的生物力学特性影响,从生物力学的角度为内固定系统的改进提供理论依据。基于逆向工程、拓扑优化及有限元建模技术,以实际病例为例,建立特发性脊柱侧凸脊柱有限元模型;对个性化融合器进行设计;建立全置钉与间隔置钉两种不同的内固定系统。模拟特发性脊柱侧凸手术,对比术后不同置钉系统下,脊柱与内固定系统在各生理工况下的生物力学差异。结果表明:皮质骨与松质骨在全置钉方案下平均应力较间隔置钉分别提高了17.19%、12.37%;纤维环基质与髓核最大等效应力在间隔置钉下较全置钉分别提高了1.78%、1.1%;椎弓根螺钉最大等效应力在全置钉下较间隔置钉提高了11.64%;椎间融合器平均应力在全置钉下较间隔置钉提高了6.15%。可知,相较于间隔置钉方案,全置钉方案在椎骨安全性上较优,但是螺钉滑移与脱落风险较高;相较于全置钉方案,间隔置钉方案椎骨融合效果更好,有效缓解了应力遮挡,但是产生骨质增生几率有所增加。
特发性脊柱侧凸  /  内固定系统  /  椎弓根螺钉  /  融合器  /  有限元

In order to explore the effects of different internal fixation systems on the biomechanical characteristics of the spine after orthopedic idiopathic scoliosis, a theoretical basis for the improvement of the internal fixation system was provided from the perspective of biomechanics. Based on reverse engineering, topology optimization and finite element modeling techniques, the finite element model of idiopathic scoliosis was established by taking actual cases as examples. The personalized fusion device was designed. Two kinds of internal fixation systems were established, namely full fixation and interval fixation. To simulate idiopathic scoliosis surgery and compare the biomechanical differences between spine and internal fixation system under different physiological conditions. The results show that the average stress of cortical bone and cancellous bone is increased by 17.19% and 12.37%, respectively, compared with that of interlocking nails. The maximum equivalent stress of fibrous annulus matrix and nucleus pulposus is increased by 1.78% and 1.1%, respectively, compared with that of full nailing. The maximum equivalent stress of pedicle screws is 11.64% higher than that of interlocking screws. The average stress of interbody fusion is increased by 6.15% compared with that of interbody fusion. In conclusion, compared with the interspaced nailing scheme, the total nailing scheme is better in vertebrae safety, but the risk of screw slip and screw loss is higher. Compared with the total nailing scheme, the interstice nailing scheme has better spinal fusion effect and effectively alleviates stress occlusion, but the incidence of bone hyperplasia is increased.

idiopathic scoliosis  /  internal fixation system  /  pedicle screw  /  fusion device  /  finite element
富荣昌, 张怀悦, 王召耀. 特发性脊柱侧凸矫正手术不同置钉体系生物力学对比. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1840 -1849 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403617
Rong-chang FU, Huai-yue ZHANG, Zhao-yao WANG. Biomechanical Comparison of Different Nail Placement Systems in Idiopathic Scoliosis Correction Surgery[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (5) : 1840 -1849 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403617
特发性脊柱侧凸[1](idiopathic scoliosis, IS)是指冠状面Cobb角超过10°,且排除其他先天性、功能性、病理性等原因[2]所产生的脊柱畸形。对患者外观、发育及心肺功能皆有影响,甚至造成脊髓神经功能障碍。发病原因尚未完全掌握[3],在青少年中发病率为1%~3%[4]。依据侧凸的进展与脊柱的发育程度[5],部分患者还需进行手术治疗。
目前,IS内固定手术治疗方法有:前路固定、后路固定以及前后路联合固定。前路固定手术在置钉时需刺穿椎骨两侧皮质,此举有损伤胸主动脉的风险[6]。后路固定手术可规避前路固定手术产生的肺部损伤[7]及胸廓破坏[8]。此外,后路固定手术较前路固定手术矫形效果好、矫形力量强,且有稳定的三柱固定[9]。故IS手术多采用后路固定。后路内固定系统大都由椎弓根螺钉、矫形棒及连接棒组成,部分融合困难椎体还需植入椎间融合器以促进融合。当前,针对内固定系统的研究已经开展。例如,Remco等[10]建立了5种不同胸腰椎固定术,探究其对术后并发症的影响;李冠军等[11]采用微创经皮椎弓根内固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折,发现该固定术更有利于愈合,值得临床推广;罗辉卿等[12]探究了改良皮质骨螺钉技术与传统方法对腰椎L4~L5的影响,发现改良皮质骨螺钉技术的机械稳定性更好,且在临床应用方面具有一定价值;赵宏涛等[13]比较传统与皮质骨轨迹椎弓根螺钉固定技术对脊柱力学性能的影响,发现皮质骨轨迹椎弓根螺钉技术更利于术后脊柱生理功能的恢复。以上研究探究了不同后路内固定方式对脊柱椎体的影响,对术后椎体融合具有重要的意义。但是,并未考虑内固定方式中的置钉数量、排列方式对脊柱融合的影响。
因个体差异,患者最佳螺钉植入数量暂无统计学及定性定量的分析,螺钉数量多靠医生凭经验选取。内固定系统中椎弓根螺钉数目、排列的不同势必影响IS术后生物力学特性,不当的内固定系统会影响椎骨安全性,产生骨质增生与应力遮挡等脊柱疾病,严重的会使椎弓根螺钉产生滑移甚至脱落。因此在特发性脊柱侧凸矫正手术时探究不同的置钉数量、排列方式对患者生物力学的影响,对内固定系统的进一步优化具有重要意义。又因有限元分析具有可重复、无创伤、数据准确等特点,运用有限元技术可精确获取IS的几何、力学信息,并可于术前模拟不同手术方案下的矫形结果,辅助医生选取最佳手术方案。
针对当前研究现状,现基于逆向工程、拓扑优化及有限元建模技术,建立IS脊柱有限元模型;设计个性化融合器;建立两种椎弓根螺钉数量不同的IS内固定系统:全置钉和间隔置钉。模拟IS手术,分别以椎骨应力、椎间盘应力、椎弓根螺钉以及融合器应力为椎骨安全、骨质增生、螺钉滑移脱落以及应力遮挡的评价指标;对比术后不同置钉系统下,脊柱、融合器及钉棒系统在各生理工况下的生物力学性能。以期能够进一步满足临床需要,并为个性化IS内固定系统设计提供理论依据。
模型原始数据取自新疆医科大学第六附属医院影像科。患者基本信息为:女;23岁;身高140 cm;体重57 kg;术前站立位cobb角上胸弯45°,主胸弯154°,仰卧位上胸弯41°,主胸弯159°,左侧屈位上胸弯36°,主胸弯167°,右侧屈位上胸弯52°,主胸弯144°。经患者本人同意并签署《知情同意书》后,提取其术前脊柱计算机断层扫描三维图像,以DICOM格式保存。患者术前脊柱信息如图1(a)所示:患者凹侧为左侧,属于极重度脊柱畸形,胸T7~T11共5个椎体形成融合椎,几乎无任何柔韧度,该病例是一例重度僵硬性脊柱侧后凸畸形。
将DICOM文件导入Mimics 21.0软件中,提取T1~L5椎体几何轮廓;并导入逆向工程软件中,重建椎体几何模型轮廓,对复杂曲面进行拟合处理;将重建后的椎体曲面导入Hypermesh 14.0软件中,构建出椎体间的纤维环、髓核与关节软骨区域。纤维环与髓核在椎间盘中的体积占比分别为56%与44%[14],研究节段较多,为减小计算量,椎间盘建模时,仅考虑纤维环基质与髓核部分。将模型导入有限元分析软件中,根据解剖学结构,确定前纵、后纵、横突、棘间、棘上、黄、关节囊等7种韧带空间位置,以及各个韧带的截面厚度[15],于相邻椎体处取点相连,将其模拟为多根带有截面厚度的线单元,完成术前患者的IS脊柱有限元模型建立,如图1(b)所示。
模拟后路固定手术设计内固定系统。临床常用椎弓根螺钉系统、脊柱选择性融合以及椎体去旋转三者联合进行后路手术矫形。
椎弓根螺钉系统由椎弓根螺钉、矫形棒及连接棒组成,三者材料皆为医用钛合金。螺钉直径5.5 mm,钉长35 mm;建模时采用无螺纹模型[16],进钉方向垂直于椎板,且与上终板平行。矫形棒直径为5.5 mm,矫形棒与螺钉连接,向上下端逐级传递三柱固定的去旋力。连接棒与矫形棒相连,起连接与固定作用。
术中植入椎间融合器以保证脊柱选择性融合效率,参照国家标准,使用医用钛合金[17]作为个性化融合器材料,结合Closkey[18]提出的椎间融合器接触面占比理论,利用拓扑优化技术设计建立个性化融合器模型,获得的融合器如图1(c)所示。
在符合临床实际的情况下,为了探究置钉数量、排列方式对脊柱各部分与内固定系统的生物力学性能的影响。按照置钉数量、排列方式的不同,与新疆医科大学第六附属医院医生讨论,设计两种置钉方案,其一为全置钉,除后路过薄无法置钉的侧凸椎体外,皆植入椎弓根螺钉,置钉节段为左侧胸T2~T7椎体;腰L2~L5椎体;右侧胸T2、T4、T5椎体;腰L3~L5椎体,共16节椎弓根螺钉,如图1(d)所示。其二为左侧间隔置钉,右侧全置钉;置顶节段为左侧胸T2、T3、T5、T7椎体,去除T4、T6椎体螺钉;腰L2、L3、L5椎体,去除L4椎体螺钉。共13节椎弓根螺钉,如图1(e)所示。
因胸T7~T11是融合椎,可看成一个僵硬的整体,且从临床角度对其进行截骨操作风险极高,故未对这一融合体进行截骨操作。选取L1椎体进行脊柱选择性融合,对腰L1椎体行经椎弓根椎体截骨术,分为上下两部分,分别命名L1S、L1X;植入个性化椎间融合器,该步骤可以矫正局部脊柱后凸畸形和侧凸畸形。在L1椎体处安装凹侧连接棒对相邻螺钉之间进行适当撑开;安装凸侧连接棒,相邻螺钉进行适当闭合操作,以矫正脊柱侧凸畸形。
使用Solidworks 2022完成两种置钉方案的设计、装配;模拟手术过程,植入内固定系统并生成实体模型。忽略融合器与腰L1之间微小的相对滑动,建立融合器上下端面与L1绑定接触对;内固定系统视为一个整体;以简化后的共节点连接代替椎弓根螺钉与椎骨的螺纹固定。建模过程如图1所示。
皮质骨采用三角形壳单元进行模拟,厚度设为1 mm[19];松质骨采用四面体与五面体混合单元进行模拟;终板采用矩形单元模拟;纤维环基质、髓核与软骨皆采用八节点六面体单元模拟;韧带仅受拉不受压,使用1D杆系桁架单元模拟。融合器采用4面体单元进行模拟,各结构的材料属性如表1所示[20-25]。椎弓根螺钉系统与融合器均为线弹性各向同性材料。
正常活动时,脊柱端面除了受相邻椎体传递的重力法向分量;亦受到相应工况的力矩。以体重57 kg的患者为研究对象。根据人体测量方法,对L5椎体的下表面施加全约束,限制其6个自由度;沿T1椎体上端面法向施加200 N的均布载荷模拟直立;建立6个力矩,分别对应前屈、后伸、左扭、右扭、左屈与右屈;力矩大小为7 N·m[26]
模型为畸形脊柱,无法对整体进行有效性验证,取相对健康的腰L5~L4节段进行模型有效性验证,对L5椎体的下表面施加约束,固定其节点的6个自由度;在L4椎体的上表面分别均匀施加500、1 000、1 500、2 000 N的轴向载荷,用以模拟模型的轴向位移[27]。将计算结果与实验结果相对比,从而验证模型的有效性。
在500、1 000、1 500以及2 000 N的均布轴向压力下,其椎体的轴向位移分别为0.35、0.54、0.81与1.08 mm。如图2所示,其轴向压力-轴向位移曲线与Shahraki等[28]、Markolf等[29]、Brown等[30],在相同条件下的离体实验与有限元分析中,各个载荷下的轴向位移都在参考文献的综合范围以内,故模型的可靠性与有效性得以验证。
表2所示,通过3种网格尺寸的模型的应力对比,0.9 mm网格的模型与0.7 mm网格模型的各结构的应力相差全部小于5%,证明网格模型是收敛的[31]。1.3 mm网格的模型的各结构的应力最大相差7.8%,使用的网格大小为0.9 mm,能够保证模型对于网格大小的无关性,证明了模型的有效性。
IS在两种矫形置钉方案下螺钉应力如图3(a)图3(b)所示,以Von Mises最大等效应力为应力指标。全置钉螺钉后伸工况应力最大,为525.6 MPa,位于L5椎体右侧椎弓根螺钉处;间隔置钉应力最大工况亦为后伸,同样位于L5椎体右侧螺钉处,其值为478.8 MPa。全置钉最大应力提高了11.64%。IS术后各部分平均应力对比与最大等效应力对比如表3表4所示。
图4(a)所示,左屈工况间隔置钉方案皮质骨平均应力高于全置钉;其余工况,全置钉皮质骨平均应力皆高于间隔置钉。全置钉皮质骨平均应力最大工况为后伸,其值75.93 MPa;间隔置钉平均应力最大工况亦为后伸,其值64.79 MPa。全置钉皮质骨最大平均应力提高了17.19%。
各节段皮质骨Von Mises应力如图4(b)图4(c)所示,全置钉应力最大椎体为后伸工况L3,为238.7 MPa;间隔置钉应力最大椎体、工况与全置钉一致,为229.8 MPa。全置钉椎体皮质骨最大等效应力提高了3.87%。
松质骨平均应力如图4(d)所示,全置钉松质骨平均应力各工况皆高于间隔置钉。全置钉松质骨平均应力最大工况为右扭,为6.45 MPa;间隔置钉松质骨平均应力最大工况亦为右扭,为 5.74 MPa。全置钉松质骨最大平均应力提高了12.37%。
各节段松质骨应力如图4(e)图4(f)所示,全置钉应力最大椎体为右扭工况融合椎T7~T11,为20.01 MPa;间隔置钉应力最大椎体与工况与全置钉一致,为19.38 MPa。全置钉椎体松质骨最大等效应力提高了3.25%。
图5(a)可知,前屈与左扭工况,间隔置钉纤维环基质平均应力大于全置钉。全置钉纤维环基质平均应力于右扭工况最大,为2.3 MPa;间隔置钉纤维环基质平均应力最大工况亦为右扭,为2.26 MPa。全置钉纤维环基质最大平均应力提高了1.77%。
各椎间纤维环基质应力如图5(b)图5(c)所示,不论工况与置钉方式,T1、T2纤维环基质应力皆大于其余椎间纤维环基质。各方案纤维环基质应力最大工况皆为右扭,全置钉应力值15.44 MPa,间隔置钉应力值15.61 MPa。间隔置钉纤维环基质应力提高了1.1%。
前屈与右扭工况,间隔置钉髓核平均应力较全置钉大,如图5(d)所示,其余工况,全置钉髓核平均应力较间隔置钉大。全置钉髓核平均应力最大工况为右扭,为0.34 MPa;间隔置钉髓核平均应力最大为右扭工况下0.41 MPa。间隔置钉方案下髓核平均应力最大值提高了20.59%。
图5(e)图5(f)所示,与纤维环基质相似,T1、T2椎间髓核应力在各方案与工况下皆较其余椎间髓核大,全置钉髓核应力最大值为2.22 MPa;间隔置钉髓核最大应力值为2.28 MPa,皆为右扭工况。间隔置钉髓核最大应力提高了2.7%。
椎弓根螺钉平均应力如图6(a)所示,前屈、右扭工况,间隔置钉方案椎弓根螺钉平均应力较全置钉大。后伸工况,全置钉椎弓根螺钉平均应力达到最大,为255.69 MPa;间隔置钉椎弓根螺钉平均应力最大工况为右扭,为249.33 MPa。全置钉椎弓根螺钉最大平均应力提高了2.55%。
融合器最大等效应力如图6(b)所示,前屈、左屈及左扭工况,间隔置钉融合器应力极值较全置钉大。融合器应力最大工况为右扭,全置钉与间隔置钉融合器最大等效应力分别为23.04 MPa和21.89 MPa。全置钉融合器所受最大等效应力提高了5.25%。
考虑各节点所得到融合器平均等效应力如图6(c)所示,前屈、左屈工况,间隔置钉融合器平均等效应力较全置钉大。两种方案融合器平均等效应力最大工况皆为右扭,全置钉与间隔置钉融合器应力分别为1.9 MPa和1.79 MPa。全置钉融合器平均等效应力提高了6.15%。
主要针对IS严重畸形的志愿者进行研究,所提出的手术置钉方案均是针对该志愿者进行的个性化设计,主要通过有限元分析技术探究个性化手术置钉方案对该志愿者术后脊柱生物力学特性的影响。
皮质骨平均应力与最大等效应力,在全置钉方案下分别提高了17.19%与3.87%,即该病例皮质骨应力与椎弓根螺钉数量正相关。这可能是由于全置钉椎弓根螺钉系统对脊柱自由度限制较间隔置钉大,从而导致部分椎间传递的载荷经由椎弓根螺钉作用于椎骨上,使得全置钉方案下椎骨应力大于间隔置钉方案。
全置钉方案下,松质骨平均应力与最大等效应力分别提高了12.37%与3.25%。等效应力在融合椎处取最大值,且应力极值点位于螺钉近椎弓根内侧,这是因为IS患者椎弓根凹侧宽度细窄,椎弓根螺钉的植入进一步减小壁厚,导致椎弓根螺钉处松质骨产生较大应力。
根据Hueter-Volkmann原理[32],在椎骨应力集中处,骨的生长受到抑制,甚至停止发育;应力集中消失,骨的发育恢复正常。置钉节段椎体,其应力较未置钉大,皆在螺钉孔处取最大值。仅从术后安全性看,全置钉对椎骨空间位置及自由度的限制较间隔置钉更大,使得全置钉方案在椎骨安全性上,优于间隔置钉。但无论何种方案,皆会在螺钉孔处使椎体产生应力集中,术后需将内固定系统及时取出,以免抑制骨的生长。
纤维环基质在全置钉方案取得平均应力极大值,提高了1.77%。从各椎间纤维环基质最大等效应力看,间隔置钉应力提高了1.1%。髓核间隔置钉平均应力与最大等效应力,较全置钉分别提高了20.59%、2.7%。此病例从T2椎体进行置钉,部分椎间传递的载荷受椎弓根螺钉系统影响在T1椎体处堆积,提高了T1、T2椎间盘整体应力。椎间盘长期保持高应力状态会产生磨损,导致局部纤维失稳,椎骨产生骨刺进行代偿,以维持椎间稳定,从而分散椎间应力,此现象即为骨质增生。间隔置钉方案下,T1、T2椎间盘应力较全置钉有所增加,故间隔置钉方案产生骨质增生几率较全置钉有所增加。
两种置钉方案椎弓根螺钉均在根部产生应力集中,且螺钉根部与矫形棒连接,去旋力经由螺钉根部向椎体传递,故根部为螺钉出现滑移与脱落的关键部位。全置钉方案的平均应力与最大等效应力,较间隔置钉分别提高了2.55%与9.77%。这表明同样载荷下,全置钉方案椎弓根螺钉应力峰值更高,有更大的螺钉滑移与脱落风险。
融合器刚度远远大于骨组织,共同承担外载荷时,刚度大的融合器承担更多载荷,骨组织受载较小。这导致骨组织得不到足够的力学刺激,影响骨的生长。此为应力遮挡,是导致植骨不融合的主要原因。据Wolff定律知,合适的应力刺激对骨的生长具有一定的诱导作用[33]。全置钉融合器在最大等效应力与平均应力上分别提高了5.25%与6.15%。这表明全置钉方案下融合器承受更多负载,相应的,间隔置钉方案下,骨组织承受应力更大。因此,间隔置钉方案椎骨融合效果更好,有效地缓解了应力遮挡。
通过有限元分析技术,以IS志愿者脊柱模型为例,对其进行个性化手术置钉方案的设计,分析该患者在不同手术置钉方案下脊柱生物力学的差异,可得到结论如下。
(1)全置钉方案在保证椎骨安全性上,优于间隔置钉方案。
(2)间隔置钉方案产生骨质增生几率较全置钉有所增加。
(3)较间隔置钉,全置钉方案有更大的螺钉滑移与脱落风险。
(4)间隔置钉方案椎骨融合效果更好,较全置钉,有效地缓解了应力遮挡。
间隔置钉减少了椎弓根螺钉的数目,减少了IS术后螺钉滑移与脱落的风险,且缓解了应力遮挡;全置钉在增加螺钉数目的同时,增加了椎骨的安全性,且降低了骨质增生的几率。综上,置钉数量在二者之间,或能在降低螺钉滑移、脱落与应力遮挡的同时,增加IS内固定系统刚度,保证椎骨安全性,且降低骨质增生几率。这为医生在手术方案制定时,提供一种方法与思路,运用有限元技术辅助医生制定出针对不同患者的最佳手术方案。
本研究亦有一定的局限性,有限元生物力学分析的目的是提供一种趋势的对比,且研究目的主要是为IS矫形手术的方案设计提供思路,因此,个性化手术方案实际效果还需要进一步的临床评价和深入研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32260235)
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2025年第25卷第5期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403617
  • 接收时间:2024-05-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-29
  • 出版时间:2025-02-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-16
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
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国家自然科学基金(32260235)
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    新疆大学智能制造现代产业学院, 乌鲁木齐 830017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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